tính toán thiết kế động cơ đốt trong (dm4-0112)



 !"#$%&

'()'(*+,-,./0,)
1*+ 234 5461 &7 &,8
9+4:;<9 =
;
%>?

@ A
9+4:BC,4/D =

%>?

E FA=

9+4:;+G =

%>?

@@ EA=

9+4:,4;H<9 =
/
%>?

I FAF@=
;
J+(K0/D
L4M<9



N NANF
J+(K0/D
L4(


I EAF
 !"#$%&'(
=BM0BOP)9

Q,+QR9
,

,

Q9
S

S

T8//,G)


n
nx
c
cnx
V
V

pp








=
U
V)
c
nx
V
V
i =
/,G)



n
cnx
i
pp =

0G)9
S
WX
S

YX9+4:WXZ,<?0Z?D:;H10BOP
YXJ+P5,O

==


n
ac
pp
ε
IIUF
N
Q@UN%>?


)!"#$%&'*+
=BM0BO[K)9

Q,+QR9
\

,

Q9
S

S

T8//,G)



n
gnx
z
zgnx
V
V
pp








=

C)
Cz
VV
ρ
=
WX0V)
c
gnx
V
V
i =


/,G)



n
n
z
gnx
i
p
p
ρ
=
(1.2)


0G9
S
WX
S
YX9+4:WXZ,<?0Z?D:;H10BO[K
,. 
-
.

.



/

Q
,
]


( )
( )
N


FEUFEU

^NU



dmS
D
V
h
===
ππ


( )
N
NU
FUI
FEU


dm
V
V
h
C
=
−
=
−
=
ε


( )
N
ENIUNUFUI dmVVVV
chCa
===+=
ε


( )
N
EUNUEU dmVV
cz
===
ρ

_`0
ε

/Ya90Bb,D(S,07-/0,,0Z?10BOPWX
0BO[K
/ 012&3-&4&56-
'()'(707,*,./0,
x
V
i
Âæåìng neïn Âæåìng giaîn nåí


n
i



n
i


n
c
i
P


n
i




n
i



n
n
z
i
P
ρ
N    @N   I
E E IN E^ ^ EI @ 
@  EE NF ^   I
F N  N @  E N
  @E E  E^ I FF
E E ^I^  ^ II N E
^ @ N F @ FIN  IF
 I N^N I E ^ ^ I
 ^ @E@ @  N I 
I F F E NI @F @ I
N  NF  N ^@ E FN
NN  E@  ^  E ^N
N@  ^@N N E NI  I


NF N NF N N EF^  @I
  NE@ N  ^EE  @
E E N^I N F N@ N E@
^ @   I NN^ N E

E I E^N  @ N@EN N ^
E IF FN  E NF N E
!7879:;<09=>9=?@8A8B
CZ?
,
U=


,
Z,D4,6
,
QUNcYd
=

9+4:;+GU9e4,WX,00,
,04DM,./9+)
FNU
N
FEU
N

===
nS
C
M
c?>+d
/:6)RF?>+
%BWa60,;(+YX0,,0,/Uf0G9+4:;<99

0Bb,S,07)

9

QUEAU9


0G)9

9+4:BC,4/D=

QUFA9
;

9

QUFE9
;
QFEU@QUEc%>?

d
9

QUI9

QUIUEQU@@c%>?

d

Wa6UNgU@@
• Z?/
/

g=
/

C
/
Qh
,
QIUFUNQENIcYd
=
/
QUIc%>?

d
Wa60Z?/UENIgUI
• Z?D
/
g=
D

WC=
D
)9+4:,4L4M[K

d>c@IU
FUI
U

IU
mMN
P

P
n
z
b
===
ε

Wa60Z?DUENIgU@I
,0Z?0V,D3)
 
,
g9

QUNgU@@g/
/
g9
/
QUENIgUI
N

 D
/
g9
D
QUENIgU@Ig,
,
g9
,
QUNg@UN
 \

,
g9
\
QUEgUg6
,
g9
\
QUNgU
DE&F3G
ZWi07,*/j,3k,,DBC,B+/4)
]-JY3S,)
( )
mmmMN
p
>EU

U

==
µ


( )
mmdm
v
>NU

NU
N
==

µ

'(N)'(7DZ4fl07,*)
V
x

n
c
i
P



n
n
z
i
P
ρ
 N@E 
E ^E 
 EE@ N^IF
N NE@ ^FN
  EIEE
E E^ NNE
@ N^ NNF
I E ^I
^ ^ N^@
F I@ EE
 @ IFI

 E@ EFN
 ^@ @
N N@ ^^
 NF II
E NEF I
@ NF FF
I NN F@
IF ^N ^E^


]i3e,-/00G)e,XDZ4flZ,SY/Ue,4DZ4fl9
+4:;Z
]`,,+Y340[,/S,070Bb,,,-/00Z?13e,-/0%,,-/
00Z?Dm,,0BO,,b90Bb,0BO,PWX0BO,[K
]i0BODZ4flL4M<9WXL4M(Dm/0BOn++WC
e,X0L4//0Z?=
/
WX=

/,G0Bb,07,*Y246
]"34,J07,*)
i07D,;9/107,*o:6D;,4pTDmq;(
,,`
/
0
,

JY3S,07D,;)
( )
mmm

s
s
bd
th
s
>EU
@F
EF
===
à

o:6Wr9/9(0Z?st?;()sst

R

=

&7DZ4fl)sstQ
U
EU
IEUEU


===
s
R
à

??
%,,0Z?4/,./0BOPWX0BO(KWC,,0Z?0V,D3U+i

0Bb,07,*Y246
u07',;S,07,,0Z?)
Goùc mồớ sồùm xupap naỷp (r):

I

=

; Goùc õoùng muọỹn xupap naỷp (a):



=

; Goùcmồớ sồùm
xupap thaới (b):

EN
N
=

;Goùc õoùng muọỹn xupap thaới (r) :



=

; Goùc phun sồùm (c):

I

=
p

.
"34,J07,*)
,k+kYY:69+4:,j,0<Dm9
\

v,07,,0Z?4/)
10<,6Y:60Z?,ttWC,tt,Q>N,6
10<6\Y:60Z?\ttWC6\ttQ>6\
10<D/Y:60Z?DttWCDDttQ>D/
%4,,0Z?,t,tt\ttWX0BO(wX0BO,Y1e,<WXWX
9S8,WC0BO(U/+ia0Bb,07,*0[34,J
x/4;34,J/,,0Z?Y<M0Bb,07,*j,
E

@





I



C









 !"#$%$&
!$'( )#$%$&
' )*+&
,-!.)*+#*+/0
,-!.)*+#*+/0
1#.2$'!"#$%$34
($5 !$'(34
6 !7*+34
085-$'*+9:0;<=2$'!"#$%$34
=>!$'(;<=384

 H8BI>H8BJKILMNO?PQR?S?M8
P?TU8
,0;Z49+BO,GWa,YCU1W3,1,540
-,WX0Yj,-,,./,,:4e,;4y4/46rYX,z0ZM?L46Y4aWa
0,./,8WX0ZS,07Yj,L4,feY1,,,,,:4e,
;4y4/46rm??e,0,,{DmUDr,./,,,WX
/?p0,
0,0;Z49+,,:4e,;4y4/46r,GY<Y</
{?WXY<Y3,{?
/SPBOb9,,:4e,;4y4/46r/{?
 4V-WX-"6Y
,:4e,;4y4/46r/{?YX,,:4?X0BO{?SY/j,/WC
0BO{?e,;4y4<0Z?MWi

"M)x0,,:4/{?
 !&3&4$3#5Z2[V-\]^\W\\&F30_
^

k9B99(,,46Zf7,S,./9+0Bb,k,*5,)

( ) ( )






−+−≈
α
λ
α
,+

,+Rx

,DBC,XWiB+/4)
]`{?st,./07D,;;|,,/5WC

g

}^

O0+5j
`L4/9(gU}^

]-3e,-/0WCe,4DZ4flG,L4/6e,;4y4Ue,XDZ4fl
;(f7,,46Z,./9+
]&G,,0Z?5WC

g

}^

0[,/1,4p07D,;S4,~
,,0BO;|`0Z?

g

}^

B5Ke,4,./07SQ•€0ZS,07
,46ZW7B5
]%,,/0Z?/,G07DZ4flXM,./9+SQ•€
  F3]5$`&4V-\abcZd[
•i0BODZ4fl,0k9B9907Wp
]v,07Wa,,./,;4y4)
‚Q
N
n
π
Q

N

=

π
/f>+
]-yY3S,
ωµµ

svt
=
QUEQN^U?>+??
]iƒ/0BOp{?sD;T

9/fBC07SαWC
T

QTωQEUIEQNNUE??>+
&7DZ4fl)T
Df
Q
EU^
UN^
EUNN

mm
R
vt
==
µ
]i0BOp{?sD;T

WC)
T


QT
vt
µ
λω


Q
UN^
U
IEUE
×
×
QU??
]/ƒ/Wpp{?sD;

R
X^9zDm/4WX0+5jgg
}^
F

]/Wpp{?sD;

R
X^9zDm/4WX0+5jtgtg
t}^tk,r4Bb,Y<
]`,,0Z?gg};|,,0BOnG,WC„',~,,0BO++WC„'
;|`,,0Z?tgtgt}B5<X,,/0Z?%,,/0Z?X6Y</
,G0BO,C<Wa,,./9+(,,`0BO,X60ƒ/
0BOpDZ4fl7+,0,./9+5WC,,G, α.




,
3





?@
ABC



?D&@ED
C+&
FGH6I6JKLM,I,NOMGP
D
@
Q
E
R
S
T
U
V
@
Q
E

R
S
T
U
W
V
@
Q
E
R
S
T
U
W
VD
VV
V@
VQ
VE
VR
VS
VT
VU
V
VUD
VSD
VED
V@D
VDD
UD

SD
ED
@D
D
W
VD
VV
V@
VQ
VE
VR
VS
VT
V @ Q E R S T U W VD VV V@ VQ VE VS VTVU
,3


VR
,


"MN)7,46ZW7WX7Wa,
( )
α
fv =

'Z4flWQ•S
Z;(+?L4/3…/XM9+WXWa,,./9+/0V,8,u
,43e,<0
107,46ZW7SQ•€Y:6e,sWKD19(07++WCe,s€Ue,

/DZ4flXM,./9+
`,,0Z?

U

U

UU^

107',;/GS4,,0BO,~0BO
sS<,,fZ?UUUU^`,,0Z?X6/0V,,0<B5`07Wa,U
,,0Z?,./0z4,pY<,./,,0</,G0BODZ4flWQ•S


  F3]5$`-
( )
xfj =

ZWi0BODZ4fl/,,./9+/+ƒfe9B99Yk
]-3e,-/0WCe,sSYXe,XUe,4YXe,DZ4fl7/,
]-JY3S,)
UEFIIN
I
^U^I
?/S
?/S
===
bd
j
J

J
µ
??>+

>??
]1e,sSY:60<„'QxQTQFUE??
&7DZ4fl)„'Q
@F
EU
EUF
==
s
s
µ
??
)
( ) ( )
( )

?/S
^U^IUIEUE smmRjAC =+=+==
λω

( )
( )
( )
( )

?
FU@^EI^UIEUE smmRjBD −=−=−−==

λω

†‡QNTˆ‚

QNEUIEU

Q@FNU^??>+


]`0Z?„B5WC0Z?,1Y:6Y19/1?0<
„Q
I
UEFIIN
^U^I
?/S
mm
j
j
==
µ
`0Z?'B5WC0Z?,fBCY:6S4
fBC?0<'Q
FU
UEFIIN
FU@^EI^
?
mm
j
j
==

µ
%WCBOn,~e,
XsS<†`†Y:6S4fBC?0<
†‡Q
@EU
UEFIIN
^U@FN
mm=
%‡WX‡U0n9{07BC‡X^9zDm
/4WX0+5jgg}0n9{07‡X^9zDm/4WX0+5
jtgtgt}Wi,,0BOD/946tgtgNNt}/,G0BO,DZ4fl
L4/3
( )
xfj =





µ
‰
QEFUINN
m/s
2
.mm
ÂÄÖTHË GIA TÄÚC

‰
1 2 3 4
B

D
F
E
4'
3'
2'
1'
C
A

‰+
S
F
1
F
2
"ME) 7/,
( )
xfJ =
  &4%
   '  ]5  $`  %      V-  _  e  #5  &4  3  f
( )
xfP
J
=−
.
ik9B99YkWCe,X0VuWC

P
K07,*Ue,4DZ4

fl7
j
P

i0BODZ4flYj,L40Bb,Xk,,DBC,B+/4)
]-JY3S,uWCJY3S,07,*)
µ
9‰

= µ
9

=0,052 ( ΜΝ/ ?
2
. ??)
]v,07;YBb,46Z07)
?tQ?
9
]?

N

0G)?tYBb,46Z07;
?
9
QU^;YBbG?9+
?




YBb/46rL4Wr{?,9+;
k,*5,;3?)
?

QUIEAUNE?

o:6?

QUNQUN;
C?

QU@;YBbG?/46r
QR?tQU^]UNQU;
  
Z0(WXWi07/Y:6;YBb1?0W7f3
,,./?0J9+)
?Q
pt
F
mŠ
Q

^NU
•U
π
QI;>?


9fe,*5,Yj,L4)9
‰

Q?‰U/,G)
9
‰?/S
Q?‰
?/S
QI^IU^
F
QUNE%>?


9
‰?
Q?‰
?
QI@^EI^UF
F
QU%>?


<)†‡Q?‰
†‡
QI@^EI^U^
F
QUN%>?


&7DZ4fl)9
‰?/S
Q9
‰?/S

>0.052= −44,5 ( ??
 9
‰?/S
Q9
‰?
>0.052 = 27,3( ??
†‡

Q†‡>0.052 = 25,9 ( ??
   R-5&F3
//Z07,*1-/09X9Q•€
ZDZ4fl9+4:;Z9
;
kG,L4/6,./e,;4y4€/XB+/4)
]i3e,-/09€e,X0V/WC0BODZ4fl

p
107,*
]-JY3S,)
=
α
µ
0>??

( )
mmmMN
p
>EU

=

µ

]u07',;0Z;/Z079WX9€
]`,,0Z?,/107',;Ufj,,0BO++WCe,s9,~07
,*<,,0Z?1,,0BODZ4flL4M)<9UPU,6[KUS(


]‹4/,,/0Z?X6/;|,,0BO++WCe,XG+/3<0
9€`,,0Z?,/B5

U

U

U}1e,X,./079€/;|,,
0BOn05,~,,0BO1<,,0Z?5WC,,G,,/107',;
WX9ub9WC,,L4MYX?W3,,./0,%,,0Z?Y<Dm0BO,
,b9/0Bb,07;/Z9€
b) Khai triển đồ thị
( )
xfp
J
=
thành
( )
α
fp
J
=
.

7
( )
xfp
J
=−
DZ4fl07,*,G2Œ/;Z?/_,0,./0
,
/Z0BO
( )
xfp
J
=
X
( )
α
fp
J
=
,•*L4/07D,;0Z,46Z-/
03,;/Z07Bj;/Z=X=Q•€%BYB42K-/09€
9(0V087+fB,./9
‰

c) Vẽ đồ thị
( )
α
fp =

.
k,*5,

jkt
ppp +=

/0[,Gp
kt
=f(α)WX
( )
α
fp
J
=
MWa6W3,S{6
fj07
( )
α
fp =

0Bb,XDm,,,0<+,,<00Z?,./07
p
kt
=f(α)WX
( )
α
fp
J
=
Y<WC/4/0Bb,-/00Z?,./07p
1
=f(α) u?
0BO,,b9,,<00Z?Y<WC/4/0Bb,07p

1
=f(α).

  )E&F3]5$`%f\#f
( )
α
fT
=
.%\\#f
( )
α
fZ
=
và lực
ngang
( )
α
fN =
.
,07)Q•€UŽQ•€U%Q•€0Bb,Wi1,u?3<0
9fe,,,*5,)

( )
( )
β
βα
,+
+



+
= PT

( )
( )
β
βα
,+
,+


+
= PZ

( )
β
tgPN 

=

E

•0Bb,S,07kL4/3)
x•Qλx€
•Q/,+λ+€
‹4MWi,,0BOX60Bb,j,1k,,DBC,+/4)
]-JY3S,)
=
α
µ

0>??

( )
mmmMN
p
>EU

=
µ

€
0

€
/f
+€ •
/f
=

• %
??

+€]•
>
,+•
Ž
x€]•
>
,+•


    N   U N U 
 UI UI U UE U UIN UF^ UEI U ^UF
 UNE UN U^ NF U^ NU UF NEUEE U 
@UN@
N UE UE U NN U NUFF U^ @UE^ U@ 
FUFE
 UI U@ UE ^ U@ UNI U@I ^U@ UI@ 
UNE
E U^I UII U^ F UF NUEE UE FUF U^F 
@U^
@ UE U^I U  U UN UN NU^ UFI 
U@F
I U UF UN  UN U@ U UE U U
^ U UF^ U  U UFI UI U@ UN U
F UEI  U  UE UI UE UI U U
 UIE UF^ U E U NU@E U @U UF U
 UF UF UN  UN U^@ UE@ UIE U^@ ^UI
 UF U^I U E U EUN U@^ IU UI@ ^U^F
N UI UII U^ @ UF U^@ UIF U U@E @UIF
 U U@ UE ^ U@ UNI U^I U@ UE U@E
E U@ UE U F U NUE UFN @U^I U U@
@ UIF UN U^ F U^ UNF UFI ^UI U@ IU@I
I UFI UI U N U UE UFF FUI@ UN NUF^
^ NU   NUN   U NUN U U
F NUN 
UI
U N 
U
UE UFF FUI@ UN NUF^
 NUF 

UN
U^ F 
U^
UNF UFI ^UI U@ IU@I
 NU@I 
UE
U FU 
U
NUEN UFN IUE U 
UE
 NU^  UE ^U  U U^I UN UE 
@

U@ U@ UIE
N U 
UII
U^ @U 
UF
UF UIF UIE U@E 
IUE
 UF 
U^I
U EUE 
U
EU U@^ IU UI@ 
FUNI
E UN@ 
UF
UN UI 
UN

EU UE@ U U^@ 
^U@I
@ UE 
UF^
U @ 
U
NU^F U @U@ UF 
EU^
I UI  U  
UE
NU@ UE NU@ U 
U
^ U^F 
UF^
U I 
U
UI UI U@ UN IUF
F EU@ 
UF
UN N 
UN
U@F U UNI U NU@
N EU 
U^I
U N 
U
U@ UN UFE UFI UF
N EU 
UII
U^ @ 

UF
U UE N U^F EUN
N EUEF 
U@
UE  
U@
U@ U@I U@@ UI@ NUE
NN EUI@ 
UE
U F 
U
UF U^ IUE U@ EU
N EUFN 
UN
U^ NN 
U^
UI UF NU^ U 
NU^
NE @U 
UI
U ^ 
U
NUN^ UF^ IFU^ U 
IUNF
N@ @U^   ^U
E
  U ^UE U U
NI @U@ UI U E@ U @UE UF^ EUE

U E^UI

N^ @U@N UN U^  U^ UEN UF IU@

U @UI
NF @U^ UE U ^ U UE U^ @IU@I U@ EUIF
 @UF^ U@ UE N U@ @UI U@I ^U@ UI@ NUI^
 IU@ UII U^ @ UF U^@ UE UFF U^F U
 IUNN U^I U  U U@ UN @U@ UFI U
N IUE UF UN @ UN NUI U UFF U @UN
 IU@^ UF^ U  U EU UI UN^ UN UEI
E IU^E  U  UE EUFN UE EUFN U U
@ ^UN UF^ U E U @U^ U UNN UF NUE@
I ^U UF UN N UN @UF UE@ @UIF U^@ EU^
^ ^UN^ U^I U N U @U^ U@^ U^F UI@ UN
F ^UEE UII U^ N UF EUFF UIF EUE U@E U@I
E ^UIN U@ UE NN U@ EUE U^I ^UEF UE IU@
I

E ^UF UE U NN U NUFF UFN NUEI U NUE
E FU^ UN U^ N U^ U@ UFI NUFI U@ ^UI
EN FUE UI U N U UNN UFF NUIE UN U
E FU   NUN   U NUN U U
EE FU@ 
UI
U N 
U
UE UFF FUI@ UN NUF^
E@ FUII 
UN
U^ F 
U^

UNF UFI ^UI U@ IU@I
EI FUFE 
UE
U ^ 
U
NUN^ UFN EUF U 
UI
E^ U


U@
UE @ 
U@
U@ U^I UEN UE 
NU@
EF UN


UII
U^  
UF
UF UIF ^U^I U@E 
EUE
@ U
I

U^I
U N 
U
U^F U@^ EUIN UI@ 

IUI
@ U@
E

UF
UN F 
UN
U UE@ U@N U^@ 
@UNE
@ U^


UF^
U N 
U
NU@ U EUNI UF 
UE
@N U

 U F 
UE
UN UE UN U FU
@ U
I

UF^
U  
U
UF UI UN UN UE
@E UN



UF
UN  
UN
UFN U UE U U^
@@ UE


U^I
U N 
U
UI@ UN U UFI U@
@I U@
F

UII
U^  
UF
NUFN UE UF U^F ^U@
@^ U^
I

U@
UE N 
U@
U@^ U@I FUFI UI@ U^I
@F U



UE
U NE 
U
UN U^ ^U U@ U@
I U


UN
U^  
U^
NUN^ UF NIUNI U IU
I UN
F

UI
U  
U
UII UF^ UEE U FUN
I UE
I
  N   U NU U U
'()'(7U%UŽα
^

]i3e,-/k,/,0Ge,XDZ477G,L4/6e,;4y4Ue,4DZ4fl7,./
U%UŽ`D(/S,070Bb,-/0,,0Z?13e,U,,0Z?Y<Dm,,0BO,,
b9,/07DZ4fl)
( )
α
fT

=

( )
α
fZ
=
g
( )
α
fN =

]3,Wi07DZ4flYj,946
( )
α
fT
=
UYj,9946
( )
α
fZ
=
WXYj,/
( )
α
fN =

13-/0€UŽ€U%€U/S,07,,7+UŽU%K,,G,0€Q

U€Q


U€Q

U}U€QI
+,./UŽU%B0[Ya9KD(0Bb,k,*5,0[,5?K1U/+i,G0Bb,,,0Z?U
UU}UIu0BO,,,0Z?:6Y<U/,G07Yj,UŽU%,zS{6fj

  ,E&F3]5$`66ghΣY
5jYX?W3,,./0,)N
 &G,,*,)

^

^^
===
i
ct
τ
δ

/Σ,4;HG,,*,)

^

^^
===
i
ct
τ
δ
]e,;4y4,./S6Y/5:m?KW7




=
α

Me,;4y4,./S6Y/5/m?KW7


^=
α

e,;4y4,./S6Y/5D/m?KW7

N
E=
α

e,;4y4,./S6Y/5Bm?KW7


N@=
α

??k•)ΣQ

]

]
N

]


7,./
tb
T∑
Dm,*5,)

>

N

N
mMN
nFR
N
T
P
i
tb
ϕπ
=∑
0G)
i
N
),*+4:,J7,./0,g
m
i
Ne
N

η
=
F

C
FNU@U ÷=
m
η
g,-
^U=
m
η
⇒

^U
^
==
i
N
[kw]
)YX+WpL4/6,./0,gQW>9

P
F
)YXf3,0J9+g
@UE
N
mF
P
−

=

T)YXD;L4/6e,;4y4g
IEUE
N
mR
−
=


ϕ
)YX3+34007,*g
FIUFU ÷=
ϕ
U,-
FEU
=
ϕ
⇒
>UFEIINE
FEU@UEIEUEUN
N

NN
N
mNT
tb
==∑
−−



>INEUFEI
N
mMNT
tb
−
=∑

CyY3S,YX)
>EU

mmmMN
PT
==
µµ
U^
EU
INEUFEI
N
mm
T
T
T
tb
tb
==
∑
=∑
−
µ

'(N'(S{6fj07ΣΤ
yY3S,µ
ΣΤ
= µ

QEc%>???d
5jYX?W3,)N
d

Z&4[ 

Z66
[
d

Z&4[ 

Z66
[
d
)
Z&4[ 
)
Z66
[
d
,
Z&4[ 
,
Z66

[
ΣΤ(6
6)
 U ^ U N@ U E U U
 ^UF F NUF^ NI NUF^ EE NU IU^
 @UN@  IU@I N^ IU@I E@ @UI NUNI
N FUFE  UE NF UI EI EUIF ^UN
 UNE  UIE  NU@ E^ NUI^ @UF
E @U^ N IUE  EUE EF NU @UNE
@ U@F  FUNI  IUI @ U IUN
I U E ^U@I N @UNE @ @UN UI
^ U @ EU^  UE @ UEI U@@
F U I U E FU @N U U
 U ^ IUF @ UE @ NUE@ ^U@
 ^UI F NU@ I U^ @E EU^ UF
 ^UFF N UF ^ U@ @@ UN E^U^@
N @UIF N UN F ^U@ @I U@I @UE
 U@E N FUF E U^I @^ IU@ @UI
E U@ NN EU E U@ @F NUE UN
@ IU@I N UN E IU I ^UI NU
I NUF^ NE IUNF EN FUN I U UE
^ U N@ U E U I U U



 DF3a(W\i1$ij_kY
7WP,9e(,feY1,;4y4fu0ZS,07Yj,,feY1,;4y4K?‘W7,./
e,;4y4`07X6/,GZM?7+4DM,./9e(,feY1,;4y4,•B,GZfl
fXM?0Bb,Yj,YC:WXYj,DP:u079e(/,GZS,07;4Wj,,74Yj,:0ZS,
07W7;/Y‘fz4D*WX0ZS,079e(;+5,DrKe,

Wi079e(,feY1,;4y4,GZ,B/,zSP0Yj,L4,46Z0L4/6,./
;YBb/46r?

L46Wr{?,;4y4WM9BWX7+,./Yj,L4X6;*0•+/4;
WiS/SP
i3<0Ž,<0
Š
e,tŽ,G,r4fBBCS4fBC
-JY3S,)
>EU

mmmMN
PZT
===
µµµ

V7,./,,,V9Žk,,G,αB5Y13e,<0Ž’WC?‘,V97Ž
/,G?0Z?0f:4,,0Z?`
IUUU
→
5WC,,G,α`

I
→
,,0Z?Y</,G0BO
,DZ4flWP,9e(,f4Y1,;4y4
7,,46Z,<01e,tŽk,r4fB/Y:60Z?WC
o
R
P=Š

Yj,L4Y6{?
]oj,L4Y6{?)
P
Ro
F
Rm
P



ω
=

?

);YBb/46rL46f“Wr0z4)

@^UU@^U@^U

kgmm
tt
===
⇒
^NU
@^UE
EU@^U

@
@N



===
−
−−
P
Ro
F
Rm
P
ω

>

mMN
CyY3S,
Z
µ
/fO,<0tS4?0<t


 
IIUF
EU
^NU
Š mm
P
z
Ro
===
µ


]VYj,
R
P
Wr9/fBC{?t/,G{?0{6YX{?,;4y4
`{?sWiWppBbB,;4y4
]v,077U9B,r4WX0Z?0VYj,
&7,./Yj,YX0fXWP,`,0W7D:;M?X/,z
r4,./Yj,BC`{?/X
Z?0V,./Yj,YX/,./9B;PfXWr9/,./WP,Yj,WX0BOpBbB,,
;4y4
αα
ααα
ŠŠ =+=++= ZTPQ
Ro

αα
ttRo
PPQ +=

α)YX0Z?D:;H107
‹
α
)YXb9Yj,,./,,Yj,,feY1,;4y4
2.2.7.Khai triển đồ thị phụ tải trong hệ toạ độ cực thành đồ thị Q -
α
:
/Z079e(K<00,,j,1X07‹
α
9e(4DM

tb
Q

i3e,‹
α
-JY3S,
>EU

mmmMN
Q
=
µ


> mm
o
=
α
µ

 1,,0Z?,/,./e,
α
/YzYBb0V,,WP,
tt
P
B5WC,,G,α`

IUUUU
C
ZTP

tt
+=
WX7+,./
tt
P
0Bb,Y:6K07WP,9e(,feY1,;4y4%,,0z48
WP,Y</+i,G0BO,DZ4fZ07;/Z

α
fQ
=

 '('(S{6fj07‹α
X Y X Y X Y X Y
 @UII F FU@F N^ UIF EI IUN


 @UFF  ^UE NF @FU^ E^ UN
 EIU@F  ^U  NNUF@ EF U@N
N EUI  @U@  U @ NFUEI
 NUF N NUF@  U^ @ NUE
E NNUI@  UFE N U @ IUFI
@ EUEF E N@UFI  NU @N NUII
I U @ NUNF E NEUI @ U
^ UE I IU @ N^UN @E U@I
F EU ^ UI I UIE @@ IU
 FUEI F FU@ ^ ^UN @I NEUEN
 N@UNN N UF F FUE @^ EU^E
 U^ N NUN^ E EUNE @F EUN
N NUEI N NU E EU I @UFF

 @U NN NU@E E EU I @UII
E ^UN N IU@ EN EU@F I EEE
@ ^UE NE @UF E EUI  
I FU@F N@ F^UIN EE FU@F  
^ EUI NI N@U^F E@ ^UE  
 Z
??/S
UQQ
WX
tb
Q
v,077+0W79e(,fe1,;4y4)

??/S
UQQ
WX
tb
Q
YX9e(,j,0<U,j,Z4WX4DM0Bb,S,07107‹
α
0W7YX

> mMN
>UIEU^FUN@^FUN@

?/S
mMNQ
Q
===
µ


>IUEU@EUN@EUN

?
mMNQ
Q
===
µ

>IEEUEU
I
NEUI

I

mMN
Q
Q
Qtb
==
∑
=
µ


I@UN
EU
IEEU
==
tb

Q
%>?

>??
"3+W/0a9DZ47?5,0W/0a9,./9e()
NUN
IEEU
UI
?/S
===
tb
Q
Q
χ
g3+
<
χ
(?[

N
VU

 lF3\i1$ij&m-#nY
j/1461Y2Yj,WX9(Yj,,fe<?0Z?D:;H1,;4y4WX0z4/46rWXSP
0+j,46Z0B0…/,8/,GZS{6fj0Bb,079e(,feY1e,;4y4x/4
;Wi0Bb,079e(,feY1,;4y4/,_,5WX0G0ZWi079e(,./•BbK0z4
/46r


,WiB+/4)

r4,./Yj,,feY1,;4y4Bb,,r4WCYj,,feY10z4/46rB7+,./
,8Dm/4
if<0z4/46rY1?O:6DGU{?,./0z4/46rYXs
i?WppD:;HU{?s&/0Z?,./0BO{?9z{/46rWCWp{?sYX0Z?



`0Z?

U1Wpp,,0Z?UUNUUIk,r4L4/6e,;4y4WXB5WC,,G,
α


]β


Uα


]β


Uα
N

]β
N

UUα
I


]β
I


k?O:6DGX60V,Y1079e(,./,;4y4+/,{?suWC{?s,./0
79e(,;4y4ozYBbS/6O:6DG,,,0Z?UUUNUUIuWCe,]Ž,./07
9e(,fe1,;4y4O0f:4,,0Z?0z4?8,./,,WP,‹

U‹

U‹

UU‹
079e(,;4y431O:6DGDm,,0Z?UUUNUUI
%YzYBb,,0Z?W`/0f:41O:6DGk085j/0Bb,079e(,feY10z4
/46r
v,0779B,r4WX0Z?0VYj,)
]&7YX0fX,./WP,`{?s0D:;HW7X/,zS,07107
]r4,./Yj,`{?s0/
]Z?0VYX/0Z?,./WP,WXWppBbB,0z4/46r
 '(E'(7G,β
” ˆ+”
•Q/,+ˆ+”
 ”]•
   
 N N N
 ^@ E E
N E ^ N^
 @  E

E F  @
@ I  I
I NE E ^E
^ @ E FE
F E @
@

E