BO
CONG THUONG
CONG TY CO PHAN BONG MIEN BAC
BAO CAO TONG KET
Be
tai:
"NGHIEN
Ctru
ANH
HU6NG
CUA MAT
DO
VA MOT SO BIEN
PHAP CANH TAG DEN NANG SUAT VA CHAT LUONG
XO
BONG TAI DIEN BIEN"
Thuc hien theo Hop ddng
sd
117.09
RD/HD-KHCN
ky
ngay
04
thang 03 ndm 2009 giira Bd Cdng thuang
va
Cdng
ty
Cd phan Bdng Mien Bac
Ca quan chu
tri:
Cong
ty
Co phan Bong Mien
Bac
Chu nhiem
de tai:
KS.
NguySn Nggc
Duang
Can
bo
chinh tham
gia
thiic
hien:
KS.
Phan Quoc Hien
KTV.
Dang
Van
Duang
Ha
Noi, thang
12 nam
2009
r\^^
MUC LUC Trang
A. Thdng tin chung ve de
tai
1
I.
Thuyet minh chung ve de tai 1
II.
Tinh hinh thuc hien de tai nam 2007 2
B.
Bao cao ket qua nghien
ciiu
nam 2009 3
Phdn 1.
Mddau
3
1.1. Tinh cap thiet cua de tai 3
1.2. Muc tieu nghien cuu cua de tai 4
1.2.1
.Muc
tieu kinh te - xa hdi 4
1.2.2.
Muc tieu khoa hgc cdng nghe 4
1.3. Thdi gian va dia diem nghien
ciiu
4
Phan 2. tdng quan tai lieu 5
2.1.
Mot sd nghien
ciiu
ve thdi vu 5
2.2.
Nghien cim ve mat do 5
2.3.
Nghien cim bien phap bdn phan cho cay bdng 7
r
>
'
2.4. Mot sd nghien
ciiu
ve bien phap bam nggn tia canh 7
Phan
3.
Vat lieu, ndi dung va phuong phap nghien
ciiu
9
3.1.
Vat lieu nghien
ciiu
9
3.2. Ndi dung nghien curu 9
3.3.
Phuong phap nghien
ciiu
9
3.3.1.
Phuong phap ke thira 9
3.3.2. Phuong phap dieu tra thdng ke 10
3.3.3.
Phuong phap thi nghiem ddng rugng 10
3.3.4. Cac chi tieu theo doi 13
3.3.
5. Phuong phap xir ly sd lieu 15
Phdn 4. Ket qua nghien cim va thao luan
16
4.1.
Mot sd yeu td khi tugng chinh trong thdi gian nghien
ciiu 16
4.2.
Thuc trang sir dung ddt dai d Dien Bien
17
4.3.
Kit
qua nghien ciru thi nghiem
1.
Nghien
ciiu
anh hudng cua mat do
trdng tren cac
nin
phan bdn khac nhau den sinh trudng phat trien,
miic
do
nhiem sau benh
hai,
nang xuat bdng hat va chat lugng bdng xo tren gidng
bdng
VNOl-2
tai Dien Bien
18
4.3.1.
Anh hudng
miic
phan bdn va mat do gieo trdng khac nhau
din
sinh trudng va phat trien cua gidng bdng
VNO1
-2
19
4.3.2.
Anh hudng
miic
phan bdn va mat do gieo khac nhau
din miic
do
nhiem sau benh hai tren gidng bdng
VNO 1 -2
tai Dien Bien
21
4.3.3.
Nang suat va cac yeu td cau thanh nang suat cua giong
VNO
1-2
d cac
miic
phan bdn ket hgp mat do khac nhau 23
4.3.4. Hieu qua kinh te cua cac
mire
phan bdn ket hgp mat do gieo
trdng khac nhau tren gidng bdng
VNO
1-2 tai Dien Bien 25
4.3.5.
Nang suat va chat lugng xo bdng cua cac
miic
phan bdn ket hgp
mat do gieo trdng khac nhau tren gidng bdng
VNO
1-2 tai Dien Bien 27
4.4.
Ket qua nghien
ciiu
thi nghiem
2.
Nghien
ciiu
anh hudng cua su tac
A
F F
•>
F F
dong ddng thdi yeu td mat
do
va
2
thdi diem bam nggn ket hgp tia canh
due
den sinh trudng phat
trien,
miic
do nhiem sau benh
hai,
nang suat bdng hat
va chat lugng bdng xo tren gidng bdng
VNOl-2
tai Dien Bien 28
4.4.1.
Anh hudng mat do va cac thdi diem bam nggn khac nhau den
sinh trudng va phat trien cua gidng bdng
VNO
1
-2 28
4.4.2.
Anh hudng cac mat do gieo trdng ket hgp 2 thdi diem bam nggn,
F
t^
F
tia canh
due
den
miic
do nhiem sau benh hai tren gidng bdng
VNO
1-2
tai Dien Bien 30
F F F F F F
4.4.3.
Nang suat va cac yeu td cau thanh nang suat ciia gidng
VNO
1-2
d cac mat do gieo trdng ket hgp 2 thdi diem bam nggn 33
4.4.4. Hieu qua kinh tl cua cac muc mat do gieo trong
kit
hgp hai thdi
diem
bdm
nggn, tia canh
due
tren giong bdng
VNO
1-2 tai Dien Bien
4.4.5.
Nang suit va chit lugng xo bdng cua giong
VNOl-2
d cac mat
do gieo trong ket hgp 2 thdi dilm bim nggn 35
4.5.
So sanh hieu qua kinh te cua giong bdng
VNOl-2
trong md hinh
tham canh nang suit cao vdi san xuat dai tra tai Dien Bien 37
4.6.
De xuit quy trinh ky thuat trdng bdng nang suat cao, chat lugng
xo dam bao tren co sd ap dung mot sd bien phap ky thuat da nghien
ciiu
tai Dien Bien 39
•\ F y
Phan 5. Ket luan va de nghi 42
5.1.
Kit
luan 42
5.2
Dl
nghi 43
Phan 6. Tai lieu tham khao 44
I. Tai lieu tieng Viet 44
II.
Tai lieu tieng Anh 45
Cac phu
luc 46-47
A. THONG TIN CHUNG VE DE TAI
I. Thuyet minh chung ve de tai
1.
Ten de tai: Nghien
ciiu
anh hudng cua mat do va mot sd
F F F
bien phap canh tac den nang suat va chat lugng xo bdng tai
Dien Bien
2.
Ma so:
117.09RD
3.
Thoi gian thu-c hien de tai: Tir thang 01/2009 den thang 12/2009
4.
Ho va ten CNDT: Nguyen nggc Duong
Hgc ham, hgc vi, chuyen mdn: Ky su ndng
Dien thoai: 0946676818
Ngudn kinh
phi:
220.000.000d
Trong dd
- Khdng thu hdi: 220.000.000d
- Thu hdi: Od
5.
Co"
quan chu tri: Cdng ty Cd phan Bdng mien Bac
Dia chi: So 6 Nguyln Cdng Tni - Ha Ndi Dien thoai:
04.39722132
6. Co quan phoi hop chinh:
7. Danh sach nhirng
ngu-di thyc
hien:
Stt Ho va ten
1-
Nguyen nggc Duong
2-
Nguyen Dinh Chien
3-
Phan Qudc hien
4-
Dang Van Duong
Hoc ham, hoc vj chuyen mon
Ky su Ndng hgc
Ky su Ndng nghiep
Ky su Ndng hgc
Ky thuat vien
10.
Muc tieu nghien
ciru
cua de tai:
- Tiep tuc trien khai mot sd thi nghiem cua nam trudc va dua vao nghien cim mot
sd bien phap canh tac mdi.
F F
- Hoan thien quy trinh ky thuat canh tac bdng cho nang suat va chat lugng xo
cao,
phii
hgp vdi vimg san xuat dai tra.
11.
Noi dung nghien
ciru
cua de tai:
- Kha nang sinh trudng, phat trien va tinh hinh sau benh hai cua cay bdng trong
dieu kien thi nghiem.
- Anh hudng cua cac bien phap ky thuat tac ddng trong cac thi nghiem den cac
ylu to ciu thanh nang suat, NSLT, NSTT va chat lugng xo bdng.
- Danh gia hieu qua kinh te cua cac bien phap ky thuat trong cac cdng thiic thi
nghiem.
II.
Tinh hinh thu-c hien de tai nam 2007
Trong nhiing nam trd lai day nang suat va chat lugng bdng hat tang len
dang ke, gdp phan thiic day nganh bdng Viet Nam phat trien. Dd la nhd cac tien bd
khoa hgc ky thuat mdi dugc ap dung vao san xuat. Song song vdi viec ap dung cac
F F
-y
bien phap ky thuat mdi vao san xuat, don vi da tien hanh nghien
ciiu
de tai. Nghien
F F F F
curu anh hudng cua mat do va mot sd bien phap canh tac den nang suat va chat 1-
ugng xo bdng tai Dien Bien nam 2007 dua ra dugc mot sd ket qua nghien
ciiu
cd
tinh thuc tien cao cho vung san suat.
1.
Tai nhiing viing khdng cd dieu kien, kha nang tham canh tai huyen
Dien Bien thi bdng trdng mat do 5,6 van cay/ha (tuong duong vdi khoang
each
60cm x 30 cm/cay); huyen Dien Bien Ddng trdng vdi mat do 5,1 van
cay/ha (tuong duong vdi khoang
each
70cm x 30 cm/cay) cho nang suat va
F F
hieu qua kinh te cao nhat.
2.
Ddi vdi nhimg vimg cd kha nang tham canh tai huyen Dien Bien
mat do gieo trdng thich hgp la 5,6 van cay/ha, bdn
Igng
phan 150kg N +
75kg P205 + 75kg K20. d huyen Dien Bien Ddng la 5,1 van cay/ha, lugng
phan bdn 120kg N + 60 kg P205 + 60 kg K20. Khi ap dung cac bien phap
ky thuat tdng hgp, rieng d Dien Bien Ddng can bdn tang lugng phan len
150kg N + 75kg P205 + 75kg K20, xir ly chit dieu hoa sinh trudng PIX 2
\
F
' '
lan/vu
vdi lugng 150ml/ha, ket hgp tia canh
due
va la gdc cho nang suat va
F F
hieu qua kinh te cao nhat.
3.
Thudc trir cd Danaxone 20SL cd tac dung diet trir cd nhanh, cd the
sir dung dl giai quyet vin dk, cham thdi vu, nhung chi lam chet phan than
tren mat dat nen cd mgc trd lai rit nhanh. Hai loai thudc: Dibphosate 480 DD
va Bravo 480SL khdng chi cd hieu luc diet cd triet de ma cdn cd tac dung
han che cd dai sau gieo 30 ngay.
Til
cac ket qua nghien
ciiu
tren cho thay cdn mot sd van de tdn
tai
can
phai tiep tuc nghien
ciiu.
Cac muc mat do tren nen phan bdn da dugc nghien
cuu
phii
hgp cho viec cd sir dung chat dieu tiet sinh trudng PIX, trong khi
2
viec sir dung chit dilu tiet sinh trudng PIX d viing ddi
niii
Dien Bien hien
nay la khdng cd tinh kha thi. Do do viec tim ra mat do thich hgp tren nen
phan bdn khac nhau ciing nhu cac giai phap ky thuat
phii
hgp thay the cho
quy trinh cd sir dung chat dieu tiet sinh trudng PIX la rat can thiet cho viing
F
san xuat bdng tai Dien Bien hien nay.
B.
BAO CAO KET QUA NGHIEN
ClTU
NAM 2009.
PHANl
MOfDAU
1.1. Tinh cap thiet cua de tai
Nhu cau sir dung nguyen lieu bdng trong
nude
ngay cang nhieu trong
F
khi nganh san xuat bdng
nude
ta trong vai nam trd lai day chi dap img dugc
dudi
10%
nhu cau. Nha
nude
ta ludn cd chinh sach uu tien sir dung nguyen
^
F F F F
lieu ndi
dia
nham dam bao su chu ddng trong san xuat, che bien va tiet kiem
ngoai te. Cac
dia
ban trdng bdng d phia Bac ciing la mot trong nhiing viing
F
\
cung cap nguyen lieu tiem nang cho cdng nghiep Det - May trong
nude.
Thuc tien san xuat cay bdng vai trong nhiing nam qua da cho thay, Dien
Bien dang dan trd thanh viing cd nhieu tiem nang cho md rgng quy md san xuat
bdng. Tai day, ndng dan trdng bdng da va dang manh dan dau tu cho san xuat va
trdng bdng theo hudng san xuat hang hoa, thay the dan tap quan san xuat tu cung
tu cap trudc day. Nhd cd nhiing chinh sach uu tien hd trg cho san xuat ndng
nghiep ndi chung, cay bdng vai ndi rieng
ciia
chinh quyen
dia
phuong, ciing vdi
chinh sach dau tu khuyen khich trdng bdng cua Cdng ty Cd phan Bdng mien
Bac,
cay bdng vai dang trd thanh mot trong nhiing cay trdng quan trgng trong co
cau cay trdng tai cac vimg san xuat ndng nghiep cua tinh Dien Bien.
Trudc su bien ddng phiic tap
ciia
gia ca thi trudng hien nay va su canh
tranh ngay cang gay gat ve hieu qua kinh te cua mot sd cay trdng
dia
phuong, dac biet la cay ngd lai va cay dau tuong, da dat cay bdng vai vao
\ F n F
tinh trang giam dan
Igi
the canh tranh. Mac
dii
don
vi
td chiic san xuat bdng
da khdng ngimg ap dung nhimg chinh sach dau tu, bao tieu san pham hap
dan cho ndng dan, song do nang suat bdng va gia thu mua it dugc cai thien
F F \
nen san xuat bdng d day dang gap rat nhieu khd khan.
De giai quyet khd khan trd ngai tren, thiet
nghi
can phai tiep tuc thuc
hien mot
each
linh boat cac chinh sach dau tu khuyen khich san xuat tdi ndng
4
dan trdng bdng, ddng thdi phai nhanh chdng cai thien nang suat bdng hat, chat
7
F
y
lugng bdng xo de nang cao hieu qua kinh te cho ndng dan trdng bdng va
Igi
nhuan cua doanh nghiep san xuat, che bien san pham tir cay bdng.
Cd nhieu yeu td anh hudng den nang suat bdng hat va chat lugng xo
F F F
bdng. Ngoai yeu td gidng, cac bien phap ky thuat tac ddng ciing cd vai trd
quan trgng trong nang cao nang suat bdng hat va chat lugng bdng xo.
F \ \ \
Van de dat ra la can phai cd mot quy trinh ky thuat trdng bdng dat
nang suat cao, chat lugng bdng xo dam bao nhung
phii
hgp vdi dieu kien
canh tac tren dat ddi
niii,
hoan toan phu thudc
nude
trdi va tap quan canh tac
khac nhau cua cac dan tdc tai Dien Bien. Dieu nay da dugc de cap trong de
F F
tai Nghien
ciiu
anh hudng cua mat do va mot sd bien phap canh tac den nang
F F
1
suat va chat lugng xo bdng tai Dien Bien trien khai nam 2007.
•^ y F
Nham hoan thien quy trinh ky thuat trdng bdng nang suat cao
phii
hgp
cho viing Dien Bien, gdp phan dn dinh va phat trien san xuat bdng cua don vi,
Ft
\ ^ ^
viec tiep tuc trien khai thuc hien de tai Nghien cim anh hudng cua mat do va
mot sd bien phap canh tac den nang suat va chat lugng xo bdng tai Dien Bien la
F F F
rat cap thiet.
1.2. Muc tieu nghien
cihi
cua de tai
1.2.1.Muc tieu kinh
te-xa
hoi
- Nang suat va chat lugng bdng dugc nang cao se lam tang hieu qua kinh
te cua viec trdng bdng cho ndng dan.
F F
y
F
- Giai quyet su hai hoa mdi quan he ve
Igi
ich kinh te giiia ndng dan
trdng bdng vdi doanh nghiep dau tu.
L2.2. Muc tieu khoa
hgc
cdng nghe
- Xac dinh dugc mat do gieo trdng, lugng phan bdn, thdi diem bam
F
y
nggn hgp ly nhat khi tac ddng ddng thdi cac bien phap nay.
0
1
y
F
- Bd sung de hoan thien quy trinh ky thuat trdng bdng nang suat cao
cho vung Dien Bien.
1.3. Thoi gian va dja diem nghien
cu-u
- Thdi gian: tir thang
1
nam 2009
din
thang 12 nam 2009.
- Dia dilm: tai 3 xa Mudng Luan, Chieng So, Luan Gidi cua huyen
Dien Bien Ddng va xa
Niia
Ngam
ciia
huyen Dien Bien.
PHAN 2
TONG QUAN
TAI
LIEU
2.1.
Mot so nghien cu-u ve thoi vu
Thdi vu gieo trdng cd tinh chat quyet dinh tdi nang suat cay bdng.
Viec xac dinh thdi vu gieo bdng thich hgp ciing la mot van de phiic tap,
cWu
su chi phdi cua hang
loat
cac yeu td nhu dieu kien khi hau thdi tilt, dac tinh
F 7
gidng, tap quan canh tac, quy luat phat sinh phat trien cac loai sau benh hai
trong nam Tuy nhien, vdi nhiing vimg khdng tudi thi yeu td chinh quyet
dinh thdi vu la lugng mua va su phan bd mua trong nam.
J*.
y
F
O cac viing trdng bdng d vT do cao,
miia
ddng cd tuyet, phai dgi nhiet
do dat cao tren
13-14
C mdi bat dau gieo. Ndng dan viing luu vuc song
Duong Tir (Trung Qudc) gieo bdng vao giiia tiet cdc vii den lap ha tir 21/4 -
6/5.
Nhung d cac
nude
chau Phi, mudn dat nang suat cao phai gieo bdng sdm
vao
liic
cd cac tran mua dau tien (Le Song Du, 1996)[8].
Ket qua nghien
ciiu
cua Choi B.H
(1973)[13]
tai viing Phan Rang, thdi
vu gieo bdng tdi thich thudng la giiia thdng 8 dau thang 9,
tiic
khoang 2-3 tuan
trudc khi mua mua bat dau. Neu gieo vao thang 6, thang 7, thdi ky thu hoach
se roi vao
miia
mua, neu gieo vao thang 10 cay bdng con cd the
bi
thiet hai
boi mua
Idn
va
ling
ngap, cay sinh trudng cdi cgc, rung dai, muc qua.
Nghien
ciiu
gan day nhat
ciia
tac gia Phan Qudc Hien (2005)[10] cho
thiy, thdi vu trdng bdng tai cac tinh phia Bac ndi chung dao ddng trong
F
^^
F F
khoang tir 5/5 den 5/6, rieng viing nui Tay Bac nen gieo bdng tir 5/5 den
25/5.
Cdn tac gia Dinh Quang Tuyen va ctv (2006)[4] nghien
ciiu
tai Ninh
Thuan, Tay Nguyen va Ddng Nam Bd cho thay: trong dieu kien trdng bdng
nhd
nude
trdi, gieo bdng sdm vao dau thang 7 hoac gieo mudn vao dau
y F F
^
thang 8 deu cho nang suat bdng thap hon so vdi chinh vu vao
giiia
thang 7.
2.2.
Nghien
ciru
ve mat do
<v
y F F
y
f y
Mdi loai cay trdng mudn phat huy dugc het tiem nang nang suat, dieu
7
dau tien phai xac dinh dugc mat do tdi uu cho nd. Trdng day hgp ly la mot
phap ky thuat quan trgng vdi cay bdng. Vdi mat do tdi thich se cho sd
qua/don
vi
dien tich
Idn
nhat, do dd nang suat se dat cao nhat. Mat do gieo
>
F F F
trdng la mot bien phap ky thuat cd y nghia rat
Idn
tdi nang suat, nhat la khi
tien bd ky thuat mdi cua nganh bdng cho phep tang mat do ket hgp vdi viec
tang lugng phan bdn, phun PIX va cac bien phap canh tac hgp ly la co sd
7 F
quan trgng day nang suat bdng len cao.
Tren the gidi, mat do gieo trdng cho bdng thay ddi rat
Idn,
phu thudc
vao dac diem cua gidng, dieu kien sinh thai va che do tham canh cua mdi
vimg. Mat do gieo trdng cho nang suat bdng cao nhat tai viing Tandojam la
6,17
cay/m^,
tai Bang Mississippi la
10
cay/m^
(Williford
J.R.)[37];
tai mien
F 'y
Nam - Trung Qudc la 8 cay/m (Chu
Hiiu
Huy va ctv,
1991)[1].
Mat do cay cdn anh hudng tdi su phan bd qua tren cay. Theo Heitholt
J.J. (1997)[15], su gia tang mat do tir 3 tdi 15
cay/m^
da lam tang ty le qua
thudc
vi
tri
thii
nhit
ciia
canh qua tir 40 len den 80%. Jones va Wells
(1997)[17]
thi ket luan: ty le qua thudc canh
due
phu thudc vao mat do cay, d
mat do la 2
cay/m
ty le nay la 42 - 46%, d mat do 12 cay/m ty le nay chi
cdn 3-6%.
Theo Duong Xuan Dieu (2003) trong pham vi mat do nghien
ciiu
tu 3,7
van cay/ha
din
12,5 van cay/ha, khi tang mat do gieo trdng, cac chi tieu chieu
cao cay, chi sd dien tich la tang theo su tang
ciia
mat do gieo trdng d mgi giai
doan. Sd
qua/m"^
va nang suat bdng dat tdi da d mat do 7,5 van cay/ha, sau dd
>
F F F F
giam dan. Mat do cho nang suat cao nhat nay
ling
vdi chi sd dien tich la tdi da
F
F > >
la 4,12. Khdi lugng qua va sd qua/cay giam dan theo chieu tang mat
dd[3].
Ciing theo Duong Xuan Dieu (2003) cho biet ket qua thuc nghiem ngoai san
xuit da khdng dinh diing dan cua cac ket qua nghien
ciiu
thu dugc. Mat do
gieo trdng cang tang thi nang suat ciing tang theo (trong pham vi 3,60 den
7,65 van
cay/ha)[3].
Trdng gidng bdng lai
LI8,
vdi khoang
each
nhu nhau (40 cm x 1 cay),
khoang
each
hang cang
hep (hay mat do
trdng cang day)
dan den ty le qua
thudc canh
due
cang giam,
ty
le
qua
thudc canh
qua
cang tang
va
ngugc lai.
^ '•%
F F
Mat do trdng 2,5 cay/m cho nang suat cao nhat, dat 24,32 ta/ha (Vii Xuan
Long,2000)[ll].
Le Quang Quyen va Tran Thanh Diing khi nghien cuu tai Quang Nam
cGng
cho thay: khi tang mat do gieo trdng thi thdi gian sinh trudng tir gieo
den tan thu ngan lai, sd qua/m va nang suat ly thuyet cd xu hudng tang[9].
Tai Dien Bien, bien phap giep trdng vdi mat do hgp ly dugc ap dung d
y F y y
o F
hau het cac viing trdng bdng, mat do gieo trdng phd bien tai Dien Bien dao
ddng tir 4,2 - 5,5 van cay/ha nhu d Tuan Giao 4,2 van cay/ha, cdn d Dien Bien
Ddng phd bien la 4,7 - 5,1 van cay/ha (Nghien cuu dieu tra khdo sdt cua
Phdng KH&CN Cong ty CP Bong Mien
Bdc){2\.
Tuy nhien, viec tang mat do
>
F F
F
y
gieo trdng ngoai thuc te rat ban che do
miic
do dau tu tham canh cua ndng dan
F y
cdn chua tuong
xiing
vdi viec tang mat do, nhat la khi gieo trdng vdi mat do
cao hon
niia.
2.3.
Nghien cu-u bien phap bon phan cho cay bong
F
Nghien
ciiu
cua Vii Xuan Long cho thay
mire
phan bdn cang cao ty le
thanh qua cang tang. Bdn phan vdi
miic
240 kg N + 80 kg
P2O5
+ 80 kg
K20/ha
cho sinh trudng chieu cao cay, sd lugng hoa qua tren cay, khdi lugng
qua va nang suat bdng cao nhat
[11].
\
F
Lieu lugng phan bdn cang tang thi thdi gian sinh trudng tir gieo den tan
\
F F
'\
F F
thu cd xu hudng dai hon. Ddng thdi sd qua/cay, sd qua/m , nang suat ly thuyet
tang. Tuy nhien, hieu qua kinh te dat cao nhat d lieu lugng phan bdn 90 kg N +
45 kg
P2O5
+ 45 kg
K20/ha.
Cac lieu lugng phan bdn khac nhau anh hudng
t
F 1
F
F y
khdng dang ke den pham chat xo bdng (Le Quang Quyen, Tran Thanh Diing
2003)[9].
Tai vung
niii
Son La, theo tac gia Dd Khac Ngii (2002) lugng phan
bdn cho gidng bdng lai VN20 d
miic
120 kg N + 60 kg
P2O5
+ 60 kg
K2O
(ty
le
2:1:1)
cho nang suat bdng hat va hieu qua kinh te cao nhit [5].
2.4.
Mot so nghien
ciru
ve bien phap bam ngon tia canh
Bam nggn (hay ngat nggn) la mot bien phap ky thuat rat quan trgng,
F
F
F
do nd anh hudng den tinh hinh sinh trudng va nang suat cua cay bdng. Bam
nggn qua sdm hay qua mugn deu gay ra hieu qua xau. Vi neu bam nggn qua
F
•}
F
sdm, sd lugng canh qua it va canh nach lai phat trien manh. Cdn bam nggn
F F
mugn qua thi khdng cd tac dung tang nang suat ma sd canh qua vd hieu lai
tang do nu hoa rung nhieu.
Vien Khao
ciiu
Ndng Lam da tdng ket, nhiing noi bam nggn sdm, chi
de lai tren cay 5-6 canh qua dan den nang suat khdng cao. Nhiing noi bam
nggn qua mugn, de nhieu canh qua nen cay khdng
dii siic
nudi, ddng thdi qua
phia tren thudng
bi
rung cdn nhiing qua phia dudi nhd va khd nd. Tdm lai,
bam nggn sdm qua hay mudn qua deu cd hai cho nang suat bdng
[12].
Nhirng nghien
ciiu
cua Hoang
Diic
Phuong cho thay, nhd bam nggn
tia canh ma ty le rung dai giam, nang suat tang hon ddi chimg khdng bam tir
5 -
12%)[6].
Cdn nghien
ciiu ciia
Khalifa, H. va ctv. tai Viet Nam thu dugc
kit
qua doi vdi cay bdng gidng MCU9, viec bam nggn vao giai doan 60 ngay
sau gieo cd tac dung lam tang nang sudt bdng trong ca vu mua va vu khd d
miic
cd y nghia so sanh; tuy nhien viec bam nggn mudn (80 va 100 ngay sau
gieo) da lam giam nang suat bdng so vdi ddi chiing khdng bam
[16].
Kit
qua nghien
ciiu
ve bam nggn tai Ddng Nai nam
1995
va 1996 cho
thiy, viec bim nggn qua sau (de lai tren cay 10 canh qua) se lam giam nang
F F
F
F 7
suat bdng so vdi ddi chimg khdng bam. Cdn viec bam nggn qua mudn (de lai
tren cay
15
canh qua) cd lam tang sd qua/m2 va tang nang suat bdng so vdi
F y F
F ^
ddi chiing ve mat sd tuyet
ddi.
Kit
qua nghien
ciiu
cua Choi, B.H. vl thdi ky ngat nggn cho cay bdng
gidng CAMD-2-2 cho thiy, viec
ngdt
nggn sdm qua (40 ngay sau gieo) se
lam giam nang suit bdng.
Ngdt
nggn vao giai doan 60 ngay (tuong
ling
vdi
14 canh qua/cay) cd tac dung lam tang nang suat bdng 16,69%) so vdi ddi
chiing. Trai lai, viec ngat nggn mudn vao giai doan 70 ngay sau gieo (tuong
10
ung vdi 16 canh qua/cay) chi lam tang nang suat 8,36%) so vdi khdng ngat
[13].
Tdm lai, cac nghien
ciiu
tren day deu cho thay viec tac ddng cac bien
phap ky thuat trong canh tac bdng cd anh hudng nhieu den qua trinh sinh
trudng, phat trien va kha nang cho nang suat bdng hat, chat lugng xo
ciia
cay
bdng. Mdi viing deu cd dieu kien dat dai, khi hau va tap quan canh tac dac
F y t
trung nen rat can cd nhiing nghien
ciiu ling
dung de xac dinh bien phap ky
thuat tac ddng phu hgp nhat, de ap dung nhat cho ndng dan ddng thdi mang
lai hieu qua kinh te cao nhat. Day ciing chinh la muc tieu
ciia
de tai nay.
11
PHAN
3
VAT LIEU, NOI DUNG VA
PHU^ONG
PHAP NGHIEN
CUtJ
3.1.
Vat
lieu
nghien
cihi
- Giong bdng:
VNOl-2:
Cd nguon gdc tir to hgp lai CS95/VN36p do
Vien Nghien
ciiu
Cay Bdng va Cay cd sgi. Qua to, sinh trudng phat trien tdt
trong dieu kien viing
niii
Tay Bac, khang ray, rep, la giong bdng cho hieu qua
kinh te trong san xuat dai tra cao hon cac gidng bdng khac trong tai Dien Bien
- Phan
bdn:
Ure - 46%N; NPK
5:10:3;
Kaliclorua -
58%
K2O
F
y
F F
- Thudc trir ray, rep: Patox 95SP, Actara 25WG: La thudc tiep
xiic
ndi
hap manh, hien dang dugc khuyen cao phdng trir
ray,
rep tren cay bdng.
F F F
- Thudc trir benh: Anvil 5 SC: Thudc loai thudc dac tri nam gay benh
tren cay trdng, hien dang dugc khuyen cao dimg tri benh mdc suong, ddm
chay la tren cay bdng.
F F
fv
- Thudc trir cd Ly phoxim
41
SL: La loai thudc luu dan, nhdm hau
nay mam, dung de phun rugng cd cd mgc.
3.2.
Noi dung nghien
ciru
3.2.1.
.•
Nghien
ciiu
anh hudng cua mat do trdng tren cac nen phan bdn
khac nhau
din
sinh trudng phat trien,
miic
do nhiem sau benh hai, nang xuat
F F
bdng hat va chat lugng bdng xo tren gidng bdng
VNOl-2
tai Dien Bien
>
F F
1).1.1.
Nghien
ciiu
anh hudng cua su tac ddng ddng thdi yeu td mat do
va 2 thdi dilm bim nggn
kit
hgp tia canh
due
den sinh trudng phat trien,
miic
do nhilm sau benh hai, nang suit bdng hat va chat lugng bdng xo tren
F
gidng bdng
VNOl-2
tai Dien Bien
'3.2.3.
Danh gia hieu qua kinh tl cua cac bien phap ky thuat trong cac
cdng thiic thi nghiem.
3.3.
Phuang phdp nghien ciru
3.3.1.
Phuang phdp
ke thira
12
F F F 7
Ke thira cd chgn lgc mot sd ket qua nghien
ciiu
trudc day de lam co sd
thiet ke cac cdng thiic thi nghiem va ddi chieu, phan tich ket qua
ciia
de tai.
>
F
3.3.2.
Phuomgphdp
dieu tra thong ke
Thu thap cac sd lieu thdng ke ve dieu kien thdi tiet khi hau, sir dung dit
dai va hieu qua kinh te cua mot sd loai cay trdng trong viing thuc hien dl tai.
3.3.3. Phuang phdp thi nghiem dong ruong
a. Phuong phdp bo tri thi nshiem:
Cac thi nghiem trong de tai dugc thiet ke theo kieu khdi diy ngau nhien
day
dii
(RCBD), 3 lan nhac lai. Dien tich mdi d la
lOOm^.
b. Cdc thi nghiem cua de tdi:
* Thi nghiem 1: Nghien cuu dnh huang cua mat do trong tren cdc nen
phdn bon khdc nhau den sinh truang phdt trien, muc do nhiem sdu benh hai,
r
F F
ndng xudt bong hat vd chdt luang bong xa tren giong bong
VNO
1-2 tai Dien
Bien
- Cac
miic
phan bdn:
+
Po
(d/c):
I5N+3OP2O5+9K2O
tuong img vdi lugng phan 300kg
NPK(5-10-3)/ha
+
Pi:
64N+36P2O5+2OK2O
tuong irng vdi lugng phan 360kg
NPK(5:10:3)
+
100kg
Ure + 20kg
Kaliclorua/ha.
+
P2:
8ON+4OP2O5+3OK2O tuong img vdi lugng phan 400kg
NPK(5:10:3)
+ 150kg Ure + 31 kg Kaliclorua/ha.
- Cac mat do gieo:
+
MQ:
4,2 van
cay/ha;
tuong
ling
vdi khoang
each
gieo 80 x
30 cm/cay.
+
Mi:
5,5 van cay/ha; tuong
ling
vdi khoang each gieo 60 x
30cm/cay.
+
M2:
4,7 van cay/ha; tuong
ling
vdi khoang
each
gieo 70 x
30cm/cay.
13
Cac cdng thirc thi nghiem dugc tdng hgp trong bang sau
Mat do
Mo
Ml
M2
Miic
phan bdn
Po
MoPo
MiPo
M2P0
Pi
Mo Pi
M,Pi
M2P1
P2
M0P2
M1P2
M2P2
CT7 : MQ
P2
CTS :
Ml P2
CT9 :
M2 P2
+ Cac cdng thiic thi nghiem
1.
CTl :
Mo
Po CT4 :
Mo Pi
CT2 :
Ml Po
CT5 :
Mi Pi
CT3 :
M2
Po CT6 :
M2 Pi
* Thi nghiem 2: Nghien cuu dnh huang cua su tdc dong dong thai yeu
f -J
F F F
to mat do vd 2 thai diem bam ngon kit
hgp
tia canh
due
den sinh truang
phdt triin, muc do nhiim sdu binh hai, ndng sudt bong hat vd chdt luang
bong xa tren gidng bdng
VNO
1-2 tai Dien Bien
- Cac
miic
mat do:
+
Mo
(d/c):
4,2 van cay/ha
(
khoang each gieo 80 x
30cm/cay).
+
Mi:
5,5 van cay/ha (khoang
each
gieo 60 x
30cm/cay).
+
M2:
4,7 van cay/ha (khoang
each
gieo 70 x
30cm/cay).
+
M3:6,7
van cay/ha (khoang
each
gieo 60 x25
cm/cay).
+
M4:
7,3 van cay/ha (khoang
each
gieo 55 x
25cm/cay).
- Cac
thdi
diem bam
nggn,
tia
canh
due
+
Ti:
bim nggn
khi
cay bdng cd
10
canh qua
+
T2:
bam nggn
khi
cay bdng cd 12 canh qua
14
+Tia canh
due
khi cay bdng dugc 35 ngay tudi.
Cac cdng thirc thi nghiem dugc tdng hgp d bang sau:
Bam
nggn
Tl
T2
Cac
miic
mat do
Mo
MoTi
M0T2
Ml
M,T,
M1T2
M2
M2T1
M2T2
M3
M3T1
M3T2
M4
M4T,
M4T2
+ Cac cdng thiic thi nghiem 2
CTLMoTi
CT3:MiTi
CT5:
M2T1
CT7:
M3T1
CT9:
M4T1
CT2:
M0T2
CT4:
M1T2
CT6:
M2T2
CT8:
M3T2
CT10:M4T2
-
Nin
phan bdn trong thi nghiem: 20N :
4OP2O
:
I2K2O.
Tuong img vdi
lugng bdn la 400kg
NPK(5-10-3)/ha.
*
Mo
hinh
thdm canh
tdng
ndng
sudt
tai Dien Bien tren giong VNOl-2
-
Dia
dilm: Dien Bien Ddng - Dien Bien
- Dien tich md hinh:
1,0ha
- Quy trinh ky thuat
+ Chgn dat va lam dat:
• Dit ddi cd do ddc
10*^
trd xuong, thoat nude tot, ting canh tac day
tren 30cm, mau xam den.
• Phat va dot sach tan du cay trdng vu trudc vao dau thang
3/2009. Phun thuoc trir cd ly phoxim 41 SL vdi lugng 3,0 lit thudc/ha trudc
khi lam dit 7-10 ngay. Sau khi cd
chit
tiln hanh cay xdi xao cho toi dat, don
sach tan du cay cd de tung dong roi dot.
15
+ Thdi vu va thdi diem gieo
• Thdi vu gieo bdng cho vimg Dien Bien la tir 20/4
din
30/5. Thdi
vu tot nhit la tir 25/4
din
20/5.
• Thdi diem gieo: Khi dat dugc lam sach cd, toi xop do im dat
80%) tuong duong do sau cua do am dat 30 - 40 cm trd len.
+ Mat do, khoang each gieo: 5,5 van cay/ha tuong
ling
khoang
each
gieo 60x30 cm/cay.
+ Lugng hat gidng: 6,0 kg/ha.
+ Cach gieo: Gieo theo hang. Dung trau, bd, cuoc cdy ranh theo
hang sau khoang 6 - 7 cm, tha phan bdn
Idt
xuong hd, dung chan gat mot lop
f ^
y F
F
dat vira du lap kin phan sau dd gieo hat bdng rdi lap mot
Idp
dat mdng (2-
3cm) cho kin hat bdng.
+ Cham sdc:
• Dam, tia dinh cay: Sau gieo 7-10 ngay kiem tra rugng md
hinh, hdc nao khdng mgc phai dam bang hat ngay khi dat cdn am de dam bao
mat do cay ddng thdi pha vang cho nhiing hdc
bi
mua tao thanh mam khdng
day len dugc.
F 7
• Khi cay bdng khoang 25-30 ngay sau gieo tien hanh kiem tra,
hdc nao cd 2 cay thi nhd bd, chi de mdi hdc 1 cay.
• Lam cd, xdi xao :
>
F
^
F
'^'Lan
1: sau gieo 25 - 30 ngay. Tien hanh lam cd, xdi xao ket
hgp bdn phan thiic lan
1.
^Ldn
2: sau gieo 40 - 45 ngay. Lam cd, xdi xao ket hgp bdn
phan thiic lan 2
• Danh canh
due:
Khi cay bdng mgc dugc 35-40 ngay tiln
hanh danh toan bg canh
due
bdng tay mot
each
triet de.
• Bdn phan:
64N+36P2O5+2OK2O
tuong img vdi lugng phan
360kg
NPK(5:10:3)
+ 100kg Ure + 20kg
Kalicloma/ha
16
^Dgt
1: bdn
Idt
trudc khi gieo hat
100%)
phan NPK.
^Dgt
2: sau gieo 25-30 ngay, bdn thiic 50%) lugng phdn dam -
50kg Ure +
10kg
kaliclorua
•^Dgt
3: sau gieo 40 - 45 ngay, bdn thiic 50%) lugng phdn dam -
50kg Ure +
10kg
kaliclorua
• Bam nggn: Khi cay bdng dat 10 den 12 canh qua tien hanh
bam nggn than chinh.
+ Thu hoach: qua bdng nd den dau thu hoach ngay den dd, khdng de
bi
mua lam thdi qua, bdng
bi
vang va anh hudng den chat lugng xo.
3.3.4. Cdc chi tieu theo doi
- TGST3 (ngay): Thdi gian sinh trudng tir gieo den 50%) sd cay cd qua
>
F
a vi tri dau tien cua canh qua
thii
nhat nd.
- TGST 4 (ngay): Thdi gian sinh trudng tir gieo den tan thu.
- Chieu cao cay 3 (cm): Chieu cao cay do d thdi diem 50% sd cay cd
qua d
vi
tri dau tien cua canh qua
thii
nhat nd.
- Chilu cao cay 4 (cm): Chieu cao cay tai thdi diem tan thu.
- Chilu dai canh qua dai nhit (cm): Do tai thdi diem 50% sd cay cd
qua d
vi
tri dau tien cua canh qua
thii
nhat nd.
- Sd canh
qua/cay,
sd canh duc/cay.
- Rep: Sau gieo 60 ngay tiln hanh dilu tra mat do rep. Dieu tra
con/1001a
+ Danh gid cdp rip hai dua tren tiiu chudn cua nganh bdng Viet Nam
• Cap 0 : Cay khdng
bi
hai
• cip 1:1-2 con/la (hoac
10-20 %>
cay
bi
rep d
mire
nhe, la
chua cong).
• cip 2 : < 10 con/la (hoac tir 21-50 % cay
bi
rep, la cong).
• cip 3 : >10 con/la (hoac tren 50%) sd cay
bi
rep, la co nit).
17
- Ray xanh: dieu tra khi cay dugc 60 ngay tudi. Dieu tra
con/1001a
F
•)
+ Danh gid cdp hai dua trin tieu chudn cua nganh bdng
Viet
Nam
F
• Cap 0 : Cay khdng
bi
hai.
F
7
• Cap 1 : La chdm cong va cd bieu hien
bi
hai
• Cap 2 : 1/3 sd la tren cay
bi
cong va cd bieu hien vang
F F
n
• Cap 3 : 2/3 sd la tren cay
bi
cong va chuyen mau vang
• Cap 4 : Toan bd la
bi
cong, vang va chdm chay.
F
>
7
• Cap 5 : La
bi
cong nhieu va chuyen mau vang dd
F F F y
- Ben ddm chay la va benh mdc suong tien hanh dieu tra khi cay bdng
dugc 90 ngay tudi
+ Cdp binh
dugc
ddnh gid dua tren tieu chudn
ciia
ngdnh bdng
Viet
Nam
•Ty le benh (TLB), chi sd benh (CSB) ddm chay la (%)
• Ty le benh (TLB), chi so benh (CSB) moc suong (%)
TLB{%) -
—
X 100(%)
;
C55(%)
=
^ ^""
x
100(%)
B
^ > '
B.K
Trong dd: A - Tdng sd mau
bi
benh.
B - Tdng sd mau dieu tra.
F
r^
F
a - Sd cay
bi
benh d
mdi
cap.
n - Tri so cip benh tuong
ling
vdi sd cay a.
S
- Tdng sd.
K - Tri
sd
dai dien cap benh cao nhat.
• cip 0: Cay khdng
bi
benh
• cip
1:
1-5%) dien tich la
hi
benh
• cip 2:
>5-15%
dien tich la
bi
benh, hoac <5% dien tich la
bi
benh va 5%) sd qua thdi do benh.
• cip 3:
>15-30%
dien tich la
bi
benh, hoac 5-15% dien tich la
bi
benh va
10%)
sd qua thdi do benh.
18
• cip 4: >30-50% dien tich la
bi
benh, hoac 15 -30% dien tich
la bi benh va
15%)
sd qua thdi do benh.
• cip 5: >50%) dien tich la
bi
benh, hoac 30-50% dien tich la
bi
benh va 20%) sd qua thdi do benh.
- Mat do cay cudi vu (cay/m ), sd qua/cay, khdi lugng qua (g).
- NSLT
(ta/ha):
Nang suat bdng hat ly thuyet.
- NSTT (ta/ha): Nang suat bdng hat thuc thu dugc quy ra tir nang suat d
3.3.
5.
Phirong
phap xu-
ly
so lieu
- Cac sd lieu thdng ke dugc tdng hgp va phan tich, danh gia.
f
F
- Cac sd lieu dugc xir ly theo chuong trinh thdng ke IRRTAT va
EXEL.
19
PHAN 4
KET QUA NGHIEN
CUtJ
VA THAO LUAN
4.1.
Mot so yeu to khi tirong chinh trong thoi gian nghien
ciru
Thdi tiet khi hau la mot trong nhimg ylu to anh hudng
true
tilp
din
qua trinh trien khai thuc hien cac thi nghiem va do chinh xac cua cac chi tieu
theo ddi trong cac cdng thiic. De lam co sd cho viec phan tich, danh gia cac
ket qua nghien
ciiu
cua de tai, chimg tdi tiln hanh thu thap sd lieu cua mot sd
yeu td khi tugng chinh trong khoang thdi gian triln khai cac thi nghiem.
Kit
qua dugc trinh bay d bang
1.
Bdng 1. Mot so yeu td khi
tu-tfng
tii-
thang 4-11 nam 2009 tai Dien Bien
Thang
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Nhiet do
(°C)
23,6
25,9
26,4
26,4
26,2
25,8
24,6
19,5
Lugng mua
(mm)
F
Sd ngay mua
16
15
17
21
22
10
6
0
Lugng mua
187
283
144
303
316
148
88
0
Do am
(%)
80
81
82
85
84
83
80
78
Ngudn:
Tram thuy
van tinh Dien Bien
So lieu bang 1 va dd thi
1
cho thay:
20
- Nhiet do trung binh trong thang tir thang 4-10 nam 2009 tai Dien Bien
bien ddng tir 19,5 - 26,4 C. So vdi nen nhiet do hang nam thi khdng cd su khdc
biet nhieu va do vay cay bdng trong thi nghiem sinh trudng phat triln bmh
thudng.
- Lugng mua: So vdi cac vimg trong bdng khac,
miia
mua d Dien Bien
sdm hon gan 1 thang vdi thdi dilm bdt dau la thang 4 (lugng mua da dat
187
mm).
Lugng mua trong cac thang tir thang 5
din
thang 9
dIu
dat tren
100
mm,
day la thdi diem cay bdng dang sinh trudng phat triln manh va ra hoa qua.
Thang
10
lugng mua chi dat 88 mm va cd 6 ngay mua.
Din
thang
11
gdn
nhu khdng cdn mua, lugng mua la 0 mm. Ddi chilu vdi thdi vu trong bdng d
Dien Bien va trong thi nghiem thi cd the ndi, day la lugng mua khd thudn
Igi
cho trdng bdng.
- Do am khdng khi: Tuy lugng mua cd khac nhau cac thdng, nhung do
am khdng khi trung binh trong thang it cd su chenh lech giira cac thang va
deu d
miic
cao. Dieu nay cd the anh hudng den chat lugng nd qua va su xuat
hen benh mdc suong, benh ddm chay la tren cay bdng.
Dd thi
1 •
Bieu dien nhiet do, lugng mua, do dm tir thang 4 den thang
11
nam
2009 tai Dien Bien
•Nhiftt do
(OC)
•Lugfng muaCmm)
•Do am
(%)
thang
T4 T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
TIG Til
Nhu vay, nen nhiet do va lugng mua d Dien Bien nam 2009 rat thuan
Igi
cho cay bdng trong thi nghiem sinh trudng phat trien. Tuy nhien, am do khdng
21