10 adverbial clauses conditionals (1)

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES


Adverbial Clauses
❖

A dependent clause introduced by an adverbial
subordinator

❖

Used to modify the verb of the independent clause

➔
❖

functioning as an adverb

Many types: time, place, manner, condition, etc.


Adverbial Clauses

TIME

after

following the time that…

as

while when…

as soon as

immediately at or instantly after the time that…

before

earlier than the time when…

since

from that time/moment

until

up to the time of…

when

a point in time/short duration

whenever

at any time

while

longer duration of time

Adverbial Clauses
Tense sequence with adverbial clauses of time
❖

To talk about past or present ➔

use the same

tense as in the independent clause
I normally look after the children while she’s
practicing.
When she heard the result, she was overjoyed.
❖

To talk about future ➔

use present

Wait here until you are ready to go.


Adverbial Clauses
Tense sequence with adverbial clauses of time
❖

To talk about an action completed before another
described in the independent clause ➔
perfect verb forms

use simple or

As soon as you see/ have seen her, come and tell me.
She wrote to me after she spoke/ had spoken to Kim.
COMPARE:
After I have written this book, I’m having a holiday. (rather
than I WRITE – WHY? )
Turn off the lights as you leave. (not YOU HAVE LEFT)
When I saw Jim, I asked him over for dinner.(not HAD
ASKED)


Adverbial Clauses
anywhere
PLACE

DISTANCE/
FREQUENCY

MANNER

everywhere

any place

wherever
where

a definite place

as + adverb + as make a comparison

as
as if/ as though

in the way/manner that/like…


Adverbial Clauses
REASON

as
because
since

for the reason that…

phrase + that
so + adj + that
RESULT

with the result that
so + adv + that
such a(n) (+adj) + n

PURPOSE

in order that
so that

for the good of


Adverbial Clauses
although
CONCESSION/ even though
CONTRAST
though
STRONG
CONTRAST

in spite of the fact that

whereas
while

direct opposition

as long as
if
CONDITION

provided/ providing under the condition that…
unless
whether


Adverbial Clauses
Reducing adverbial clauses
Retain BEFORE

A student should consider some factors BEFORE choosing a major.
❖ Retain SINCE when it refers to time
SINCE moving to the U.S., Carlos has not been back home. (Since
Carlos moved…)s
Coming from a conservative family, Carlos was shocked at the U.S.
system of coed dormitories. (Since/As Carlos came…)
❖ Delete AS when it refers to time
Getting used to the way of life here, he became less homesick.
❖ Delete all subordinators referring to reason
❖

Retain AFTER, WHEN and WHILE when the reduced form follows the
independent clause
WHILE preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with a family.
Preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with a family.
He lived with a family WHILE preparing for the TOEFL.
❖


CONDITIONAL SENTENCES


Examples
1. If I become President, I will end the war. – Hillary
Clinton
2. If I became President, I would end the war. – a
student
3. If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.
4. I’d appreciate it if you wouldn’t smoke.
5. Would you be so kind as to shut the door?

6. If I had finished work earlier, I would have gone
to the movie.


Overview
❖

Alternatives to IF
❖ Assuming
❖ But for
❖ Even if, only if
❖ On condition that
❖ Or else
❖ Otherwise
❖ Provided, providing
❖ So long as, as long as
❖ Suppose, supposing
❖ Unless
❖ What if


Overview
Three types of conditionals
Zero

Present Simple + Present Simple
If you press this button, the engine stops.

First

Present Simple + will Inf.
If she rings this evening, I’ll let you know.

Second

Past Subjunctive + would Inf.
What would you do if you became President?

Third

Past Perfect + would have p.p.
If I hadn’t seen her, she’d had drowned.


Type-0 Conditionals
❖

Present Simple + Present Simple

❖

One thing always follows automatically from
another…

❖

If the door bell rings, the dog barks.

❖

If you add twelve and fifteen, what do you get?

❖

IF = WHEN


Type-1 Conditionals
❖

Present Simple + Will-Infinitive

❖

Open conditions; likely conditions in present and future
If it rains, the reception will take place indoors.
If we don’t hurry, we won’t get there in time.
If we’re having a party, we’ll have to invite the
neighbors.
If he won’t do, there’s nothing we can do about it. (=refusal)
If you’ll just sign here, thank you.
If you will drive so fast, you must expect to have accidents.
(= insistence)


Type-2 Conditionals
❖

Past Subjunctive + Would-Infinitive

❖

Unlikely/Unreal conditions in present and future
If I had lots of money, I’d travel around the world.
I’d tell you the answer if I knew what it was.
Supposing we were to win the lottery, how would you
spend the money?
Would it be alright if I brought a friend?
If the sun were shining, everything would be perfect.
If you’d just sign here, please. Thank you.


Type-3 Conditionals
❖

Past Perfect+ Would-perfect

❖

Unlikely/Unreal conditions in past
If you’d taken the taxi, you’d have been here on time.
If I could’ve warned you in time, I’d have done.
If you hadn’t woken me up in the night, I wouldn’t feel
so tired now.
If Tom were ambitious, he’d have found himself a better
job years ago.
If you know London so well, you wouldn’t have got so
hopelessly lost.

Special Cases
❖

If it were not for the weather, we’d have gone out hours
ago.

❖

If it had not been for Helen’s help, we’d never have got
there on time.

❖

Without her help, I would never have got where I
wanted.

❖

But for your help, we’d never have managed.


❖

If it were not for + N

❖

If it had not been for + N

❖

Without + N

❖

But for + N


Inversions

❖

Should it rain, the reception will take place indoors.

❖

Were I to have lots of money, I’d travel around the world.

❖

Had you taken a taxi, you’d have been here on time.

❖

Had it not been for you, we’d never have got there on
time.