Luận văn thực trạng thất nghiệp và định hướng triển khai bảo hiểm thất nghiệp ở việt nam trong thời gian tới

HA \OI - 2004


p-.. —.....

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BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO
IIU()N(, DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN
...... SO ffl 03.......

BUI QUYNH ANH

THUC TRANG THAT NGHIEP VA DINH HUONG
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TRIEN KHAI BAO HIEM THAT NGHIEP 6 VIET NAM
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TRONG THOI GIAN TC5I

LU AN VAN THAC SY KINH TE

Chuyen nganh

: Kinh te bao hiem

Ngirai hirdng d^n khoa hoc

: TS. Nguyen Van Dinh

DAI HOC KTQD

TRUNGTAM-,,
THONG TIN THI/VIEN1
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HA NQI - 2004
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DANH MUG VIET TAT TRONG LU AN VAN........................................................... 4
DANH MUG SO DO VA CAC BANG BlEU................................................................ 5

LOT MO DAL.................................................................................................................... 6
CHUONG I: LY LU AN CHUNG VE THAT NGHIEP VA BAO HIEM THAT
NGHIEP.................................................................................................

9

I. MOT SO VAN DE VE THAT NGHIEP . ................................................................... 9
1. Khai niem ve that nghiep va ngirai that nghiep....................................................... 9
2. Phan loqi that nghiep............................................................................................ 16
2.1 Can cu~ vao ti'nh chat that nghiep.................................................................... 16
2.2 Can cu vao y chi' ngirdi lao dong.................................................................... 18
2.3 Can cir vao mere do that nghiep...................................................................... 18
3. Nguyen nhan va hau qua cua that nghiep............................................................19
3.1 Nguyen nhan cua that nghiep.......................................................................... 19
3.2 Hau qua cua that nghiep..................................................................................21
II. CAC BIEN PHAP. CHINH SACH KHAC PHUC T1NH TRANG THAT NGHIEP
....................................
24
/. Chinh sdch dan so................................................................................................. 24
2. Gidm ly le dan di etc tit nong thon ra thanh thi..................................................... 24
3. Ap dung cong nghe thich hop vao nhicng ngdnh nghe thich hop.......................... 25
4. Chinh phu tang orang ddu lit cho nen kinh te....................................................... 26
5. Giam do tuoi nght hint.......................................................................................... 26
6. Tra cap thoi vice, mat vice lam............................................................................. 22
7. Tra cap that nghiep...............................................................................................28
8. Bao hiem that nghiep.............................................................................................28
III. BAO HIEM THAT NGHIEP..................
:........................................... 30
1. Sic ra ddi vdphdt trien cua hdo hiem that nghiep................................................. 30
2. Vai tro cua bao hiem that nghiep.......................................................................... 32
2.1 ~Nhung noi dung co ban cua bao hiem that nghiep........................................ 35
2.2 Doi tirong va pham vi bao hiem...................................................................... 35
2.2.1 Doi tirong bao hiem.................................................................................. 35

2.2.2 Pham vi bao hiem.....................................................................................36
2.3 Hinh thuc trien khai bao hiem that nghiep...................................................... 37
2.4 Quy bao hiem that nghiep................................. -............................................. 37
2.4.1 Nguon hinh thanh quy.............................................................................. 37
2.4.2 Muc dich str dung quy bao hiem that nghiep........................................... 39
2.5 Dieu kien hirdng bao hiem that nghiep:......................................................... 40
2.6 Muc hudng tro cap, thoi gian hirdng tro cap bao hiem that nghiep:............... 41
2.6.1 Mire hirdng tro cap:..................................................................................41
2.6.2 Thoi gian htrong tro cap:..........................................................................42
IV. TR0~ CAP THAT NGHIEP....... ~......
44
1. Che do tra cap that nghiep trong he thong cue che do hdo hiem xa hoi............... 44
2. Noi dung ca ban cua che do tra cap that nghiep.................................................. 48
2.1 Doi tirong va pham vi ap dung........................................................................48
2.2 Dieu kien hudng tro cap that nghiep:..............................................................49
2.3 Thoi gian hirdng va mt'rc htrong tro cap that nghiep....................................... 49
2.4 Quy tro cap that nghiep...................................................................................50
3. Bao hiem that nghiep vol tra cap that nghiep....................................................... 50

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CHUONg II: TINH H1NH THAT NGHIFF V1 c H .c HIM! SACH CUA .NHA

NU'dC PPI VO'I NGVdl THAT . NGHIEP Q VIET NAM HIEN NAY.................. 53

L TINH H1NH_LAO PONG,, ViHC LAM. VA TIHTT NGHIHP Q VI HT NAM HIEN
L Van de lao dong va vice lam........
........
53
2. Tinh, kinh that nghiep d Viet Nam ......................................................................... 59
2.1 Tinh trang that nghiep d khu vuc thanh thi.............
65
2.2 Tinh hinh that nghiep 0 khu vuc ndng thon:................................................... 68
3. Nguyen nhan dan den (hat nghiep d Viet Nam:..................................................... 70
4. Moi so nhan xgt rut ra tu thuc trang lao dong:, viee lam, that nghiep d Viet Nam. ,
................ ~..................
73

II. C AC CHINE SACH AP DUNG DOI VOI N GUOl THAT NGHIEP Q VIET NAlvj
............................................
75
L Chinh sdeh ho tra ngudi that nghi&p,......... .......................................................... 76
2. Chinh sdeh dan so................................................................................................. 82
3. Ngdn can dan eu tu ndng thon ra thanh thi........................................................... 82
4. Chinh phu lang eudng. dau tu eho nen kinh le... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 83
5. Ap dung eong nghe thieh huy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
..............
.......... ..83
III. SU CAN T HE'l PHAI TRIEN KHAI BAO HIEM THAT NGHIEP Q VIET
NAM TRONG THpI GIAN TPl................................. ...... ................... ..........,...........J4
IV KINH NGHIEM TRIEN KHAI BHTN CUA MOT SO NUOC CHAU A............87
7.. Tref cap I hat nghhlpcr Trung ()uuc
87
2. Tra cPp that nghiep d Mong, Cc...........................................................................97
3. Bao hiem that nghiep d Han QuCe................
. . . . . ...... . . 92

CHUONG III. P; OH .HU’O'NG TRIEN KH J B*O HUM THAT NGHIEP O VIET
L QUAN DIEM CUA PANG VA NHA NUOC.VE VAN PE THAT NGHIEP ........ 96
II. . NIHNG 'l TUAN, I Ail VANhH QIAN KHUiyiEN KHHI BAO THEM THAT
..99
NGHIEP O VIETNAM...................................................... ................................
HL PINH HUONG TRIEN KHAI B o HU M THAT NGHIEP Q VIET NAM
TRONG TI1OI GIAN T(V ....................................................................................
102
122
1. Lua chon mo hinh trien khai BHTN d Viet Nam..........................................
174

2. Nhung noi dung cd ban cua tra cap,„ that nghien d Viet Nam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
104
2.1 Poi tuong ap di^mg....................................................................................
107
2.2 Hinh thuc tham gia tro . cap that nghiep......................................
. ..
108
2.3 Pieu kien hudng tro' cap that nglhihjp............ .........................................
108
2.3.1 Pieu kien. trudc khi that nghiep———————.——————————
109
2.3.2 Pieu kien lien quan den tinh trang that nghiep cua ngudi lao dong..
1.99
2.3.3 Pieu kien trong thdi gian that nghiep—
112
2.4 Quy bao hiem that nghiep .. . • .. ■ ■ .■•.. • • • • • • • - • .................. ■ ■ • . . . .................. .• . .
112
2.4.1 .Nguon hinh thanh quf—.
————————..
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2.4.2 Tv le dong uop vao quy bao hiem that nghiep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . .. ..
122
3. Pieu kien thuc hien tra edp that gghiep d Viel Nam trong thdi gian tdi.......
124
4. Cde budc wCp khai Ira cPp that mthiep a Viel Nam trong thdi gian tdi......
124
4.1 Giai doan 2005-2010 .••,••••••••■•.••••••■•••■•■••-••■•-••-•--•-••-•-•--•-•----•-•-•••--•-•-•-•--•124
* Poi tuo’ng ap dun •••••••••••••••.•.•.•..........•.•.•.••-•••••-•--•-••-•-•----•----•-■-•-•-•--•-•-••.•1^4
* Pieu kien hudng tro cap that nghiep....................... .................................
2^5

* Muc hudng va thdi gian hudng tro cap that nghiep...................................
L26
4.2 Giai doan tu 2010 trd di—......................................................................
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KET LUAN................

127

TAI LIEU TH AM. KHAO ............................................... .............................................. 128

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DANH MUC VIET TAT TRONG LUAN VAN
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BHXH

Bao hiem xa hoi
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Bao hiem that nghiep

BHTN

Bo Lao dong-Thu’ong binh-Xa hoi

Bo LD-TB-XH

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ILO

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To chuc Lao aong quoc te


DANH MUC SO DO VA CAC BANG BlEU
Trang

Ten so’ do va bang bieu

So do 1: Co cau dan so qudc gia theo do tuoi lao dong va nhu cau

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viec lam
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Bang 1: Thue trang va xu hudng bien dong cua lire luqng lao dong

Viet Nam giai doan 1998 - 2002

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Bang 2: Co cau lao dong tu 15 tuoi trb len hoat dong kinh te thubng
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xuyen chia theo trinh do chuyen mon ki thuat cac nam 2000 - 2002

Bang 3: Toe do tang trudng GDP va ti le that nghiep d Viet Nam
giai doan 1989 - 2003
i

Bang 4: Ti le that nghiep cua lire luqng lao dong trong do tuoi lao
A
dong d thanh thi theo khu vuc kinh te - giai doan 1996 - 2002

Bang 5: Ti le that nghiep cua lao dong d mot so thanh pho ldn giai

doan 1996-2002

Bang 6: Co cau that nghiep d khu vuc thanh thi theo do tuoi
giai doan 1996-2002
Bang 7: Ti le that nghiep cua lao dong nu d khu vuc thanh thi
giai doan 1996 - 2001
Bang 8: Ti le thdi gian lam viec dupe su dung cua lao dong d nong

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thon

Bang 9: Ti le that nghiep tai mot so nude va khu vuc tren the gidi

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LOI Md DAU
1. Sir can thiet nghien cfru de tai
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Trong nhung nam cudi cua the ki 20, nen kinh te cac nude tren the

gidi cd nhieu bien doi sau sac. Kinh te thi trudng da phat trien, md rong d
nhung nude nen kinh te hoat dong theo co che ke hoach hoa tap trung va da
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phat huy dune nhung mat manh trong cac nen kinh te dang phat trien. Be
khac phuc mot so nhupc diem cua nen kinh te thi trudng tu do, cac nude lira
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chon di theo con dudng kinh te thi trudng cd su dieu tiet cua nha nude. Tuy
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nhien, nhung nhupc diem cua kinh te thi trudng da khong khac phuc dupe
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het. Tinh hinh thay doi co che hoat dong cua nen kinh te d mot so nude da

lam xao tron thi trudng lao dong, tat yeu khach quan dan den tinh trang di cu
tim kiem viec lam va xuat hien tinh trang that nghiep co cau. Viet Nam
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khong nam ngoai quy luat do, trong thoi ki tir 1986 den nay, thi trudng lao
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dong phat trien manh va tinh trang that nghiep co cau cung tang nhanh.
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Be bao dam an toan cuoc song cho ngudi lao dong ca khi co viec lam

cung nhu khi that nghiep, chinh phu da yeu cau Bo LB-TB-XH nghien cuu

trien khai bao hiem that nghiep (BHTN) doi vdi ngudi lao dong. BHTN con
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rat moi doi vdi chung ta cung nhu d cac nude dang phat trien, trien khai
BHTN la van de kha phuc tap, lien quan den moi ngudi lao dong. Trien khai
BHTN giai quyet dupe nhung chien lupc kinh te co ban cua Bang va chinh
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phu ta: phat trien kinh te ben vung, da dang hoa cac loai hinh kinh te, phat
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trien thi trudng lao dong lanh manh va van de giai quyet viec lam cho ngudi
lao dong. Bo do, khi nghien cuu van de nay phai dung tren nhieu goc do
khac nhau, nham tim ra nhung hudng di dung dan va phu hop. Bay la If do
tac gia chon de tai “ Thue trang that nghiep va dinh hudng trien khai bao
hiem that nghiep d Viet Nam trong thoi gian tdi” cho luan van tot nghiep cua

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minh. Tac gia hy vong se chia ra nhung luan cu If luan hien dai, dong thdi lira

hop vol dieu kien kinh te -xa hoi hien nay.
2. Pham vi va muc tieu nghien ciru

Pham vi nghien cuu cua luan van la cac van de li luan ve BHTN, trp
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cap that nghiep va dinh hudng thuc hien d Viet Nam.
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Luan van dupe nghien cuu gidi han trong nhung van de co ban sau:

- Nghien cuu co so li luan cua viec thuc hien trp cap that nghiep, bao

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hiem that nghiep
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- Nghien cuu mo hinh thuc hien trp cap that nghiep cua cac nude khu
vuc Chau A
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A

- Nghien cuu thuc trang lao dong, viec lam va van de that nghiep d
Viet Nam

nghiep d Viet Nam
,

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Muc tieu nghien cuu: Tren co so nghien cuu cac noi dung ma to chuc

lao dong qudc te (ILO) da de ra trong cac khuyen cao va nghien cuu kinh
nghiem cua nude ngoai, xay dung mb hinh trien khai bao hiem that nghiep d

Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi.
3. Phuong phap nghien cuu;
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Luan van van dung phep tu duy bien chung Mac-Lenin tren co so tiep
can mot each co he thong nhung cong trinh nghien cuu cua cac nha kinh te

tren the gidi va Viet Nam de nghien cuu lich su hinh thanh, phat trien va co
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so li luan cua trp cap that nghiep; ap dung phuong phap so sanh, phan tidh,

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thong ke, tong hop cac van de ve that nghiep, tir do co the dua ra nhung kien
nghi phu hop.
4. Noi dung nghien ciiu:

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Ngoai phan md dau va ket luan, ket cau luan van bao gom 3 chuong:
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Chuong 1: Li luan chung ve that nghiep va bao hiem that nghiep
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Chuong II: Tinh hinh that nghiep va cac chinh sach cua nha nude doi

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vdi ngudi that nghiep d Viet Nam hien nay
Chuong III: Dinh hudng trien khai bao hiem that nghiep d Viet Nam


CHUONG I: LY LUAN CHUNG VE THAT NGHIEP VA
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BAO HIEM THAT NGHIEP
I. MOT SO VAN DIE VIE THAT NGHIEP
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1. Khai niem vie that nghiep va ngiro’i that nghiep

;

Trong qua trinh phat trien cua xa hoi loai nguai, lao dong luon duoc
coi la nhu cau co ban nhat, chink dang nhat cua con nguAi. That vay, ai sinh
ra tren dai cung phai song, muon song phai co cai an, mac, a .v.v. muon co
nhung thu thiet yeu nhat trong cuoc song do doi hoi con nguai phai lao dong

va duoc lao dong. Hon nua, moi nha nudc deu coi lao dong la nghia vu

thieng lieng cao ca cua cong dan, do do moi nguai deu phai lao dong. Tuy
nhien, trong xa hoi khong phai ai cung duoc dap ung va duoc dap ung mot

cach day du nhu cau lao dong, cung nhu khong phai ai cUng co dieu kien de
thuc hien tot nghia vu cua minh. Bai muon duoc lao dong, nguai lao dohg

phai co viec lam nhung de co duoc viec lam, ke ca nhung viec lam khong

phu hop vdi nang luc va trinh do nganh nge dao tao cua minh thi khong phai
ai cung de dang tim kien duoc. Ly do that don gian, phan ldn cac quoc gia,
dac biet cac quoc gia dang va cham phat trien, nguon lao dong xa hoi thuang
.

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tang nhanh bon co hoi viec lam, do do luon ton tao mot bo phan nguai lao
dong thieu hoac khong co viec lam va thuc-chat ho la nhung nguai that
nghiep. Hien nay that nghiep dang la mot trong nhung van de xa hoi co tinh

gidi.
i

ii

Tuy nhien trong nhan thuc va quan niem ve that nghiep va nguai lao

dong bi that nghiep lai co su khac nhau. Su khac nhau nay la do hoan canh
xa hoi va muc dich nghien cuu cu the chi phoi. Dudi day la quan diem cua

mot so quoc gia ve van de nay.

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- d Due ngudi ta quan niem that nghiep la hien twang ngudi lao dong
tarn thdi khong eo quan he lao dong hoae ehi thye hien eong viee trong ngan

han. Theo do, ngudi that nghiep la ngudi tam thdi khong eo quan he lao

dong hoae ehi thye hien eong viee trong ngan han.
- 0 Phap ngudi ta eho rang that nghiep la tinh trang ngudi lao dong
khong eo viee lam, eo dieu kien lam. viee va dang tim kien viee lam. Ngudi

that nghiep la ngudi khong eo viee lam trong tuan le dieu tra, eo kha nang
r

lam viee va dang tieh eye tim viee lam hoae ehd ket qua xin viee lam.

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- 0 Thai Lan thi eho rang that nghiep la tinh trang ngudi trong do tuoi

lao dong, eo kha nang lao dong ma ehua eo viee lam, dang di tim viee viee
lam va eo dang ky tai ea quan giai quyet viee lam,. Ngudi that nghiep la

ngudi lao dong khong eo viee lam trong thdi gian 7 ngay trude lue dieu tra,

muon lam viee, eo nang lye lam viee.
Mae du vay, dinh nghia ve that nghiep va ngudi that nghiep eua to

ehue lao dong quoe te (ILO) dupe nhieu nha kinh te tan thanh va nhieu quoe

gia su dung nhat.
I

That nghiep dupe dinh nghia trong Cong ude so 102(1952) la :”Sy

ngung thu nhap do khong eo kha nang tim dupe mot viee lam thich hop

trong trudng hop ngudi do eo kha nang lam viee va san sang lam viee”.

Cong ude so 168 (1988) bo sung them dinh nghia ve that nghiep khai niem.

“tieh eye tim kiem viee lam”.
Trong khuyen eao C67 (1944) ve bao dam thu nhap eua to ehue lao

dong quoe te thong qua tai ki hop lan thu 26 thi that nghiep la:”khi mot
ngudi da dupe bao dam va binh thudng eo viee lam, eo kha nang lam viee

thudng xuyen trong mot nganh nghe nao do bi that nghiep va dang tim vipc
lam. thieh hop hoae bi that nghiep mot phan”.

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Ve khai niem nguai that nghiep, tai Hoi nghi thong ke lao dong quoc
'
r
te lan thu 8 (1954) tai Gianeva dua ra dinh nghia: “nguai that nghiep , la
r

nguai da qua do tuoi xac dinh ma trong mot ngay hoac mot tuan le cu the

thuoc nhung loai sau:

- Nguai lao dong di lam co the da het han hop dong hoac bi tam dung
hop dong, dang khong co viec lam va dang di tim viec lam.
- Nguai lao dong co the di lam. trong mot thai gian xac dinh va dang

tim viec lam co luang ma trudc do chua he co viec lam hoac vi tri hanh nghe
cuoi cung trudc do khong phai la nguai lam cong an luang hoac da thoi viec.

- Nguai khong co viec lam co the di lam ngay va da co su chulnbi
cuoi cung de lam cong viec mdi vao mot ngay nhat dinh, sau mot thai gian

xac dinh.
- Nguai da phai nghi viec tam thai hoac khong thai han ma khong co

luang”.
Nhu vay, co the noi theo ILO, that nghiep la tinh trang ton tai khi mot
so nguai trong do tuoi lao dong, muon lam viec nhung khong the tim duoc

viec lam

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muc luang thinh hanh. Con nguai that nghiep la nguai lao dong

khong co viec lam, khong lam ke ca mot gid trong tuan le dieu tra, dang .di

tim viec lam co dieu kien la ho lam ngay.

!

Tuy quan niem co khac nhau nhung tieu chi de xac dinh mot nguai lao

dong bi that nghiep lai rat thong nhat, cu the nhu sau:
- La nguai trong do tuoi lao dong, co kha nang lao dong;

- Dang khong co viec lam;
- Dang di tim viec lam;
- san sang lam viec.

,
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0 Viet Nam, trong thoi ki nen kinh te ke hoach hoa tap trung thi khai

niem that nghiep va ngudi that nghiep chua dupe quan tarn, chua dupe phat
bieu chinh thuc trong cac van ban quy pham phap luat. Tuy nhien da co mot
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so de tai khoa hoc de cap tdi cac khai niem nay nhu sau:

Trong ki yeu hoi thao khoa hoc 1988 - Bo lao dong thuong binh ka

hoi ve nguon lao dong, viec lam da dua ra khai niem "That nghiep la hien
tupng ma ngudi cd sue lao dong, co nghe muon di tim viec lam, da dang ky

vdi co quan co tham quyen nhung van chua co viec lam. Ngudi that nghiep
la ngudi trong do tuoi lao dong, co kha nang lao dong, hien chua co viec lam
va can di tim viec lam".
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Khai niem nay da chi ra dupe nhung van de co ban cua hien tupng that
/
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nghiep vdi pham vi doi tupng rong, song bi gidi han bdi dieu kien phai dang
ki tai co quan cd tham quyen. Vi vay, chi nhung ai dang ki tai co quan co
tham quyen moi dupe coi la that nghiep. Dieu kien nay to ra bat cap vdi dac
X

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diem lao dong Viet Nam nen chua thuc su hop li. Dong thdi, trong khai niem
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nay cd su dong nhat giua ngudi khong cd viec lam va ngudi that nghiep.

X

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Dieu do dupe minh hoa qua so do sau:

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viec lam
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Ttr khi Viet Nam chuyen doi nen kinh te van hanh theo co che ke
hoach hoa tap trung sang co che thi trudng co so quan li cua nha nude, nhan

thuc ro that nghiep la hien tuong ton tai tat yeu thi Dang va nha nude ta coi

that nghiep la moi quan tarn Ion, can duqc nghien cuu nghiem tuc. Do do,
A
trong bo luat lao dong da cd nhung quy dinh ro rang ve viec lam, ngudi cd

viec lam, ngudi thieu viec lam, that.nghiep va ngudi that nghiep nhu sau:
- Viec lam: moi hoat dong lao dong tao ra nguon thu nhap khong bi

phap luat cam deu dupe thira nhan la viec lam. Tu khai niem nay cho thay

viec lam luon gan vdi thu nhap. Nhung hoat dong lao dong cua con ngudi
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ma khong tao ra thu nhap hoae tao ra thu nhap nhung bi phap luat ngan cam.
thi cung khong dirpe eoi la viee lam.. Vi vay, lai xe om dupe eoi la viee lam

nhung danh de, danh bae khong dupe eoi la viee lam.
- Ngudi eo viee lam.: la ngudi tu 15 tuoi tro len dang lam viee trong

eae nganh kinh te quoe dan. va thdi gian lam viee khong it hon mue ehuan

quy dinh trong tuan le dieu tra
- Ngudi thieu viee lam: la ngudi trong do tuoi lao dong, eo viee lam

nhung trong tuan le dieu tra thdi gian lam viee it hon mue ehuan qui dinh
hoae khonq lam viee vi ly do bat kha khang, nhung trong bon tuan trude do
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thdi gian lam viee it hon mue ehuan quy dinh va eo nhu eau lam them. O day

mue ehuan ap dung la mue ehuan qui dinh eho ngudi du viee lam.
- Ngudi khong eo. viee lam: la ngudi hoan toan khong lam eong viee

gi de huong luong, tien eong hay lpi nhuan vi nhieu li do khae nhau nhu

khong tim dupe viee lam, khong muon lam viee, khong eo nhu eau lam. viee
mae du trong do tuoi lao dong va eo kha nang lao dong.
- That nghiep: la tinh trang ton tai khi eo mot so ngudi trong lue luong

lao dong, eo kha nang lao dong, muon lam viee nhung khong the tim. dupe
viee lam mo mue tien luong toi thieu.

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- Ngudi that nghiep la nhung ngudi tu 15 tuoi den 60 tuoi doi vdi
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nam, den 55 tuoi. doi vdi nu, lam viee theo hop dong lao dong, eo nhu eau
lam viee, vi nhung li do khae nhau khong eo viee lam va dang di tim viee
lam trong tuan le dieu tra.

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Theo dinh nghia nay, 0 Viet Nam ngudi bi eoi la that nghiep bao gom:
- Ngudi lao dong dang lam viee bi mat viee vi eae ly do sau:

+ Doanh nghiep pha san

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+ Doanh nghiep sap xep lai san xuat hoac ap dung cong nghe mdi.
+ Doanh nghiep giai the theo quy dinh cua phap luat.
+ Ngudi lao dong bi cham dut hop dong lao dong trudc thai han. bi sa thai,
hop dong lao dong het han va doanh nghiep thoi khong tiep tuc ky hop dong.
- Ngudi lao dong mdi den tuoi lao dong, hoc sinh sinh vien moi tot

nghiep hoac thoi, bo hoc nhung chua tim duoc viec lam.
- Bo doi xuat ngu, thanh nhien xung phong het nghia vu quan su,

ngudi lao dong di xuat khau lao dong ve nuoc chua co viec lam.
- Nhung doi tuong sau thdi gian quan giao hoac chua tri benh dang co
nhu cau ve viec lam

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- Nhung ngudi nghi viec tam thdi, khong co thu nhap do tinh thdi Vu

san xuat.
Ngoai nhung doi tuong tren, nhung nguai khong bi coi la ngudi that

nghiep bao gom:
- Nhung ngudi co viec lam. nhung hien tai khong lam viec vi mot ly do

nao do nhu nghi phep, nghi om, tai nan.....
- Nhung ngudi trong do tuoi lao dong, co kha nang lao dong nhung

dang di hoc hoac dang thuc hien cac nghia vu doi vdi nha nudc, lam noi tro
hoac khong co nhu cau ve viec lam.
Nhu vay, -nhung quan niem mdi nay thong nhat vdi quan niem cua the
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gidi, khac phuc duoc han che trudc day, se khong con dong nghia ngudi that

nghiep va ngudi khong co viec lam.
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*

Van de that nghiep hien nay khong cOn la van de cua rieng bat cu mot

quoc gia nao, ma la van de mang tinh toan cau, va co anh hudng sau rong tdi

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te deu thong nhat cho rang:
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- Trong dieu kien kinh te thi trudng, viec lam va that nghiep la van de
mang tinh toan cau, khong loai trir bat ky mot quoc gia nao, cho du do la

quoc gia dang phat trien, cham phat trien hay quoc gia cong nghiep phat

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trien.

- Giai quyet tinh trang that nghiep luon la van de nan giai.
- Trong mot chirng muc nhat dinh nao do co the kiem soat dirge tinh
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trang that nghiep, co the sir dung cac bien phap giai quyet nan that nghiep

tuy theo dieu kien cu the cua moi quoc gia. Tuy nhien, chira co quoc gia nao
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tren the gidi co the giai quyet triet de dupe nan that nghiep.
2. Phan loai that nghiep

That nghiep la mot hien tuong kinh te - xa hoi ton tai khach quan
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trong nen kinh te thi trudng. Co nhieu each phan loai that nghiep khac nhau

tuy theo muc dich nghien cun va tieu thuc phan loai. Co mot so each phan
loai chu yeu sau day:

2.1 Can cii vdo tinh chat that nghiep.
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Neu can cu theo tieu thuc nay se co nhung loai that nghiep chu yeu

sau day:
- That nghiep tu nhien: Day la loai that nghiep xay ra do tac dong cua

quy luat cung, cau, gia ca cua thi trudng sue lao dong. Doi vdi loat that

nghiep nay ty le that nghiep cao hay thap, tang hay giam con tuy thuoc vao
dieu kien cu the cua moi quoc gia trong tirng thdi ky. Tuy nhien, theo so lieu

thong ke thi ty le that nghiep tu nhien thirdng cd xu hudng gia tang.

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- That nghiep ccx cau: Loai that nghiep nay phat sinh khi co str mat can

doi giua cung va cau ve cac loai lao dong giua cac nganh nghe khac nhau

trong nen kinh te. Dac biet trong dieu kien kinh te thi trudng se co nhung
nganh nghe phat trien, thu hut nhieu lao dong nhu nganh cong nghiep, ddng
thoi co nhung nganh lai bi thu hep hoae hoat dong khong co hieu qua hoae

ap dung eong nghe moi nhat... doi hoi phat cat giam lao dong dang lam viec
nhu nganh nong nghiep. Dieu nay dan tdi cung lao dong dieu chinh khong

kip cau lao dong. Vi du, do su phat trien vupt bac cua khoa hoc ky thuat,
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ngudi san xuat nong nghiep co the ung dung nhung tien bo nay de san xuat

co hieu qua nhung di kern vdi no la mot luc luong lao dong se du thua; hoae

xuat nong nghiep lam nganh nay phai thu hep san xuat dan tdi du thua lao

dong. Cung luc do, do qua trinh dau tu ngay cang dupe md rong, nganh eong
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nghiep cd nhu cau ve lao dong tang len nhung thuc te lai cho thay lao dong
du thua, nhat la luc luong lao dong trong nganh nong nghiep lai chua dupe
dao tao va dao tao lai mot each kip thdi de dap ung nhu cau do. Do vay lao

dong du thua van du thua, noi thieu lao dong van thieu.

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- That nghiep tarn thdi: Day la loai that nghiep xay ra kha pho bien do

su di chuyen lao dong giua cac vung mien, hay su doi hoi cua eong viec giua
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nhung giai doan khac nhau cua qua trinh san xuat.
7.

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- That nghiep chu ky: La loai that nghiep dien ra theo chu ky, mang
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tinh quy luat, phat sinh do muc cau ve lao dong giam xuong. Loai that

nghiep ngay thudng xay ra khi nen kinh te lam vao tinh trang khung hoang

sau mot chu ky phat trien hung thinh.
- That nghiep thdi vu: Day la loai that nghiep gan lien vdi chu ky san

xuat kinh doanh cua cac nganh cu the. That nghiep thdi vu pho bien nhat d
nhung nganh san xuat mang tinh thdi vu nhu san xuat nong nghiep.

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Tren day la nhung loai that nghiep dupe phan loai can cu vao tieu thuc
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tinh chat that nghiep. Dira theo each phan loai nay ta co the nhan biet va dua
ra cac chinh sach, bien phap thich hop de doi pho va lam giam ty le that

nghiep trong tirng thdi ky cu the.
2.2 Can civ vaoy chi ngiviri lao dong
Theo tieu thuc nay ngudi ta chia ra:
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- That nghiep tu nguyen: Loai that nghiep nay phat sinh tu quyet dinh

chu quan cua ngudi lao dong. Ngudi lao dong mac du van co nhu cau lam
viec nhung lai tu choi mot cong viec nao do do nhieu nguyen nhan nhu cong

viec khong phu hop vdi trinh do chuyen mon va nganh dupe dao tao, copg
viec co muc hudng khong thoa dang hay noi lam viec qua xa nha.v.v. Lciai
that nghiep nay xuat hien vdi ngudi lao dong cd sir lira chon hoac co tiem luc
kinh te manh.
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- That nghiep khong tu nguyen: Trai vdi loai thu nhat, loai that nghiep

nay xuat hien do ngudi lao dong trong do tuoi lao dong, co kha nang lao
dong, cd nhu cau lam viec va chap nhan muc luong dupe tra nhung ngudi su

dung lao dong khong chap nhan hoac khong co ngudi su dung lao dong.
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2.3 Can civ vao mivc do th at nghiep
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Theo tieu thuc nay that nghiep bao gom 2 loai:

- That nghiep toan phan: Day la hien tupng ngudi lao dong hoan toan
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khong cd viec lam hoac thuc te thdi gian lam viec dudi 8 gid/tuan va ngudi

lao dong van cd nhu cau lam them.
- That nghiep ban phan. La hien tupng ngudi lao dong cd viec lam
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nhung khoi luong cong viec it hoac thdigian lao dong thuc te chi dat khoang

3 - 4gid/ngay va ngudi lao dong van cd nhu cau lam them.

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Co nhieu tieu thuc phan loai that nghiep, can cu theo doi moi tieu thuc
lai co mot each phan loai khac nhau, nhung tren day la mot so each phan loai

that nghiep co ban dang quan tarn. Tuy tung hoan canh cu the, muc dich cu
the ma co the sir dung each phan loai phu hop.
3. Nguyen nhan va hau qua cua that nghiep

That nghiep co tac dong rat Ion toi nen kinh te cua moi quoc gia doi

hoi phai dupe quan tarn thudng xuyen va giai quyet mot each htru hieu.
Muon vay can tim hieu nguyen nhan va nhung hau qua cua that nghiep

3.1 Nguyen nhan cua that nghiep

Co rat nhieu nguyen nhan gay ra that nghiep va co nhieu quan diem ve

viec sap xep thu tu trong viec danh gia nguyen nhan dan den that nghiep, dac
biet la trong dieu kien kinh te thi trudng. Sau day la mot so nguyen nhan chu
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yeu dupe rut ra tu thuc te tinh trang that nghiep cua cac quoc gia tren t|ie
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gidi.
- Chu ky san xuat kinh doanh: Hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh bao gid

cung mang tinh chu ky. Tinh chat nay anh hudng toi viec lam phat sinh tinh

trang that nghiep bdi sir md rong hay thu hep hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh
se lam cung cau tren thi trudng lao dong thay doi. Neu cac doanh nghiep lam

an co hieu qua, md rong them san xuat kinh doanh thi dan den hien tuong
thu hut them lao dong nhung khi cac doanh nghiep budc vao giai doan lam
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an khong co hoac kern hieu qua phai thu hep hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh
thi lai lam cho mot so lao dong bi du thua. Cung cau tren thi trudng lao dohg
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se khong ngirng co gian va thay doi lam phat sinh hien tuong that nghiep.
Nguyen nhan nay co the xuat hien d bat cu quoc gia nao.

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- Su gia tang dan so: Day la nguyen nhan anh hudng den tinh trang
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that nghiep trong mot thdi gian dai. Dan so gia tang hang nam se bo sung rat
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ldn vao nguon lao dong cua moi quoc gia. Dan so cang gia tang va toe do gia

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tang cang nhanh thi lire luong lao dong dir thira se cang Ion. Them vao do
qua trinh quoc te hoa va toan cau hoa cung co tac dong tieu cue den thi
truong lao dong lam mot bo phan nguai lao dong bi that nghiep. Nguyen

nhan nay thuong xuat hien pho bien a cac nuac dang phat trien va cham phat
trien. Nhung nuac nay luon co ty le gia tang dan so cao. Day cung la mot

trong nhung nguyen nhan chinh gay ra tinh trang that nghiep a Viet Nam.

Khac phuc nguyen nhan nay se khong co hieu qua tuc thi.
- Su thay doi ca cau nganh nghe: Tuy tirng giai doan cu the, do yeu

cau cua su phat trien thi truong lam cho ca cau cua mot so nganh nghe thay
doi. Nhung nganh nghe lam an co hieu qua hoac can phai duac ma rong hoat
dong san xuat kinh doanh de dap ung nhu cau thi truong se tao ca hoi thu hut

them nhieu lao dong. Nhung co nhung nganh nghe lai phai thu hep san xuat,

sa thai nguai lao dong, do do mot bo phan nguai lao dong bi that nghiep.

Tuy nhien neu nguai lao dong that nghiep lai muon tham gia vao thi truong
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lao dong hoac muon lam viec trong nhung nganh nghe mai do doi hoi ho
phai duac dao tao mai hoac dao tao lai de nang cao trinh do chuyen mon,

dap ung yeu cau cua cong viec.

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- Su tien bo khoa hoc ky thuat: Ngay nay khoa hoc ky thuat ngay cang
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phat trien khong ngung, phuc vu rat Ion cho dai song con nguai. Nhung mat
trai cua su tien bo nay co anh huang khong nhd tai viec lam gia tang tinh
trang that nghiep. Ung dung tien bo khoa hoc ky thuat, dac biet la tu dong
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hoa qua trinh san xuat dien ra nhanh chong va ngay cang pho bien, dieu nay

la hien nhien bdi trong hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh muc tieu toi da hoa lai

nhuan luon duac uu tien hang dau. Do do, cac chu doanh nghiep, cac nha san
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xuat ludm tim each mo rong san xuat, doi mai day chuyen cong nghe.v.v.
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nham nang cao chat luang san pham, ha gia thanh san xuat, nang cao lai the
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canh tranh. Tuy nhien, qua trinh nay lam cho so cong nhan bi thay the bai

may moc ngay cang gia tang, bo sung mot luong dang ke vao doi quan that

20


nghiep. Chinh vi nguyen nhan nay ma nhung nude co ty le that nghiep cao
can phai quan ly chat che viec ung dung nhung tien bo khoa hoc ky thuat
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cung nhu viec doi moi cong nghe cua cac doanh nghiep.

- Nhu can cua ngudi lao dong: Chinh ban than ngudi lao dong cung
tac dong khong nho tdi tinh trang that nghiep cua minh. Vi du do ngudi lao

dong khong ua thich eong viec dang lam, khong ua thich dia diem lam viec,
khong bang long vdi vi tri dang dam duong, khong bang long vdi muc luong
hien co... nen ho di tim eong viec moi hoae do ddi song vat chat cua mot so

ngudi trong do tuoi lao dong dupe dam bao ma ho khong can phai di lam hay
noi each khac ho khong co nhu cau lam viec.
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Tren day la mot so nguyen nhan co ban dan den tinh trang that nghiep
trong dieu kien kinh te thi trudng. Nguyen nhan cua that nghiep rat da dang,

phong phu va khac nhau tuy thuoc vao dieu kien kinh te xa hoi cua moi quoe

va cac chinh sach, bien phap ma ho su dung.
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3.2 Hau qua cua that ngh iep

mang tinh kinh te vita mang tinh xa hoi. That nghiep khong nhung anh
hudng true tiep tdi ban than ngudi lao dong va gia dinh ho ma con tac dong

manh me tdi tat ca cac van de kinh te chinh tri xa hoi cua moi quoe gia. Do

do bang each nay hay each khac, tuy theo dieu kien cu the cua moi quoe gia

trong tung thdi ky ma dua ra cac each giai quyet cho phu hop. Du da ap dung
nhieu bien phap khac nhau nhung hau het cac quoe gia dev thua nhan

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vbi chinh phu, khong bao gib co the giai quyet triet de dirge mac du that
nghiep co anh hudng sau sac den nhieu lmh vuc khac nhau".

nhan lam cho nen kinh te bi dinh don, kim ham sir phat trien, kha nang san
xuat khong dat dirge nhu mong muon. Mot trong nhtrng nguyen nhan co ban
do la that nghiep, bbi le that nghiep la sir lang phi nguon lire xa hoi. Su
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khung hoang kinh te va that nghiep co moi quan he tac dong qua lai chat che

vbi nhau, doi khi tao thanh vong luan quan khong thoat ra dugc. Ben canh do

that nghiep va lam phat luon ton tai song hanh, that nghiep gia tang keo theo
lam phat gia tang, nen kinh te lai suy thoai, khung hoang, kha nang phuc hoi

cham.

Theo quy luat Okun, giua that nghiep va GDP co moi quan he title
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nghich. Sir gia tang ti le that nghiep di kern vbi sir giam sut GDP thuc te.
Thong qua so lieu thong ke, nha khoa hoc Arthur Okun da tim ra dugc moi

quan he giua ti le that nghiep va muc thay doi GDP thuc te theo cong thuc

sau:

(Thay doi trong

Muc thay doi cua
= 3%-2*

GDP thuc te (%)

ti le that nghiep)

Neu ti le that nghiep khong thay doi, GDP thuc te tang khoang 3%;
muc tang trudng binh thubng nay la do gia tang dan so, tich luy von va tien
bo ki thuat. Ngoai ra , doi vbi moi phan tram ti le that nghiep tang them, ti le

tang trubng GDP thuc te giam 2%.


That nghiep gia tang lam thu nhap cua ngudi lao dong giam xuong,

doi song cua ngudi lao dong va gia dinh ho gap nhieu khd khan. Cu nhu vay
kho khan tiep noi kho khan ma khong sao giai quyet noi. Luc nay su can

thiep cua Nha nuoc la vo cung quan trong va can thiet.
* Doi vdi xa hoi: That nghiep khong nhung anh hudng den toan bo
nen kinh te ma con anh hudng den toan xa hoi, nhung trudc tien, that nghiep

tac dong tdi chinh ban than ngudi lao dong. Khi bi that nghiep, ngudi lqo

dong luon d trong tinh trang hoang mang, lo lang, cang thang va that vong.

Dac biet, neu ngudi lao dong la ngudi tru cot, nuoi song ca gia dinh thi ap
luc tarn ly cang de nang len ngudi lao dong. Mat khac, tung ca nhan la te bao
cua gia dinh, moi gia dinh la te bao cua xa hoi, that nghiep tac dong den ca

nhan ngudi lao dong va gia dinh ho cung cd nghia la nd se tac dong den toan
xa hoi. That vay, that nghiep la mot trong nhung nguyen nhan dan den nhieu
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hien tupng tieu cue cua xa hoi, day ngudi that nghiep den cho bat chap ky

cudng, vi pham phap luat, huy hoai dao due de tim ke sinh nhai, kiem tien
trang trai cho cuoc song sinh hoat hang ngay nhu trom cap, cd bac, niai

dam.v.v.

ngudi lao dong giam long tin vao che do, giam long tin vao kha nang lanh
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dao cua Chinh phu cam quyen.

Tom lai, that nghiep anh hudng sau rong den moi lmh vuc cua ddi
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song, do do hien nay chinh phu cac nude coi that nghiep la moi quan tarn

hang dau can giai quyet. Hau het cac quoe gia deu di sau nghien cuu tim ra

cac giai phap khac phuc tinh trang that nghiep, giam tdi muc thap nhat ty le

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