Báo cáo khoa học: Giả thuyết về quan hệ văn hóa- giao tiếp docx

NG6N
NGtr
so
1 2011
GIA THUYET VE QUAN HE
VAN HOA - GIAO TIEP
GS.TS
NGUYfiN
QUANG
1.
C&
nhan, nh6m
xS
hpi,
tieu vin
hoi
vk
vkn hoi
Khi tien hanh nghien cuu cac bmh dipn phgm tru trong giao tilp giao vdn
hod, chung tdi ludn y thftc dugc rdng do la
nhung
binh dipn phgm tru rat nhu
hogt va tinh tl. Chung phy thugc rit nhilu vao cac an tang vdn hoa nhu gid
trj,
quan
niem,
ditc
tin, edm kj
cung nhu cac thanh td giao tilp nhu
cdc
thong

so
nhdn
thdn cua chu the vd ddi
the
giao tiip, quan
he
giifa cdc ddi tdc giao
tiep,
quyen lite ciia chii
the ddi vdi ddi the giao
tiep,
muc
dich giao
tiep,
ngi
dung giao
tiep,
hinh thitc thdng
diep,
i"oi
trudng giao tiip Do vgy, chung
tdi thien
nghi
vipc dua ra cac phd nipm tuypt doi ve bilu dgt cua cdc binh dipn
phgm trft nay trong cdc cpng ddng ngdn ngft - vdn hod dugc xet dl khdng djnh
rdng cac cd nhan, cac nhdm xd hgi, cac tieu vdn hod va cac
nin
vdn hoa khdc
nhau deu vipn den cdc chien
luge

va tieu chien
luge
giong nhau do
diu
chia
se cac phd nipm dd la mgt
each
nhin nhgn chua thoa dang. Nd lam "xa cftng"
va "danh ddng" cac ddi
tu(7ng
dugc xet. Song, nlu ta lgi thdi qud ma cho rdng
con ngudi sinh ra von la nhumg ca nhan dan le, khdc bipt vdi nhimg ca nhan
khdc,
cho nen vipc tim kiem nhimg
d$c
diem hanh vi ndi chimg vd hdnh vi
giao tilp ndi rieng dl nhgn dipn cdc nhdm xd hgi, cac tilu vdn hoa, va cac nen
vdn hod la khdng taong thi dd ciing lgi la mgt cdch nhin nhgn can dugc xem
xet
lgi.
Con ngudi sinh ra von tien thien mang tu
each
kep
(double
status):
vfta
mang tu
each
ca nhan, vfta mang tu
each

thdnh vien. Cac hdnh vi hanh tac
(action),
tuong tdc
(interaction)
va xuyen tdc
(transaction)
cfta mgt con ngudi
mgt
m^t
the hipn va minh chftng cho tu
each
ca nhan cua ngudi do (thi
dy:
anh
A khac vdi anh
B),
m^t
khdc giup ta nhin nhan dugc tinh dong nhdm cua ngudi
dd vdi
mgf
nhftng ngudi khdc (thi
dy:
anh A vd anh
B
deu la ngudi Bdc Bg).
Dfta tren quan nipm ve tu
each
kep cua con ngudi, chung tdi xin dugc dua
ra cdc sa dd sau:
_

20
Ngon ngiif
so
1 ndm 2011
TvUcfa
TV£*th
lUnh -vtia
Tveicbi
ci
ab&B
Tatieh U nhin
CACCANHAN
Tir etch ci nhin
K':vji"'-'-_
Nbtim
xS
m
A
Nb6m
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C
Nh«m
xl
bOi
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jKmilmmk
CACNHdMXAHOl
TUavinholA
Titu

vin hoi B
cAc
Tifcu
VAN
H6A
Ti^n vin
hoi C
Gia thuyet
§f
Tieu viln
ho;i
A | .1
_J
Tif
u \
iln
lio;l B
\
NKN
S'IN
IKVV
'
I'icuvfiii
lio;i
(•
Vdi cdch nhin nhgn tren, chung tdi thilt
nghi,
khi nghien cftu vl giao tilp
giao vdn hod xet theo
bkih

dipn phgm tru, ta chi cd
thi
vd chi nen tun ra nhirng
d^c
diem phd qudt, nhirng khudn mau giao tilp (ca ngdn tft va phi ngdn tft) phd
dyng, diln hinh cua cdc nhdm xd hgi, cac tilu vdn hod vd cac
nin
vdn hoa md
thdi.
Ndi cdch khdc,
nhitng
kit
qud
md
ehiing
ta ed
dugre thdng qua
cdc
cdng
trinh nghien
citu
(ed
djnh
lugmg
vd djnh
tinh),
vdi bdt eu
tdm
mite
ndo,

eiing
ehi ed the dung vdi sd
ddng,
vdi dgi da
sd,
thdm chi vdi tuyet dgi da sd
ehu
khdng the dung vdi mgi cd nhdn
ciia nhdm
xd
hgi,
tiiu vdn hda hay nin
van
hod do
dugre.
Levine va Adelman
(1993)
dd cd li khi vi vai trd cfta vdn
hoa
va cd nhan nhu vai trd cfta dgo dien vd dien vien. Tuy cimg ddng
mgt
vai vd
cung dugc mgt dgo dien chi dan, nhtmg hai dien vien, dft rit xuit sdc va rit
no lyc de ddng dung theo yeu ciu cua dgo dien, nhtmg chdc chdn hg sg khdng
ddng hodn toan nhu nhau, thgm chi, tuong ty nhau.
Ngoai ra, trong qua trinh nghien cftu vl cac binh dipn phgm tru trong giao
tiep giao vdn hod xet theo cac thanh to giao tilp va cac in tang vdn hod, chung
tdi cung din nhgn thiy rdng nlu chi xet chung thuin tuy tren binh dipn giao
tilp ngi ngdn
(intralinguistic

communication),
chftng ta rit cd kha ndng sg di
din
nhQng
kit
lugn, nhirng phan djnh, nhumg nhgn xet sai
Ipch
ve hdnh vi
giao tilp cfta nhimg ngudi
din
tft (cac)
nin
vdn hoa khac. Mpt hanh vi phan
hdi ngdn tft boa
(verbalised response)
cd the dugc mong
dcpd
va dugc nhin nhgn
Id
mgt hdnh vi ljch sy
ft-ong
mpt
nin
vdn hod ndy, nhung nd rit cd
thi
lgi la
22
Ngon ngiif so 1 nam 2011
mgt hdnh vi khdng dugc mong
dc^i

vd bj coi la sao rong, khdng thgt ldng
trong mgt nen vdn hod khdc. Mgt thi dy ma chung tdi dd neu ra trong cuon
Giao tiep vd giao tiep giao vdn hod (2002) ve hdnh dgng xin loi ftong cgng
dong Uc vd cgng dong Hoa, Vipt cd
thi Id
mgt minh hog. Trong nhieu cgng
dong vdn hod - ngdn ngu A
chau,
cdc phan hoi phi ngdn tft hod
(nonverbalised
responses)
the hipn sy bilt loi, sy an hgn td ra phu hgp ban trong nhieu tinh
huong cy
the.
Thi dy, vd tinh xd vao ngudi khdc, cui diu, mim cudi cau hod
roi budc tilp. Do vgy, nlu muon dgt tdi mgt cdi nhin thiu dao vl Uch sy (ca
duong tinh vd am tinh) trong giao tilp, ta khdng
thi
khdng xet den cdc ylu to
cgn ngdn vd ngogi ngdn (phi ngdn tft) vd tinh phft hgp cua chung trong cdc
tuong tac cy
thi,
vai cac quan hp vai cy
thi,
d cac chu canh tmh hudng va chu
canh vdn hod cy the.
2.
Bkn
chat
k£p,

tv cich
k^p
vk cic
binh difn ph^m
trii
Chung tdi cho rdng con ngudi
(human
being),
khi sinh ra, von tien thien
mang theo bdn chat kep (double nature) cua minh; cd nghia la con ngudi vua
Id
sinh thi xa hgi
(social
being),
vfta la sinh the
cd
y
thirc (conscious
being).
I
SINH
THfi XA
HOI
V(5i bdn chit
Id
sinh the xd hgi, vd ciing nhu cdc loai vgt cd chung ban
chat
(lodi
ong,
lodi

kiln ), con ngudi phdi tuong tdc
vdd
cdc thanh vien khac
trong xd hgi (thu nhd va/
ho^c
md rgng) cua
mmh.
Ndi cdch khac, ban chit xd
hgi
bdt huge
con
ngudi,
bdng each ndy
hay cdch
khdc,
phdi
tuang tdc
(interacting).
Ngay cd trong cdc tuang tdc npi nhan
(intrapersonal interactions)
- chuypn
trd vdi chinh bdn than minh - cac ylu to ciu thdnh cd nhan P-A-C (Cha mp/
Parent: P; Ngudi tnrdng thdnh/
Aduh:
A; Con tre/
Child:
C), vdn dugc tgo
nen thong qua cdc trdi nghipm xd hgi vd dugc tich ty thdnh cdc vai xd hgi trong
moi cd nhan, cting giao tilp theo cdc
c|lp

vai khdc nhau nhu "Cha mp - Con
Gia thuyet 23
tie",
"Ngudi ldn - Ngudi ldn" Thi
dy:
Giao tilp ngi nhan giua ylu to "Cha
mp"
vd "Con ti'e":
Khi di dgo ben ho, Quang - mgt gido vien dgi hgc tre - nhin thay mgt cd
gdi dang thd bg phia trudc, mdi tdc budng lai, than hinh thon thd, dang
dipu
khoan
thai.
Anh ta (ylu to "Con
ft-g")
ty nhft:
-
Chd,
cd be cd thdn
hinh
hdp ddn qud nhi? Mnh thit vugt ten
liec
xem
CO
be
xinh
den
muc ndo mdi
duQc.
Nhtmg mgt gigng ndi trong anh ta (ylu to "Cha mp") chgt vang len:

-
Nccy,
cdn
than
day
I
Cd khi cd ta lgi
Id
sinh vien cua cgu thi
sao.
Nd
md
ve
trudng
ki
chuyen
vdi mgi ngudi thi phien ddy.
(SINHTHi
I
XAHOI
::Mi0if
Vdi bdn chat la sinh
thi
cd y thftc, vd hodn toan khac vai cdc lodi vgt trong
thi
gidi ty nhien von dugc coi
Id
khdng cd y thftc (mgt so nhd nghien cftu
d$t
vin de nghi ngd lugn dilm ndy), con ngudi thyc hipn cac hogt dgng li tinh cfta

mmh.
Ndi
cdch
khdc,
ban chat
y
thuc
bdt bugc con ngudi phdi tu
duy
(thinking).
SINH
TH^
C6
tTHtrc
i
••••••••
TUDUY
^
Trong qud trinh tuang tdc (tucmg tdc ngi nhdn, tucmg tdc lien nhan, tucmg
tdc nhdm, tuang tdc xd hgi ) vd tu duy (tri nhgn, so sdnh, ddi chieu ), con
24
Ngdn ngiif
so
1
ndm
2011
ngudi nhdn dipn dugc chuih ban tiian mmh
va
nhimg ngudi khdc;
cd

nghia
Id
con ngudi
cd
dugc
tu
niem
(self-
oncept)
va
tha niem (other
-
concept).
TV
MEM
V.4THA
NIKM
Trong
qua
trinh
ty
nipm
va tha
nipm
ay,
con ngudi nhan thay
d
minh
va
nhiing ngudi khac

cd
mpt diem chung: Hp ddng thdi vua
Id
nhirng
ca
nhan khu
biet (anh
A
khdc
vcii
chi
B,
6ng C.)
vfta
la
nhiing thanh vien
hda
dong
(ciia
gia dinh,
ldp
hpc,
ca
quan,
cau
lgc bg ).
Ndi
cdch khac,
hp deu cd
chung

tu
each
kep
{double status)
la tu
cdch thdnh vien (membership)
vd tu
edeh
cd
nhdn (individualship).
-
-
; ~
.^^ ^r-
I
:<-•'-•
ANHW
/
X
I TLNIEM
A \ A THA
NIEM
X
\
I
\
I
//
K
_^

\
Y
\
THA.\H\!r\
TLC Cli
CANilAX
TLCACH
T11A\HVIEN
Gia
thuyet.
25
Chinh sy qudn binh giua hai tu
each
ndy hay sy nhan manh vao mgt trong
hai tu cdch dd cua sd ddng ftong mgt cpng ddng ngdn ngu - vdn hod da
gc^i
cho
chftng tdi y
tuc!mg
dua ra cac binh dipn phgm trft (categorrical dimensions)
trong nghien cftu giao tiep npi vdn hod vd giao vdn hod. Dd la:
Tir CACH
CA
NHAN
<#
i2>
!f1T
'I'
!'!"'!'!;|'n'!";!.n!l|'||
niLiMnllijIiLmilliiJl

TXi eACH THANII VIEN
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mm.
ntiijlft
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Li
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HAMINH
De
giup dpc gid ndm bdt rd rang
hem
va hp thdng ban ve cac ludn diem
vfta neu, chftng tdi xin dugc thiet ke vd dua ra so dd sau:
26
Ngdn ngiif sd 1 ndm
2011
Sinh the
xS h$i
CON NGUdi sJ
7^
"
Sinh th4y
thuc
]=
Tu(3Tig tic
T
Tir
duy
h^
T\rn!$mvdUHni$m
J
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cdnhan

C^
th^nh
vien
Tu cdch
c&
nlian
«#•
Thi6n
\e
cSnhan
Cbu
c^h
ihap
Lich
su
am
tinh
Khich quan
tinh;
DUY
:
QoythiH
Ij ilm)ng nOi
Kabdlag
a
Ng6n
ki^
CMtb^
True
hep

Tinh
?j
Chinh
xAc
^-
Khing
dinh minh
^
Tu
c^ch
th^nh viSn
KLii
:
1
!,.;.
Tliiia vc
nhom
::;
Chu
c&nh
cao
1 J
•
^
!
T Lich su
duang
tinh *
Chu
quan

tinh
Duy cam
Phi
quy
Ihon;
Hu<!nig
ngogi
T6nti
Ngdn rudm
Trim
twgng
Gi4n
ti^
E>^
PWcWnbx4<j
Hajninh
n
VlaiitB
Ritr6(til71«eol00H) l5£3 Rij ra (loll <j4r 100*-4)
n R6(ti46 iniWi) •
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dio 70%)
~ KMiurtllnteliaiilJSj
l-i
KMo|
i« lio (m 11 dfc 2«4)
'"' KMoj la (Im din I0«)
EMggi^OtediolOS)

Gia thuyet 27
3.
So-do
quan
hp
vdn hda - giao tiep
Trong boat dpng giao tilp hang ngay, chiing ta
th\rc
hipn cdc hdnh dpng
giao
tiep (communicative acts) khac nhau trong cac
s\r
kipn va tinh hudng giao
tiep (commumcative events/ situations) khac nhau. Neu xet ve mdi quan hp
gifta vdn hod vd giao tiep, chftng tdi xin dugc dua ra gid thuyet sau:
Vdn hod, nhu mgt nggn
Ifta
vd hinh dugc hdng dudng hai cac "dn tdng"
(cultural hiddens)
cua nd nhu: gid trj, dftc tin, quan nipm, thdi quen, truyen
thdng, cam
kj ,
dd tao ra sftc song cho toan bg cdc tdng sau:
> '
a)
Tdng thdnh td giao
tiep
b)
Tdng binh dien
phgm

trii
giao tiep
' ''1
'l'.'^
"'
c)
Tdng ngdn ngii giao
tiip ,
,
•.!
^JU'
W
.') -
V."
V
Vi,:^
ii\:
• '
;
d) Tdng hdnh dgng giao
tiep
.,
Cd thi
hinh dung
cdc
tang nay nhu bon mdt cdt cua mgt hinh pheu vd dugc
phan bo nhu sau:
*Tang
1 - Thdnh to giao tiep: Tang nay
chju

dnh hudng
tr\rc
tilp cua
"Nggn Ifta vdn hod"
(Flame
of
culture).
Nd bao gom cdc thdnh to giao tilp sau
(Cac thdnh to ndy,
din
lugt chung, lai bao gom nhilu tham to):
1) Cdc thdng
sd
eiia ehii
thi
giao
tiip
(Addresser's
parameters - Adr)
2)
Cdc thdng sd ciia
ddi
the
giao tiep (Addressee's parameters - Ade)
3)
Quan he giUa
ede ddi
tde giao
tiep (Participants' relationship - Re)
4)

Quyen luc
cua
chii the
giao
tiep
ddi vdi ddi
the
giao tiep (Addressor's
power over addressee - Po)
' ' ' ,. : ;
5)
Trgng thdi tdm
li
eiia cdc ddi tde khi giao tiep
(Participants' mood when
commimicating
- Mo)
6) Khi
chdt eiia
ede ddi tde
giao
tiep (Participants' temperament - Te)
7)
Tinh cdm ciia
ede ddi
tde
giao tiep (Participants' feelings - Fe)
8)
Thdi
dg

ciia
cdc ddi
tdc giao
tiep (Participants' attitudes - At)
9) Muc dieh
giao
tiep (?virpose-Yn)
10)
De
tdi
giao tiep (Topic - To)
11)
Hinh
thitc
giao tiep
(Form-Fd)
12)
Ngi dung
giao
tiep
(Content
- Co)
: :;
13)
Khung
cdnh
giao tiip (Setting - Se)
14) Thdi
gian ddnh
cho

giao tiep (Time availability -
TA)
* Tang 2 - Binh dipn
ph^m
tru: Tdng nay ndm tren tang "Thanh td giao
tilp" vd chju tac dgng gidn
tiep
ciia
cac an tdng vdn hod (gid
trj,
quan nipm,
due
28 Ngdn ngiif
so
1
nam201j_
tin, ) tiidng qua tang "Thdnh to giao tilp". Nd bao gdm cdc
buih
dipn pham
tru cu the sau:
1) Chu quan tinh - Khdch quan tinh (Subjectivity vs. Objectivity: Su-Ob)
2) True tiip - Gidn tiip (Direcmess vs.
Indirectiiess:
Di-In)
3) Chinh xdc - Phi chinh xdc (Accuracy vs. Inaccuracy:
Ac-In)
4) Dgng -
Tinh
(Dynamicality vs. Staticality: Dy-St)
5) Hg minh - Khdng dinh minh (Self-abasement vs. Self-assertion: SAb -

Sas)
6) Lich su duang tinh - Lich su dm tinh (Positive politeness vs. Negative
politeness: PP-NP)
7) Tritu tugmg - Cu the
(Absttactness
vs. Concreteness: Ab - Co)
8) Duy cdm - Duy li (Sentimentality vs. Rationality: Se - Ra)
9) Tdn ti - Binh ddng (Hierarchy vs. Equality: Hi - Eq)
10)
Hudng ngi - Hudng ngogi (Introversion vs. Extroversion: In - Ex)
11)
Qui thirc - Phi qui thitc (Formality vs. Informality: Fo - In)
12) Thien ve nhdm - Thien ve ed nhdn (Group - orientation vs.
Self
-
orientation: GO - SO)
13)
Chu cdnh cao - Chu cdnh thdp (High - context vs. Low-context: HC -
LC)
14)
Ngdn rudm - Ngdn kiem
(Redimdancy
vs. Economicality: Re - Ec)
*Tang
3 - Ngon neir giao tiep: Tang nay ndm phia tren ting "Bmh dipn
pham trft". Nd chiu tdc dpng gian tiep cfta "Ngpn
Ifta
vdn hod" thdng qua tdng
"Thanh to giao tiep" vd tang "Binh dipn pham tru". Tang 3 dugc cdu thdnh
bdi cac yeu td sau:

1)
A^p;
«^d«
(Intralanguage
-
Intra.Iang)
2) Can ngdn (Paralanguage - Para.lang)
3) Ngogi ngdn (Extralanguage -
Extra.Iang)
'
*• ''''•'•
3.1)
Ngdn ngir thdn the (Body language - BL)
3.2) Ngdn
ngii
vgt the (Object language - OL)
3.3) Ngdn ngii mdi trucmg (Environmental language - EL)
*Tang
4 - Hdnh dpng giao tiep: Day
Id
tang tren cung vd
Id
ting
ho^t
dpng giao tilp tii\rc tl. Nd chiu tdc
dpn^
gian tilp cua "Ngpn
Ifta
vdn hod"
tiidng qua ting "Binh dipn pharn tiii" vd tang "Thanh to giao tilp". Dong tiidi

nd dugc "hipn thvrc hod" bdi ting "Ngdn
npu
giao tilp". Ting 4 la ting md
Ixri
nd bao gdm tat cd cac
ho^t
dgng giao tiep thvrc tl nhu: khuyen rdn, thdng
bao,
ddng y, bat ddng, ggi y, cam cm, khen nggi
Gia
thuye't.
29
De giftp quy dgc gid de ddng hinh dung, chftng tdi xin dugc thiet
ke vd
dua ra md hinh "Quan hp
v§n
hod -
giao
tiep" sau:
"
'1 liong ;iao
Doiin iljnh
iliij hcii
KJiuyt-n ~
- -
V:if\
y
h.vi
Hiia hpn
All

iji
I
II6i"
liC'C
,
'^ NhSc
nha
i;ii;,ni;
dini] ,^x.^,.:
(06
nghi
Cinulo™ '"i - _
Khen
,
"'•^''^"g rhjcli
!hi.Yc'
Nhan
xet
^ ^ ^
Xin
loi Wiudiiili ,'l
"• •"
-
^ •
<-''ir'li
ha"
.
ijij
1^,,;.
• .,.,

Chji!
buoi
Intra.lang
Para.lao:;
\S '
1
1
Thiij.;
Gia
Irj
'1
he che
C •-:cH

'.^^
l3l'
\
/
\
J
/'
"^- "Dy-si
1:::_-^
•
Y^.^
\
;• :
Jl^t—
'• •"'
.~ ~

Qu:\n
niem
,
I
IN
r^;;
— '
Due lin
Ton ailio
i
:
i;n:i
M.;.
ii~;i;,:
I
N;'i;\eii
v)n;ui!>|
"
4.
Tinh dpng ciia quan hp vdn hoa
-
giao tiep
Xin dugc ltm
y
rdng quan hp gifta giao tiep va vdn hod
la
quan hp "dpng".
Khai nipm "dgng"
d
day dugc hieu nhu sau:

; ., <
1)
Tinh lieu lugng cfta cdc an tang
vSn
boa vdn mang ban chat dpng. Nhipt
do (Heat
-
map) cfta chftng ludn thay ddi; do vay, tdc dgng cfta chiing len cac
hanh dgng giao tiep cy the trong cdc
s\r
kipn/' tinh hudng giao tilp cy
thi
ciing
ludn thay ddi.
Thi dy: *
C5
hanh dgng "khen mpt be so sinh", tdc dpng cua "cim kj" ddng
vai
trd
ndi tigi trong ngdn ngft
-
vdn hod Vipt, va do
v$y,
thay vi ndi:
'"Chdu
30 Ngon
ngOf
sd 1
ndrnjOjl
tdi trdng xinh qud" tuang ftng vdi ngdn ngft - vdn hod Anglophone

(He/She
looks
cute),
ngudi Vipt, nhin chung,
1^
cd xu
hirdng
vipn
din
hai chien
luge
sau:
a) Sft dyng nhuan ngft tiln md boa - nghi le hod (pre - coded ritualised
gambit):
- Trgm via, chdu tdi trdng xinh qud.
h) Sft dyng cdch ndi ngugc:
- Chdu tdi trdng de ghet chua kia.
0
day, ta cd till quan sat thay rdng yeu to ngi ngdn tieu cyc "de ghet"
thudng dugc den bft bdng cac yeu td
c$n
ngdn, ngoai ngdn tich cyc nhu: khdng
don ttpng am vdo yeu td npi ngdn dd, keo dai am tiet "chua
"
ttong dau hipu
tft vyng - tinh thai "chua kia
",
mdt nheo
l^i,
dnh mdt triu men, dua ra cac cft

chi yeu thucmg
* Tuy nhien, d mgt hdnh dgng giao tiep khdc, tdc dgng cfta "quan nipm"
lai dugc cam nhan
m^nh
me han. Khi duang dau vdi mgt phdt ngdn, kieu nhu
"You're a lucky dog" ("Ddi tdc giao tiep" la mgt con chd may mdn), ngudi Vipt
va ngudi Anh - My - Uc, nhin chung, se cd cac phdn hdi khac nhau, tham chi trai
ngugc nhau do chiu cac tdc dgng mang tinh ddc thft vdn hod (culture - specific)
ve quan nipm. "Con chd", ttong ngdn ngft - van hod Vipt va Anglophone, dugc
qui chieu vao cac boat dpng khac nhau va do vay, dugc qui gdn cho cdc gid trj
khac nhau va cudi cftng, dugc quy djnh bdi cdc quan nipm khdc nhau. Do
dd, cac phan hdi de cd khd ndng xay ra cfta ngudi Vipt nhin chimg
sg la
tieu
cyc:
- Anh bdo ai
Id
chd
hdi
- Anh ndi cdi kieu gi
day?
Trong khi dd, cac phan hdi de cd kha ning xdy ra cfta ngudi Anh - My -
Uc nhin chung se la tich cyc bode trung tinh:
- Could
be.
(Ciing cd the)
- / think I
am.
("Ban tiian"
nghi

minh
Id
[con chd may mdn])
2) Cac ting cua md hinh tten eung ludn quay quanh mgt ti^c vd hinh vdi
cac tdc dp khac nhau; va do vay, ta
sg
de dang tiiay rdng mgt hanh dgng giao
tiep cy
die (tiii
dy, hanh dpng khuyen vd tilp nhan ldi khuyen) cd till dugc tiiyc
hipn khdc nhau (bdng "ngdn ngft" ngdn
tiJr
hay "ngdn ngft" phi ngdn tii, hay
ket hgp cd hai? vdi cac ylu td can ngdn dugc till hipn
thi
ndo?) do chju cac
tac dpng khac nhau cfta cac tiianh td giao tilp khac nhau (quan
he
chu thi -
ddi the, quyen luc cua
ehii
the ddi vdi ddi the, tinh cdm cdn thi hien. ) cfta
cac bmh dipn pham tru khac nhau (chit quan tinh - khdch quan tinh,
true
tiip
gidn tiep, ljch su dm tinh - lich su duang tinh ) vd, cot goc, cfta cac in tdng
van hod khac nhau (dice tin, cdm ki, phong cdch giao
dip ).
Gia thuyet., 31
3) Cdc yeu td cau thdnh cfta md hinh ndy, bao gdm cac an tdng vdn hod va

cdc thdnh to cua cd bdn ting qui chilu, giftp ta thay dugc moi tuang tdc gifta
chftng vdi nhau ttong giao tilp npi vdn
hod.
Song, dieu cd the khdng djnh d day
Id
cdc yeu to ndy khdng chi tucmg tdc
ttong
npi bg mgt thyc the ngdn ngft - vdn
hod nhat djnh,
d^c
bipt Id
ttong
thdi
d^
ngay nay khi md qua trinh khu vyc hoa
vd todn cau hod dang dien ra manh
me.
Va nhu mpt hp qud tat yeu, qua trinh
giao vdn hod ciing ngay cang gia
tdng.
Do vay, cac an tang vdn hod cting nhu
cac thanh td cua cac ting qui chieu cfta mpt thyc the ngdn ngft - van hod nhat
dinh, vdi cdc mftc dg khac nhau, khdng chi tdc dpng vd chju sy tdc dgng lan
nhau md cdn gay anh hudng cho va
bj
dnh hudng bdi cac yeu
to
cau thdnh tuang
ftng cfta (cdc)
tiiyc

the ngdn ngft - vdn hod
khdc,
d$c
bipt la (cdc) thyc
thi
ngdn
ngft - vdn hod md chiing cd cudng dp tiep xftc manh
vaJ ho^c
bj chi phoi hay
dp
d$t
nhilu.
Th^
chi, trong nhftng tinh huong nhit djnh, ddc bipt la ttong
giao tiep giao vdn hod, ting qui chieu 4 ("Tang boat dpng giao tiep thyc te")
nhieu khi
I^
chju tdc dpng manh rag, vd ddi khi mang tinh quylt djnh, bdi cdc
tang qui chieu thap han va/ hodc bdi cac an tang vdn hod cua mgt (hay ban
mpt) thyc the ngdn ngft - van hod
khac.
Trudng hgp nay thudng xay ra d nhftng
ngudi cd trinh dg
ngo^i
ngft rat cao, da cd nhieu ndm sinh sdng
vaJ hojc
tiep
xuc
trye
tiep vdi mgt (hay ban mgt) thyc the ngdn ngft - vdn boa khac. So do

chftng tdi thiet ke vd dua ra sau day
s8
giup ta hieu rd ban lap
lu^
ndy:
c.4c
AN
TANO
VH
(Nguyen Quang- GTGVH)
32 Neon ngft so 1 ndm 2011
4) Tinh dgng cua md hinh nay cdn dugc the hipn d sy thay ddi theo
thai
gian cfta ban than cac in tang
van
hod cftng nhu cdc thdnh td thugc cac tang
qui chieu. Thi dy:
a) Cdc in tang vdn boa: Theo tiidi quen truyin tiiong d Vipt Narn, phy nft,
khi giao tilp vdi ngudi khac gidi, phai tidnh nhan giao (tilp xftc dnh mdt) tiiudng
xuyen va
trye
tilp (frequent and direct eye - contact) bdi hdnh vi phi ngdn tft
nay thudng bj gan ghep vdi cac bilu hipn tieu cyc sau:
- Ldng la,
- Xac xugc,
- Khdng gia giao,
Nhung ngdy nay, dac bipt
t^i
cac dd thj ldn, hanh vi nay d phy nft khdng
cdn bj sd ddng qui ket mgt cdch tieu cyc nhu

v$y
nfta, trft phi ngudi phy nu
dd cd cdc vi cft chi (micro - gestures),
ho^c
vd tinh hodc hftu y, the hipn cac
bieu hipn dd.
b) Cac binh dipn pham trft: Theo truyen thdng, khi mudn hdi ngudi khac
mgt dieu gi mang tinh rieng tu nhdm the hipn sy quan tam cua minh, vdi it
nhieu ttang ttgng, ngudi Vipt thudng cd thdi quen hdi gidn tiep (theo
each
hieu
"gian tiep" cfta Fasold,
1990)
vdi
each
dgn dudng bdng mgt khdi ngft, thi dy:
- Tdi hdi khi khdng phai, dng bd sinh hg
dugtc
mdy cd cdu a?
Nhung ngdy nay, chien
luge
nay chi cdn dugc sft dyng bdi nhumg ngudi
gia ca md phan nhieu la cac cy d Hd Npi. Vdi nhftng ngudi khdc, lyc ngft dyng
the hipn tinh ttang ttgng vd
l}ch
sy cfta khdi ngft tten tiiudng dugc chuyln tdi
bang nhd hipu (politeness marker) "da":
- Da, hai bdc (sinh)
dugfc
mdy anh chi g?

c) Cac thanh td giao tiep: Trudc day, quan hp thay - ttd dugc coi la quan
hp dan dipn. Bat luan ngudi trd tudi tdc bao nhieu vd gift vai trd gi trong xd
hpi,
ngudi tiiay ludn cd quyen lyc hiu nhu tuypt doi doi vdi ngudi ttd. Do vay,
se la hoan toan ty nhien khi ngudi thay, vdi
chile
roi ldm ldm trong tay, quat
mang ngudi trd cua minh:
- Dd ddt md cdn ludi thi den bao gid mdi nen ngudi
dufrc
hd? Xoe tay ra\
Va cung
sg
la hoan toan ti; nhien khi ngudi trd "chju
tr^n"
cui diu nghe
tiidy mdng md, vd tham chi, coi (hay td ra la nhu vay) chuypn thiy "ra roi" vdi
mmh la
Ig
thudng tinh nham giup mmh nhd ddi ma phin dau. Nhung ngay nay
tiiih
dan dipn trong quan hp tiiay - ttd cung nhu quyen lyc ttiypt ddi cfta ngudi
tiiay ddi vdi ngudi ttd khdng cdn dugc/ bj "thuan khilt" nhu trudc kia nfta Do
dd, cac phat ngdn nhyc ma va hanh dpng nhyc khao kieu tten khd cd
thi
dugc
Gia thuyet
^___
33
ngudi ttd tilp

nh^ln
mgt cdch thy dgng va dugc xd hgi nhin
nh|n
mgt cdch
tich
cyc.
^i'^"
d) Cdc ngdn ngft giao tilp: Ban than vipc sft dyng cac ngdn ngft giao tiep
(can ngdn, ngi ngdn, ngoai ngdn), vdi cdc
lilu
lugng vd
each
thftc bieu hipn
cua chung, cung thay ddi theo thdi gian. Nlu nhu trudc day, ttong rat nhieu
gia dinh d Hd Ngi, khi khach
din
thdm nhd, ngudi vg thudng pha vd dua ttd
ra phdng khdch,
ciii
diu
chdo,
ndi nhd
nhp:
"Dg,
bdc qua ehai
a",
sau dd,
"A7«
phep bde" vd rut ve phdng rieng hay xuong nha dudi thi hipn nay, theo quan
sat ca nhan, phy nft Hd Npi td ra "khdng

dinh
minh"
(self-
assertive)
hon: hg
hoan todn cd the cung chong ngoi tiep khdch nlu mudn va
lilu
lugng cac "nhd
hipu" ciing nhu "rudm tinh thdi hay rudm thdi quen" (modal and
habitual
redundancies)
the hipn tinh ljch sy, sy nft tinh
vd
kilu
h^
minh
(self-
abasement)
cftng gidm di dang ke. Thi dy:
-
D^,
chdng hay
bde
gdi vd ede anh ehi
o
nhd vdn dugc khoe mgnh chft
^.^
[Trudc day]
,i , :,
-

(D^),
chf vd ede
chdu
vdn
khoe
chd, anh?
[Hi^n nay] •
.L-V(
d) Cac hdnh dgng giao
tiep:
Cd the ndi rdng, theo thdi gian, cac hdnh dgng
;;
giao tiep ciing thay ddi mpt
each
dang ke, khdng chi d chuypn mpt so hanh
dpng giao tiep hinh nhu khdng dugc sft dyng nfta ttong khi mgt sd hanh dgng
giao tiep mdi xuat hipn, hay mpt sd hanh dgng giao tiep dugc sft dyng vdi tin
sudt thap dan ttong khi mgt sd hdnh dgng giao tiep khdc
I^i
dugc vipn tdi vdi
lilu
lugng tdng Ien, md cdn d thyc tl
Id each
thftc vd cdc chiln
luge
dugc vipn
dan cfta cdc hdnh dgng giao tilp dd, d cac mftc dg khdc nhau, ciing thay ddi.
Dieu nay ciing hodn todn de hieu, bdi todn bg cdc an tang vdn
hod:
gid

trj,
quan
hp,
dftc tin, cam
kj ,
theo thdi gian cung nhu trong qua trinh tuang tdc vdi
cdc
thyc the ngdn ngu - vdn hod
khdc,
ciing thay
doi;
vd sy thay doi dd tdc dpng,
vdi cdc cudng dp va sy thuc ep khdc nhau, Ien cdc hdnh dgng giao tiep cy the.
Thi dy: Trudc day, ttong xd hgi kilu
"Si
- Ndng - Cdng - Thuang", cac hanh
dpng giao tiep kieu nhu:
A.
Chdu nhd that tdt so
qud,
lay dugtc ngudi chong vita v3n
hay chu
tot,
vita
gidi
cam - ki - thi - hoa.
Dugfc chdng re
nhu
the dung Id
mat mdt vdi thien ha.

B.
Dg,
du day
eiing Id
cdi hdng phuc
ciia
td tien
cting Id
cdi tu nhan tich
dftc
ciia chdu
md
thdnh
day g.
Td ra phft hgp, bdi gia trj cua "vdn hay chft tdt", cua "cam - ki - thi -
ho^"
dugc quy
kit
la tich cyc vd do
v|y,
phdt ngdn phdn hoi ciing Id tich
eye.
Song, ngdy nay, d cdc do thj ldn, ttong kieu xd hgi chuyen ddi it nhieu mang
tinh "Thuang - Cdng - Ndng - SF', ta
l^i
de dang chftng kiln cdc hdnh dpng
giao tilp kilu nhu:
34 Ngon
ngfif
so 1 ndm

2011^
A.
Nhdt anh chj rdi
day,
cd
dugrc thdng
ri gidi Idm dn, kilm tien nhu nudc.
Con
Lan nhd anh chj tha hd
dugrc
nhd.
Chdng bii
cho eon Huang nhd
toi,
va
phdi cdi thang
Quang
dd ngheo lgi edn si, sudt ngdy
bdm
vdy
vgr
ma con cu
thi ca, hgi
ho^
Mdi ba cdi cfta ay ra md dn
dugrc
chdc!
B.
Oi ddo! Thi gian dugc vg hdng chong md lgi Nhitng
dugrc

cdi con
Huang
nd cung thdo
vdt; con cdi
chiing nd
lgi
ciing nhanh
nhen,
thdo vdt nhu
me
no.
A.
Vdng,
tdi
ciing mong sao chiing nd khdng
'dyt' nhu
cdi thdng
bd
chiing
nd.
•'' '•' -'•"••'••
Sau tit ca nhumg minh hoa vfta neu, dilu cdn
luu
y d day Id cdc minh
ho?
ndy chi Id
kit
qua cua kinh nghipm vd quan sdt cd nhan, vd do vay, chi mang
tinh gid tiiuylt.
DI

khdng djnh dugc
tinh
chan ngyy cua chung, ta can cd nhftng
nghien cftu tiiyc nghipm,
ho^c
cyc bg
ho|c
todn dipn xet theo ca thdi gian vd
khdng gian.
Han nfta, cac thyc
thi
vdn hod - giao tilp cd
thi
dugc coi Id cdc sinh
thi
(living
beings)
d^c
bipt, hilu theo' nghia chung cd sinh -
tixrdng
- djch -
biin.
Mgt tdc dgng,
ho^c
ngi tai
ho$c ngo^i
tai, khdng chi dnh hudng den mpt
thanh td cfta thyc
thi
ma cdn anh hudng den todn bg cdc thanh td cua thyc

till, vdi cdc mftc dg khdc nhau. Vd mgt tdc dgng
t^o
ra mgt sy tiiay doi cd till
do ban mpt yeu
to,
ho^c
ngi tai
ho^c
ngo^
t^,
t^o
thanh. Vdi li do tten, chung
tdi cho
ring
cdc minh boa gan ghep cho cdc ting qui chieu vfta neu cung chi
mang tinh tucmg doi ma thdi.
vl ca
ban,
khi
d^t
trgng tam vao nghien cftu dyng hgc giao vdn hod
(cross
-
cultural
pragmatics),
ta chft yeu
t$p
trung vdo cdc khia
c?nh
cua giao tiep ngdn

ngft
(linguistic
communication),
hay ndi chinh xdc ban, cua giao tiep ngi ngdn
(intralinguistic communication) giua
hai ngdn ngft dugc xem xet. Nhung khi
tien hanh nghien cftu giao tiep giao vdn hod
(cross
-
cultural
communication),
ta khdng chi chu tam vdo vipc phan tich cdc bieu hipn vd lieu lugng cua giao
tiep ngi ngdn ma cdn, d cdc mftc dg,
ph^m
vi khac nhau vd do cdc yeu ciu cy
the,
xem xet
din lieu
lugng vd cdch thftc bieu hipn cua cac ylu to can ngdn
vd ngoai ngdn,
d^c
bipt
Id
cdc bilu hipn cfta cdc ddc tinh ngdn thanh (vocal
characteristics)
nhu pham chat ngdn thanh
(vocal quality)
cudng dg
(volume),
cao dg

(pitch),
tdc dg
(rate),
cfta
cdc yeu td
xen ngdn thanh
(vocal
interferences) ,
va cfta ngdn ngft than the
(body language)
nhu nhdn giao (eye -
contact),
dipn
hipn
(facial
expressions),
tu
thi
(postures),
cft chi
(gestures)
ttong
cac hdnh
dpng,
sy kipn vd
tinh
hudng
giao tilp cfta
hai thyc
tiie

vdn hod -
giao
tiep
dugc xet.
DI
tiiay dugc mdi quan hp giua giao tilp vd vdn hod vd de neu bat dugc
sy chi phdi cfta cdc an tdng vdn hod ddi vcd cdc hanh dpng, sy kipn, tmh hudng
giao tilp ddc thft, chung tdi cho rdng ta cin phdi tim ra dugc "chile ciu noi"
Gia
thuye't.
35
kit
gdn cdc thyc the ngdn ngft, giao tilp vd vdn hod dugc
x6t.
Cd the "hinh hdi
hod" y kiln nay nhu sau:
Mgt
lo^t
cau hdi dugc
d$t
ra d day:
V$y
thyc chat,
chile
ciu noi ndy Id
gi? Cdc bg
ph^
cau thdnh cua nd Id gi? Nd dugc
kit
cau ra sao de ta cd the

mgt
m^t
thay rd dugc cau
true
cua nd,
m§t
khdc de ddng sft dyng nd vdi tu
each
Id mgt bg khung
(framework)
nghien cuu, va tft dd, nhin ra moi quan hp
cua vd sy tuang tdc giua vdn hod vd giao tiep?
Dya
vdo
md hinh "Quan
hp
vdn hod - giao tilp", chung tdi quan nipm rdng
chile
cau noi ndy dugc cau trftc bdi hai ting qui chilu: "Cac binh dipn
phgm
tru" vd "Cac thanh to giao tilp". Cdc binh dipn
phgm
trft ndy, tuy tftng trudng
hgp cy
thi,
cd the cd cdc mftc dg "chong Ian" khac nhau; vd do vgy, bilu hipn
cua mgt hdnh dgng Idi ndi/ giao tilp cy the cd
thi
dugc giai thich dudi anh sang
cfta nhilu hom mgt binh dipn phgm trft. Chung tdi ggi hipn tugng ndy Id

"sy
dong
hifn"
(co-occurance).
Thi dy: Mgt nhan vien san bay thdng bdo cho mgt
phy nft luong tuoi cd chong Id hdnh khdch ttong chuyen bay
g$p
ngn ve vy
tai ngn may bay vd so phgn cfta cdc hdnh khdch:
-
Dg,
thua
bdc,
chdu
thi
chdu cung chdng biet ndi the
ndo.
Aund cung Id
cdi cdi cdi
so,
bdc
g.
Theo
cdc thdng bdo md chung chdu nhgn
dugrc thi
chi cd
mgt ngudi
nam
gidi
dugrc citu

thodt Nhung
do
lgi
Id
mgt
thanh
nien,
bdc
g.
(Ndm
lay
tay ngudi phy nft) Nhung thua
bdc,
chung chdu vdn chua
nhgn dugrc
thdng
bdo
chinh
thitc.
Bdc
chdu
minh cit
cd
dgd,
bdc a.
Thdng bao tten, tuy dg nhan vd phgm vi nghien cftu md cd the dugc xem
xet theo cdc binh dipn phgm trft
"Trye
tiep - Gidn tiep" vd/
ho^c

"Duy cam -
Duy li" va/
ho^c
"Ljch sy duong tinh - Ljch sy am tinh" va/
ho$c
"Ngdn rudm -
Ngdnkipm"
Cdc thdnh to giao tiep, vdi cdc mftc dp khac nhau, ciing hgp
lyc
de chi
phoi mgt hdnh dgng Idi noil giao tilp cy
thi.
Ngudi ta cd
thi
sft dyng cdch ndi/
36
Ngon ngiif
so
1 nam 2011
giao tilp ndy chft khdng phdi cdch ndi/ giao tilp khdc, vipn dan
logi
dau hipu
tft vyng - tinh thdi ndy chft khdng phdi
logi
tft vyng - tinh thdi khdc, sft dyng
hinh thftc/ quan hp xung hd ndy chft khdng phai hinh thftc/ quan hp
ximg
hd
khdc ,
tit ca nhftng dieu dd, trong tuypt

dgi ^ so
cac trudng hgp, deu do nhieu
hem
mgt thdnh to giao tilp qui djnh. Chung tdi ggi hipn tugng nay
Id "sy
dong
tic"
(co -
action).
Thi dy: A ndi vdi B:
-
Thdng ndy tao
"rdch
"
qua.
Cho tao
"gigt"
I
ve,
thdng
sau tao "non "
lgi.
Phdt ngdn tten giup ta it nhilu dodn djnh dugc cdc thanh td giao tiep sau:
'•'
Thdng so cua chu
thi
giao tilp: Cd the cdn
tucmg ddi
tre;
cd nhieu

khd
ndng
Id
nam gidi; cd le nghe nghiep
vd/hogc
thu nhgp khdng dn djnh; it
cd
khd ndng
Id
ngudi cd trinh dg hgc van
vd/hogc
vdn hod cao.
* Thdng so cua doi till giao tilp:
Tuang
tu nhu
cua chii
thi
giao
tiip; song
di
ed
khd ndng cd nghi
nghiep
vd/
hogc
thu nhgp on dinh
hem
(it nhdt
Id
vdo

thdi diim phdt
ngdn ciia chii
the giao tiep
dugrc
dua ra).
* Quan hp gifta chu till giao tilp vd doi
thi
giao tilp: It nhdt
Id quen
biit.
* Quyen
lyc
cua chu
thi
giao tilp doi vdi doi
thi
giao tilp: It
nhieu mang
tinh ddng
nien,
ddng
quyen (age
and power equals)
* Tinh cam can bilu hipn cfta chu the giao tilp:
Trung
tinh.
* Thdi dp cin bilu hipn cfta chft the giao
tiep:
Trung
tinh.

* Myc dich giao tilp: Cd lgi cho chu
the
giao tiep nhung bdt lgi eho ddi
the
giao tiep.
*
Tr^g
thai tam li cfta chu the giao
tiep:
It
nhieu mang tinh tieu
cue
(budn
rau, lo ldng )
Tft nhimg lgp lugn vua trinh bay, chung tdi xin dugc cy
thi
hod so do "cau
ndi"
nhu
sau:
,:;
n.
/-:•' v ';;:•::
Chile
"cau noi hai nhjp" nay mgt
mjt,
giftp ta
tiidy
rd dugc bdn chit, bilu
hipn vd hogt dgng cfta cdc hdnh dgng giao tilp cy the,

m$t
khac, giftp ta nhgn
dipn dugc cdc ylu to tdc dgng
din
vipc
lya
chpn cdc chiln
luge
va cdch thftc
Gia thuyet 37
giao tilp nhdm dgt tdi dich giao tilp de ra, vd
m$t
khac nua, giftp ta nhin ra
nhiing anh hudng mgnh mg cua vdn hod ttong hdnh vi giao tiep ndi chtmg vd
cac hdnh dgng giao tilp ddc
tiiu
ndi
rieng.
Vdi tam quan ttgng Idn
lao
vd khdng
the choi bd dd, chung tdi cho rdng ta can phdi xem
x^t
moi tucmg
lien
gifta hai
ting "Binh dipn pham tiu" vd "Thanh to giao tilp" khi nghien cftu vl giao tilp
ngi vdn hod vd giao vdn
hod.
Chung tdi dd thiet kl mgt "Bang qui xet giao tiep

npi vdn hod vd giao vdn tilp vd, trong thyc tl, dd sft dyng nd Iam khung nghien
cftu (framework) cho cac nghien cuu thyc nghipm cua minh (Cd the xem khimg
nghien cftu nay d cuoi cuon sach Mgt sd
vdn
de giao tiip ngi vdn hda vd
giao
vdn
hda cua Nguyen Quang, 2004, Nxb DHQG Ha Ngi).
5.
Ketlu^n
Nhipm vy ddt ra cho vipc nghien cuu cdc hogt dgng giao tilp cy
thi
ttong
ngi bg mgt thyc
thi
vdn hod - giao tilp (giao tilp npi vdn hoa), theo chftng tdi,
la
phdi tim ra dugc nhiing dnh hudng va tdc dgng cua cac in tang vdn hod len
cdc hogt dgng giao tiep dd thdng qua nhiing dnh hudng vd tdc dgng vfta mang
tinh phan ting, vfta mang tinh tuang tdc cua cdc binh dipn phgm tru va cac
thdnh to giao tiep. Thi dy: Vdi hdnh dgng giao tilp khen vd tiep nhgn Idi khen
ttong ngdn ngft - vdn hod Vipt:
A.
Dien the!
Hdm
nay,
khdi
em chet ddy
nhe.
., -

B.
Ld cdi
chdc.
'May rau
nhdn
nhui,
do qudn
bdnh
bao'
the
ndy ca
md
Ta can xem xet va phan tich cac bilu hipn thugc cd hai ting quy chieu:
* Ting cdc binh dipn phgm tim:
+ Binh dipn phgm tru
"Trye
tilp - Gian tilp":
Kit
hgp ca
trye
tilp vd
gian tilp:
-
Trye
tiep:
Dien
the\
- Gidn tilp phi
ude
Ip (gian tilp ngft

nghia):
Khdi
anh
chet day nhe.
- Gian tilp
ude
Ip (gidn tiep ngft nghia): Mdy rau nhdn
nhui,
do qudn
bdnh
bao.
+ Bmh dipn phgm tru 'Chft quan tinh - Khdch quan
tinh':
Sft dyng cac diu
hipu tft vyng - tirih thdi:
- Dau hipu tdng cudng:
The,
the ndy ca
md.
jstf^
-sv^ysv^
ivif.Vi ':
- Dau hipu thinh
dong:
Ddy nhe.
+ Binh dipn phgm tru "Khdng djnh minh - Phft djnh minh": Khdng djnh
minh bdng each khdng
djnh
Idi
khen cfta

ngudi khdc
danh
cho
nunh:
Ld
cdi
chdc.
* Tang cdc thdnh to giao
tilp:
Cac thanh to giao tilp sau ddy cd khd ndng
tham gia vao vipc sft dyng cac chien
luge
cua cdc binh dipn phgm trft tten:
+ Quan hp gifta chu
thi
giao tilp (CTGT) vd doi
thi
giao tiep (DTGT):
Thdn
thiit hodc thdn quen.
-t-
Quyen lyc cfta CTGT doi vdi DTGT: Ddng
nien,
ddng quyen vd
(cd
nhiiu khd
ndng) ddng
gidi.
38 Ngon ngiif
so

1 nam
2011
+ Trgng thai tam Ii cua cdc ddi tdc khi giao tilp:
Vui
ve.
+ Tinh
cam md cac doi tdc
giao
tilp
can
bilu
hipn:
Thdn
thiit
hogc thdn
mgt.
+ Thai dg md cdc doi tdc giao tilp can bilu
Ig:
Trung
tinh.
+ Myc dich giao tilp: Cd lgi
cho CTGTvd
trung
tinh (hogc
cd thi
ed
lgi) doi vdi
DTGT.
+ De tai giao tilp: An todn.
+ Hinh thftc giao tilp: Kit hgp cd

ngdn tit vdphi
ngdn tit.
+ Ngi dung giao tilp: Cd
CTGT va DTGT eiing quan tdm (hogc
CTGT to
ra
Id
nhu
the
vd mudn ddi the
nghi Id
nhu thi).
Nhipm vy dgt ra cho vipc nghien cuu cdc hogt dgng giao tilp cy
thi
ttong
hai thyc the vdn hod - giao tiep (giao tilp giao vdn hod) td ra phftc tgp hon. Nd
khdng don gian chi
Id
vipc tim ra dugc nhiing anh hudng vd tac dgng cua cdc
an tang vdn hod Ien cdc hogt dgng giao tilp thdng qua nhirng anh hudng va
tdc dgng vua mang tinh phan ting, vua mang tinh tucmg tdc cua cdc binh dipn
phgm tru va cac thdnh td giao tiep md cdn Id vipc tim ra dugc
nhung
tuang
ddng va dj bipt md, theo kinh nghipm nghien cftu cua chung tdi, chu yeu xuat
hipn d cac diem qui chieu "Tinh
lilu
lugng"
(Proportionality)
va "Tinh bieu

hipn"
(Manifestability),
nhung ttong nhieu trudng hgp,
cQng
dugc
thi
hipn khd
rd d diem qui chieu "Tinh hftu vd"
(AvailabiUty).
TAI
LIEU
THAM
KHAO
1.
Fasold R., The
Sociolinguistics
of Language, Basil
Blackwell,
1990.
2.
Gregg
J.Y,
Communication
and
Culture,
Heinle & Heinle
Publishers,
1993.
3.
Nguyen

Quang,
Giao tiep va giao tilp giao vdn hod, Nxb
DHQG,
H,
2002.
4.
Nguyen
Quang,
Mgt sd van de giao tiep ngi vdn hod va giao vdn hod,
Nxb
DHQG,
H, 2004.
5.
Nguyen
Quang,
Giao
tiep
phi ngdn tu qua cac
nin
vdn
hod,
Nxb
KHXH,
H, 2008.
6. Nguyen Quang, Lecture - notes on Cross - Cultural
Commimication,
Unpublished.