Báo cáo khoa học: Chiến lược giao tiếp trong lời Thúy Kiều ở đoạn trích Trao duyên trong Truyện Kiều của Nguyễn Du docx

NGON
NGC
soil
2010
CHIEN
Ll/dC GIAO
TIEP TRONG
LClI THUY
KIEU
6
DOAN TRICH "TRAO DUYEN"
TRONG TRUYEN KIEU CUA
NGUYEN
DU
1.
So*
lup-c
ve chien
Vaqc
giao
tiep
Trong giao tiep ngdn ngii, de
thyc hi?n dich giao tiep, ngudi ndi
cd the lya chpn nhirng cdch thiic dien
dgt khac nhau. Cd till dd
Id
cdch ndi
vdng vo hay vdo thing vin dl. Tuy
nhien,
khdn^
phai mpi chuy?n

diu
cd the ndi thdng vdi nhau, vi lam nhu
vay cd the gay khd khdn cho ngudi
tiep nhgn (khi tinh de dog the di?n
cao) hodc cd the lam cho hi?u qud
ciia
cupc giao tiep thap, khdng nhu
mong mudn. De cupc giao tiep dien
ra thuan Ipi, dgt hi?u qua, cdc nhan
vat ddi thogi thudng lya chpn
cho
minh
nhirng chien lupc giao tiep thich hpp
vdi tinh hudng cy the.
Cd the hieu "chiin
lugrc giao
tiep
la
phuong
chdm
vd cdc biin phdp su
dyng cdc hdnh dgng ndi trong giao
dip nhdm gia the diin vd trdnh de
dog thi diin
ciia
ngudi
tham
gia
giao
tiip"

[4, 107]. Chien lupc giao tilp
thudng
dupe
thyc hi?n theo cdch
m^
nhien, ngudi nghien
ciiu
can phan
tich
kl
mdi cd
thi
nhgn bilt. Thdng
thudng, d do, ngudi ndi muon thyc
hi?n dich giao tilp, vd ngudi nghe
thudng
CO
ging tun bilt cdi dich riao
tilp dd dl cupc giao tilp cd
uie
dien
ThS BUI THI LAN
ra thugn
Ipi.
Cho nen, vi?c lya chpn tu
ngfl:, ket ciu cau, sir dyng cdc bilu
thiic rao ddn, loi udm, tir ngii xung
hd cua ngudi ndi deu nhdm the
lii?n
dich

ciia
hdnh dpng ndi, co ging 1dm
tdng hi?u lyc cua thdng
difp
dupe
dua ra. Chiin lupc giao tilp mang
dau in cd nhan cua tung ngudi. Moi
n^di
giao tiep cd y thiic tiiudng cd
gdng thyc
hipn
phep lich sy, co gdng
tranh
ho$c Idm
gidm tinh de dog the
di?n
ciia
phdt ngdn. Theo dd vi?c
sii
dyng ngdn tir it nhieu mang tinh ngh?
thugt.
Thii
ngh? thugt ndy dd dupe
cdc nhd nghien
ciiu
chuyen mdn nang
len thdnh
chien
lupc giao tilp.
2.

Chien
Xviifc
giao tiep trong
loi Thuy Kieu
d do^n
trich
(Lvtrfc
phan tich
2.1.
Dogn trich tir Truyin Kiiu
Nhan vgt Thiiy Kilu trong
Truyin
Kieu
dupe
md td nhu mpt ngudi con
gdi tdi sic v?n toda Thiiy Kieu khdng
chi cd tdi ve
cdm,
ki, thi,
hga,
md cdn
Id
ngudi cd tri: "thdng minh vdn sdn
tinh trdi". Qua ngdn ngii cua Thiiy
Kilu, ngudi dpc cd
thi
cdm nhgn dd
Id
mpt con ngudi khdn kheo, lich
thi?p,

thim nhuan vdn hod, von tri
thiic phong phii.
Tdi
ndng vl ngdn
tii cua Thuy Kieu khiln ngudi ta nhd
Chien
iuac
77
den cau ca dan gian "Ngudi thanh
ndi tieng cUng thanh". Cd
thi
thay
rd hon nhung dieu ndy thdng qua dogn
trich Thiiy Kieu trao duyen
ciia
minh
vdi Kim Trpng cho em gdi
Id
Thiiy
Van. Trao duyen
Id
ten gpi chung
lau nay thudng dupe cdc nhd phan
tich ngdn ngfl:, phe binh hay gidng
dgy vdn hpc
d^t
ten cho dogn trich
tu cau tho 719 den cau tho 756 (gdm
38 cau) trong Truyin Kieu:
Rdng:

"Long
duong
thdn thirc
ddy
To duyen cdn vuong mdi ndy chua
xong.
Hd mdi ra cung
th^n thiing
De
Idng thi
phu tdm long vdi ai.
di
Kim lang! Hoi Kim lang
Thdi thdi thiip
ddphy
chdng tu
day!"
[3,
76 - 77]
Day la mpt tirong nhirng dogn
d^c
sic cua Truyin Kieu xet ve nhieu
phuong di?n.
Trong^
dd, ngdn ngur
cua nhan vgt Thiiy Kilu
Id
ylu td
dupe
nhieu nhd nghien cim quan tam. Nhieu

bai vilt hay vl ngh? tiiugt kl chuy?n;
vl hanh dpng
ridi
tryc tiep, gian tiep;
ve ngdn ngu: ddi thogi, dpc thogi cua
Thiiy Kilu dd dupe ddng d mpt
sd bao, tgp chi hay ki ylu hpi thao.
Gan day nhit
Id
bdi vilt Li thuyit
"hdnh dgng ngdn nga"
vdi
dogn tho
trao duyen cua Truyin Kieu cua Bui
Minh Todn ddng d sd 5 (175)/ 2010
cua Tgp
chi
Ngdn ngu & Ddi sdng.
Bai viet dd nghien
ciiu
khd day du
vl cdc nhdm hanh dpng ndi dupe
Thiiy Kilu sir dyng ti:ong dogn tiio
nhu- tdi
hi^n,
thinh cdu, trinh bdy,
than vdn, cdm on, xin
Idi
[8]. Dogn
trich tren cd tiie xem nhu mpt cupc

giao tilp. Chung tdi, ti-ong
bai viet
ndy, se tap trung nghien
ciai
cdc chien
lugrc Ifch
su trong giao tilp cua Thiiy
Kieu, nhd dd Kieu dgt
dupe
dich giao
tiep mong mudn.
2.2.
Cdc chien lupc lich sy trong
Idi
ndi cua Kieu
2.2.1.
So lupc ve chien lupc lich sy
Hodn cdnh giao tiep cua dogn
trich nay
Id
vdo dem khuya, trong
phdng
n^ii.
Cac nhan vgt giao tiep la
Thiiy Kieu vd em
Id
Thiiy Van. Npi
dung giao tiep chinh
Id
cupc trao giri

duyen cua Thiiy Kieu vdi Kim Trpng
cho Thiiy Van. Dich cua cupc giao
tilp la Thiiy Kilu nhd Thiiy Van tiiay
mmh ndi duyen ciing Kim Trpng. De
dgt dupe dich iy, nhan vgt Thiiy Kieu
da sir dyng mpt each kheo leo cdc
chiin
luge Ifch
su. Dd
"Id
mgt hay
mgt logt chiin
lugrc
dugrc ngudi ndi
diing di hodn thdnh mgt sd myc dich
nhu thiit
Igp
vd duy tri nhiing
tjuan
hi hdi hod'' [2, 581]. Li tiiuyet vl
Uch sy chiin lupc dupe Brown vd
Levinson xay dyng tren co sd
khdi
ni?m thi diin. Dd
"Id
cdm gide vi
gid tri cd nhdn
ciia
mdi ngudi hay
Id hinh

dnh ve ta. Cdi hinh dnh ndy
cd thi bf lam tdn hgi, dugrc gia gin
hay dugrc di cao trong tuong tdc"
[2,
588].
Thi
di?n thudng
dupe
phan
thanh hai logi
Id
till di?n am tinh vd
thi
di?n duong tinh. Lich sy ti-ong
giao tilp giiip cac nhan vgt giu: dupe
thi
di?n cho nhau, de dang dgt dich
cua cupc
|iao
tilp. Tuong
ling
vdi
hai logi the di?n am tinh yd till di?n
duong tmh cd hai logi chiin lupc Uch
sy la
Ifch
su dm tinh vd
Ifch
su duong
tinh.

Brown vd Levinson dd gpi do
la hai "sieu chiin lupc", moi sieu
chiin lupc nhu vay bao gom mpt logt
chiin lupc, cd
15
chiin lupc cho sieu
78
Ngdn ngflr sd 11 nam 2010
chien lupc
Uch
sy duong
ti'nh,
10
chiin
lupc cho sieu chien lupc Uch sy am
tinh. Ngdn
ngu-
cua Thiiy Kieu qua
doan trich da vgn dyng khd nhuin
nhuyen
cac chien lupc ndy.
2.2.2. Chien lupc Uch sy duong
tinh
Cd the thay Thiiy Kieu da
sii
dyng cac chien lupc
Ijch sir
duong
tinh mpt
each

cd hi?u qua. Lich sy
duong tinh the
hifn
d sy ndi ndng
lam tdn vinh the di?n duong tinh cho
ngudi nghe. The di?n duong tinh
la
cai
"dugrc
phdn dnh trong y mudn/
cdi
dugrc
minh (ngudi) ua
thich,
tdn
thudng, tdn trgng, ddnh gid cao,
Id
su
thod mdn
khi
mgt gid
trf
eiia
minh
dugrc tdn
thudng" (dan
theo
[2,
588]).
2.2.2.1.

Sir
dyng
"le
thudng"
a) Mong
dupe
chia se
Vi?c thd
Ip
tinh cam rieng tu cua
minh
cho ngudi khac la dieu vd cimg
khd ndi. Nhung khdng vi the ma im
lang. Thiiy Kieu dd bpc bgch nhiing
gi sau kin nhat cua ddi minh bang
vi?c sir dyng "16 thudng", ngudi cd
noi niem tam sy thudng cd
lihu
ciu
bpc bgch vdi ngudi khdc, vdi hi vpng
dupe
cam thdng, dupe chia se.
Rdng:
"Long
duong thdn thuc day
To
duyen
cdn vuong
mdi
ndy chua

xong.
Hd
mdi
ra cung
th^n thiing
€>e Idng thi
phy
tdm long vdi
ai".
Sau khi ddi tdc khdng cd dau
hi?u tir choi,
n^udi
ndi mdi tiep tyc
ndi ra nhiing dieu can phdi ndi.
b) Neu cac cdn
cii
Tilp dd, trong cupc giao tiep
quan trpng den
thi,
Thiiy Kilu phdi
sii
dyng chiin lupc "neu li do
ciia
hdnh dpng",
ti-ong
ti-udng
hpp ndy
Id
cac "cdn
cii".

Trudc khi dua ra hdnh
dpng yeu ciu doi tdc 1dm mpt vi?c
qud
Idn,
ngudi dua ra
Idi
yeu cdu
khdng
thi
khdng neu li do, neu cdn
cii
mpt
each
diy du, chinh dang,
dii
sire thuyet phye ddi tdc. Cdc cdn
cii
cd the dupe dua ra trudc
ho^c
sau
Idi
de nghi, cd
thi
mang tinh khach quan
hay chu quan, nhung tit cd deu hudng
tdi vi?c bo sung, tdng cudng cho y
kien hodc
mong muon
cua ngudi
ndi.

De nhd Thiiy Van thay loi
nude
non
(loi the giua Kieu
vdi
Kim Trpng),
Kieu da neu ra hai
can
cur khd thuyet
phye:
mpt cdn
cii
cd tinh khdch quan
tir ben ngodi gia dinh, nhu
Id
cdi "li"
bat cdng md khdng cudng
dupe,
vd
mpt cdn
cii
khdc
Id
sy thgt ben trong
gia dinh, nhu
Id
cdi tinh mdu mu cd
the chap nhgn
dupe
(do tgp quan).

Cdn
cii
khach quan
Id
tai hog qud
Idn
bat ngd gp den:
Su
ddu
sdng gid bdt ki
Hieu tinh khdn de hai bi
v^n
hai.
Trudc mpt
sy
vi?c
Idn
md hiiu
tinh khdn de hai be
v^n
hai thi ngudi
con cd hieu khdng the
1dm
khac
dupe:
hi sinh tinh yeu cua mmh dk
1dm
trdn
chii hieu, dieu md Thuy Van - ciing
Id

mpt
ngudi con trong
gia dinh
-
khdng
the phu nhgn.
Ben cgnh dd, Thiiy Kieu ciing
neu ra mpt sy thyc
Id
cdi khd
ndn^
cho phep (theo tgp quan) gidi quyet
phan vi?c cd lien quan
din
moi tinh
rieng tu cua Kilu, dl ciru vdt thanh
danh
ciia
ndng (do da timg cd
Idi thi
nguy?n)
va
ciing
la
de khdi qua dau
Idng
ddi vdi ngudi tinh cua nang,
m^c
du
Id

bupc
Idng
phdi
ddt
Thuy Van
vdo mpt
thi
bit ngd, khd
nghl.
Thuy
Kilu da hudng ve Thuy Van md ndi
nhu trong
nude
mit:
Chiehhrpc^^.
Ngdy xudn em hay cdn ddi
Xdt tinh mdu
mii
thay
Idi nude
non.
Ldi tho nghe sao xdt xa, nghe
nhu dao cira vao
long,
may ai cd
thi
cim
Idng
dupe, hudng chi Thuy Van
la em rapt

ciia
Thuy Kilu. Vd nhu
vgy, Thuy Van khdng
thi
khdng xdt
tinh mdu mu md tir choi chi minh, cho
dii
nang chua bao gid vd cung khdng
the ndo tudng tupng ra
dupe
cdi sy
thyc dau long den nhudng ay.
Nhu
vgy,
Kieu dd
dupe
togi nguy?n
tiong vi?c dau long hi sinh tinh yeu
de giii
dupe
chur hiiu, vd dl vdt vdt
lgi phan ndo cai the Hieu tinh khdn
de hai be
v^n
hai!
c) Bay td sy mang on
Vi?c bdy td sy mang on ngudi
nghe tir phia ngudi chiu on ciing
Id
mpt chien lupc trong sieu chiin lupc

Uch sy duong tinh [2, 595]. Kieu dd
tiiyc hi?n vi?c nay tiong may ddng tho:
Chf
dii
thit ndt xuong mdn
Ngdm cudi chin sudi hdy cdn thom
ldy.
Thi
diy, khdng chi khi chi cdn
sdng, ma cd khi thdc di roi (thit dd
ndt, xuong da mdn), thi d cdi am chi
van cdn cam nhgn dupe tieng khen
(tilng thom) md em da tgo ra qua vi?c
em
lam
ngdy hdm nay ddi vdi chi,
do
Id
cdi on md em dd lam cho
chi:
em thay chi thyc
hi?n
ldi
thi
thieng
heng vdi
Kun
Trpng, dl chi khdi mang
tilng
Id

ngudi phy tinh, bgc nghia.
22.3.
Cdc
chiin lupc
Uch
sy
am
tinh
Mudi chiin lupc cua sieu chien
lupc Uch sy
ani
tinh [2, 595] do Brown
vd Levmson de ra ciing dupe the hi?n
tiong ldi Thuy Kieu khd tinh tl. Nhu
dd bilt,
ngupe
vdi Uch sy
duon^
tmh,
Uch sy am tinh hudng vdo the di?n
am tinh cua ngudi nghe. Lich sy am
tinh bieu hi?n rd d sy ne tranh, khdng
dimg cac hanh dpng de dog the di?n
(Face Threatening Acts).
2.2.3.1.
Sir dung hdnh dgng ndi
gidn tiep
Chien lupc Uch sy am tinh diu
tien
dupe

Thiiy Kieu sir dyng dd
Id
each
"dimg loi ndi gidn tilp".
DI
tin^c
hi?n
dich cua cupc giao tilp nay, Kieu
da
"tiiinh
cau" em gai mmh bdng nhung
hanh dpng ndi gian tilp nhu:
Gida
dudng ddt gdnh tuong tu
Keo loan chdp mdi to thua mac em.
Hay:
Ngdy xudn em hdy cdn ddi
Xdt
tinh mdu mil thay ldi nude
non
Dich
ciia
nhung hdnh dpng
ndy
Id
cau khien nhung Kieu da
sii
dung hinh thiic ngdn hdnh nguyen
cap (hay ngdn hdnh ham an - imphcit).
d

day khdng cd he cd dpng tir ngdn
hdnh vd cung khdng cd cdc dau hi?u
cua ldi cau khien nhu: hdy, ndo, di
(tir hdy trong cau tho nay cd nghia
nhu dang hay vdn). Bdng ldi ndi gian
tiep nhu vgy, Kieu dd "gidm thieu su
dp ddt cho ngudi nghe" [2, 595]. Day
ciing la
each thi
hi?n Uch sy am tinh
ciia
ngudi ndi, ngudi ndi
mdc dii
dd
rit tin tudng vdo ngudi nghe
Id
em
gai minh, hi vpng Thiiy Van
s8 Id
nguoi
cd
thi
thay minh thyc hi?n ldi the
thieng lieng vdi Kim Trpng. Nhung
ngh? thugt sir dyng tir
rigfl:
ciia
Kieu,
cho thiy Kilu khdng
hi

dp dgt Thiiy
Van md van nhudng quyen quyet dinh
cho Van, va lgi, ciing khdng the khac
dupe trong mpt vi?c h? trpng nhu
vi?c nay.
2.2.3.2. Sir dyng ldi rdo ddn vd
ldi udm
Ngodi ra, trudc mpt sy vi?c
Idn
lao nhu vgy, Kieu ciing phai dimg
80
Ngdn ngiif sd 11 ndm
2010
den nhung ldi "rdo ddn" (hedge) can
trpng. Trong trudng hpp nay, ldi rdo
ddn lien quan den phuong chdm vl
each
thiic (vi?c rieng khd ndi mpt each
Ip
lieu):
Hd mdi ra ciing
th^n
thiing
De long
thi
phy tdm
Idng
vdi ai.
Mdt
khdc ciing khdng the thieu

dupe
ldi "udm" nhu
Id
mpt sy chuan
bi chu ddo trudc mpt hdnh dpng ndi
cd tinh de dog the di?n cao:
Cdy em em cd
chju
ldi
Ngdi len cho chf lgy rdi se thua.
Hai ddng tho ndy, tir quan diem
phan
ti'ch
hpi thogi, cd nghia ring "day
Id
vi?c chi phai nhd den em, nhung
em cd nhan ldi thi phdi de cho chi
dupe
lgy em rdi chi mdi ndi"; mpt
ldi vdi y nhu vgy
Id
sy bdo trudc ring
"vi?c chi nhd day
Id
rat h? trpng vd
rat khd thyc hi?n", day
Id
"ldi udm
yeu cau" (prerequest). Vdi each trinh
bdy nay, Kieu da td ra rat kinh trpng

ngudi nghe
dii
dd
Id
em gai minh.
Hg minh va tdn vinh ngudi nghe la
mpt phep trong chien lupc Uch sy
am tinh.
3.
Ket
luan
Dogn trich
thi
hi?n khd rd diu
an ca nhan cua Thiiy Kieu trong giao
tiep: dd la mpt con ngudi cd vdn hod,
luon ludn tdn trpng ngudi khdc vd
biet
nghl
cho ngudi khac. Nhu cd
thi
thay, trong tien trinh
ciia
cupc giao
tiep nay, Thuy Kieu
Id
ngudi chiem
vi
the giao tiep mgnh. Theo ddng cdm
xiic,

Kieu dd ndi mpt mgch cho den
khi "cgn ldi". Vdi nhirng chien lupc
Uch sy khdc nhau, ldi le Thiiy Kieu
cii
the tudn trao, mdc du cd
liic
vi qud
xiic
dpng tudng chimg nhu Kieu khdng
cdn lam chu
dupe
ban than. Dang
ddi thogi vdi em gai, ndng 'gi quay
vl ndi vdi chinh minh vd roi lgi ndi
vdi Kim Trpng, xin Kim Trpng tha
thii
nhung cung dong tiidi xm loi Thiiy
Van vi Kilu dd 1dm "lien
lyy"
din
em.
Thi
nhung trudc sau nhu mpt,
Kieu van ludn giur
dupe
tinh
Ijch
su
trong ldi ndi
ciia

minh.
Bing tiem tinic, Kilu da thyc
hi?n cdc chien lupc giao tiep thich
hpp khdc nhau mpt cdch thuan thyc
vd de ddng, thgt xiing ddng la con cua
mpt gia dinh gia giao, ne nep.
vl phia tdc gid Truyin Kiiu,
Nguyen Du dd cho Thuy Kilu ndi
len nhung ldi khdn kheo de chimg
minh cai "phin hon"
ciia
Kilu so vdi
Thuy
Van,
khi md tdc gid dd ddt Thuv
Van d cai dp "Hoa cudi ngpc thot
doan trang"!
TAI
LI$U THAM
KHAO
1.
Diep
Quang
Ban,
Giao tilp, dien
ngon va cau tgo cua vdn ban, Nxb GD,
H. 2009.
2.
Dd
Hiru

Chdu,
Tuyen tgp,
Tgp
2,
Nxb
GD,
H, 2005.
3.
Nguyen Du,
Truy?n
Kilu, Nxb
GD.
H, 1972.
4.
Nguyen Thien Gidp, Dyng hpc
Vi?t
ngii, Nxb
DHQG,
H, 2000.
5. Nguyen Thien Gidp, Chiin lupc
giao tilp,
T/c
Kiin
thirc
ngdy
nay,
9/2000.
6. Dd
Thf
Kim Lien,

Ngft
nghia ldi
hpi
tiiogi,
Nxb
GD,
H,
1999.
1.
Le
Vdn
Lit,
Tim hilu tir
ngii
Truyen
Kiiu,
Nxb
DHQG,
Tp
Ho
Chi
Minh 2000.
8. Vu Thi Nga, Mpt so chiin lupc
rao don trong hpi thogi cua ngudi
Vi?t,
T/c
Ngdn
ngir.
So
3,

2005.
9. Biii Minh
Todn,
Li thuyet
"hanli
dpng ngon
ngCr"
vdi dogn tiio trao duyen
cua
Truyen
Kieu,
T/c Ngdn
ngU
vd Dai
song.
So
5,
2010.
,; .;,.