combustion physical and chemical fundamentals, modeling and simulation

J. Warnatz · U. Maas · R.W. Dibble
Combustion
J. Warnatz · U. Maas · R.W. Dibble
Combustion
Physical and Chemical Fundamentals,
Modeling and Simulation, Experiments,
Pollutant Formation
4th Edition
With 227 Figures and 22 Tables
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Jürgen Warnatz
Universität Heidelberg
Interdisziplinäres Zentrum
für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen
Im Neuenheimer Feld 368
D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Prof. Dr. Robert W. Dibble
University of California
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Etcheverry Hall
94720 Berkeley, CA, USA
ISBN-10 3-540-25992-9 4th ed. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
ISBN-13 978-3-540-25992-3 4th ed. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
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ger. Violations are liable to prosecution under German Copyright Law.
Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1996, 1999, 2001, and 2006
Printed in Germany
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant pro-
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Printed on acid-free paper 62/3141/Yu – 5 4 3 2 1 0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006927345
Prof. Dr. Ulrich Maas
Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Institut für Technische Thermodynamik
Kaiserstr. 12
D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR LLb
# .+/:?:".+F"!?-.";eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR LLG
3RL 1C/Jn@,>\`eFCq`@`eJ8eCE1e^JN;g@JF RRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRR LLG
3Rk CE1eg^l,gl^1` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR LkL
3Rh CE1e1CJ,@g@1` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Lk:
3R: 1F`@g@n@gqeFCq`@` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Lkb
3R9 p1^,@`1` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Lk3
0 .+/:?1/3:".+F"!?-."; RRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RR LkG
GRL JlFg1^8CJoeJFN^1E@p1/eCE1`eRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR LkG
GRk E@F^e1geJFN^1E@p1/eCE1`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Lhh
GRh JFN^1E@p1/eCE1`e@g>e`ge>1E@`g^qeRRRR
RRRRRRRR
RRR
RRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Lh9
GR: p1^,@`1` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Lh3

2I (/+@+1/?:1";;"; RRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR L:L
LsRL 1E1FJn\`eFCq`@`eJ8e>1^ECepNCJ`@JF`eR
RRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRReL:k
LsRk ^FB?E1F1g`B@@\`eFCq`@`eJ8e>1^ECepNCJ`@JF` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR L:h
LsRh lgJ@;F@g@JF-e;F@g@JFe@E@g` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRR L:9
LsR: lgJ@;F@g@JF-e;F@g@JF?1Cqe@E1eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
L:3
LsR9 F/l,1/e;F@@F@ElEe;F@g@JFeF1^;@1` RRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR L:G
LsRc N^Be;F@g@JF RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR L9h
LsRb 1gJFg@JF` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR L9b
LsR3 p1^,@`1` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRR
RRRRR
RRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Lch
22 1E*".3":@C:"?F+!@+1/ ?/(+/"?/1, RRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Lc9

LLRL lF/E1FgCe>1FJE1Fe@FeggJeF;@F1` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Lc9
LLRk p@/g@JFegeFg1^E1/@g1e1EN1^gl^1` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRR
R
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Lc3
LLRh Jo?1EN1^gl^1ep@/g@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR LcG
LLR: ;F@g@JFe^J,1``1`e@Fe1,@N^J,g@F;eF;@F1`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Lbh
LLR:RL FJ,BeE;1`e@FeggJeF;@F1` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Lbh
LLR:Rk ;F@g@JFe@Fe@1`1CeF;@F1` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Lb:
LLR:Rh >1eeJF,1Ng RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Lb9
LLR:R: >1eeJF,1Ng RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Lbb
LLR9 p1^,@`1` RRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRR
RR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Lb3
2B
)"?D+":*@1,";*8C@+1/;?%1:?):""*+."/;+1/-?"@+/(?-1E?

RRRR
LbG
LkRL >1eJF`1^ng@JFeUlg@JF` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR LbG
LkRLRL n1^CCe``eJF`1^ng@JF RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRReL3s
LkRLRk N1,@1`e``eJF`1^ng@JF RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRReL3L
LkRLRh JE1FglEeJF`1^ng@JF RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRReL3L
LkRLR: F1^;qeJF`1^ng@JF RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRReL3k
LkRk >1eEN@^@,Ceo` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR L3h
LkRkRL 1ogJF\`eoeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR L3h
LkRkRk Jl^@1^\`eoeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRR

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
L3:
LkRkRh @,B\`eoeF/e>1^ECe@88l`@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
L3:
LkRkR:
C,lCg@JFeJ8eg>1e^F`NJ^geJ188@,@1Fg`e8^JEeJC1,lC^e^E1g1^`
eRRRRRRRR L39
LkRh p1^,@`1` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR L39
2A C:C-"/@?"@+/(?-1E; RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRR
RRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR L3b
LhRL JE1elF/E1FgCe>1FJE1F RRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
L3b
LhRk @^1,gelE1^@,Ce@ElCg@JF RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
L3G
LhRh JF,1Ng`e8J^el^&lC1F,1eJ/1C@F;-e@E1?eF/en^1?n1^;@F; RRRRRRRRRR LGk

LhR: 1qFJC/`?n1^;1/en@1^?gJB1`eOPeUlg@JF` RRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
LG:
LhR9 l^&lC1F,1eJ/1C` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR LGc
LhRc 1Fe1,g@JFeg1` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR kss
LhRb
JF,1Ng`e8J^el^&lC1F,1eJ/1C@F;-e^J&&@C@gqe1F`@gqelF,g@JF`eRRRRRRRRRRRRR
ksk
LhR3 //q?^1B?NeJ/1C`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR ksc
LhRG l^&lC1Fge,C1`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR ksb
LhRLs ^;1?//qe@ElCg@JFeOPeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR ksG
LhRLL p1^,@`1`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR kLL
&C1eJ8eJFg1Fg`

&C1eJ8eJFg1Fg`
2' C:C-"/@?1/3:".+F"!?-.";eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR kLh

L:RL JFN^1E@p1/eCE1`eo@g>eUl@C@&^@lEe>1E@`g^qeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR kL:
L:Rk @F@g1?g1e>1E@`g^qe@FeJFN^1E@p1/eCE1`eRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRkLb
L:Rh CE1epg@F,g@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR kkL
L:R: ?@ElCg@JF`eJ8el^&lC1FgeJF?^1E@p1/eCE1`e`@F;eeJFg1?
^CJe1g>J/ RRRR
R
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRekk:
L:R9 p1^,@`1`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRkkc
2& C:C-"/@?:".+F"!?-.";eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRR
RRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRkkb
L9RL C``@8@,g@JFeJ8el^&lC1Fge^1E@p1/eCE1` RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRR kkb
L9Rk CE1C1geJ/1C`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR khs

L9RkRL CE1C1geJ/1CC@F;e`@F;ee1,g@JFe^J;^1``e^@&C1eRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRkhL
L9RkRk CE1C1geJ/1CC@F;e`@F;ee1n1C?1ge1g>J/ RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRR khk
L9Rh l^&lC1FgeCE1e1CJ,@gqeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRkhh
L9R: CE1epg@F,g@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRkh9
L9R9 g>1^eJ/1C`eJ8el^&lC1Fge^1E@p1/eJE&l`g@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRkhb
L9Rc p1^,@`1`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRkh3
2> 1.C;@+1/?1%?+8C+!?/!?1-+!?C"-;eRRRRRRRRRRRRR
R
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRkhG
LcRL ^JNC1geJE&l`g@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR khG
LcRLRL JE&l`g@JFeJ8e@F;C1e^JNC1g`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR k:s
LcRLRk JE&l`g@JFeJ8e^JNC1ge^JlN`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR k::
LcRk N^qeJE&l`g@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR k:c
LcRkRL J^Eg@JFeJ8eN^q`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR k:c
LcRkRk N^qeJE&l`g@JFeJ/1`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR k:b
LcRkRh gg@`g@,Ce1`,^@Ng@JFeJ8eN^q`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR k:G
LcRkR: J/1C@F;eJ8el^&lC1FgeN^qeJE&l`g@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRk9k
LcRkR9 CE1C1g?qN1eJ/1C`e8J^eN^qeJE&l`g@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR k9h
LcRh JCeJE&l`g@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR k99
LcRhRL q^JCq`@`eJ8eeJC
eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRk99
LcRhRk l^F@F;eJ8eJCg@C1eJENJlF/`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR k9c

LcRhRh l^F@F;eJ8eg>1eJB1eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR k9c
LcRhR: JCe`@8@,g@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR k9b
LcR: p1^,@`1`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRk93
2= 1:.@+1/?1%?+@:+?F+!";eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR k9G
LbRL >1^ECeeO1C/Jn@,>eP RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RR
RRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR k9G
LbRk ^JENgeeO1F@EJ^1ePeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR kck
LbRh e1F1^g1/en@e@g^Jl`ep@/1eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR kc9
LbR: JFn1^`@JFeJ8el1Ce@g^J;1Fe@FgJe RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR kc9
LbR9 e1/l,g@JFe&qeJE&l`g@JFeJ/@8@,g@JF` RRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRR

RRRRRRRRRRRRR kcb
LbRc gCqg@,eJE&l`g@JF RRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRkbL
LbRb e1/l,g@JFe&qeJ`g?JE&l`g@JFe^J,1``1`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR kbk
LbR3 p1^,@`1`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRekb9

&C1eJ8eJFg1Fg`
2# 1:.@+1/?1%?G!:1:1/;?/!?11@ RRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRekbb
L3RL F&l^Fgeq/^J,^&JF`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRekbb
L3RLRL CE1epg@F,g@JFel1egJeg^@FeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRekb3
L3RLRk CE1epg@F,g@JFegeCC`eF/e@FeN`eRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRekb3
L3Rk J^Eg@JFeJ8eJCq,q,C@,e^JEg@,eq/^J,^&JF`eOP RRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRek3s
L3Rh >1e>1FJE1FJCJ;qeJ8eJJgeJ^Eg@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRk3h
L3R: J/1CC@F;eF/e@ElCg@JFeJ8eJJgeJ^Eg@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRek3b
L3R9 p1^,@`1`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRkGc

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LGRL >1eg^l,gl^1eJ8eg>1egEJ`N>1^1eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRekGb
LGRLRL ^1``l^1e@Feg>1egEJ`N>1^1eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRkGb
LGRLRk 1EN1^gl^1eF/eC``@8@,g@JFeJ8eJEN^gE1Fg`e@Feg>1egEJ`N>1^1eRRRRRRRekGG
LGRLRh JENJ`@g@JFeJ8eg>1egEJ`N>1^1eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehss
LGRkR >1egEJ`N>1^1e`ee>JgJ,>1E@,Ceq`g1EeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehss
LGRkRL E&1^g?11^eoeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRhss
LGRkRk g1^F?JCCE1^eUlg@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehsL
LGRkRh J^Eg@JFeJ8e>JgJ,>1E@,Ceq1^`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehsk
LGRh F,JE@F;elFe/@>JgJ,>1E@,Ce^@E^qe^J,1``1`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehsh
LGR:R >q`@,Ce^J,1``1`e@Feg>1egEJ`N>1^1eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehs9
LGR:RL JF`1^ng@JFeJ8eg>1e``eJ8eN1,@1`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehs9
LGR:Rk JF`1^ng@JFeJ8eF1^;qeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehsc
LGR:Rh JClg@JFeJ8eg>1eJF`1^ng@JFeUlg@JF`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehsb
LGR9 >1E@`g^qeJ8eg>1eFNJCClg1/egEJ`N>1^1eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehsb
LGR9RL l^1epq;1FegEJ`N>1^1eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehsb
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LGRc >1E@`g^qeJ8eg>1eJCClg1/egEJ`N>1^1eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehLs
LGRcRL >JgJ,>1E@,CeEJ;eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehLs
LGRcRk lN1^`JF@,e^F`NJ^g`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehL:
LGRcRh ^11F?Jl`1e881,geRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehL9
LGRcR: ,@/e^@FeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehLc
LGRb >1eJC1eJ8eJE&l`g@JFeJl^,1`e@FegEJ`N>1^@,eJCClg@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
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RRRRRRR
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RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehLG
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RRRRR
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ksRhRL Ng@Ce@`,^1g@rg@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehkc
ksRhRk F@g@CeCl1`.eJlF/^qeJF/@g@JF`.egg@JF^qeJClg@JFeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehk3
ksRhRh pNC@,@geJClg@JFe1g>J/`eRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRehkG
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RRRRRRRRRR
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RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
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RRRRRRRRRR
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