tài liệu tiếng anh ngữ pháp dạy tiếng anh trong trường thcs

LESSON 1 : TENSES ( Các thì )
1. SIMPLE PRESENT: (HTĐ)
Affir : S+V
1
/V
s, es
Ex : Water boils at 100
o
c.
Neg: S+ do/ does + not+ V
1
Ex : Tom doesn’t feel hungry.
Inter: Do/ does+ S + V
1
…?
Ex : How often do you go to school?
*(Be):am, is, are not ; (have):has/ have not +got = do / does + not + have
Diễn tả :  Tình cảm, cảm giác, nhận thức ở hđộng.
 Thói quen, phong tục, tập quán.
 Chân lí, sự thật hiển nhiên.
Với : EVERY (day, year…), ALWAYS, OFTEN, USUALLY, SOMETIME, SELDOM, RARELY, NEVER,
EVER, ONCE / TWICE / THREE TIMES + ( a day/ week/ month…), all the time, now and then . .

Notes : Qui tắc thêm es đối với động từ có S số ít :
- Các động từ tận cùng là : o, sh, ch, x, s, và z .
- Các động từ tận cùng là y mà đứng trước y là một phụ âm ta đổi y

i + es
( She studies, Tom tries, He plays . . .).
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS ( HTTD)
S + am/ is/ are + V

ing
Ex: We are studying English now.
S + am/ is/ are + not + V
ing
Ex: She isn’t writing when he comes.
Am/ Is/ Are + S + V
ing
? Ex: What are you doing while I am doing?
Diễn tả :  Hđộng đang xảy ra ở Htại vào lúc nói viết.
 2 hđộng đang kéo dài // ở Htại (while: trong khi).
 1 hđộng đang kéo dài ở Htại thì có 1 hđộng ngắn đột ngột xảy ra(S+ V
1
/ V
s, es
)
Với : AT PRESENT , AT THE MOMENT , NOW, RIGHT NOW, JUST NOW, !,…
3. PRESENT PERFECT: (HTHT)
Diễn tả:  Hđộng Qk ko rõ tg.
 Hđộng vừa mới xảy ra.
 Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qk, vẫn còn tiếp tục ở Htại & có thể tiếp tục ở Tlai.
S + has/ have + V
3
ed
Ex: I’ve just opened the door.
Ex: We have studied English for many years.
S + has/ have + not + V
3
ed
Ex: Jack hasn’t come recently.
Has/ Have + S + V

3
ed
? Ex: How long have you studied English?
1
Với: BEFORE, ALREADY, RECENTLY= LATELY, EVER, NEVER, YET , JUST, TWICE, SEVERAL
TIMES, SINCE + mốc TG, FOR + khoảng TG, UP TO NOW=UP TILL NOW=SO FAR…
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: (HTHTTD)
S + has/ have + been + V
ing
. Ex: We have been studying English for many years.
S + has/ have + not + been + V
ing
.
Has/ Have + S + been + V
ing
?
Diễn tả: - Hđộng bắt đầu trong Qkhứ, tiếp tục ở Htại & có thể đến Tlai
( nhấn mạnh tính liên tục) - since + mốc TG ; for + khoảng TG.
5. SIMPLE PAST (QKĐ)
S + V
2
ed
Ex: I saw him yesterday.
S + did + not + V
1
Ex: She didn’t come last week.
Did + S + V
1
? Ex: Did Mr. Lee phone an hour ago?

*(Be) : was / were → wasn’t, weren’t
Diễn tả: - Hđộng đã xảy ra & chấm dứt hoàn toàn trong Qk ( xác đònh rõ TG)
Với: - YESTERDAY, AGO ,LAST (night, week, year…)
6. PAST CONTINUOUS (QKTD)
S + was/ were + Ving Ex: We were watching TV at 7 pm yesterday.
S + was/ were + not + Ving Ex:I was writing while my father was reading.
Was / were + S + Ving ? Ex: She was sleeping as the telephone rang.
Diễn tả:  Hđộng xảy ra ở 1 giờ / khoảng giờ Qk xác đònh ( at 7pm, from 6 to 7, …)
 2 hđộng diễn ra // ở Qk. (while: trong khi)
 1 hđộng Qk đang kéo dài thì 1 hđ ngắn đngột xảy ra (S + V
2
ed
)
Với: AT THAT TIME, AT THAT MOMENT…
7. PAST PERFECT (QKTD)
S + had + V
3
ed
Ex: Last night I went to bed after I dad done my homework.
S + had + not + V
3
ed
Had + S + V
3
ed
?
Diễn tả: - Hđộng xảy ra trước 1 mốc TG ở Qk hoặc trước 1 hđ Qk
Với : ( trước: S+ had +V
3
ed

; sau: S + V
2
)
8. SIMPLE FUTURE (TLĐ)
S + will / shall + V
1
Ex: I’ll buy it tomorrow.
S + will / shall + not + V
1
Will / Shall + S + V
1
?
*Note: will not =won’t ; shall not =shan’t.
Diễn tả:  Hđ sẽ xảy ra trong tlai.
 Lời yêu cầu (Will you + V
1
…? ); Đề nghò ( Shall I / we + V
1
…?)
Với: TOMORROW, SOON, NEXT (week, month,…)
2
9. FUTURE PERFECT (TLHT)
S + will / shall + have + V
3
ed
.
Ex: We’ll have already finished the work by the time you get back tomorrow.
Diễn tả:  Hđộng sẽ hoàn tất trong tlai.
* Notes:
1) Near future: (Tlai gần) S + am/ is / are + going to + V

1
: sẽ, sắp sửa, dự đònh…
Ex: I’m going to buy it tomorrow.
2)Một số động từ sau đây thường không dùng với thì tiếp diễn
 Be : Ex: I am a student now.
 Những động từ chỉ về giác quan: see, hear, feel, look (trông có vẻ), smell, taste, recognize.
 Những động từ chỉ về cảm xúc: like, dislike love, hate, want wish, desire, refuse, forgive.
 Những động từ chỉ về lí trí: understand, know, think, realize, suppose, believe, remember, forget,
mind, expect, recollect.
 Những động từ chỉ sự bắt đầu, tiếp tục, kết thúc: begin, continue, finish…

LESSON 2: PREPOSITIONS ( Giới từ)
A. COMMON PREPOSITION:
I. Prep. Of Place:
1. IN: ở trong ( 1 nơi/ vùng/ khu vực/ quốc gia/ thành phố/ …)
Ex: in the room/ Asia/ Britain/ London/ …
in bed/ newspaper/ magazines/ the world/…
2. ON: ở trên
Ex: on the table/ the board/ the floor/ …
on TV/ the radio/ telephone/ the way/ the street/ horse back/ …
3. AT : ở tại (đòa điểm nhỏ).
Ex: at the desk/ the station/ the airport/ 72 Pham Ngu Lao street….
at home/ school/ work…
4. FROM : từ (nơi xuất phát). Ex: Mr. Mac Donald is from Scotland.
5. TO: đến (đích) . Ex: Elizabeth went to the store.
6. BETWEEN : ở giữa (2 người / vật). Ex: Mai is sitting between Nam and Nga.
7. AMONG: ở giữa , trong số Ex : The letter is somewhere among these papers.
II. Prep. Of Time
1. IN: 1977( 1890, 2008…)
the summer (winter…)

April (May, August…)
the morning (afternoon, evening…)
time: kòp lúc
an hour - Ex : I will arrive in an hour.
3
2. ON : holiday
weekend
Monday
15, October
October 15
th
1977
Monday morning
Christmas day
time : đúng lúc
fire : đang cháy
3. AT: 7 o’clock
night
midnight
noon
(the) weekend
Christmas
the end of
the moment
4. SINCE (+ mốc TG): kể từ … Ex: He has studied English since 1900.
5. FOR (+ 1 khoảng TG) : được… Ex: _________________ for 17 years
6. FROM: từ
7. TO : đến Ex: I lived in village from 1977 to 1992.
III. Some Other Prep. :
1. By : bằng ,bởi. Ex: They can enrich the soil by using fertilizers.

* by bus/ car/ train/ plane/ …
2. On foot: đi bộ
3. For : cho , vì, để (chỉ mục đích) . Ex: What would you like for breakfast?
Ex: Some people read for pleasure.
4. With : với , bằng. Ex: He went with her.
Ex: I can write better with my own pen.
5. About : về. Ex: What do you think about her?
6. Of : của. Ex: The window of the living room.
B. PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES:
1. Adj + TO : acceptable, accustomed, agreeable, contrary, harmful, important,
kind, likely, lucky, open, pleasant, similar, familiar, helpful, (but: it’s very kind of you.)
2. Adj + IN : interested, rich, successful
3. Adj + OF : afraid, ahead, aware, capable,confident, full, tired, sure, proud
4. Adj + FOR : available, difficult, late, perfect, useful, famous, responsible, sorry (S.O)
5. Adj + FROM : absent, different, safe, far
6. Adj + AT : clever, present, quick, skilful, good, bad, (angry at something/ with someone)
7. Adj + WITH : acquainted, crowed, friendly, popular, busy, bored, pleased, fed up
8. Adj + ABOUT : confused, sad, serious, worried, sorry (S.T)
4

C. VERB + NOUN ( PHRASE) + PREPOSITION:
1. catch sight of : trông thấy
2. give place to : nhường chỗ cho
3. give way to : nhượng bộ ,tránh đường cho
4. keep pace with : theo kòp, sánh bước
5. lose sight of : mất hút, không thấy
6. lose touch with : mất liên lạc với
7. lose track of : mất dấu vết của
8. make allowance for: chiếu cố đặc biệt
9. make fun of : chế nhạo

10.make a fuss over/ about
: cuống quýt về việc gì
11. make room for : dọn chỗ cho
12. make use of : sử dụng
13. pay attention to : chú ý đến
14. put a stop to : làm dừng lại
15. put an end to : chấm dứt
16. set fire to : châm lửa, đốt
17. take account of : chú ý đến
18. take advantage of : lợi dụng
19. take care of : chăm sóc
20. take note of : chú ý đến
21. take notice of : chú ý tới

D. GO + PREPOSITION:
1. after: đuổi theo 7. down: giảm giá ≠ up: tăng giá
2. ahead: được tiến hành 8. on: tiếp tục
3. along: tiến triển 9. off: nổ
4. away: ra đi, rời khỏi nơi nào 10. out: tắt
5. back: trở về 11. over: xem xét kỹ
6. by: trôi qua( thời gian)
E. CÁC TRƯỜNG HP KHÁC
1. belong to : thuộc về
2. on the contrary : ngược lại
3. on the whole : nói chung
4. be up to = depend on : tuỳ thuộc vào
5. listen to : lắng nghe
6. suffer from : bò, chòu
7. free from : giải phóng khỏi
8. write …to : viết … cho…

9. wait for : chờ
10. ask …for : hỏi xin
11. look at : nhìn
12. look after : chăm sóc
13. look up : tra từ điển
14. look out : nhìn ra ngoài
15. look for : tìm kiếm
16. laugh at : cười nhạo
17. good at : giỏi về cái gì
18. good for : tốt cho cái gì
19. prevent… from : ngăn … không cho
20. be in bed : nằm trên giường
21. regard … as : xem như
22. be divided into : được chia thành
23. take part in : tham gia vào
5
LESSON 3: WORD FORM
( Từ Loại )
A. PARTS OF SPEECH:
I. Noun (n)
1) n + V : làm S cho V
2) V + n : làm O cho V
3) prep. + n : làm O cho prep.
4) be (là) + n : làm C ( C : complement: bổ ngữ)
5) adj + n
Ex: People can see new film at the cinema.
S O O
He is a scientist.
C
* Notes:

- a, an ,the
- this, that, these, those
- some, any, many, … + n
- my, your, Tom’s, …

II. Adjective (adj.):
1) adj + n
2) adv + adj
3) be (thì, là ), look có vẻ), feel, become, taste (có mùi), smell ( có vò), get, grow,remain,
stay, turn, seem, appear, sound, … + adj
Ex: That young girl is very beautiful .
III. Adverb (adv):
1) S + V
i
+ adv Ex: They arrived safely.
2) S + V
t
+ O + adv Ex: She did the housework disappointedly.
3) S + V
aux
+ adv + V
main
Ex: He can surely do it
4) adv + adj Ex: He is reasonably right.
5) adv + adv Ex: Jack runs very quickly.
6) S + V + adv Ex: We have bought it at that store recently.
( or: adv + S + V + …. ) (or: Recently we have bought it at that store.)
IV. Verb (v) : V đứng sau S.
Các hình thức ≠ của V còn được dùng ở nhiều vò trí khác.
Participle: Present participle ( V

ing
)
Past participle ( V
3
ed
)
1) Used in Continuous tenses ( V
ing
)
2) Used in Perfect tenses & Passive voice (V
3
ed
)
3) Used as Adj: V
ing
 Active meaning
V
3
ed
 Passive meaning
Ex: a/ The match excites the fans.
The match is exciting.
The fans are excited.
b/ The children have seen an interesting film.
The children are interested in the film.
B. FORMATION OF N, ADJ, V:
I. V + suffix  n : V + -tion, ation : conservation, preservation, prevention
-ment : development
-er : fertilizer
-ing : poisoning, dirtying

- age : drainage
-0 : safeguard
II. n + suffix  adj :
- ful : harmful, useful, delightful, successful,hopeful, helpful, peaceful
- less : childless, odourless, speechless, restless, careless, harmless, treeless
- ly : manly, brotherly, worldly, hourly, yearly, daily.
n + - like : childlike, godlike, lifelike, statesmanlike = adj
- y : dusty, snowy, rainy, sandy, dirty, healthy.
- ish : foolish, selfish, childish
- al : magical, agricultural, industrial, natural.
III. OUT + Vi

 V
t

(tốt hơn, nhanh hơn, lâu hơn) :
outnumber, outgrow, outlive, outrun, outweigh
IV. UNDER + n / V  n / V( thấp hơn, bên dưới, kém hơn) :
undergrowth, undercharge
V. OVER + n/ Adj /V  n/ Adj / V ( quá giới hạn, vượt, quá nhiều)
overcoat, overanxious, overact.
C. WORD FORM CHARTS:
1. satisfy (v)
satisfied( past. Part)
satisfying (pres. part)
satisfactory (adj)
satisfactorily (adv)
satisfaction (n)
2. disappoint(v)
disappointed(past. Part)

disappointing(pres. part)
disappointedly(adv)
disappointment(n)
3. tolerate(v)
tolerated( past. Part)
tolerant(adj)
tolerable(adj)
tolerably(adv)
tolerance(n)
4. important (adj)
importance(n)
5. difficult(adj)
difficulty(n)
6. determine (v)
determination (n)
7. tend (v)
tendency(n)
8. occupy (v)
occupied (past. Part)
occupation(n)
occupational (adj)
9. potential (adj) / (n)
10. expect(v)
expected (past. Part)
expecting(pres. part)
expectant(adj)
expectantly(adv)
expectation(n)
11. prefer(v)
preferential(adj)

preferentially(adv)
preference(n)
12. attract(v)
attracted(past. Part)
attractive(adj)
attractively(adv)
attraction(n)
13. reason(v)
reasonable(adj)
reasonably(adv)
reason(n)
14. absorb(v)
absorbed(past. Part)
absorbent(adj) / (n)
absorptive(adj)
absorption(n)
15. deafen(v)
deaf(adj) / (n)
deafness(n)
16. militarize(v)
militaristic(adj)
military(adj) / (n)
militarily(adv)
militarism(n)
LESSON 4 : ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME
( Mệnh Đề Trạng Từ Chỉ Thời Gian)
I. PRESENT TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:
Ex: 1/ a. We always take our umbrellas when it rains.
b. We are singing as she comes.
2/ a. I usually read a newspaper while I am waiting for the bus.

b. I’m writing while they are talking.
3./ He goes home after he has finished his work.
4/ a. She has played the piano since she was five.
b. I’ve felt much better since I’ve been here.
5/ a. She greets me as soon as she sees me.
b. He continues his journey as soon as he has finished his meal.
Main Clause
(Mđề chính)
Adverbial Clauses of Time
(Mđề Trạng từ chỉ TG)
1. S + V
1 / s / es
S + AM / IS / ARE + V
ing
(đang…)
WHEN = AS
WHENEVER
S + V
1 / s / es
2. S+ V
1 / s / es
S + AM / IS / ARE + V
ing
(đang…)
WHILE =AS
S + AM / IS / ARE + V
ing
(đang…)
3. S+ V
1 / s / es

AFTER
S + HAS / HAVE + V
3
ed
4. S + HAS / HAVE + V
3
ed
SINCE
S + V
2
ed
→ ĐÃ CHẤM DỨT
S + HAS / HAVE + V
3
ed
→ Vẫn còn
5. S + V
1 / s / es
AS SOON AS
UNTILL = TILL
S + V
1 / s / es
S + HAS / HAVE + V
3
ed
→ Hoàn tất
II. PAST TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:
EX: 1/ a. I sat near the window whenever I took a bus.
b. It was raining hard when I got there.
2/ a. I met him while I was walking down the street.

b. I was writing while he was reading.
3/ He smoked after he had finished his meal.
4/ He had finished his meal before he smoked.
5/ a. He left as soon as I told him.
b. He left as soon as he had finished his work.
Main Clause (Mđề chính) Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mđề Trạng từ chỉ TG)
1. S + V
2
S + WAS / WERE + V
ing
(đang…)
WHEN = AS
WHENEVER
S + V
2
2. S + V
2
S + WAS / WERE + V
ing
(đang…)
WHILE =AS
S + WAS / WERE + V
ing
(đang…)
3. S + V
2
AFTER
S + HAD + V
3
ED

4. S + HAD + V
3
ED
BY THE TIME
BEFORE
S + V
2
5. S + V
2
AS SOON AS
UNTILL = TILL
S + V
2
S + HAD + V
3
ED
→Hoàn tất
II. FUTURE TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:
EX: 1/ a. We’ ll go when we want.
b. I’m goint to wait until you have finished your homework.
2/ We will have finished the work by the time you get back tomorrow.
Note: Không dùng thì Tlai trong Mđề Trạng từ chỉ TG→ Dùng các thì Htại thay thế.
LESSON 5 : MAKING & ANSWERING QUESTIONS
( Dựng & Trả Lời Câu Hỏi)
Types Questions Answers
Yes - No Inter. form?
Yes, S
pron
.
+ V

preceding Q.
No, S
pron
.
+ V
preceding

Q
.
+ NOT
Or
Inter. form + A or B?
Affir. form + A/B
Wh Wh + Inter. form? Affir. form
Ex: 1. Uncle Ho / die / 1969?
- Did Uncle Ho die in 1969?  Yes, he did.
2. Faraday / writer or scientist?
- Was Faraday a writer or a scientist?  He / Faraday was a scientist.
3. When / Tom / go / school?
- When does Tom often go to school?
 He/Tom often goes to school in the morning.
Notes:
1. When “Wh” is the Subject or Modifies the Subject
→ Affir. form is used in the Q.
Ex: a/ Who can swim?
Main Clause (Mđề chính) Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mđề Trạng từ chỉ TG)
1. S + WILL / SHALL + V
1
OR:
S + AM / IS / ARE GOING TO + V

1
WHEN =AS
AS SOON AS
UNTILL = TILL
S + V
1 / s / es
S + HAS / HAVE + V
3
ed
→Hoàn tất
2. S + WILL / SHALL + HAVE + V
3
ed

→Hoàn tất
BY THE TIME
BEFORE
S+ V
1 / s / es
 Nam can swim.
b/ How many students are absent today?
 Two students are absent today.
2. Tag Question:
Ex: The weather is nice , isn’t it ?  Yes, it is.
3. Commands:
V
1
…( Hãy…): List/ Mention/ Name/ Give… → They are / It is …
Ex: Name some English scientists.
 They / Some E. scientists are Newton, Faraday, …

LESSON 6: ACTIVE or PASSIVE VOICE
( Chủ Động và Thụ Động Cách)
A: S + V + O
P: S + BE + V
3
ed

+ by O
(chia thì theo động từ của câu Active)
(A : Active P : Passive)
Ex: 1/ A: Tom eats apples every day.
P: Apples are eaten by Tom every day.
2/ A: They saw him in the shop.
P: He was seen in the shop ( by them )
ACTIVE PASSIVE
V
1
/ V
s/es

V
2
ed

Am/ is /are
Was / were
+ V
3
ed
Am/ is /are

+ V
ing
Was / were
Am/ is /are
+ being
Was / were
Has / have
+ V
3
ed
Had
Has / have
+ been
Had
Will (would)
Shall (should)
Can(could)
May (might)
Must + V
1
Be going to
Be able to
Have to
Ought to
Used to
Will (would)
Shall (should)
Can(could)
May (might)
Must + be

Be going to
Be able to
Have to
Ought to
Used to
Notes:
1/
Ex: A: Lan gave Mary some books.
O
I
O
D
P: Mary was given some books by Lan.

OR:
(Some books were given to Mary by Lan.)
2/
A: S + V


+ (THAT) + S + V ….
P: S + BE + V
3
ed

+ TO + V
1
OR:
IT + BE + V
3

ed
+ by + O + (THAT) S + V
V

: SAY KNOW THINK
BELIEVE REPORT RUMOUR
TELL CLAIM PROVE
CONSIDER…
Ex : A : They say that they has been ill.
P : He is said to have been ill. (or : It is said that he has been ill.)
*CLEFT SENTENCES:
1.
S
1
+ V
A (PRESENT)
+ that + S
2
+ V
B (PRESENT)
 IT + IS + V
3 (A)
+ that + S
2
+ V
B (PRESENT)
 S
2
+ IS/ ARE + V
3 (A)

+ TO + inf ( of V
B
)
A: S + V + O
I

+ O
D
P: S + BE + V
3
ed
+ O
D
+ by + O
OR:
( S + BE + V
3
ED
+ for/ to + O
I
+ by + O)
Ex:
- People say that prevention is better than cure
 It’s said that prevention is better than cure
Prevention is said to be better than cure
- People say that he is a good student
 It’s said that he is a good student
 He is said to be a good student
2.
S

1
+ V
A( PRESENT)
+ that + S
2
+ V
B( PAST)
 IT + IS + V
3 (A)
+ that + S
2
+ V
B (PAST)
 S
2
+ IS/ ARE + V
3 (A)
+ to have +V
3 (B)
Ex:
- They say that three men were arrested after the murder
 It’s said that three men were arrested after the murder
 Three men are said to have been arrested after the murder
3.
S
1
+ V
A ( PAST)
+ that + S
2

+ V
B ( PAST)
 IT + WAS + V
3 (A)
+ that + S2 + V
B (PAST)
 S
2
+ WAS/ WERE + V
3 (A)
+ to have +V
3 (B)
Ex:
-Everybody believed that he had died of AIDS
 It’s was believed that he had died of AIDS
 He was believed to have died of AIDS
LESSON 7: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
( Câu Điều Kiện)
Types and Use
(Loại và Cách dùng )
If Clause ( Mđề IF) Main Clause ( Mđề chính)
1. Future Possible
→ ĐK có thể xảy ra
ở HT&TL
V
1 /s /es
IF + S + do /does +not + V
1
*BE: am, is ,are

will
S + shall + V
1
can
may
2. Present Unreal:
→ ĐK không thể xảy
ra ở HT&TL
V
2
ed
IF + S + did not + V
1

*BE: were
would
S+ should + V
1
could
might
3. Past Unreal:
→ ĐK không thể xảy
ra ở QK.
IF + S + had + V
3
ed

would
S+ should + have + V
3

ed
could
might
Ex: 1. If it is fine, we will go.
2. I’d fly everywhere if I were a bird.
3. If you had met the president yesterday, what would you have done?

 Sentence Transformation:
A/ UNLESS = IF … NOT
If + Neg. form
= Unless + Affir. form
am /is/ are not
do /does not + V
1

If + S + did not+V
1

were not
had not+ V
3
ed

am /is/ are
V
1/s /es
= UNLESS + S + V
2
ed

were
had + V
3
ed

Ex: If you didn’t study hard, you’d get bad marks.
= Unless you studied hard, you’d get bad marks.
Note: Nếu câu với Mđề IF Kđònh, Mđề chính ở thể Pûđònh , ta có thể chuyển sang
UNLESS = cách đổi Mđề chính thành thể Kđònh.
Ex: If you are lazy, you can’t be successful
= Unless you are lazy, you can be successful.
B/ CÁCH VIẾT CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN TỪ TÌNH HUỐNG
T. HUỐNG CHO: 1.Có từ “OR” : viết đk loại 1
2. H.tại : loại 2
3.Q. kh : loại 3
4.Có từ “SO”: viết xuôi S + V SO S + V

 IF + S + V , S + V
5.Có từ “BECAUSE”: viết ngược
S + V because S +V

 IF + S + V , S + V
6. Phủ đònh viết khẳng đònh & ngược lại

Examples: 1. I am not clever, so I won’t be a doctor.
If I were clever, I would be a doctor.
2. John was sick because he ate much cake.
If John hadn’t eaten much cake, he’d not have been sick.
Trường hợp khác :
1.

S+ can /will+ V
1
but S + must/ have to +V
1
IF + S + V
1
/V
s,es
, S + can/ will + V
1
( Đk 1)
Ex: I’ll let you borrow the book but you must promise to return it next week.
 If you promise to return the book next week, I’ll let you borrow it.
2.
V
1
or S + will /can +V
1

 S + will/ can + V
1
unless you + V
1

Ex: Work hard or you’ll fail the exam.
 You’ll fail the exam unless you work hard.
LESSON 8 : UNREAL WISHES
( Ước Muốn Không Thể Xảy Ra)
could + V
1

: Tình huống Htại / Tlai , trái với khả năng
S + wish + (that) would / should + V
1
: Tình huống Tlai
+ S + V
2
/ were; didn’t+ V
1
/ weren’t : Tình huống Htại
If only hadn’t + V
3
: Tình huống Qkhứ
Ex: a) I wish I (can fly) could fly.
b) We wish it (be) would be sunny soon.
c) If only we (see) saw a UFO now.
d) He wishes he (meet) had met her yesterday.
 Sentence Transformation:
a.

Note:
- Thêm S ( nếu thiếu)
- Kđònh  Pđònh ( và ngược lại)
- Htại  Qkhứ;
- Qkhứ  Qkhứ hoàn thành
Ex: I’m sorry that I didn’t come yesterday.
 I wish ( that) I had come yesterday.
Ex: Mr. Taylor doesn’t like living in a small house.
 Mr. Taylor wishes he didn’t live in a small house.
b.
S+ be sorry

What a pity + ( that) S + V
It is a pity
S + regret + V
ing
/ S + V
S + do / does not like + V
ing
/ to v
1
 S + wish + ( that ) + S + V

S + would like / would love + to V
1
/ to have + V
3
ed

 S+ wish + ( that) S + V
2
/ S + had + V
3
ed
Ex: I’d like to have met her.
 I wish I had met her.

LESSON 9: GERUND AND INFINITIVE
( Danh Động Từ & Động Từ Nguyên Mẫu)
A. GERUND (V
ing
) : đóng vai trò V & N cùng một lúc.

Vai trò:
1. S ( Ex: Learning English is easily.)
2. O - Sau prep. (Ex: We are interested in studying English.)
- Sau một số V (Ex: I enjoy swimming.)
3. C (Ex: Conservation is the safeguarding and the preservation of natural
resources.)
Notes: The + V
ing

+ of + n ( Ex: The reclaiming of land.)
B. GERUND OR INFINITIVE :
I. Các động từ được theo sau bằng động từ nguyên mẫu ( To+V
1
)
Theo qui luật thông thường, động từ nào đúng sau một động từ khác thì phải ở dạng
nguyên mẫu (TO +V
1
)
Ex: a) I would like to speak to Mr. Duran.
b) Mary asked John to help her.
c) My brother wants to become a pharmacist.
d) Every body is expecting her to come .
II. Các động từ & cụm từ được theo sau bằng V
ing
:
1. acknowledge
2. admit
3. appreciate
4. avoid
5. celebrate

6. consider
7. delay =postpone
8. deny
9. detest
10. discontinue
11. discuss
12. dislike
13. endure
14. enjoy
15. escape
16. explain
17. fancy = imagine
18. feel like
19. finish
20. forgive
21. include
22. involve
23. justify
24. keep(continue)
25. mention
26. mind
27. miss
28. practise
29. prevent
30. prohibit
31. propose
32. quit
33. recall
34. report
35. resent

36. resist
37. risk
38. suggest
39. support
40. tolerate
41. understand
42. be accustomed to = be used to
43. be busy
44. be worth
45. can’t help
46. can’t stand
47. get used to = become accustomed to
48. look forward to
49. it’s no good
50. it’s no use
III. Các động từ được theo sau bằng V
ing
/ To V
1
nhưng không dổi nghóa:
1. continue 5. begin
2. dread 6. hate
3. like 7. love
4. prefer 8. start
Ex: She started to learn English when she was 5 years old.
↔ She started learning English when she was 5 years old.
IV. Các động từ được theo sau bằng V
ing
/ To V
1

nhưng dổi nghóa:
1. FORGET, REGET, To V
1

: sẽ xảy ra ( Tlai)
+
REMEMBER V
ing

: đãõ xảy ra ( Qkhứ)
Ex: a) Remember to sent John a present. Today is his birthday.
b) I remember meeting you somewhere before but I’m sorry I forget
your name.

2. TRY + To V
1
: cố gắng làm.

V
ing
: thử làm.
Ex: a) She tries to pass the entrance exam to the college.
b) Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.
3. STOP + To V
1
: dừng lại để làm việc gì khác.

V
ing
: dừng lại không làm việc gì (đang làm) nữa.

Ex: a) Feeling sleepy, the driver stopped to drink a coffee
b) That old man tried to stop smoking because of his bad cough.

4. NEED + To V
1
: cần phải làm ( ý chủ động).
V
ing
: cần phải được làm ( ý bò động).
Ex: a) Tom needs to work harder.
b) The grass in front of the house needs cutting.
V. Một số trường hợp khác:

1. ADVISE To V
1
Ex: The police allow us to go there
ALLOW +
PERMIT
RECOMMEND V
ing
Ex: The police allow going there.
2. FEEL
HEAR + V
o
/ V
ing
( đang) Ex: We saw David jog
SEE jogging in the park.
WATCH

HELP
3. MAKE + O + V
1
Ex: Please let me go.
LET
NOTICE
BID

4. WOULD RATHER + V
1
Ex: I’d rather drink tea than coffee.
HAD BETTER ( not ) You’d better not go out.

LESSON10 : CLAUSES & PHRASES
OF CAUSES & EFFECTS
(Mệnh Đề Và Cụm Từ Chỉ Nguyên Nhân Và Kết Quả)
1.
Ex: The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it.
He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test.
2.
Ex: It is such hot tea that I can’t drink.
He was such a bad driver that he couldn’t pass the driving test.

3.
S + be / V
ord
+ SO + adj / adv + THAT + S + V

( quá… đến nổi…)

S + V + SUCH + (a/ an) + adj + n + THAT + S + V…

( quá… đến nổi…)
S + be / V
ord
+ TOO + adj/adv + (for +O) + TO + V
1
(+ O)*
( quá nên không thể…)
* Bỏ ‘for O’ khi O này = S hoặc chỉ chung chung.
* Bỏ O của ‘to V’ khi O này = S
Ex: The tea is too hot for me to drink.
He drove too badly to pass the driving test.
4/
be +adj
S + ________ + enough + (for +O) + To V
1
( + O )
V
ord
+ adv
(đủ… để…)
Ex: The tea is not warm enough for me to drink.
He didn’t drive well enough to pass the driving test.
 Sentence Transformation:
a/
S(n) + be + SO + adj + THAT…
It /This /That
↔ + be + SUCH + (a/ an) +adj + n + THAT…
He/ She/ They

Ex: The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it.
↔ It is such hot tea that I can’t drink it.
b/
S + V
ord
+ SO + adv + THAT …
↔ S + be + SUCH + (a/an) + adj + n + THAT…
Ex: He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test.
↔ He was such a bad driver that __________________________.
c/
S + V + SO + adj / adv + THAT + S + V + (O )*
S + V + TOO + adj/adv + (for +O) + TO + V
1
(+ O)*
* Bỏ ‘for O’ khi O này = S hoặc chỉ chung chung.
* Bỏ O của ‘To V’ khi O này = S
Ex: a) The tea is so hot that I can’t drink.
↔ The tea is too hot for me to drink.
b) He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test.
↔ He drove too badly to pass the driving test.
d/
…TOO + adj / adv …
≠
↔ … NOT + adj /adv + ENOUGH…
Ex: The tea is too hot for me to drink.
↔ The tea is not warm enough for me to drink.
LESSON 11 : RELATIVE CLAUSES
( Mệnh Đề Quan Hệ)
Relative Pronouns & Adverbs:
Functions

Antecedents
Subject Object Poss. Adv
Things Which Which Whose + n
(of which)
People Who Whom Whose + n
Place Where
Time When
Reason Why
Notes: *Where = prep + n
place
*When = prep + n
time
*Why = for + the reason
*‘THAT’ thay thế cho “WHO, WHOM, WHICH” trong mệnh đề có giới
hạn (không đứng sau dấu phẩy, prep).
*Dùng 1 hoặc 2 dấu phẩy tách mệnh đề quan hệ ra khỏi mệnh đề chính
khi tiền danh từ là:
- Danh từ riêng
- Danh từ được bổ nghóa = THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE
- Danh từ được bổ nghóa = sở hữu (MY, YOUR, …,TOM’S HOUSE,…)
- Danh từ được bổ nghóa = 1 nhóm từ ( EX: The man from Hanoi,…)
Ex: They wanted to see my manager, who was away.
Relative Clauses:
Rel. Cl.
Ant.
Relative clause
Relative pronoun / adverb The other parts
Things + which / that + V ( + O)
+ S + V
People + who / that

+ whom /that
+ V( + O)
+ S + V
People/ things + whose
V ( + O)
+ n +
S + V
Place
Time
Reason
+ where
+ when
+ why
+ S + V (+ O)
Ex: a/ Could you iron the trousers? They’re hanging up behind the door.
↔ Could you iron the trousers which/that are hanging up behind the door?
b/ She showed me the radio. She had bought it
↔ She showed me the radio which/ that She had bought.
c/ I don’t like the people. People lose their temper easily.
↔ I don’t like the people who /that lose their temper easily.
d/ The man works here. I saw him yesterday.
↔ The man whom/ that I saw yesterday works here.
e/ The house is very large. Its door is green.
↔ The house whose door is green is very large.
f/ Have you seen the girl? I’m keeping her bicycle.
↔ Have you seen the girl whose bicycle I’m keeping?
g/ Vietnam is beautiful. We live in vietnam.
↔Vietnam, where we live, is beautiful.
LESSON 12: REPORTED SPEECH
(Câu Tường Thuật)

1. Phát biểu: S + V (chia rồi) …
TOLD + O
S + (THAT) + S +V (lùi thì)
SAID
Ex
1
: They said to us, “These are snakes.”
↔ They told us (that) those were snakes.
Ex
2
: “I came at 8 o’clock,” he said.
↔ He said (that) he had come at 8 o’clock.
2. Câu hỏi:
a/ WH_ / How_ Questions: “WH + V + S… ?”
b/ YES _ NO Questions: “ V + S … ?”
Ex
1
: The stranger said, “ Where is Tra Vinh town school?”
↔ The stranger asked where Tra Vinh town school was.
Ex
2
: “ Did you see him?” she said to me.
↔ She asked me if / whether I had seen him.
3.Mệnh Lệnh &ø Yêu Cầu: To+V
1
… ( KĐ)

Not + To + V1 ( PĐ)

TOLD

S + + O +
ASKED
To + V
1
(MLKĐ) Ex: He said to us, “ Keep silent here, please.”
↔ He told us to keep silent there.
Not to + V
1
(MLPĐ)
Ex: “Don’t laugh at me” said Mary.
↔ Mary asked me not to laugh at her.
Notes:
1. Change of Adverbs of Time & Place:
Direct speech Reported
speech
Direct speech Reported speech
1. here 1. there 6. tonight 6. that night
2. this 2. that 7. yesterday 7. the previous day, the day before
3. these 3. those 8. ago 8. before
4. now 4. then 9. tomorrow 9. the following day, the next day
5. today 5. that day 10. next (week….) 10. the following (week…)
2. Change of Pronoun & Poss. Adj:
Per
.
Subj. Obj. Poss. Adj. Poss. Pro.
I
1 I Me My Mine YOU
We Us Our Ours HE
2 You You Your Yours SHE
3 They Them Their Theirs IT

3
He Him His His WE
She Her Her Hers YOU
It It Its its THEY
S + V + O, “ person 1…………………… person 2”
(chúng) tôi (các)bạn
3. Changes of Tenses:
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Notes:
1/ Khi từ ‘WH’ làm S hoặc bổ nghóa cho S

O đổi thể.
Ex: “Who has broken this vase?” said my father.
↔ My father asked who had broken that vase.
2/ Khi câu trực tiếp diễn tả 1 chân lí, sự thật hiển nhiên

O đổi thì.
Ex: Our teacher said, “The sun rises in the East.”
↔ Our teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
V
1
/ V
s/es
V
2
ed
am
is +V
ing
are

was
+V
ing
were
has / have + V
3
ed
V
2
ed
had + V
3
ed
was / were + V
ing
had been + V
ing
will
shall
can +V
1
may
must
would
should
could +V
1
might
had to
LESSON 13 : CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

(Mệnh Đề Chỉ Mục Đích)
SO THAT can/could
S + V + _______________ + S + will/ would + V
1
IN ORDER THAT shall/ should
…để mà… may/ might
Ex: a) We study hard. We want to pass the exam.
↔ We study hard so that we can pass the exam.
b) I helped Nam. I wanted him to finish the work on time.
↔ I helped Nam in order that he could finish the work on time.
Notes: Phrase of Purpose
to
S + V + in order to + V
1
so as to
in order for + O +TO
… đ…
Ex: We study hard to pass the exam.
↔ I helped Nam in order for him to finish the work on time.
LESSON 14 : COMPARISONS
( So Sánh)
Types Models
1/ Equal Degree
(So sánh bằng)
AS + adj / adv + AS
(bằng, như)