Tăng cường thu hút đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài của liên minh châu âu ( eu) vào việt nam

LV . ThS
DHKTOD

1938

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bO giAo dug vA dAo TAO

TRVCfNG BAI HQC KINH Tff QLOC DAN
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NGUYEN KIM THANH

TANG CUONG THU HUT DAU TU TRtfC Tlf!P

NUOC NGOAl CUA LlfiN MINH CHAU Au (EU)
VAO VIET NAM
5

LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH

Ha n0i,

2006



Ldl CAM ON

Trong suot thcri gian thirc hien ban luan van nay, mac du gap nhieu kho

khan nhirng dupe sir giup do tan tinh ciia PGS.TS. DO Dire Binh - Truong khoa

Kinh te va Kinh doanh quoc te, toi da hoan thanh luan van dung tien do de ra.

Toi xin chan thanh cam on sir hudng dim nhiet tinh va tao moi didu kien
thuan lqi nhat ciia thay giao hudng din - PGS.TS. DO Due Binh da giup toi hoan
thanh luan van nay.

Toi xin giri ldi cam on den cac thay co giao trong Khoa Kinh te va Kinh

doanh quoc te da giup toi trong qua trinh hoc tap, nghien cuu cung nhu dua ra
nhirng nhan xet bo ich giup toi hoan thien luan van cua minh.

Toi cung chan thanh cam on gia dinh, dong nghiep va ban be da luon dong
vien, giup do va tao dieu kien cho toi hoan thanh luan van.

Do theti gian va diOu kien nghien ciru, cung nhu trinh do cd han nen luan
van khong tranh khdi nhirng thieu sot va han che can khic phuc. Vi vay, toi rat

mong nhan dupe su gop y cua thay co va ban be de luan van dupe hoan thien
hon.

Toi xin tran trong cam on!


MUC LUC

Trang

Danh muc cac chu viet tat

Danh muc cac bang bieu
Tom tat luan van thac sy
PHAN Md DAU

1

Chitffng I: LY LUAN CHUNG VE DAU TU TRUC TIEP NUOc NGOAI VA SU

4

CAN THIET PHAI TANG CUdNG THU HUT FDI CUA EU VAO VIET NAM

1.1. Tong quan ve dau ttr trirc tiep niroc ngoai

4

1.1.1. Khai niem va dac trimg cua FDI

4

1.1.2. Cac hinh thirc FDI va vai tro cua FDI

7

1.2. Nhumg nhan to co ban anh hurong tcri viec thu hut FDI

13

1.2.1. Cac nhan to khach quan

13

1.2.2. Cac nhan to chu quan

15

1.3. Kinh nghiem thu hut FDI cua mot so quoc gia trong khu virc

19

1.3.1. Kinh nghiem thu hut FDI cua Singapore

19

1.3.2. Kinh nghiem thu hut FDI cua Thai Lan

20

1.3.3. Kinh nghiem thu hut FDI cua Trung Quoc

22

1.3.4. Mot so bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam trong viec thu hut FDI

24

1.4. Sir can thiet phai thu hut FDI cua EU vao Viet Nam

26

Chitffng II. PHAN TICH THUC TRANG DAU TUTRUC TIEP NUOC NGOAI

32

CUA EU VAO VIET NAM TRONG NHUNG NAM QUA

2.1. Khai quat ve Lien minh Chau Au (EU) va moi quan he Viet Nam

32

-EU

2.1.1. Khai quat ve Lien minh Chau Au (EU)

32

2.1.2. Moi quan he Viet Nam - EU

35

2.2. Tinh hinh dau tir trirc tiep cua EU tai Viet Nam

45

2.2.1. Thirc trang FDI cua EU vao Viet Nam

45

2.2.2. Mot so doi tac cua EU dau tir vao Viet Nam

51


2.3. Danh gia tinh hinh dau tir true tiep nude ngoai cua EU vao Viet

64

Nam

2.3.1. Thanh cong va nguyen nhan

64

2.3.2. Nhirng ton tai va nguyen nhan

72

ChUffng III: DINH HUONG VA GIAI PHAP THU HUT DAU TUTRUC TIEP

78

CUA EU VAO VIET NAM TRONG NHUNG NAM TClI

3.1. Trien vong quan he Viet Nam - EU

78

3.1.1. Chien luqc cua EU vdi Chau A trong the ky moi

78

3.1.2. Trien vong quan he Viet Nam - EU trong nhirng nam dau the ky

81

XXI
3.2. Quan diem va dinh hudng thu hut FDI cua Viet Nam

84

3.2.1. Quan diem thu hut FDI trong giai doan hien nay

84

3.2.2. Dinh hudng thu hut FDI cua EU vao Viet Nam

89

3.3. Mot so giai phap tang ctrdng thu hut FDI cua EU vao Viet nam

93

trong then gian tdi
3.4. Nhirng dieu kien de thuc hien cac giai phap tren

107

KEILUAN

118

TAI LI$U TH AM KH AO

120

PHU LUC

122


DANH MUC CAC CHC VIET TAT

Chur viet tat
ASEAN

ODA

Ten tieng Anh

Ten tieng Viet

Association of South East

Hiep hoi cac quoc gia Dong

Asia Nations

Nam A

Official Development

Hd trq phat trien chinh thuc

Assistance

FDI

Foreign Direct Investment

Dau tu true tiep nude ngoai

IMF

International Monetary

Quy tien te quoc te

Fund
OECD

Organization of Economic

To chuc hop tac va phat trien

and Cooperation

kinh te

Development
EU

European Union

Lien minh Chau Au

EC

European Community

Cong dong Chau Au

NAFTA

North America Free Trade

Khu vuc mau dich tu do Bflc

Area

My

Asian Pacific Economic

Didn dan hop tac kinh te Chau

Cooperation

A - Thai Binh Duong

WTO

World Trade Organization

To chuc Thuong mai the gidi

EEC

European Economic

Cong dong kinh te Chau Au

APEC

Community

ECSC

EURATOM

AFTA

European Coal and Steel

Cong dong than va thep Chau

Community

Au

European Economic

Cong dong nang luqng nguyen

Energy

tir Chau Au

Asian Free Trade Area

Khu vuc mau dich tu do Chau
A

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

Tong san pham quoc noi

USD

United State Dollar

Dong do la My


TNCs

Transnational Corporations

Cac cong ty xuyen quoc gia

BOT

Build - Operation -

Hop dong xay dung - kinh

Transfer

doanh - chuyen giao

New Industry Countries

Cac nirdc cong nghiep mdi

NICs
DTNN

Dau tir nirdc ngoai

KCN

Khu cong nghiep

KCX

Khu che xuat

HDHTKD

Hop dong hcrp tac kinh doanh

CSHT

Co so ha tang

DNCVDTNN

Doanh nghiep co von dau tir
nirdc ngoai


DANH MUC CAC BANG BIEU

Trang
Bang 2.1.

Mot so chi tieu co ban cua 10 nude thanh vien EU moi

38

Bang 2.2.

Kim ngach xuat nhap khau Viet Nam - EU 15

41

Bang 2.3.

Kim ngach xuat nhap khau gitra Viet Nam vdi 10 nude

42

thanh vien moi
Bang 2.4.

So sanh FDI cua EU, Nhat, My vao Viet Nam

Bang 2.5.

Tong hop FDI cua EU vao Viet N47am phan theo nganh

Bang 2.6.

Tong hop FDI vao Viet Nam theo hinh thuc dau tu

50

Bang 2.7.

Tong hop FDI cua EU vao Viet Nam theo hinh thuc dau tu

50

Bang 3.1.

Du bao toe do tang trudng va nhu cau von FDI cua Viet

89

Nam

46


BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO

TRUING DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN
rJC

rtfj'o

NGUYEN KIM THANH

TANG CUdNG THU HUT DAU TUTRUC TIEP NUdC

NGOAI CUA LIEN MINH CHAU AU (EU)
VAO VIET NAM

Chuyen nganh: Kinh te doi ngoai

TOM TAT LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH TE

NGLTCJI HlfCJNG DAN KHOA HOC: PGS.TS. DO DtfC BlNH

Ha noi, nam 2006


1

PHAN MO DAU

Tilth cap thiet cua de tai.

Trong nhung thap ky gan day, chung ta da chung kien sir bung nd cua hoat
dong dau tu trirc tiep tren pham vi toan cau. Cung vdi thirong mai quoc te, dau tu

trirc tiep nude ngoai la mot trong nhung nhan to quan trong gop phAn thuc day str

phat trien kinh te cua cac quoc gia.
Trong gan 20 nam qua, Viet Nam da khong ngtrng cung cd quan he ngoai

giao vdi cac nude tren the gidi cung nhu cai thien moi trudng dau tu nhAm thu

hut ngay cang nhieu FDI. Trong do, viec thu hut FDI tir Lien minh ChAu
Au (EU) - mot trong ba cue kinh te ldn nhat the gidi hien nay la vd cung quan
trong va can thiet.

Cho den nay, chung ta ghi nhan nhung dong gop to ldn cua nguon
von FDI tir EU da mang lai cho Viet Nam nhung danh gia mot each khach quan

thi hoat dong dau tu true tiep cua EU tai Viet Nam vAn chua tuong xung vdi

tiem nAng ldn manh cua khoi nay.
Trude tinh hinh do, viec nghien cuu tim hieu thuc trang hoat dong dAu
tu true tiep cua EU vao Viet Nam, cung nhu dua ra nhung giai phap, kien nghi

nhAm tang cudng thu hut FDI cua EU vao Viet Nam la can thiet.
Do do, tac gia da chon de tai: "Tang acting thu hut dau tu true tiep
nutic ngoai cua Lien minh Chau Au (EU) vao Viet Nam" lam luan van thac sy.
Muc tieu nghien cuii cua de tai.

- Lam ro mot so van de ly luan co ban ve dau tu true tiep nude ngoai
va dac diem dau tu true tiep cua EU ra nude ngoai.

- PhAn tfch thuc trang dau tu true tiep cua EU vao Viet Nam, chi ra
nhung mat dat duqc, chua duqc va nguyen nhAn.

- De xuat quan diem, dinh hudng va nhung giai phap tang cudng thu

hut dAu tu true tiep nude ngoai cua EU vao Viet Nam.
Doi tuung va phqm vi nghien cuu.
- Doi tuong nghien cuu: Luan van tap trung nghien cuu co so ly luan va

thuc ti£n cua dau tu true tiep nude ngoai.


ii

- Pham vi nghien cum:
+ Ve khong gian: Luan van nghien cltli dau tir true tiep nude ngoai cua EU

tai Viet Nam.
+ Ve thcri gian: FDI cua EU vao Viet Nam tu khi doi moi, co Luat dau tu

nude ngoai den nay.
Phuong phap nghien ciru.

Co sd cua toan bo qua trinh nghien cuu la phuong phap duy vat

bien chung va duy vat lich sir. Ngoai ra, luan van su dung ket hop nhung phuong
phap nghien cuu sau : Phuong phap thong ke, phuong phap phan tfch he thong va

so sanh, phuong phap phan tfch tong hop .

Nhirng dong gop cua luan van.
- Lam ro nhung dac diem cua dau tu true tiep cua EU ra nude ngoai va

vi the cua nd doi vdi Viet Nam.
- Phan tfch nhung hoat dong ddu tu true tiep nude ngoai cua EU vao
Viet Nam, tu do chi ra nhung ach tdc can trd dau tu true tiep cua EU vao Viet

Nam.

- De xuat cac dinh hudng, giai phap nham thu hut FDI cua EU vao Viet
Nam trong giai doan hoi nhap kinh te quoc te hien nay.

Cau true luan van.

Ngoai phan mo dau va ket luan, luan van bao gom 3 chuong nhu sau:

- Chuong I: Ly luan chung ve ddu tu true tiep nude ngoai va su can thiet
phai tang cudng thu hut FDI cua EU vao Viet Nam.

- Chuong II: Phan tfch thuc trang dau tu true tiep nude ngoai cua EU vao
Viet Nam trong nhung nam qua.

- Chuong III: Dinh hudng va giai phap thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai
cua EU vao Viet Nam trong thoi gian toi.


iii
CHUONGI
LY LUAN CHUNG VE DAU Tl/TRUC TIEP NUtfC NGOAI VA StfCAN
THIET PHAI TANG ClONG THU HUT FDI CUA EU VAO VIET NAM

1.1. TONG QUAN v£ DAU TUTRUC TIEP NUdC NGOAI.

1.1.1. Khai niem va dac trimg cua FDI.
1.1.1.1. Khdi niem.

“FDI la sir dau tir cua cac cong ty nham xay dung cac co so kinh doanh
cua minh d nude ngoai va lam chu loan bo hay timg phan co so do. Day la hinh
thirc dau tu ma chu dau tu nude ngoai dong gop mot so von du Ion vao linh vuc
san xuat hoac dich vu, cho phep ho true tiep tham gia dieu hanh doi trong ma ho
bo von dau tu va hoan toan chiu trach nhiem v£ dong von cung nhu ket qua kinh

doanh cua minh”.
1.1.1.2. Dac trimg cua FDI.
- FDI It chiu su chi phoi cua Chlnh phu
- FDI thudng dai han nen khong db rut di trong mot thdi gian ngdn.

- Chu dau tu nude ngoai la nhung ngudi rat am hieu thi trudng the gidi,
nSm vung nhung tien bo ky thuat nen ho cd kha nang nhap khau va sir dung

nhung cong nghe tien tien hon so vdi cong nghe cua nude tiep nhan.
- FDI bao ham viec di chuyen nhung tai san huu hinh va nhung tai san vd

hinh.
- Von FDI gom von dau tu ban dau, von vay, von dau tu trlch tir lqi nhuan.
- Thanh vien hoi dong quan tri, viec dieu hanh va quan ly qua trinh san

xuat kinh doanh dupe phan chia theo ty le von gop.
- Muc dich quan trong cua cac nha dau tu nude ngoai la viec gianh quydn
kiem soat hoat dong sir dung phan von dau tu ma ho bo ra tai nude tiep nhan.

1.1.2. Cac hinh thurc FDI va tac dong cua FDI.
1.1.2.1. Cac hinh thirc FDI.
- Doanh nghiep lien doanh
- Hap dong hap tac kinh doanh
- Doanh nghiep 100% von nwoc ngoai


IV

- Mua lai toan bo hoac mot phan doanh nghiep sin co
-BOT, BTO, BT...
1.12.2. Tdc dong cua FDI.

- Doi vdi nirdc di dau tu: + Tac dong tich cue
+ Tac dong tieu cue

- Doi vdi nude nhan dau tu: + Tac dong tfch cue

+ Tac dong tieu cue

* Vai tro cua FDI doi vdi kinh te, xa lioi Viet Nam:
Thut nhd't, FDI gop phan chuyen dich co cau kinh te theo hudng cong

nghiep hoa - hien dai hoa.

Thu hai, thong qua dau tu nude ngoai da hinh thanh he thong cac khu
cong nghiep va khu che xuat.

Thdba, ty le dong gop cua khu vuc dau tu nude ngoai trong GDP tang dan
qua cac nam. Ngoai ra, khu vuc dau tu nude ngoai cung gop phan dang ke vao

nguon thu ngan sach.
Thu tu, giai quyet viec lam cho so luqng ldn ngudi lao dong, va dao tao

nang luc quan ly, trinh do khoa hoc cong nghe dong thdi ren luyen tac phong

cong nghiep cho ho.
Thu nam, dau tu nude ngoai da gop phan pha the bao vay cam van cua mot

so the luc phan dong quoc te, tang cudng the va lire cua Viet Nam trong tien
trinh hoi nhap kinh te vdi khu vuc va the gidi.

77zz? scut, dau tu nude ngoai tap trung vao nhung viing cd co so ha tang
thuan da gop phan lam cho cac viing kinh te trong diem cd tdc do tang trudng
cao.
1.2.

NHUNG NHAN TO CO BAN ANH HUONG TCI VIEC THU HUT FDI.

1.2.1. Cac nhan to khach quan.
Nhan to khach quan duqc hieu la cac nhan to khong thuoc ve nude tiep

nhan dau tu, bao gom:

12.1.1. Xn the quoc tehod nen kinh te the gidi va lien ket khu vuc.
1.2.12. Dong co, chinh sach cua cac nhd dau tu.


V

1.2.2. Cac nhan to chii quan.
Nhan to chu quan duqc hieu la cac nhan to thuoc ve nude tiep nhan FDI.
Do chfnh la moi trudng dau tu cua nude nay. Tuy theo hoan canh cua tung nude
ma .muc do thuan led cua tung nhan to cd khac nhau. Nhin chung, mot moi

trudng dau tu hap din la moi trudng ma d do von dau tu duqc dam bao an toan
va kha nang sinh ldi cao tren pham vi quoc te.
1.2.2.1. Dieu kien kinh te, chinh tri, xd hoi.

1.2.2.2. He thong phap luat va chinh sach dau tit.
1.2.2.3. Cd so ha tang.
1.2.2.4. Trinh do lao dong, khoa hoc — edng nghe va he thong cac doanh nghiep

trong mtde.
1.2.2.5. Thu tuc hanh chinh va hieu qua cua cac du an FDI da trien khai.
1.3. KINH NGHIEM THU HUT FDI CUA MOT SO QUOC GIA TRONG KHU VUG.

Thuc te chung minh rang FDI khong phai la mot giai phap tinh the khi

trong nude thieu von ma la mot con dudng phat trien kinh te cua mot quoc gia.

Nhung nam qua, khoi luqng FDI tren the gidi khong ngimg tang len nhung so
vdi nhu cau ve FDI thi van con thieu hut. Trong boi canh do, mdi nude d£u tim

each lam sao thu hut FDI vao nude minh nhifiu hon, tao nen mot thi trudng canh
tranh kha soi dong.

Vi vay, viec phan tfch kinh nghiem cua mot so quoc gia lang gieng la dieu

can thiet nhlm tim ra nhung giai phap phu hop cho Viet Nam trong viec tang
cudng thu hut von dau tu true tiep nude ngoai trong giai doan hien nay.

1.3.1. Kinh nghiem thu hut FDI cua Singapore.
FDI la nguon von quan trong nhat trong thdi ky dau tien hanh cong nghiep
hoa cua Singapore. Khac vdi nhieu nude khi tien hanh cong nghiep hoa, de giai

quyet nhu cau von cho dau tu, Chfnh phu Singapore da ban hanh nhung chfnh

sach tao ra moi trudng hap din, kfch thich cac nha tu ban nude ngoai bo von vao

dau tu true tiep ma rat han che viec vay von cho dlu tu.
Nhd cd duqc moi trudng dlu tu noi chung va cac chfnh sach khuyen khfch
noi rieng tuong doi hap din nen FDI vao Singapore thudng d rniic cao hon nhieu


nude. Neu so vdi cac nude khac trong khoi ASEAN thi Singapore luon la nude

dSn dau ve cac chi tieu nay.
Singapore da rat thanh cong khong nhung trong viec thu hut so luqng du

an, von FDI ma con ca trong viec sir dung cd hieu qua loai hinh kinh te nay. FDI

da thuc su trd thanh mot trong nhung phuemg tien chinh dua ndn kinh te

Singapore phat trien len trinh do cao cua nen kinh te cong nghiep hoa.

1.3.2. Kinh nghiem thu hut FDI cua Thai Lan.
Thai Lan la mot trong nhung nude cd nhieu diem tuong dong vdi Viet

Nam ve dieu kien tir nhien (dat dai, khi hau, tai nguyen ...), vS xa hoi (mot so tap
quan, nhan van, dan so dong va phan ldn song d nong thon, dung luqng thi
trudng tiSm nang ldn ...) va ve trinh do phat trien kinh te (cd uu the phat trien
mot nen nong nghiep nhiet ddi, cong nghiep con d trinh do phat trien thap ...).

Phai thua nhan ring FDI la mot trong nhung yeu to gop phan thuc day n£n

kinh te Thai Lan trd thanh nhung “ngoi sao” mdi cua khu vuc Dong A. Chinh

phu Thai Lan da rat kheo leo trong viec ket hop FDI vdi chien lucre cong nghiep
hoa cua tung thdi ky. De cd the trien khai cac du an dau tu nhanh, thuan lqi va cd

hieu qua, Chmh phu Thai Lan da cd chinh sach khuyen khich manh cac nguon

von trong nude ciing tham gia dau tu vdi cac dir an cd von dau tu nude ngoai. VS
chinh sach tiep nhan FDI cua Thai Lan duqc danh gia la mot trong nhung chinh
sach kha thong thoang va cd sire hap dSn cac nha dau tu.

1.3.3. Kinh nghiem thu hut FDI cua Trung Quoc.
Trung Quoc ducrc biet den nhu la mot quoc gia rat thanh cong trong viec

thu hut FDI. FDI vao Trung Quoc da tang vdi toe do ky luc trong nam 2002 (ve
ca so du an, so von cam ket va thuc hien) va nhd vay lan dau tien ho da vuon tdi

vi tri dAn dau the gidi vS tiep nhan FDI, day My xuong hang thur hai. Qua trinh

thu hut FDI cua dat nude dong dan nhat the gidi nay trai qua 3 giai doan phat
trien vdi ba muc tieu khac nhau.
Giai doan 1979-1991: Day la giai doan thu nghiem vdi khoan dau tu nhd.
Ngudn von chu yeu den tir cong dong Hoa kieu d nude ngoai. Dau tu nude ngoai
duqc khuyen khich tap trung vao cac nganh sir dung nhieu lao dong.


vii

Giai doan 1992-2000: Hoat dong dau tir nirdc ngoai phat trien den quy mo

ldn va bai ban. Mot loat cac chinh sach khuyen khi'ch dau tu da duqc Chinh phu
nude nay ban hanh.

Giai doan ti( nam 2001 den nay: Sau khi gia nhap To chuc thuong mai the
gidi (WTO) thang 11/2001, cac nha dau tu nude ngoai da khong con ngan ngai

gi khi dau tu vao quoc gia dong dan nhat the gidi nay. Trung Quoc dieu chinh

chien luqc thu hut FDI mot each manh me nhu mb rong linh vuc dau tu theo quy
tac cua WTO, cho phep tu nhan hop tac vdi nude ngoai rong rai hon, dam bao

can doi ngoai te, xoa bo hang rao phi thue quan, cai to he thong doanh nghiep
quoc doanh,...

Do viec Trung Quoc dang cai thien moi trubng kinh doanh cua minh, cac
nude khac trong do cd Viet Nam se dung trudc thach thuc cua tinh trang cac nha

dfiu tu nude ngoai se tap trung cang manh vao quoc gia cd thi trubng noi dia rat

ldn nay.

1.3.4. Mot so bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam trong viec thu hut FDI.
Tir viec phan tfch kinh nghiem cua mot so nude, ket hop vdi dieu kien chu

quan va khach quan cua nude ta va tren the gidi trong timg giai doan, chung ta
rut ra mot so bai hoc cd the ap dung cho Viet Nam trong viec tang cubng thu hut

FDI noi chung, va FDI tir cac nude EU noi rieng sau day:
- Trudc het, can noi long cac han che ve quyen sb huu cua nude ngoai, mb
rong cac nganh kinh te cho phep thanh lap cac cong ty 100% von nude ngoai
(dac biet la linh vuc tai chinh - ngan hang) cd the ap dung trong dieu kien cua
Viet Nam.

- Viec cho phep nude ngoai dau tu vao Viet Nam dudi hinh thuc mua lai,

sap nhap chua the thuc hien duqc trong didu kien hien nay. Tuy nhien, chung ta
can xem xet nghiem tuc va chuan bi day du co sb phap ly de quan ly va diSu

chinh hoat dong nay.
- Chung ta nen hoc tap kinh nghiem cua Trung Quoc trong viec dua ra va

thuc thi triet de nhung bien phap ngan ngira cac khoan phi bat hop ly, cai each

thu tuc hanh chmh sao cho gon nhe, hieu qua.


viii

- Viet Nam cung can chu trong day nhanh hern nua tien trinh sura doi cac

quy dinh, phap luat va thong le trong nude cho phu hop vdi nhung quy dinh quoc
te ve dau tu- cua WTO de thuc day nhanh chong qua trinh gia nhap WTO vao

cuoi nam nay.
1.4. SIT CAN THIET PHAI THU HUT DAU TUTRUC I IEP NUOC NGOAI CUA EU

VAO VIET NAM.

1.4.1. Bo sung nguon von cho dau tur phat trien.

1.4.2. Thuc day chuyen giao cong nghe va hoc tap kinh nghiem quan ly kinh
doanh cua nude ngoai.
1.4.3. Gop phan phat trien phan cong lao dong trong ntrdc va quoc te, nang cao

hieu qua kinh te va md rong thi trudng cho nude tiep nhan dau tu.

1.4.4. Thuc day chuyen dich co cau kinh te.
1.4.5. Giai quyet mot phan tinh trang that nghiep va giup tang thu nhap, tao

phong each va tu duy lao dong moi d cac nude dang phat trien.

CHUONG II
PHAN TICH THUC TRANG DAU TUTRUC TIEP NUdC NGOAI
CUA EU VAO VIET NAM TRONG NHUNG NAM QUA

2.1. KHAI QUAT v£ LI^N MINH CHAU AU (EU) VA MOI QUAN HE VIET NAM EU.

2.1.1. Khai quat ve Lien minh Chau Au (EU).
2.1.1.1. Lich sir hinh thanh va phat trien cua EV.

Y tuong lien ket “Cong ddng than va thep Chau Au” (ECSC) ra doi ngay

18 thang 4 nam 1951 vdi 6 nude thanh vien la Phap, Tay Due, Bi, Ha Lan,
Luxembourg va Italia la cot moc dau tien danh dau Chau Au bat dau tap hop lai

mot each lanh manh ve to chuc. Tuy nhien, tien trinh lien ket Chau Au chi thuc
su bat dau khi vao nam 1957, 6 nude thanh vien ECSC ky cac hiep dinh Roma
V

z

A

X

chfnh thuc thanh lap “Cong ddng kinh te Chau Au” (EEC) va “Cong dong
nang littmg nguyen tit Chau Au” (EURATOM) vdi tu tuong trung tarn la hinh


IX

thanh mot thi trtrdmg rong ldn d Chau Au, coi nhu mot cong cu phoi hop va hoa
nhap cac chinh sach kinh te cua cac nude thanh vien. Den cuoc hop thuqng dinh

cua cac nguyen thu quoc gia cac thanh vien cua Chau Au nam 1972 tai Paris thi
lan dau tien thuat ngu EU duqc nhde tdi. Ra ddi Cong dong Chau Au da dap
ung duqc nhu cau tao lap khong gian khong bien gidi cho viec tu do luu chuyen

cac nguon luc va san pham trong toan Chau Au.
2.1.1.2. EV mdrong.

Luc dau EU chi gom 6 thanh vien la Phap, Tay Due, Bi, Ha Lan,
Luxembourg va Italia. Sau do tang len thanh 15 thanh vien gom : Anh, Phap,
Due, Italia, Tay Ban Nha, Luxembourg, Ha Lan, Thuy Dien, Dan Mach, Bi, Ao,

Hy Lap, Phan Lan, Ailen va Bo Dao Nha. Va den ngay 01/5/2004 cd them 10
nude thanh vien mdi gia nhap EU la cac nude : Sip, Cong hoa Sec, Extonia,

Hunggari, Latvia, Lftva, Manta, Ba Lan, Xlovakia, Xlovenia.
Bude mb rong nay khong phai la lan md rong dau tien trong lich su EU.

Tren thuc te, lich sir cua EU la lich sir cua nhieu lan md rong. Tuy nhien, lan md
rong sang phia Dong nay rd rang la lan md rong ldn nhat va cd the cd tac dong

sau rong nhat ddi vdi Lien minh. Toan bo 450 trieu ngudi se cung cd nhung the

che chung va (vdi phan ldn trong ho) dong tien chung.
Ddi vdi cac quoc gia chau A va dac biet la vdi Viet Nam, cd the noi rdng

EU duqc md rong se cd vai trd hang dau tren the gidi vdi tac dong tfch cue thuc
day hqp tac quoc te, phat trien kinh te va tao dung an ninh quoc te. Chien luqc

hop tac EU - Viet Nam hien nay cung quan he truyen thong mat thiet giua Viet
Nam va nhieu nude thanh vien mdi cua EU la nhung nhan to thuan lqi tao nen su
tac dong tfch cue cua viec md rong EU ddi vdi Viet Nam.

2.1.2. Mdi quan he Viet Nam - EU.
2.1.2.1. Mdi quan he hap tac Viet Nam - EU la mot tat yeu khach quan.

2.1.2.2. Quan he kinh te giiia EU va Viet Nam.
EU 15 tiep nhan trung binh 22% (4,6 ty Euro trong nam 2001) hang xuat
khau cua Viet Nam va la ddi tac thuong mai ldn nhat cua Viet Nam. Thi phan
hang xuat khau cua Viet Nam dang tang trirdng rat nhanh, nhanh hon ca cac ddi


thu canh tranh chau A khac bat chap cuoc khung hoang tai chinh chau A nam

1997-1998.
Mire tang trubng manh me nay da dem lai nhirng cai thien ve can ban:
tong kim ngach xuat khau va nhap khau hang hoa deu tang 6 tdc do trung hinh
21%/nam trong giai doan 1999 -2002, tang nhanh hon muc tang GDP.

Hiep dinh thuong mai song phirong Viet Nam - Hoa Ky da mb ra cho Viet
Nam mot thi trirbng rat quan trong va Hiep dinh thirong mai Viet Nam - EU

cung da thoa thuan doi vdi thi trirbng EU mb rong.

Quyet tarn cua EU trong cai thien va tang cudng quan he kinh te vdi Viet
Nam duqc the hien o viec ngay 15-02-2003, Uy ban chau Au va Viet Nam da ket

thuc thoa thuan ve lqi ich thuong mai song phirong. Thoa thuan nay la bdng

chung cho cam ket cua EU ve tang cudng quan he thuong mai va dau tu vdi Viet
Nam va cung la mot budc tien theo hudng gia nhap WTO cua Viet Nam.

2.1.2.3. EV ma rong va khd nang hop tdc cua Viet Nam.
Ngay 16-4-2003 tai Athen, thu do Hy Lap, Lien minh chau Au cung vdi

10 nude thanh vien mdi da ky Hiep irdc hoi nhap va ke tu ngay 01-5-2004, 10
nude nay da chmh thuc trb thanh thanh vien cua EU (EU 25). Day la str kien cd
y nghia cue ky quan trong khong chi doi vdi EU ma con tac dong den nhieu

nude va khu vuc tren the gidi. Hau het nhung nude thanh vien gia nhap EU lan

nay deu co quan he truyen thong lau doi vdi Viet Nam, dac biet la cac nude

Dong Au trudc kia la thanh vien cua Hoi dong tuong trq kinh te (SEV).
* Tdc dong cua Lien minh Chau An md rong den khd nang hop tdc cua Viet

Nam.
Quan he cua Viet Nam va EU mdi chinh thuc phat trien tir nam 1990 khi
Viet Nam va EU thiet lap quan he ngoai giao chinh thirc nhung mdi quan he nay

da phat trien nhanh chong. Nam 1992, hiep dinh det may duqc ky ket va ngay
17-7-1995 tai Brussel hai ben da ky ket Hiep Dinh khung vd hop tac (Framwork
Ageement Cooperation). Day la nhung co sb phap ly rat quan trong phat trien

quan he hop tac giua viet Nam va Lien minh chau Au.
Trong thbi gian qua Viet Nam va EU da trien khai chien luqc hop tac giai

doan 1996 - 2000, chien luqc hop tac giai doan 2000-2005 va chien luqc cho

XI

den 2010 nhSm phat trien mot each toan dien quan he hop tac Viet Nam - EU,
lam sao phuc vu tot nhat cho loi fch vi sir phat trien lau dai va bdn vung cua hai
ben. Hien nay, trong chien luroc phat trien cua minh, Viet nam tiep tuc khdng

dinh EU la chien lucre quan trong trong the ky XXI tren thuc te quan he kinh te,
thirong mai, dau tu giua Viet Nam va EU khong ngirng phat trien va mb rong.

V6 dau tu, EU tuy con chiem ty le nhd dau tu vao Viet Nam, nhirng tu
nam 1988 den nam 2004 cac nude EU dau tir true tiep vao Viet Nam khoang 11

ty USD. Dau tu nude ngoai cua EU da cd mat tren khfip cac linh vuc cua nen

kinh te va dong gop tfch cue vao phat trien nSn kinh te Viet Nam. Hien nay, dau
tu nude ngoai cua EU chi mdi chiem tren 20% dau tu nude ngoai d Viet Nam va

chiem phan khong dang ke trong dau tir ra nude ngoai cua EU. Von dau tu nude

ngoai cua EU trong linh vuc cong nghiep con nhd, cd rat it dir an dau tu trong
linh vuc co' khi che tao, nhat la co khi nong nghiep, xay dung ma Viet Nam cd
nhu cau rat ldn va EU cd the manh.

Ben canh quan he vdi EU 15, Viet Nam cung cd quan he vdi cac nude

thanh vien mdi tir rat lau, dac biet la cac thanh vien hoi ddng Tuong tro kinh te,

trong khuon kho cac nude xa hoi chii nghTa trudc kia. Ngay tir dau nhirng nam
1950, Viet nam da thiet lap mdi quan he ngoai giao vdi cac nude Trung va Ddng

Au va den nam 1956 da ky Hiep dinh hop tac vdi hau het cac nude nay. Tuy
nhien, kim ngach thuong mai va dau tu giua Viet Nam va cac nude nay con het

sue nhd be, chua tuong xung vdi tiem nang va nhu cau hop tac cua hai phia.
EU mb rong vdi sir gia nhap cua cac nude Trung va Dong Au se tao ra thi

trudng rong ldn hon, da dang hon. Dac trung noi bat nhat cua EU mb rong lan

nay la viec tham gia cua cac nude thanh vien mdi hau het la cac nude xa hoi chii
nghia trudc day, dieu do cho thay y tuong xay dung mot Chau Au thong nhat
dang tro thanh hien thuc. EU mb rong se tao ra khu vuc hoa binh, on dinh hon,

vai tro cua EU trong cac van de quoc te se gia tang nhanh chong, uy tin cua EU

ngay ciing nang cao tren trudng quoc te, tuong quan sire manh tren the gidi cd
nhidu thay doi. Ket qua la se gop phan tang cubng hoa binh va on dinh tren the

gidi. Dieu nay se tao ra sue hap dSn mdi vao EU cua ca the gidi, trong do cd Viet

Nam . Duong nhien, EU mb rong cung dat ra nhieu doi hoi tap trung giai quyet

cua ca lien minh Chau Au cung nhu sir cd gilng cua cac nude thanh vien. Viec
nghien cuu nhung dong thai thay doi cua EU mb rong de tan dung nhung co hoi


xi i

tang cudng phat trien quan he kinh te, thuong mai cua Viet Nam vdi EU la het

sue can thiet.

2.2. TINH HINH DAU TUTRUC HEP CUA EU TAI VIET NAM.

2.2.1. Thuc trang FDI cua EU vao Viet Nam

2.2.1.1. Theo nhip do dau tit va ddi tac dau tir
Cac nha dau tu EU da dau tu vao Viet Nam ngay tir nhung ngay dau khi
Luat DTNN duqc ban hanh (12/1987). Hien co 17 trong 25 nude thanh vien EU

dau tu true tiep vao Viet Nam.
Tinh den 31/12/2005, EU cd 501 dir an con hieu lire vdi tong so von dau tu
7,012 ty USD, von dau tu thuc hien 4,055 ty USD. Noi chung thi nguon von FDI

cua EU vao Viet Nam on dinh ve luqng nhung cd sir suy giam ve ty le tirong ddi
trong tong von FDI cua Viet Nam.
Trong cac nude EU thi Phap, Ha Lan va Anh la 3 nude EU dau tu nhieu

nhat. Tinh den cuoi nam 2005 Phap cd 162 du an con hieu lire vdi so von diing ky

khoang hon 2,16 ty USD (chiem 30,86% von dau tu cua EU vao Viet Nam) va da
thuc hien duqc gan 1,1 ty USD; Ha Lan co 62 dir an con hieu lire vdi gan 2 ty

USD (chiem 28,46% von dau tu cua EU vao Viet Nam).

2.2.1.2. Theo linh vitc dau tit
Cac nha dau tu EU co mat trong hau het cac nganh kinh te cua Viet Nam.

* Nganh cong nghiep: Cd 275 du an vdi hon 4,1 ty USD von dau tu, dan dau v6
so du an cung nhu so von dau tu (chiem 58,96% von dau tu cua EU vao Viet

Nam).

* Dich vu: xep thu 2 ve so du an cung nhu tong von dau tu (176 dir an va hon
2,42 ty USD (chiem 34,53% von dau tu cua EU vao Viet Nam)
* Nong, lam nghiep: vdi 50 du an va hon 456 trieu USD von dau tu, day la llnh

vuc thu hut duqc it von cua EU nhat.

2.2.1.3. Theo dia phuong
Tinh den cuoi nam 2005 dau tu cua EU da co mat d 42 tren 64 dia phuong

co von dau tu nude ngoai.
- TP Ho Chi Minh: La dia phuong thu hut luqng FDI cua EU nhieu nhat

vdi 189 du an va hon 2,079 ty USD chiem tdi 29,65% von dau tu cua EU vao Viet

Nam nhung toe do von thuc hien lai cham (chi co 38,38%).


xiii
- Ha Noi: Xep thu- 2 vdi 107 dir an va gan 1,41 ty USD von dau tu. Thuy
Dien la nude EU dau tu nhieu nhat vao Ha Noi, cac du an trong linh vuc Buu

chinh vien thong cua Thuy Dien deu dau tu vao Ha Noi. Trong cac nude EU dau
tu vao Viet Nam thi chi cd Tay Ban Nha la khong cd du an d Ha Noi.

- Ddu khi: xep thu ba chi vdi 6 du an nhung tong von dau tu la gan 1,318
ty USD (chiem gan 19% von dau tu cua EU vao Viet Nam). Day la linh vuc thu

hut su quan tarn cua cac nha dau tu EU, cac du an thudng cd quy mo ldn va tdc do
giai ngan nhanh. Anh la nha dau tu EU ldn nhat trong linh vuc nay, tiep den la Ha

Lan, Phap.

- Ba Ria- Vung Tau: xep thu 4 ca nude vdi hon 997 trieu USD von dau tu

(chiem 14,22% von dau tu cua EU vao Viet Nam) tuy nhien chi cd 10 dir an.

Tiep theo la cac tinh mien Dong Nam Bo nhu Dong Nai, Btnh Duong, Tay
Ninh va khu vuc gan Ha Noi nhu Hai Phong, Hai Duong, Vinh Phuc. Con lai cac
dia phuong khac chi cd 1 den 2 du an cua cac nha dau tu EU vdi von dau tu nhd.
2.2.1.4. Theo hinh thuc va quy mo du an
* Ve hinh thuc dau tu.

Cac nha dau tu EU tien hanh dau tu theo tat ca cac hinh thuc: cong ty co
phan, 100% von nude ngoai, lien doanh, hop dong hop tac kinh doanh, BOT.

Trong do:

- HDHTKD: Chi chiem 4,19% so dir an nhung lai co tong so von dau tu
ldn nhat (chiem 37,02% von dau tu cua EU vao Viet Nam).

- Lien doanh: Cd 157 du an theo hinh thuc nay vdi hon 1,43 ty USD von

kinh doanh cd hieu qua nhat vdi cac nha dau tir EU.

- 100% von nude ngoai: chiem da so du an (319 du an chiem 63,67% so

du an cua EU dau tu vao Viet Nam) nhung chu yeu la cac du an quy mo nhd (5,8
trieu USD/ du an). Tat ca 17 nude EU dau tu vao Viet Nam deu kinh doanh theo

hinh thuc nay.
- So du an theo hinh thirc BOT (chu yeu la cac du an xay dung co so ha
tang nhir dien va nude) chi cd 3 du an (chiem 0,6% so du an) nhung chiem

15,33% tong so von (1,075 ty USD) vi day chu yeu la cac du an co quy mo rat

ldn.


XIV

- Cong ty co phan: chi co 01 dir an vdi von dau tu la 55,558 trieu USD

(chiem 0,79% tong so von dau tir cua EU vao Viet Nam).
* Ve quy md du an
Tfnh theo thdi kl tir 01/01/1988 den cuoi nam 2005, quy mo trung binh

mot du an dau tu EU dat 14 trieu USD, cao hon so vdi muc trung binh chung cua

cac du an dau tu nude ngoai tai Viet Nam (8,46 trieu USD/ du an). Quy mo nay
cd xu hudng tang lien tuc qua cac nam: tir 2,7 trieu USD vao thdi ki 1988- 1990
len 8,2 trieu USD nam 1991 roi 11,7 trieu USD nam 1996, nam 1997 la 15,5

trieu USD, nam 1998 la 19,1 trieu USD. Tuy con so nay giam xuong con 14 trieu
USD.
2.2.2. Cac doi tac cua EU dau tu vao Viet Nam

2.2.2.1. FDI cua Phap vao Viet Nam.
2.2.2.2. FDI cua Ha Lan

2.2.23. FDI cua Vuong quoc Anh vao Viet Nam
2.2.2 A. FDI cua CHLB Due.

2.2.23. FDI cua mot so nude EU khac.
2.3. DANH GIA TINH HINH DAO TU TRUC TIEP NUOC NGOAI CUA EU VAO

VIET NAM

2.3.1. Thanh edng va nguyen nhan

23.1.1. Hanh gid chung
23.1.2. Nhung tac dong tich cue doi voi nen kinh te thong qua thu hut FDI

cua EU vao Viet Nam.
Cd the noi mot each tin tuong riing thanh qua dat duqc cua hoat dong FDI
vao Viet Nam tir nam 1988 den nay mot phan la “Uuf tro cua nguon von dau tu
nude ngoai titEU doi vdi qua trinh phat trien kinh te-xa hoi cua Viet Nam”.

Trong sud't nhung nam qua, nguon tai chfnh nude ngoai, nhat la nguon tai
chfnh tir EU ve co ban da dap ung duqc muc tieu phat trien kinh te cua Viet
Nam, tao dung co sb ban dau quan trong va ddng gop mot phan dang ke vao

thanh cong cua cong cuoc doi mdi. Ngoai nguon von ODA, co cau von dau tu
true tiep cua EU trong nhung nam qua cung thay doi phii hop vdi yeu cau chuyen

dich co cau kinh te cua dat nude. Nhdm day manh CNH, HDH dat nude.


XV

Thu nhat, Nguon von FDI tit EU dd bo sung mot nguon von quan trong

cho dau titphat trien, tao ra thevd htc phat trien mdi cho nen kinh te Viet Nam.
Thu hai, thu hut ngudn von dau tu true tiep nude ngoai tu EU cung vdi

viec thuc hien chu truong da phuong hoa hoat dong dau tu nude ngoai da gop
phan md rong quan he ddi ngoai, chu dong hoi nhap kinh te cua Viet Nam vdi

khu vitc va the gidi.

Thu ba, viec tang cudng thu hut nguon von FDI tit EU, dac biet Id theo
chien litctc hitdng ve xuat khau dd tao thuqn Idi cho viec tiep can va md rong thi
phan cac mat hang xuat khau cua Viet Nam tren tlii tritdng EU noi rieng va thi
tritdng quoc te noi chung, ndng cao ndng lite xuat khau cua Viet Nam.

Thu tit, cac doanh nghiep cd von dau tu nude ngoai tu EU cung tao nen
cac md hinh quan ly va cac phuong thuc kinh doanh hien dai, la mot trong cac

nhan to thuc daiy cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam phdi doi mdi tit day, each thuc
quan ly, cong nghe, ndng cao chat htt/ng site canh tranh.
Thu nam, viec thu hut nguon von dau tu true tiep nude ngoai da chu trong

nhieu hon den chat luqng, gop phan cliuyen dich co can kinh te theo hitdng cong
nghiep hod - hien dai hod.

Thu sau, viec thu hut FDI tu EU da chu trong ket hop cac du an cong
nghiep hien dai vdi cac du an thu hut nhidu lao dong, lham gia phat trien nguon

nhan lire, tao cong an viec lam, on dinh sit phat trien kinh te- xa hoi cua Viet
Nam trong thdi ky doi mdi.

Thu bay, trong hoi canh canh tranh thu hut von dau tu nude ngoai tren the

gidi gia tang va trudc anh hudng tieu cue cua khung hoang kinh te khu vuc, cac

nha dau tu EU da gop phan thuc day qua trinh edi each he thong luat phap cua
Viet Nam nhdm edi thien mdi tritdng dau tit.

2.3.1.3. Nguyen nhan cua thanh cong.
Phai thua nhan rang de cd duqc thanh qua tren la nhd su cd gang cua ca 2
phfa Viet Nam va EU. Hai ben da duy tri va khong ngimg phat trien mdi quan he
tot dep tang cudng hop tac va dau tu vi muc dich hai ben cung cd lqi.

Ve phfa Viet Nam, de cd duqc nhung thanh qua dd la do nhieu nguyen
nhan. Dieu nay da duqc de cap rat nhieu trong cac bai viet hay cac cOng trinh


xvi

nghien cuu, vi vay trong khuon khd luan van nay, xin de cap tdi hai nguyen nhan

co ban.
Tritac het, do la do chu trtrcrng dtrbng loi dung dan cua Dang ve thu hut

dau.tir nirdc ngoai, dong vai trd la kim chi nam cho hoat dong FDI tai Viet Nam.

Thit hai, xay dimg mdi va hoan thien he thong luat phap hien hanh da tao
moi trirbng ngay cang thong thoang hon, hap dSn hon cho cac nha dau tir b ca

trong va ngoai nirdc.

2.3.2. Nhung ton tai va nguyen nhan.
2.3.2.1. Nhung ton tai:

Mac du FDI cua EU gop phan khong nhd vao cong cuoc phat trien kinh te

cua Viet Nam, nhung cac con so 8,31% (so dir an), 13,74% (tong von dau tir),
14,49% (von dau tir thirc hien) so vdi tong so dir an FDI con hieu lire b Viet Nam

da noi len rang “thuc trang FDI cua EU vao Viet Nam dura titang xung vai tiem
nang ciia khoi nay
* Ve linh vitc dau tit.

Phan ldn von dau tir cua EU tap trung vao nganh dau khi, xay dung khach
san- day la 2 nganh ma ho co the manh. Tuy nhien, nhung cong nghe ki thuat ma

ho mang den Viet Nam van con lac hau so vdi trinh do cua ho. Nong nghiep von
la the manh cua Viet Nam, nhung cd ve khong hap dan thu hut von dau tir EU.

Mot so nganh nhir khai thac va danh bat thuy san, trbng va khai thac rung la linh
vuc tru tien keu goi dau tir nude ngoai thi lai chua cd may dir an. Trong linh vuc
tai chinh - ngan hang, tuy cd sir xua't hien cua nhung ngan hang, tap doan tai

chinh hang dau, nhung quy mo von nho.
* Ve hinh thitc dau tit.

Cac nha dau tir EU chu yeu tap trung vao 2 hinh thirc 100% von nirdc

ngoai va doanh nghiep lien doanh, con cac hinh thuc khac chiem ti le nhd. Hinh
thirc 100% von nude ngoai cd tdi 319 du an chiem 63,67 % cac dir an con hieu
luc, trong do, cac dir an theo hinh thuc BTO, BOT, BT (Cac du an dau tu vao

CSHT) lai chi co 3 dir an chiem 0,6%.