Nâng cao khả năng cạnh tranh trong vận tải biển quốc tế của công ty vận tải thuỷ bắc nosco

886

PUC vA DAO TAO

LOAN VAN

rt
k A

HANOI-2004


bo giao duc va dao tao
TRJdNG DAI hoc KINH TE QUOC DAN

Nguyen Thi Lan Anh

NANG CAO KHA NANG CANH TRANH
TRONG VAN TAI BIEN QUOC TE
CUA CONG TY VAN TAI THUY bAc - NOSCO

LUAN VAN THAC SY QUAN TRI KINH DOANH

Giao vien htfdng dan: PGS.TS Le Cong Hoa

Ha noi - 2004

1


MUC LUC

•

■

NHUIMGTU VIET TAT

4

DANH MUC BANG BIEU

5

LOI MO DAU

6

CHUONG 1:

MOT SO VAN DE CO BAN VE KHA NANG CANH TRANH TRONG
VAN TAI BIEN QUOC TE.

9

1.1.

Dac diem va cac phuong thdc kinh doanh van tai bien
quoc te.

9

1.1.1. Dac diem, vai tro cua van vai bien quoc te.
1.1.2. Cac phirong thiic kinh doanh van tai bien quoc te.
1.2.

Cac chi tieu danh gia kha nang canh tranh trong van
tai bien quoc te.

9
12
19

1.2.1. Qui mo va toe do tang trirctag.

19

1.2.2. Thi phSn van tai.

20

1.2.3. Chat ltrpng, do tin cSy trong phuc vu.

20

1.2.4. Gia ca phuc vu.

21

1.2.5. Thdi gian vSn chuyg’n.

24

1.3.

Cac nhan to anti htrbng den kha nang canh tranh
trong van tai bien quoc te.

25

1.3.1. Vi tri dia ly.

25

1.3.2. Chfnh tri va luSt phap.

26

1.3.3.

27

Str phat trien kinh te va trinh do khoa hoc cong nghe.

1.3.4. NhSn str va trinh do quan ly.

•

1.3.5. Kha nang vat chat va tai chfnh.

28
28

CHUONG 2:

THUC TRANG KHA NANG CANH TRANH TRONG VAN TAI BIEN
QUOC TE CUA CONG TY VAN TAI THUY BAC — NOSCO.

2.1.

Su hinh thanh, phat trien va co cau to chhc cua Cong
ty van tai thuy Bac - NOSCO.

30

2.2.

Thue trang kha nang canh tranh trong van tai bien
quoc te cua Cong ty van tai thuy Bac - NOSCO.

34

30

2.2.1. Qui mo va toe do tang tnrdng.

34

2.2.2. Pham vi thi truemg va thi phdn van tai.

40

2.2.3. Chat ltrong, do tin cay trong phuc vu.

46

2


2.2.4. Gia code van chuy&’n.

49

2.2.5. Thdi gian van chuyen.

50

2.2.6. Trinh do quan ly va khai thac tau.

51

2.3. Danh gia kha nang canh tranh trong van tai bien quoc
te cua Cong ty NOSCO.

58

2.3.2. Diem manh va diem yeu cua Cong ty NOSCO trong canh
tranh van tai bien quoc te.

58

2.3.3. Nguyen nhan cua cac ton tai.

60

CHUONG 3:

GIAI PHAP CO BAN NHAM NANG CAO KHA NANG CANH

63

TRANH TRONG VAN TAI BIEN QUOC TE CUA CONG TY NOSCO.

Dinh hirdng phat trien van tai bien den nam 2010 cua
toan nganh va cua Cong ty NOSCO.

63

3.1.1. Xu the phat trien cua van tai bien trong khu vuc, tren the
gidi va nhtfng anh hirdng.

63

3.1.2. Dinh hirdng phat trien van tai bien Viet Nam den nam
2010 cua Dang va Nha nirdc ta.

66

3.1.3. Dinh htrdng phat trien kinh doanh van tai bien den nam
2010 cua Cong ty NOSCO.

68

Giai phap co ban nhdm nang cao kha nang canh
tranh tranh trong van tai bien quoc te cua Cong ty
NOSCO.

69

3.1.

3.2.

3.2.1. Day manh ddu tir phat trien doi tau.

69

3.2.2. Giam chi phi trong van chuyen.

73

3.2.3. Xac dinh va lira chon dung tuyen chuyen chd, loai hang
chuyen chd chinh.

78

3.2.4. Tang ctrdng dao tao doi ngu can bo va’cac che do chinh
sach doi vdi sy quan thuyen vien.

79

3.2.5. Phat trien va ung dung cong nghe thong tin.

82

3.3.

Mot so kien nghi.

85

KET LUAN

89

PHU LUC

91

DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

95

3


NHQNGTirvie'TTAT

Ch& viet tat

IPS

TiengAnh

Tieng Viet

The International Ship and Port Luat Quoc te ve An ninh tau va

Facility Security Code

Cang biem

ISM Code: International Safety

Bo Luat quan ly an toan quoc te

Management Code
SOLAS:

Safety of Life at Sea

Cong irdc quoc te ve an toan sinh
mang con ngudi tren bien

STCW:

Seafare's Training Certification Cong udc thoa thuan dao tao, cap
and Watch Kepping

bang va di ca cua thuyen vien

SMC:

Safety Management Certificate Giay chtrng nhan an toan

DOC:

Document of Compliance

Giay chumg nhan tuan thu, phu

hop
SMS:

Safety Management System

He thong quan ly an toan

IMO:

International Maritime

To chuc Hang hai quoc te

Organization
TOKYO

MOU:

TOKY0 Memorandum of

Thoa thuan TOKYO ve kiem soat

Understanding

Nha nude

4


danh muc bang beu •
TT

ty~-typ::;. ■ ■

Ten bang bien-::.:

:

j

Trang

Bang 1:
So’ do 2:

Phan chia chi phi gma chu tau va ngtfcti
Co cd'u tt) chtrc bo may quan ty cua Cior^n^' ty NOSCO.

Bifiu do 3:

San luoig van chuye’n cua Cong ty NOSCO

32
35

Bang 4:
Bang 5:

Toe do tang san Incog van ttii cua NOSCO va V!IN\LOINES
Ket qua kind doanh van tt^i bidn cc^a Cong tyy NOSCO.

35
36

Bieu do 6:

Tang trtfCng doanh thu cua NOSCO va VINALINES

37

Bang?:

Tjksuat tm nhudn tren doanh thu cua NOSCO va VINALINES

38

Bang 8:
Hieu qua sir dung TSCD cua Cong ty NOSCO
Bang 9:
So sanh hieu qua sr dung TSCD tang them cua NOSCOva
~

VINALINES
~
Bang 10: Tai cJiiiUi cua Cong tty NOSCO ttr nam 1998 -2003.
Bang 11: Phat tridn doi tau cua Cong ty NOSCO ttr nam 1998-2003.
Bang 12: San luong hang hoa tXNL VIN do doi tau Vi^t Nsam dam rUbbL

39
39

18

41
42
43

Bang 13:

TTd phln van tai cua cac cong tty true tt^u^cc VLNALINES.

44

Bang 14:
Bang 15:
Bang 16:
Bang 17:
Bang 18:
Bang 19:
Bang 20:
Bang 21:
Bang 22:

Bang 23:
Bang 24:
Bang 25:
Bang 26:
Phu luc 1:
Phu luc 2:
Phu luc 3:
Phu luc 4:

Trong tai tau mot so nudc trong khu vuc.
Doi tau cua cac doanh. nsggiiiyii thuoc VINALINES.
Gia cho thue tau dinh han.
So sanh thoi gian van chuyen cua NOSCO vdi VOSCO
SO ldn doi tau NOSCO bi luu giu tai cac cang nudc ngoai.
Chi pH boat dOng van tai bi^n cua Cong ty NOSCO
So sHUi meat so chi beu giua NOSCO vdi VOSCQ.
Vi tri canh tranh cua Cong ty NOSCO.
Cac chi beu KH d£n nam. 2010 cVINALINES
So saiA hi6u qua huy dong 15% von ddu ttr
JDr tk£n thdi gian via sd chuyen viba chuyen trong nam
]Lri fch du tk£n cfo cdc phuerng an tkhai thde tau ddng
Du liken k£t qua dat duuc sau khi thuc Hfin cac giai
20 hang tau tch nhdt the gk'ji.
Phan loai doi tau chuyen dung cua VINALINES
Doi tau 1 boong via 2 boong cua VINALINES
Dir bao hang hoa thong qua cang bidn VN den nam 2(^i20.

46
47
49

51
53
54
55
56
67
72
76
77
83
91
92
93
94

5


L0I MO DAU

1. Tinh cap thiet cua de tai:
Xu the hoi nhap kinh te khu vuc va the gidi dang didn ra khdp toan cau nhtf
la mot tat yeu khach quan vdi mire do ngay cang manh me. La mot quoc gia co
nen kinh te dang phat trien d Dong Nam A, Viet Nam khong the diing ngoai tien
trinh chung nay.

Tai Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thu: IX Dang Cong san Viet Nam - nam

2001, Dang ta tiep tuc chi ro dudng loi va chien luoc phat trien kinh te - xa hoi
la: “Chu dong hoi nhap kinh te quoc te va khu virc theo tinh than phat huy toi da

noi lire, nang cao hieu qua hop tac quoc te, bao dam doc lap tu chu va dinh

hudng xa hoi chu nghia, bao ve lqi fch dan toe, an ninh quoc gia, giu gin ban s&c
van hoa dan toe, bao ve moi trudng....... Md rong va nang cao hieu qua kinh te
doi ngoai. Cung co thi trudng da cd va md rong them thi trudng mdi. Tao moi

dieu kien thuan lpi de tang nhanh xuat khSu, thu hut von, edng nghe tir ben

ngoai. Chu dong hoi nhap kinh te quoc te cd hieu qua, thuc hien cac cam ket
song phuong va da phuong. ... Phat trien thuong mai, ca noi thuong ngoai
thuong, bao dam hang hoa liru thong thong suot trong thi trudng noi dia va giao

luu buon ban vdi nude ngoai.”

Cd the noi rang, qua trinh tham gia hoi nhap kinh te khu virc va quoc te cua
Viet Nam khong phai chi di&n ra trade sure ep cua xu hudng hoi nhap tren toan

the gidi ma con la mot qua trinh mang tinh chu dong that sir xuat phat khong chi
tir viec thufa nhan cac lqi fch to ldn do hoi nhap kinh te - thuong mai khu vuc va

quoc te dem lai ma con tir viec y thuc duqc nhung thach thirc gay gdt dat ra tir
trade do.

Dat nude md cira hoi nhap vdi khu vuc va the gidi ciing vdi mot nen kinh te

phat trien, xuat khau tang da tao dieu kien cho hang loat nhung hang tau ldn
quoc te cd mat tai thi trudng Viet Nam canh tranh vdi nhau. Van tai bien la mot
llnh vuc kinh doanh mang tinh toan cau cao va cd nhung anh hudng tuong hd

xuyen quoc gia, vi vay chien luoc canh tranh lSu dai va toan dien dd’ thu hut dich
vu va gianh thi phan ngay cang ldn hon ve cho minh ngay cang quyet liet.

6


s

7»

0 Trung Quoc, trong vong 5 nam trd lai day, bang mot loat cac bien phap
tang nang luc canh tranh cua doi tau quoc gia, cac tau bien Trung Quoc da vucfn

len chiem tdi 80% thi phdn van tai container tren nhung tuyen van tai bien vung
Trung Quoc - Nhat Ban. Cac nude trong khu vuc Dong Nam A nhu Thai Lan,

do, nganh Hang hai Viet Nam noi chung va Cong ty van tai thuy Bac noi rieng

con nhd yeu trong viec chuan bi de tham gia mot each sau rong vao cac hoat

dong thuong mai quoc te. Khoi luqng hang hoa xuat nhap khau cua Viet Nam
ngay mot tang nhanh nhung thi phdn van tai cua dpi tau Viet Nam doi vdi ta't ca

cac hang hoa luan chuy^n bang dudng bien mdi chiem khoang 15%. Thue te,
hang hoa xua't khau cua Viet Nam chu yeu thue cac hang tau nude ngoai chuyen

chd.
Trong boi canh nay, nang luc canh tranh la mot trong nhung dieu kien

song con cua cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh dich vu van tai bien. Nhung cho den

nay den nay, Cong ty van tai thuy Bac chua cd su phan tich, danh gia mot each

he thong de de ra chien lupc canh tranh cho phat trien lau dai, moi quyet dinh

kinh doanh dupe dua ra la do cd nhung bien dong nhat thdi tren thi trudng va phu
thuoc nhieu vao cac yeu to ben ngoai. Vi vay, viec nghien curu cac giai phap phu
hpp va hieu qua nhat nham tang kha nang canh tranh trong van tai bien quoc te

cua Cong ty van tai thuy Bac la het sue cin thiet.

*

Vdi y nghia tren, toi da lua chon chu de “Nang cao kha nang canh tranh

trong van tai bien quoc te cua Cdng ty van tai thuy Bac - NOSCO” la de tai
Luan van thac sy Quan tri kinh doanh.
2. Muc dich nghien cud:

Th viec tim hi^u, phan tfch tlnh hinh hoat dong cua dpi tau Cong ty van tai

thuy Bac trong xu hudng phat trien van tai bien tren the gidi va cua dpi tau bien
Viet Nam, qua do tim ra nhung giai phap phu hop nham nang cao kha nang canh
tranh trong van tai bien quoc te cua Cdng ty van tai thuy Bac.

7


3. Doi titdng va pham vi nghien cdu:
De tai tap trung nghien ctru kha nang canh tranh trong van tai bien quoc te

cua Cong ty van tai thuy Bac - mot doanh nghiep thanh vien cua T6ng cong ty
Hang hai Viet Nam. Van de danh gia thuc trang kinh doanh van tai bien cua

Cong ty dat trong boi canh canh tranh trong nganh va tren the gidi. Cac tu lieu,
so lieu duqc thu thap tir nam 1998 den nay.

4. Phuong phap nghien cuL:
Trong qua trinh nghien cun de tai, tac gia chu yeu su dung phuong phap
duy vat bien chtrng, duy vat lich str va mot so phuong phap cu the khac nhu dieu
tra thong ke, phan tfch va tong hop, phuong phap so sanh.

5. Nhung dong gop cua luan v3n:
- He thong hoa mot so vail de ly luan ve kha nang canh tranh trong van tai
bitm quoc te.

- Danh gia mot each he thong ve kha nang canh tranh trong van tai bien

quoc te cua Cong ty van tai thuy Bac.
- De xuat mot so giai phap nham nang cao kha nang canh tranh trong van

tai bien quoc te cua Cong ty van tai thuy Bac.
6. Ket cau cua luan van:

Ngoai phln md dau, ket luan, danh muc cac tai lieu tham khao va muc luc,

Luan van duqc chia lam 3 chuong:
Chuong 1: Mot so van de co ban ve kha nang canh tranh trong van tai bitm

quoc te.
Chuong 2: Thuc trang kha nang canh tranh trong van tai bien quoc te cua

Cong ty van tai thuy Bac - NOSCO.

Chuong 3: Giai phap co ban nham nang cao kha nang canh tranh trong van
tai bien quoc te cua Cong ty van tai thuy Bac - NOSCO.

8


CHl/ONG 1.

MOT SO VAN DE CO BAN VE KHA NANG CANH TRANH

TRONG VAN TAI BIEN QUOC TE.

1.1. DAC DI^M VA CAC PHUONG THUC KINH DOANH VAN TAI BI^N QUOC t£.
1.1.1. Dac diem, vai trd cua van tai bien quoc te.

1.1.1.1. Dac diem cua van tai bien quoc te.

Van tai la su di chuyen vd khong gian va thdi gian cua cdng cu san xua't,

san pham lao dong cua con ngudi.
Van tai quoc te la viec chuyen cho dupe tie'n hanh vupt ra ngoai pham vi

bien gicti cua ft nhat mot quoc gia.

Mac du co nhung dac trung khac biet vdi cac phuong thirc van tai khac nhung no
gSn lien mot each huu co vdi cac phuong thirc do. Cac khau cua qua trinh san
xua't hang hai bao gom: qua trinh van chuyen, qua trinh xe'p do va qua trinh phuc

vu cho hai qua trinh tren. Cac qua trinh san xua't nay cd the didn ra trong pham vi

mot quo'c gia hay nhieu quoc gia.

Van tai bien quo'c te cd nhung dac diem co ban la:
- San xua't kinh doanh khai thac tau mang tfnh quo'c te cao (toan cdu) do su

ra ddi va phat trien cua van tai bien quo'c te cd quan he chat che vdi ngoai thuong
va sir lien ke't, phat trien ve tuye'n dudng van chuyen giua cac quo'c gia.
- Pham vi san xuat rong ca vd mat khong gian va thdi gian. Giua cac cang
quo'c te' da hinh thanh cac luong tau thudng xuyen va tau chuyen dd cd the van

chuyen hang hoa di khap the' gidi. Thdi gian hanh trinh cua tau tren bien cung
thudng dai hon so vdi cac hinh thirc van chuyen khac.
- Qui mo va kho'i lupng hang hoa van tai bi^n rat ldn, chiem khoang 80%
lupng hang hoa luu thong tren the' gidi.

- Van tai bien cd the’ phuc vu chuyen cho hau het cac loai hang hoa trong
viec buon ban quo'c te. Van tai dudng bien thfch hop vdi viec chuyen cho tren
khoang each dai, kho'i lupng ldn.

9


- Qua trinh san xua't kinh doanh lien quan den he thong phap luat cua

nhieu quoc gia rieng re va chiu str chi phoi cua cac cong udc quoc te lien quan
den thuong mai, den bi£n va kinh doanh van tai bidn.

1.1.1.2. Vai trd cua van tai bien quoc te.

Trong mdi quoc gia co bien hay khong co bien, ngudi ta deu co the xay

dung doi tau van tai bi^n thuoc cac loai hinh so huu khac nhau deu co the tien
hanh van chuyen hang hoa, hanh khach cho quoc gia minh hay di chd thue cho
nude ngoai vdi muc dich kinh doanh, thu lqi nhuSn, tang thu ngoai te cho dat

nude.

Van tai la dieu kien can thiet cua tai san xuat va cac mat hoat dong khac
cua xa hoi. Nguqc lai, kinh te phat trien tao ra nhung tien de doi hoi phat trien
nhanh chong nganh van tai. Lenin da noi: "Van tai la phuong tien vat chat cua

mdi lien he vdi nude ngoai". Vai trd cua van tai trong buon ban quoc te the hien
rd d quy trinh ra ddi va phat trien cua van tai quoc te va mdi quan he cua nd vdi

ngoai thuong. Su phat trien cua hang hai va ngoai thuong luon cd mdi quan he
mat thiet vdi nhau. Nhung mdi quan he va.giao luu kinh td giua cac nude tren the
gidi hien nay chu yeu nhd vao hang hai. Trong mdi quan he qua lai do tac dung

cua v&n tai quoc te la:
- Lam tang khoi lupng hang hoa trong viec buon ban quoc te do tang khoi
lupng hang hoa chuyen chd thong qua viec str dung cac phuong tien van tai hien
cd.

- Lam thay doi co ca'u hang hoa va co cau thi trudng buOn ban tren the

gidi.
- Van tai quoc te cd tac dung bao ve tfch cue hoac lam xa'u di can can
thanh toan quoc te. Sir phat trien cua van tai quoc te cd tac dung tang nguon thu

ngoai te qua van tai thue va tiet kiem chi ngoai te qua viec han che nhap khau
van tai. Doi tau nhieu nude tren the gidi nhu Na uy, Dan Mach, Italia, ..., thu

nhap cua doi tau buon da bu dap phdn ldn su thieu hut trong can can mau dich

cac nude nay. Nguqc lai, o cac nude thieu dpi tau budn hang nam phai bo ra mot
khoan ngoai te ldn de thue tau cua nude ngoai, lam han che kha nang xua't kh^u

va can can thanh toan.
10


- Van tai quoc te la mot cong cu quan trong cua buon ban quoc te. No co
tac dung thuc day buon ban giua cac nude phat trien ve moi mat. Dong thdi buon

ban quo'c te tao ra cac tien de cho van tai quo'c te phat trien khong ngimg.
Van tai bang dudng bien cd mot so uu didm sau:
- Cac tuye'n dudng bien hdu het la nhung dudng giao thong tu nhien (trir
viec xay dung cac cang va kenh dao quo'c te). Do vay, van chuyen bang dudng

dung va bao quan cac tuye'n dudng bien. Day la mot trong nhung nguyen nhan

lam cho gia thanh van tai dudng bien tha'p hon so vdi cac phuong thirc van tai
khac.

- Nang luc chuyen chd cua van tai dudng bien ra't ldn va khong bi han che
nhu cac phuong thirc van tai khac, cd the chay nhieu tau trong cimg mot luc cho
ca hai chieu tren cimg mot tuye'n dudng, trong tai cua tau bien ra't ldn. Trong

nhung nam gem day, trong tai trung binh cua tau bien cd xu hudng tang nhanh

doi vdi tat ca cac nhom tau.
Vdi hai uu diem tren lam cho van tai dudng bien cd uu diem noi bat la gia

thanh tha'p, nang lire chuyen chd ldn. Gia thanh van tai bien chi cao hon van tai
dudng o'ng.

Dong thdi, van tai dudng bien cung cd mot so' nhuqc diem:
- Phu thuoc ra't nhieu vao dieu kien tu nhien. Moi trudng hoat dong cua tau

bien thudng each xa dat lien nen mdi bien dong cua thdi tiet, thuy van tren mat

bien deu anh hudng true tiep den qua trinh van- tai dudng bien. Nhung rui ro,
thien tai, tai nan ba't ngd ngoai bidn thudng gay ra nhung ton tha't ra't ldn cho tau,

hang va sinh mang con ngudi.

- To'c do cua tau biem con tha'p va viec tang to'c do khai thac cua tau bien
bi han che. Van tai dudng bien khong thi'ch hop vdi chuyen chd nhung loai hang

hoa cd yeu cdu giao nhanh (tuoi song, thuc pham, ... ).
Vai trd cua van tai dudng bien quo'c te do'i vdi hoat dong ngoai thuong cua
mdi nude khong gio'ng nhau, tuy theo vi tri dia ly, kho'i lupng hang hoa, co ca'u

mat hang, chfnh sach ngoai thuong cua mdi quo'c gia. Cac nude Anh, Nhat,

11


Singapore, ... gSn 100% tdng khoi lupng hang hoa xuat'nhSp khau dupe chuyen

chd bang dudng bien.
Hien nay, van tai dudng bien gift vi tn so mot trong viec phuc vu luu
chuyen hang hoa tren the gidi. No dam bao chuyen chd gan 80% tong khoi
lupng hang hoa trong buon ban quoc te.
1.1.2. Cac phiidng thUc kinh doanh van tai bien quoc te:

Hien nay, co mot so each phan loai dpi tau v&n tai bien nhu sau:
- Neu phan chia theo doi tupng van chuyen thi cac tau van tai bien chia
thanh ba loai: Tau hang, tau khach, tau vira chd hang vtra chd khach.
Cach thurc to chile khai thac cac loai tau mac du cd nhung diem chung

nhung van cd nhung diem khac nhau.
- Can cur theo dang van chuyen, hoat dong cua dpi tau van tai bien dupe
chia thanh: Van chuyen dudng bien rieng re; van chuyen da phuong thilc (van tai

bien chi la mot bo phan trong day chuyen van chuyen tir kho tdi kho tren co sd

mot hop dong van tai don nhat giua ngudi kinh doanh van chuyen va ngudi thue

van chuyen); van chuyen bien pha song; van chuyen sa lan tren cac tau me tren
bien. Cac loai tau tham gia van chuyen bao gom: tau chd container; tau dau; tau
chd hang rdi, do dong; tau me chd sa lan; tau hang kho, tdng hop.
Vdi cac each phan loai dpi tau nhu tren, trong hang hai quoc te cd hai hinh

thuc kinh doanh tau: kinh doanh tau chay rdng (tramp) va kinh doanh tau cho

(liner). Dac trung co ban trong nganh van tai bien hien nay la ngoai nhung tuyen
van tai thudng xuyen dupe td chile theo hinh thurc khai thac tau chp, do cd nhung
lupng hang hoa khong ldn vSn xuat hien trong thi trudng van tai nen hinh thuc
van tai tau chuyen vSn rat phu hop vdi nhung nude dang phat trien, kem phat

tridn, dpi tau van tai bidn nho be, he thong cang chua phat trien.
Tau chay rdng hay con goi la tau chay khong dinh ky (Irregular) la tau
*
kinh doanh chuyen chd hang hoa (chu yeu la hang kho cd khoi lupng ldn va

hang long) tren co sd hop dong thue tau. Nd phuc vu theo yeu cau cua ngudi
thue tau.
Tau chp edn goi la tau chay dinh ky (Regular) la tau kinh doanh thudng

xuyen tren mot luong nhat dinh, ghe vao cac cang nhat dinh va theo lich trinh da
12


nhanh chong.

Theo hai phuong thiic kinh doanh tau tren, co cac phuong thiic thue tau
chu yeu sau:

- Phuong thiic thue tau cho.
- Phuong thiic thue tau chuyen.

- Phuong thiic thue tau dinh han.
PhUdng
1.1.2.1.

thiic thue tau chd.

Thue tau cho con goi la luu cudc tau cho (Booking shipping space) la
ngudi chu thong qua ngudi mdi gidi thue tau yeu cdu chu tau hoac ngudi chuyen

chd gianh cho thue mot phan chide tau chq de chuyen chd hang hoa tir cang nay
den cang khac. Mdi quan he giua ngudi chu hang va ngudi chuyen chd duqc dieu
chinh bang van don dudng bien.

Van don dudng bien la bang chiing duy nhat xac nhan hop dong chuyen
chd dudng bien da duqc ky ket, co chiic nang:

- La bien lai nhan hang cua ngudi chuyen chd.
- La chiing tir xac nhan quyen sd hiru hang hoa ghi trong van don.
Ngudi cam van don hop phap cd quyen sd huu hang hoa va doi ngudi

chuyen chd giao hang cho mmh. Do do no la: chiing tir cd gia tri de mua ban,
chuyen nhuqng, cam co......
- Van don la bang chiing xac nhan hop dong chuyen chd da ky ket.
tugng chuyen chd: tau chay thudng xuyen bao gom tat ca cac loai

hang: hang long, hang kho cd bao bi hay de Inin, thanh pham hoac ban thanh

pham va cac mat hang nguyen lieu ... Cac loai hang trong tau chay thudng
xuyen bao gom cac loai hang le, hang dac biet doi hoi xep do bang phuong phap

chuyen mdn.
Tuyeh dudng trong van tai thudng xuyen gom:

- Tuyen dudng bien xa (vidn duong)
- Tuyen dudng bien gdn (can hai)

Cac tuyen thudng xuyen day dac nhat la khu vuc bien Atlantic (Dai Tay
Duong) noi lien khu vuc Chau Au - Bac My, Chau Phi va Nam My (chiem 70%).

13


Sau do den Chau Au - Trung Can Dong; An Do - Vidn Dong; Thai Binh Duong -

An Do Duong; ...
Tau cho la loai tau thudng cau true nhieu tang boong, nhieu ham trong tai

la 16 hai ly/gid. Ngay nay thudng dat tdi 20 hai ly/gid. Tau thudng co thiet bi
xep do rieng tren tau.

1.1.2.2.Phuong thrtc thue tau chuyen.
Thue tau chuyen (voyage charter) la chu tau (ship's owner) cho ngudi thue

tau (charterer) thue toa bo hay mot phan chiec tau chay rdng (tramp) de chuyen
cho hang hoa til mot hay vai cang den mot hay vai cang khac.

Mdi quan he giua chu tau va ngudi thue tau dupe dieu chinh bang mot van
ban goi la hop dong thue tau (Voyage charter party) viet tat la C/P.

Doi tuang van chuyen cua tau chuyen thudng la cac loai hang co khoi
lupng ldn (hang long, hang kho) thudng chd day tau bao gom cac loai hang nhu
than, hang ngu coc, quang, sat thep, phan bon, ....

Tren 80% hang hoa dupe van chuyen bang tau chuyen, tap trung d cac mat
hang sau: Cac loai quang, hang hat, phan bon rdi hoac dong bao, than va cdc, gd

cac loai, dudng rdi hay dong bao.

Dac diem cua hop dong tau chuyen la chu hang thudng thue ca chuyen,

gia ca thuong lupng thong qua dai ly.

Phuong tien van chuyen bao gom cac loai tau mot boong, mieng ham ldn,
tau chuyen dung de van chuyen cac loai hang thich hop va cac loai tau van
chuyen tdng hop.

Cd tau van chuyen chiem ty le nhieu nhat la cd tau 1 van tan den 2 van
tan. Toe do trung binh tir 14 - 16 hai ly/gid. Thi trudng tau chuyen thudng chia

thanh khu vuc, can cu theo pham vi hoat dong cua tau. Mdi khu vuc co mot hay
mot so loai hang dac trung va co gia cudc tieu bieu cho khu vuc do, song gia
cudc giua cac khu vuc deu cd anh hudng lan nhau va dan den hinh thanh mot xu

hudng chung cua gia cudc the gidi.
Cdc khu vuc thi trudng the gidi gom co:
14


- Khu vuc luc dia Chau Au, bien Baltique va Bach'Hai.
- Khu vuc Dia Trung Hai, HSc Hai.
- Khu vuc Bac My.
- Khu vuc Nam My.

- Khu vuc An Do - Vidn Dong
- Khu vuc Thai Binh Duong...
Cach thue tau chuyen: Viec giao dich thue tau chuyen, hai ben tu do
thuong luong ve ca gia cudc va dieu kien chuyen chd. Chu tau giu quyen dieu
dong quan ly con tau, thuy thu va tra moi chi phi kinh doanh, moi rui ro ve kinh

doanh khai thac tau. Ngudi thue tau phai tra cudc theo khoi lupng hang chuyen

cho hoac theo cudc thue bao ca tau. Ngoai ra cd chiu chi phi bo'c xep hay khong
la do hop dong quy dinh.
Thue tau chuyen cd cac dang sau:

- Thue tau chuyen don (Single voyage)
- Thue tau chuyen khur hoi (Round voyage)

- Thue nhieu chuyen lien tuc (Consecutive voyages). Phuong thuc nay doi
hoi hai ben phai quy dinh chat che trong hop dong.
- Thue bao trong mot thdi gian nh£t dinh (general contract of
afreighetment) theo gia cudc hai ben thoa thuan. Thdi gian thudng la thue theo

quy hay nam.

- Thue theo hop dong dinh han (Time charter).
1.1.2.3. PhUdng thrtc thue tau dinh han.

Thue tau dinh han la chu tau cho ngudi thue tau thue chiec tau de str dung

vao muc dich chuyen chd hang hoa trong mot thdi gian nhat dinh. Hai ben cung
nhau ky ket mot van ban goi la hop dong thue tau dinh han (Time charter party).

Theo hop dong nay chu tau cd trach nhiem chuyen giao quyen sir dung chiec tau

thue cho ngudi thue tau va bao dam "kha nang di bi^n" cua chiec tau do trong

suo't thdi gian thue tau. Con ngudi thue tau cd trach nhiem tra tien thue va chiu
trach nhiem ve viec kinh doanh khai thac chiec tau thue, sau khi het thdi han

thue phai hoan tra cho chu tau trong tmh trang ky thuat tot tai cang va trong thdi

han da quy dinh.

15


Theo khai niem tren ta thsfy trong thdi gian thue,’ quyen sd huu chiec tau
van thuoc ve chu tau, nhung quyen su dung lai duqc chuyen sang ngudi thue tau.

Chfnh vi vay, quyen lqi va nghia vu cua chu tau va ngudi thue tau trong hqp

dong thue tau dinh han co nhieu dac diem khac so vdi hqp dong thue tau chuyen.
Trong thuc te ap dung hai hmh thiic thue tau dinh han:
- Mot la, thue tau dinh han pho thong: tiic la cho thue tau bao gom ca sy
quan thuy thu cua tau trong mot thdi gian nhat dinh.

Theo hmh thiic nay lai chia ra:

+ Thue thdi han dai (Period time charter)
+ Thue dinh han chuyen (Trip time charter)
+ Thue dinh han chuyen khii hoi (Round voyage time charter)
+ Thue dinh han chuyen lien tuc (Consecutive - voyage time charter).

- Hai la, thue tau dinh han tron: la hmh thiic thue tau khong cd sy quan

thuy thu (thSm chi khong cd trang thiet bi tren tau). Hmh thiic nay cd ten la
"Bare-boat charter".
Phuong thiic thue tau dinh han ra ddi vao giua the ky 19 va ngay cang phat

trien, day cung la mot bieu hien cua su phan cong ngay mot sau s4c trong hang

hai quoc te. Phuong thiic thue tau dinh han gop phan thiic day viec su dung ngay
cang tot hon kha nang chuyen cho cua dpi tau buon the gidi.

1.1.2.4. So sanh Uu nhUdc diem cua cac phUdng thiic thue tau.

Ve thu tuc cho thue tau:
- Phuong thiic thue tau chq: thu tuc don gian, nhanh chong vi ngudi thue
tau khong duqc tu do thoa thuSn cac dieu kien chuyen cho ma phai chap nhan

cac dieu kien cd s4n trong van don va bi^u cudc cua chu tau.
- Phuong thiic thue tau chuyen: Nghiep vu cho thue tau khong nhanh
chong, don gian nhu tau chq. Viec ky.ket hqp dong kha phiic tap, chu tau va chu

hang trong qua trinh dam phan deu cd nhung yeu cdu ddi hoi khac nhau.

- Phuong there thue tau dinh han: Viec ky ket hqp dong cung phiic tap, ddi
hoi phai cd nhung rang buoc chat che trong qua trinh cho thue tau. Thong

, ket cau cua hqp dong cho thue tau dinh han la dai nha't va chi tiet nha't.

Ve gid cd cho thue:
16


- Phuong thirc thue tau cho: Gia cudc trnh cho mot don vi hang hoa van
chuyen thudng dupe rat cao va tuong doi on dinh tren thi trudng so vdi cac hinh
thirc cho thue khac.
- Phuong thirc thue tau chuyen: Gia cho thue bien dong thudng xuyen va
rS't manh do hinh thirc thue tau nay thudng phai thong qua cac dai ly, chiu phi

dich vu moi gidi. Chu tau va ngudi thue tau dupe tu do thuong lupng thoa thuan

vd cudc va cac cac dieu kien di kem nham bao ve quyen lpi ca hai ben mot each
thoa dang.

- Phuong thirc thue tau dinh han: Tuy thuoc va mo'i quan he, uy tin va kha

nang dam phan cua chu tau vdi ngudi thue. Ngudi thue tau thudng sir dung
phuong thirc thue tau dinh han khi cho rang gia thue tau chp o thdi di^m hien tai

hoac trong tuong lai la se len cao trong khi ho cd nguon hang van chuyen tuong

doi on dinh.

Ve thdi gian van chuyen:
- Phuong thirc thue tau chp: Dac trung quan trong cua hinh thirc tau chp la

tau hoat dong co' dinh, chuyen tuye'n giua cac cang xac dinh; theo lich van hanh
dupe cong bo' tir trudc

- Phuong thirc thue tau chuyen: Hang hoa dupe chuyen chd nhanh chong

vi tau chay chuyen tuye'n khong phai dd cac cang le de lay hang.
- Phuong thirc thue tau dinh han: Thdi gian van chuyen phu thuoc nhieu

vao ca chu tau va ngudi thue tau.

Ve trinh do to chile quan ly vd khai thac tau:
- Phuong thirc thue tau chp: la hinh thirc phat trien cao hon va hoan thien
hon cua hinh thirc van tai tau chuyen.

- Phuong thirc thue tau chuyen: Linh hoat, thi'ch hop vdi van chuyen hang

hoa khong thudng xuyen va hang hoa xua't nhap kh^u, tan dung dupe het trong
i

tai cua tau luc cho hang trong timg chuyen di cd hang. Neu to chirc tim hang tot

thi hinh thirc khai thac tau chuyen la hinh thirc khai thac cd hieu qua khong kem
gi so vdi hinh thirc khai thac tau chp.

17


- Phucfng thurc thue tau dinh han: Chu tau tam thdi'chua phai quan tam den
viec tim kiem nguon hang hoa de chuyen chd, co muc dich kinh doanh cho thue

tau dinh han vdi tu each la chu tau thuan tuy.

Ve phan chia chi phi gifta cac phuong thuc thue tau:
- Hinh thuc thue tau cho: Chu tau chiu moi khoan chi phi ttr khi nhSn hang
de van chuyem cho den khi tra hang tai cang cho chu hang theo lich trinh van

hanh cong bo ttr trudc.
- Hinh thuc thue tau chuyen va tau dinh han duoc phan chia nhu sau:
Bang 1

PHAN CHIA CHI PHI GlClA CH0 TAU VA NGUCH THUE
Loai chi phi

Tau chuyen

Tau dinh han
pho thong

- Luong sy quan, thuy
thu, bao hiem xa hoi.

Ngudi thue

- Bao hi&n tau
- Chi phi ve trach nhiem
dan su

chO

chO

- Khau hao
- Sura chua dinh ky, bao
quan tau

Tau dinh han
tron (tau trim)

Chu yeu la chu
tau
Chu yeu la chu
tau
Chu tau

TAU

TAU

- Chi phi quan ly hanh
chinh

Chu tau va
ngudi thue

- Nhien lieu

Ngudi thue

- Dau mo

Chu tau

- Nude trong noi hoi

NGLTCH

NGl/Ol

THUE

- Cang phi

TAU

- Dai ly phi

- Chi phi xep do
- Cac chi phi dac biet
khac (chi phi qua kenh
dao, eo bien, ...)

Tuy theo-dieu
kien trong hop
dong.

THUE

Chu tau

TAU

18


1.2. CAC CHI Tl£U DANH GIA KHA NANG CANH TRANHTRONG KINH DOANH VAN
TAI BIEzN QUOC

Canh tranh la kha nang cua cac doanh nghiep, nganh, quoc gia va vung

trong viec tao ra viec lam va thu nhap cao hon trong dieu kien canh tranh quoc
te. Mot doanh nghiep kinh doanh dupe goi la co Stic canh tranh va danh gia no

co the dung vung cung vdi cac nha kinh doanh khac, vdi cac san pham thay the

hay bang each cung cap cac san pham tuong tu vdi cac dac tinh ve cha't lupng
hay dich vu ngang bang hay cao hon. De danh gia kha nang canh tranh cua
doanh nghiep, cd mot so chi tieu chu yeu sau:
1.2.1. Qui mo va toe dp tang tritdng:

Chi tieu nay dupe danh gia thong qua:
- San luang van chuyen: San lupng van chuyen bieu hien mdc do phuc vu

dieu kien xac dinh dupe nguyen nhan gay ra tmh hinh thuc hien chi tieu ket qua

cuoi cung cua san xuat - kinh doanh. Tao dieu kien de ngudi quan ly doanh

nghiep tha'y dupe tinh hinh thuc te cung nhu tiem nang cua doanh nghiep.
San pham cua van tai cd don vi do rieng, do la sd tan hang hoa dupe dich
chuyen, dupe thong qua cang, sd ta'n x km hang hoa dupe luan chuyen.

Sd lupng cua hoat dong van chuyen dupe tinh bang cac thong sd sau:
Tong khoi lupng hang hoa van chuyen la khoi lupng hang hoa dupe phuc

vu. Chi tieu nay noi len mile do phuc vu cua doanh nghiep van chuyen ddi vdi
cac nganh khac - don vi do Ta'n (T) - ky hieu la: S Q

Cu ly van chuyen la khoang each dich chuyen cua hang hoa trong khdng
gian - don vi do km - ky hieu: L

Tong khoi lupng hang hoa luan chuyen: dupe tinh bang tfch sd giua khoi
lupng hang hoa van chuyen va khoang each dich chuyen trong khong gian. Chi
tieu nay bieu hien toan bo khoi lupng cong viec van chuyen cua doanh nghiep,

khoi lupng nay do dpi tau cua doanh nghiep true tiep dam nhiem. Chi tieu nay

19


dung dd tfnh doanh thu, gia thanh don vi, loi nhuan. Defa vi do T.Km - ky hieu
la: £ Ql, ta co:

£ Q1 = £ Q x L
Qua chi tieu nay, doanh nghiep co the tim ra nguyen nhan co ban da xuat

hien trong thdi ky phan tfch la do: nguon hang, su thay ddi tuye'n van chuydn,

mat hang van chuyen, su thay ddi quy mo, ket cau doi tau, ...

- Doanh thu van tai: Chi tieu san luong van chuyen la mot trong nhung co

sd quan trong de tinh doanh thu.
- Lai nhuan van tai: la ket qua tai chfnh cuoi cung cua cac hoat dong san
xuat kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep, la chi tieu chat luong danh gia ket qua hoat

dong va xac dinh xu hudng phat tridn cho doanh nghiep trong tuong lai.
- Toc do tang trudng: la viec danh gia su bien dong hang nam cua cac chi

so trong doanh nghiep so vdi doi thu canh tranh la nhanh hay cham. Co mot so
chi so thudng dung de danh gia la: toc do tang trudng san luong, doanh thu, ty le
lai tren doanh thu, ty le sinh ldi tren.. von chu sd huu va hieu qua su dung TSCD

tang them hang nam.
1.2.2. Thi phan v&n tai:

Trong hoat dong hang hai quoc te, pham. vi thi trudng la vung, tuye'n hoat

dong cua moi doi. tau. Viec md rong pham vi thi trudng lien quan den nang luc
van chuydn cua tau, kha nang khai thac nguon hang va trinh do quan ly, dieu
phoi hoat dong cua tau cung vdi cac mdi quan he lam an uy tin.

Thi phan cua mot doanh nghiep la ty le gia tri san phdm ma doanh nghiep
do co thd phuc vu duoc so vdi tong gia tri cua loai san phdm do tren thi trudng
trong mot khoang thdi gian nhht dinh. Thi phan cang ldn co nghia la kha nang
canh tranh cua doanh nghiep cang manh. Chfnh dieu nay phan anh quy mo tieu

thu san phdm hang hoa cua doanh nghiep. Qua do cung co thd danh gia duoc kha
nang canh tranh cua mdi doanh nghiep, cac uu the cung nhu bat lot cua doanh
nghiep so vdi doi thu canh tranh.

20


1.2.3. Chat lUong va do tin cay trong phuc vu.

1.2.1.1. Chat lUdng phuc vu:

Dac trtfng ccr ban cua thi trudng canh tranh hien nay la chu yeu tap trung

vao canh tranh ve chat luong. Neu cac doanh nghiep hang hai cung cap hang hoa
dich vu hop tieu chuan quoc te va co duqc gia'y chirng nhan ve he thong quan ly

chat luqng phu hop vdi tieu chuan quoc te ISO 9000 se rat thuan lqi trong viec
vuqt qua hang rao ky thuat, thuong mai quoc. Dong thdi, viec xay dung he thong

quan ly an toan hang hai theo ISM Code ttr ngay 01/7/2002 la mot yeu cdu bat

chtrng nhan tuan thu (DOC) va cac tau cua ho phai co gia'y chung nhan quan ly

an toan (SMC) thi tau mdi cd the hoat dong kinh doanh duqc.
Do dac trung khac biet cua nganh Hang hai nen cha't luong phuc vu cua

van tai bien la viec thoa man cac yeu cdu cua ngudi gui hang bang dudng bidn ttr
luc ho giao hang cho ngudi van tai cho den khi ho nhan hang ttr ngudi van tai
giao cho, tile la hang hoa duqc van chuyen nhanh, gon, khong bi hao hut, hu

hong trong qua trinh van chuyen, hang hoa van gitr nguyen duqc gia tri str dung

ttr trudc cho den khi ket thuc van chuyen.

1.2.1.2. Do tin cay va linh hoat trong qua trinh phuc vu:
Do tin cay trong qua trinh phuc vu the hien d viec van chuyen hang hoa an
toan. Neu cd ton that xay ra ma thuoc trach nhiem cua ngudi van chuyen thi

ngudi kinh doanh van tai cd trach nhiem boi thudng theo dung quy dinh cua

phap luat hay da thoa thuan trong hqp dong van chuyen hang hoa bang dudng
bidn.

Do tin cay con the hien d chd ngudi van tai va khach hang cd moi quan he

thanh toan tien cudc, tien thudng, tien boi thudng bao dam, nhanh chong, thuan
tien.
Cha't luqng cua dich vu van tai ngay cang bi doi hoi cao thi ti'nh deu dan,

linh hoat duqc xem la ra't quan trong, de thuc hien nd se can phai van chuydn ddu
dan nhung 16 nho thay vi di mot khoi luqng ldn ma gian doan lau hon se tranh

21


duqc du tru ton kho. Dieu nay duqc thuc hien thong qua viec tang tan su
khach hang ngay cang co yeu cau cao hon ve tinh an toan, tien lqi va gia ca phuc

vu cua nganh van tai. Khach hang co quyen lua chon ngudi van tai cua cac quoc
gia khac nhau cho minh.

Gia cudc thi trudng thue tau duqc hinh thanh dudi tac dong cua cac yeu to:
- Loai hang chuyen chd: mat hang, dac diem ly hoa, gia tri cua hang hoa,
loai bao bi, khoi luqng cua 10 hang.
- Dieu kien chuyen chd va xep dd: khoang each chuyen chd, kha nang

chuyen chd hai chieu, sd luqng cang xep do, mdc xep dd d cac cang.

- Phuong phap kinh doanh tau: tau chq, tau chuyen, co ca'u chi phi khai
thac tau.

Gia cudc van chuyen khong the tang giam tuy y, ma muc tang giam do co
mot gidi han nha't dinh va phu thuoc nhieu vao yeu to khach quan va chu quan,
dac biet la tinh hinh cung - cau tren thi trudng. Viec tinh toan gia cudc tren phai
dua vao gia thanh, song trong thuc te viec xac dinh gia thanh chinh xac la viec

lam het she phiic tap vi nd phu thuoc nhieu vao yeu to chinh tri, kinh te va xa
hoi.

Cac loai gid cudc trong van tai bien:
- Gia cudc tau chq: Ta't ca cac cudc phi trong van tai bien bang tau chq deu

duqc cong bo san trong bieu cudc. Hien nay cd hai loai bidu gia cudc: loai bieu
gia cudc cua cong hoi dong vai trd quyet dinh va bi^u gia cudc ngoai cong hoi
(ousider) do cac hang le kinh doanh thudng la tha'p hon cong hoi. Giua hai loai
cudc nay thudng canh tranh nhau trong kinh doanh.

Co cau cua bieu cudc duqc chia theo nhom hang hoac theo danh muc hang
tinh theo kho'i luqng (measuarement - M) hoac trong luqng (Weight - W)

- Gia cudc tau chuyen: Cd the tinh theo ta'n hang, hoac la so' tien tra gop

cho viec thue bao ca chiec tau ma chu tau khong can biet la hang gi.
22


Qua tdng ket, co the dua ra chu ky kinh doanh tren thi trudng van tai bien
thudng co 4 giai doan va ling mdi giai doan se cd cac quyet dinh kinh doanh

khac nhau cho phu hop vdi timg hang tau:

- Giai doan 1- Gia cudc cue tieu (day): day la thdi ky den toi nha't cua cac
nha kinh doanh van tai do gia cudc van tai giam manh xuong dudi rniic chi phi

khai thac binh quan, nguyen nhan do su du thira ve sire chd cua doi tau, cac tau

se giam toe do chay tren bien dat toe do kinh te de tiet kiem nhien lieu do phai
chd hang tai cang. Tinh trang nay keo dai se anh hudng dang ke den tai chinh

cua cac hang tau. Nhung hang tau lam vao tinh trang can kiet tai chinh va thieu

tien mat cho viec duy tri doi tau hoat dong se bupc phai ban bdt tau vdi gia re

mat boi chi cd so it ngudi mua chd thdi co kinh doanh. Gia tau cu d giai doan
nay cd thd rdt xuong xSp xi gia tau pha do. Ket qua la hinh thanh thi trudng mua
ban tau cu soi dong va day la co hoi tot cho cac nha dau tu cd tiem luc ve tai

chinh.

cudc tang len vuqt tren mile chi phi khai thac tau. Nguyen nhan mot phan la do

su giam manh ve trong tai tau va thi trudng van chua cd gi dam bao on dinh kho
cd the du doan se dat tdi mdc nao. Tuy nhien, dua vao chut kha quan khi thi

trudng nam d giai doan nay, cac chu tau se chuyen tir khai thac gian tiep (cho
thue dinh han) sang khai thac true tiep nham thu lqi nhuSn bang viec chuyen chd

true tiep thong qua cac hop dong van chuyen tau chp hoac cac hop dong thue tau
chuyen.
- Giai doan 3- Gia cudc cue dai (dinh): Khi “cdu” ve van tai tang manh
dan tdi su tang nhanh gia cudc, tham chi gia cudc cao hon ttr 2 den 3 lan chi phi

khai thac cua tau. Giai doan nay keo dai cd thd tir vai tuhn den vai nam tuy thuoc
luc can bang cua “cung” va “cdu”. Dpi tau chuyen duqc khai thac triet dd vdi toe
do tdi da, cac ngan hang san sang cho vay von. Gia tau cu mot sd loai phu hop
duqc day len gdn vdi gia tau dong mdi, thi trudng dong mdi cung trd nen soi

dong vdi hang loat cac hop dong dong tau. Day la thdi ky dem lai nhieu co hoi

23


tot cho cac nha kinh doanh van tai bien thay ddi ca cfu.doi tau va mo rong cac
tuyen hoat. dong.
- Giai doan 4- Gia cudc suy giam: Khi “cung” vuot qua “cau” th! thi

trudng cudc bi rdt gia. Nguyen nhan co ban la do chu ky kinh doanh, them vao

do la so luong tau mdi duoc ban giao dat mhc cao va su ngUng tre san xukt ca
cang do khan hiem hang hoa. Thi trudng cudc 0 giai doan nay tiep tuc giam. dan
den m.hc cua giai doan 1. De duy tri doi tau cua minh, cac chu tau phai nhanh

chong tim cac hop dong van chuyen theo dang C.O.A (Contract of
Affreightment) hoac cho thue tau theo thdi han (Time Charter) de tranh lam vao
be tac tai chfnh do su rdt gia cua thi trudng cudc.
1.2.5.

gian van chuyen.

Nhiem vu cua qua trinh van tai hang hoa la viec di chuydn hang hoa trong

khong gian phuc vu cho cac nganh san xuat vat chit cua nen kinh te trong cac

quoc gia va pham. vi toan. the gidi. Qua trinh van chuyen hang tU noi gui tdi noi
nhan bao gom rit nhieu cong doan, nhieu bo phan phuc vu nhu: tren tau, tren cac

phuong tien van chuyen khac, tren cau tau, tren ga, trong kho (bai). Mdi mot bo

phan phuc vu co mot quy trinh san xuat rieng re cua minh. Tdng hop cac thanh

phan thdi gian cua hang hoa nam trong cac bo phan phuc vu tao nen thdi gian
dua hang tU noi gui tdi noi nhan. Thdi gian dua hang tU noi gUi tdi noi nhan la

mot khfa canh cua sfrc canh tranh giua cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh van tai va
giua cac he thong san xuat van tai khac nhau.
Thdi gian chuyen di cua tau bang tdng thdi gian tau chay tren bibn va thdi.

gian dd cua tau o cac cang, vi vay:
- Thdi gian tau chay phu thuoc: chieu dai cua quang dudng di va tdc do

khai thac tau d qua trinh do.
- Thdi. gian dd tau 0 cang bao gom: Thdi gian tau vao cang; Thdi gian lam.
i

thu tuc cap cau va chuftn bi xep da; Thdi gian xep do (phuc vu tau va hang); Thdi
gian lam thu tuc rdi cau va dong nap ham; Thdi gian tau rdi cang.

Nhu vay, de rut ngan thdi gian cua mot chuyen di thi chu tau co 2 bien
phap chu yeu:

24