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SUBJECT ASSIGNMENT ON ENGLISH AND

UNIVERSITY

AMERICAN LITERATURE
FOR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH (No 2)
Subject Code: EN16

Full name:
Date of birth:
Group:
Requirement: Write a subject report on English and American Literature
I. Answer the following questions on literature: (50 points )
1. What three languages were spoken in England in the 11th - 13th centuries, and whom
were they spoken by? Mention some reasons.
2. What is a romance, a fabliaux, a bestiaria? In what language were they written?
(The file sent will be named after each student’s name. Plagiarism will lead to failure)
1. There were three languages were spoken in England in the 11th-13th centuries.
They are:
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French: The Norman French became the language of government in England as a
result of the Conquest, when Anglo-Normans replaced the native English nobility,
according to Algeo and Pyles. As a result of the Conquest, the influence of French
on the English language was clear with many French words replacing English
vocabulary

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Latin: Latin was still the preferred language for many purposes. With its fixed
grammar and spelling, it was easy to abbreviate without misunderstanding. It
remained the medium for the international scholarship until the seventeenth
century. The Catholic church used Latin in its services, so all liturgical books were
written in this language until the Reformation in the sixteenth century. The
theologian John Wycliffe began to translate the Bible into English in the late
fourteenth century. Still, the Lollard movement with which he was associated was
persecuted by the authorities, so late medieval Bibles in English are rare.

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-

Anglo-Saxon: Anglo Saxon is the earliest recorded form of English, spoken
in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was
brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th century, and the
first Old English literary works date from the mid-7th century. After the Norman
conquest of 1066, Anglo Saxon replaced English to be the language of the upper
classes with Anglo-Norman, a relative of French. This is considered as marking
the end of the Old English era. During this period, the English language was
heavily influenced by Anglo-Norman, developing into a phase known as Middle
English in England and Early Scots in Scotland.

2.
- Romance: The Normans brought the romance to England. Romance shows off love,
adventures and express the ideas of the feudal society. The term Romanticism does not
stem directly from the concept of love, but rather from the French word romaunt (a
romantic story told in verse). Romanticism focused on emotions and the inner life of the
writer, and often used autobiographical material to inform the work or even provide a

template for it, unlike traditional literature at the time.Romanticism celebrated the
primitive and elevated "regular people" as being deserving of celebration, which was an
innovation at the time. Romanticism also fixated on nature as a primordial force and
encouraged the concept of isolation as necessary for spiritual and artistic development.
Romance was written in English, French and Latin.
- Fabliaux : A humorous tale popular in Medieval French literature. The fabliaux were
stories of various types, but one point was uppermost – their clever, sly satire on human
beings. These stories, often bawdy, dealt commonly with the elegy, ridiculed womanhood
and were pitched in a key that made them readily and boisterously understandable to the
uneducated. Fabliaux were written in French
- A bestiary is a compendium of beasts. Bestiaries were made famous in the Middle
Ages in illustrated volumes that described various animals and even rocks in the ancient
world. A moral lesson usually accompanied the natural history and illustration of each
beast. This reflected the belief that the world itself was the Word of God and that every
living thing had its special meaning. Bestiaries were written in Latin.
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II. Working on the given literary works
A. William Shakespeare and Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark
1. William Shakespear – A literature genius
William Shakespeare (bapt. 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright,
poet and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the
world's greatest dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of
Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of
some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of
uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and
are performed more often than those of any other playwright. His works continue to be
studied and reinterpreted.
Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of

18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna and
twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful
career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord
Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. At age 49 (around 1613), he appears
to have retired to Stratford, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's
private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as his
physical appearance, his sexuality, his religious beliefs and whether the works attributed
to him were written by others.
Shakespeare produced most of his known works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays
were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the best work
produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among
them Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, all considered to be
among the finest works in the English language. In the last phase of his life, he
wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy
in his lifetime. However, in 1623, two fellow actors and friends of Shakespeare's, John
Heminges and Henry Condell, published a more definitive text known as the First Folio, a
posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that included all but two

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of his plays.[13] Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Jonson that hailed Shakespeare
with the now famous epithet: "not of an age, but for all time".[13]
On his father's death in 1601, William Shakespeare inherited the old family home in
Henley Street part of which was then leased to tenants. Further property investments in
Stratford followed, including the purchase of 107 acres of land in 1602.
Shakespeare died in Stratford-upon-Avon on 23 April 1616 at the age of 52. He is buried
in the sanctuary of the parish church, Holy Trinity.
2. Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark

The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (/ˈhæmlɪt/), is
a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601. It is
Shakespeare's longest play, with 29,551 words. Set in Denmark, the play depicts Prince
Hamlet and his revenge against his uncle, Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father in
order to seize his throne and marry Hamlet's mother.
Shakespeare’s telling of the story of Prince Hamlet was derived from several sources,
notably from Books III and IV of Saxo Grammaticus’s 12th-century Gesta Danorum and
from volume 5 (1570) ofHistoires tragiques, a free translation of Saxo by Franỗois de
Belleforest. The play was evidently preceded by another play of Hamlet (now lost),
usually referred to as the Ur-Hamlet, of which Thomas Kyd is a conjectured author.
Hamlet is considered among the most powerful and influential works of world literature,
with a story capable of "seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others".[1] It was
one of Shakespeare's most popular works during his lifetime[2] and still ranks among his
most performed, topping the performance list of the Royal Shakespeare Company and its
predecessors in Stratford-upon-Avon since 1879.[3] It has inspired many other writers—
from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Charles Dickens to James Joyce and Iris
Murdoch—and has been described as "the world's most filmed story after Cinderella".[4]
The story of Shakespeare's Hamlet was derived from the legend of Amleth, preserved by
13th-century chronicler Saxo Grammaticusin hisGesta Danorum, as subsequently retold
by the 16th-century scholarFranỗois de Belleforest. Shakespeare may also have drawn on
an earlier Elizabethan play known today as the Ur-Hamlet, though some scholars believe
Shakespeare wrote the Ur-Hamlet, later revising it to create the version of Hamlet that
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exists today. He almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow
actor, Richard Burbage, the leading tragedian of Shakespeare's time. In the 400 years
since its inception, the role has been performed by numerous highly acclaimed actors in
each successive century.
Three different early versions of the play are extant: the First Quarto (Q1, 1603); the

Second Quarto (Q2, 1604); and the First Folio (F1, 1623). Each version includes lines and
entire scenes missing from the others. The play's structure and depth of characterisation
have inspired much critical scrutiny. One such example is the centuries-old debate about
Hamlet's hesitation to kill his uncle, which some see as merely a plot device to prolong
the action but which others argue is a dramatisation of the complex philosophical and
ethical issues that surround cold-blooded murder, calculated revenge, and thwarted desire.
More recently, psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet's unconscious desires,
while feminist critics have re-evaluated and attempted to rehabilitate the often-maligned
characters of Ophelia and Gertrude.
B. An analysis of William Shakespear’s Hamlet.
1. Shakespear’s writing art, ideas talent and historical background behind his life
works.
The works of William Shakespeare reflected the cultural, social, and political
circumstances of the Elizabeth I era. At the end of the 16th century in England, most of
the population still believed in ghosts, midwives, and ghosts. Witches and magicians.
There is no evidence that Shakespeare had such beliefs. Still, Shakespeare used
superstition effectively in his works as ghosts play an essential role in Hamlet, Julius
Caesar, Macbeth, and Richard III, witches are the main characters in the play Macbeth,
and Prospero is a magician in the play "The Tempest". In the 1580s, the city of London,
with a population of about 150,000, became a bustling metropolis of Europe. On the
Thames, there were thousands of ships going up and down, and sometimes the brilliant
Royal Barge also appeared on this river. The London Bridge is also famous for its
southern bridgehead, the Tower of London, where the skulls of those convicted of treason
are displayed. Of the violence of the Age of Queen Elizabeth I. London has more than
100 churches, the most famous of which is St. Ancient Paul. Also to the west are the Inns
of Court, a college of barristers, and the Whitehall Royal Palace and the Palace of
Westminster. It was destroyed in 1588. The prosperity and opulence of the British court
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were a sign of the power of the Elizabeth I Dynasty. During the Elizabethan Era,
Literature flourished. The Anh Dinh court subsidized writers and poets when writing
works.
Several aristocratic writers, such as Sir Walter Raleigh Sir Philip Sidney... also composed
poems reflecting the brilliance of the dynasty, and poets of popular origin were also
patronized, such as Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spencer and Michael Drayton. The
Drama industry has developed and originated from two directions in this socio-economic
situation. The first dimension is purely secular, popular, a retelling of ancient legends,
Biblical stories, old History stories, and the second is by students of the Inns of Court,
who are alumni of the University of Oxford or Cambridge, have knowledge of the History
and Drama of the Greco-Roman Ages. Classical literature with modern famous theater
gave birth in 1587 outstanding plays such as Christopher Marlowe's "Tamburlaine" or
"The Spanish Tragedy" by Christopher Marlowe. Thomas Kyd… In terms of habitat, the
city of London in 1600 had about 200,000 inhabitants. By today's standards, the city is
crowded and unsanitary.
Still, as the capital of England, London attracts all kinds of people here looking for
promotion opportunities: officials, teachers, artists, musicians, students… and writers.
William Shakespeare's deep involvement in the life of the city of London gave him a
comprehensive understanding, which enabled him to create diverse characters in plays. At
the end of the 16th century, when Shakespeare began to write plays, the people of
England were optimistic. In 1588, England had just defeated the mighty Spanish Armada
Fleet, the patriotism of the British people was high. Through the early 17th century, when
Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603, there were many economic and social problems in
England, small wars with several other countries, epidemics spread, killed hundreds of
people. Human life becomes threatened, short. Political disturbances have caused many
crime scenes with the beheading of traitors and the hanging of prisoners in public. So
William Shakespeare's scripts also reflect the shift from optimism to pessimism.
Comedies are no longer seen, but instead, tragedies such as "Measure for Measure" or
"All's Well that Ends Well". The tragedy "King Lear" was a cry of despair. The literature
of the Elizabethan Era reflected scenes of violence or death. At the same time,

Shakespeare's tragedies also contained suicide or murder scenes of the main characters in
the play. But, despite its brutal nature, the people of this era were sensitive to beauty and
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poetry. Literature has taken many forms, including poetic drama, fiction, and essays.
British people still love Music, with talented British musicians standing on a par with
European musicians. Instrumental Music, songs, and dances were three critical elements
in the plays of the Elizabethan Era.
William Shakespeare's second stage of composition is known for plays such as "Romeo
and Juliet", "The Merchant of Venice", and "King Henry IV", with his brilliant comedy
called is "A Midsummer Night's Dream". William Shakespeare's style is mature robust
and demonstrates the author's genius due to his playful plays satirical romances, with
many poetic descriptions.
The play "Hamlet", written around 1601, opens the third stage. For eight years, William
Shakespeare explored evil, and the world of terror was presented with great tragedies
because the author was pessimistic before the desperate thoughts of man, the painful
circumstances of the world. Society. In the fourth and final stage, William Shakespeare
used a new genre of writing, that is, the tragicomedy or tragic romance. "The Tempest" is
perhaps the best play of the period, combining strength and wisdom.
The details, plots, and psychology of the characters in the plays prove that William
Shakespeare was an erudite man, well understood about people, knew how to combine
dramatic technique with poetic ability, which made him become the greatest of
playwrights. William Shakespeare's art is realistic; it contains the truth of human life, and
this is eternally true. The characters in the plays are both alive and three-dimensional;
they can be good, bad, significant, or insignificant and include all kinds of people: kings,
high officials, clerical employees. products, villains, dreamers, lunatics, activists… male
and female, country and province… Shakespeare's depiction of heroes is genuinely
excellent, and so are the supporting characters. For example, the 20 young women in the
plays are roughly the same age, almost the same social background, nearly the same

external lifestyle, but these 20 women are very different in their lives. Real life. The plays
of William Shakespeare have made the audience deeply moved and have had such a
profound effect on the readers that they have to re-read the scripts many times; for
example, the play "King Lear" is considered Shakespeare's greatest tragedy.
The Renaissance culture refers to a unique historical period, a significant turning point in
the history of Europe and humanity, a giant era that produced giants with diverse cultural
values. In which the most outstanding cultural value is humanism, taking the promotion
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of people to affirm the human values in people, to verify the human qualities of earthly
people. Man is both the highest crystallization of the perfection of the biological body and
the fullness of the spirit as Hamlet praises: "Wonderful is the man! How noble man is in
terms of reason, how infinite in his gift! What a meaningful and respectable new image
and pose! In real action like a fairy, in wisdom equal to God's talent! What the beauty of
the world, the model of all things!"
2. Shakespear’s message, influence and educational values through out his works.
The characters emphasized by Shakespeare through the title of each play or other
characters placed concerning the main character have reached a typical level, crystallized
into a supermodel - archetype - showing the laws of movement of the main character.
History. Typicality is not just creating a character that has never existed but creating a
character type with a wide range of real-life. Every reader or audience watching a
performance will recognize the silhouette when reading. In his era, there is a
psychological depth, a depth that creates a personal identity so that the character is not
mixed with anyone or dissolved anywhere. Therefore, the typical character has the
appearance of sculpture and painting on the outside. At the same time, the inside is a
whole world of philosophical contemplation, with complicated inner happenings that
often lead to literary variations. Depends on how each writer handles it.
Shakespeare's influence
Shakespeare's influence extends from theater and literature to present-day movies,

Western philosophy, and the English language itself. William Shakespeare is widely
regarded as the most excellent writer in the history of the English language and the
world's pre-eminent dramatist. He transformed European theatre by expanding
expectations about what could be accomplished through characterization, plot, language,
and genre innovation. Shakespeare's writings have also impacted many notable novelists
and poets over the years, including Herman Melville, Charles Dickens, and Maya
Angelou, and continue to influence new authors even today. Shakespeare is the most
quoted writer in the history of the English-speaking world after the various writers of the
Bible; many of his quotations and neologisms have passed into everyday usage in English
and other languages. According to Guinness Book of World Records, Shakespeare
remains the world's best-selling playwright, with sales of his plays and poetry believed to

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have achieved over four billion copies in the almost 400 years since his death. He is also
the third most translated author in history.
Influence on theatre
Shakespeare's works have been a significant influence on the subsequent theatre. He
developed theatre to a great extent and changed today's theatre. Shakespeare created some
of the most admired plays in Western literature (with Macbeth, Hamlet, and King Lear
being ranked among the world's most excellent sports) and transformed English theatre
by expanding expectations about what could be accomplished through plot and language.
Specifically, in plays like Hamlet, Shakespeare "integrated characterization with the plot,"
such that if the main character was different in any way, the plot would be totally
changed. In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare mixed tragedy and comedy to create a new
romantic tragedy genre (previous to Shakespeare, romance had not been considered a
worthy topic for catastrophe). Through his soliloquies, Shakespeare showed how plays
could explore a character's inner motivations and conflict (up until Shakespeare,
monologues were often used by playwrights to "introduce [characters], convey

information, provide an exposition or reveal plans").
Influence on European and American literature
Shakespeare influenced many writers in the following centuries, including significant
novelists Herman Melville, Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, and William Faulkner.
Examples of this influence include many Shakespearean quotations throughout Dickens'
writings and that at least 25 of Dickens' titles are drawn from Shakespeare. At the same
time, Melville frequently used Shakespearean devices, including formal stage directions
and extended soliloquies, in Moby-Dick.[ In fact, Shakespeare so influenced Melville that
the novel's main antagonist, Captain Ahab, is a classic Shakespearean tragic figure, "a
great man brought down by his faults."[ Shakespeare has also influenced several English
poets, especially Romantic poets such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who were obsessed
with self-consciousness, a modern theme Shakespeare anticipated in plays such as
Hamlet. Shakespeare's writings were so influential to English poetry of the 1800s that
critic George Steiner has called all English poetic dramas from Coleridge to Tennyson
"feeble variations on Shakespearean themes."
Influence on the English language

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Shakespeare's writings greatly influenced the entire English language. Before and during
Shakespeare's time, the grammar and rules of English were not standardized. But once
Shakespeare's plays became popular in the late seventeenth and eighteenth century, they
helped contribute to the standardization of the English language, with many
Shakespearean words and phrases becoming embedded in the English language, mainly
through projects such as Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language which
quoted Shakespeare more than any other writer. He expanded the scope of English
literature by introducing new words and phrases, experimenting with blank verse, and
introducing new poetic and grammatical structures. The famous Russian poet Lermontov
of the 19th century once passionately praised: "If Shakespeare is a great poet, it is

Hamlet. If Shakespeare really is Shakespeare, an incredibly vast genius that goes deep
into the human heart and the laws of destiny, a unique genius that no one can imitate, then
it is Hamlet.
There are no words to praise this masterpiece tragedy. For hundreds of years, the play is
still alive and well on the stage worldwide. From plays turned into movies big and small.
Critics and art theorists constantly research and discover values that are always hidden in
works. That proves the richness of the play is endless. However, the conclusions are
rarely unified or even contradictory due to different viewpoints and times.
Some narrow-minded views see the play as just a bloody revenge story. Or, Shakespeare
wanted to build a weak character who is always cynical, pessimistic, and tired of life due
to unsatisfactory circumstances. Or when compared with the nature Don Quijote, they
think that Don Quijote acts without thinking and Hamlet only thinks without affecting. In
general, people do not intentionally see the deep socio-political meaning of the work.
The plot is inherent in the Nordic Danish folktale treasure. At the end of the 16th century,
the English writer Thomas Keat made a play Hamlet that resonated on the English stage
(today there is no script). Shakespeare inherited quite a lot when he started to build this
play. But he has put in a lot of effort and creativity that is enough to transcend space and
time to become the pinnacle of humanity's tragic work. Shakespeare's outstanding
contribution is that he turned an old revenge story into a tragedy that profoundly reflects
the nature of his time, expressing the anxiety and concern about the life and aspirations of
people of the time. in a very systematic way.

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Hamlet is a beautiful combination of poetry and philosophy, art and thought, theater and
life.
C. Some comments on the Hamlet Tragedy.
Prince Hamlet is perhaps the most complex character to be brought to the stage in this
tragedy, and many scholars have debated Hamlet's actions and ideology. At the beginning

of the play, the Prince is just a nobleman, powerless to avenge his father and a victim of
circumstances. Hamlet's way of thinking is expressed in the Prince's monologues, in his
brutal acts when tormenting Orphelia, in dealing with the body of Count Polonius, in
refusing to kill Claudius when he This king was praying and thinking of a way to kill his
two courtiers Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Did the failure of revenge bring the Prince to
a state of melancholy, becoming a victim of the philosophy of "the melancholy humor",
and according to Dr. Ernest Jones, a disciple of Sigmund Freud, Prince Hamlet suffered
from "the Oedipus complex", a person who wanted to replace his father in his mother's
love when his father died unexpectedly? Hamlet is a peculiar, unstable human being,
subject to many impulses and in many states of mental turmoil. Prince is an intelligent,
sensitive person, in a high position but facing a difficult situation; he has extreme
attitudes, hesitates, looks for evidence to take revenge. Revenge is not acceptable to
Christianity, while Hamlet is a hero of the Elizabethan era, a variety of "tragic heroes"
guided by a ghost, tormented by conscience. Trifles are limited by reason to some
instinctive actions. Another character in the tragedy is Queen Gertrude. There were not
enough factors to conclude how this Queen grieved over the death of old King Hamlet,
how much she loved the new King Claudius. The Queen's feelings towards the morality
of marrying her brother-in-law are unknown, and at that time, such an act was considered
illegal and unethical. Queen Gertrude, who loved Hamlet, also cared for Orphelia, had
felt vaguely guilty and then took a drink during the most awkward situation. Does the
Queen know that this glass of wine has poison or not? Claudius was King of Denmark,
uncle of Hamlet, and later stepfather of the Prince. This is also a complex character with
the ability to drink and political talent for dealing with Norway and Poland, talent for
controlling the people, and two courtiers. Audiences may not like Claudius's often
hypocritical laugh, but they feel for the king in the prayer scene, and it's at this point that
Hamlet doesn't have the heart to kill the tyrannical king. Another image is the ghost of old
King Hamlet. In Shakespeare's plays, there are often ghosts because people were still
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superstitious at the time of Elizabeth I in England, believing in omens and ghosts. Some
scholars believe that the role of spirits in plays is played by Dai Van Hao Shakespeare
himself. Polonius was a wise old man, the father of Laertes and Orphelia, a court figure,
but the play does not specify Polonius' office and that it was given to him by the old King
Hamlet from King Claudius. Queen Gertrude was interested in the marriage between
Hamlet and Orphelia, calling Polonius "a good old man," but Polonius's prowling nature
amused the audience and in his actions. Mr. Polonius has mixed good and evil. Laertes is
a young man in contrast to Hamlet. He was trained to be a courtier. Laertes was an
honest, proud, honorable man, acting hastily, quarreled with the priest at his sister's
funeral, violated his conscience by using a poisoned sword while avenging his death.
Dad. After all, Laertes was an innocent victim, like his sister Orphelia. Orphelia got her
name from the Greek word "Apheleia," meaning "innocent". This is a description of her
outlook on life. Orphelia was confused when she saw Hamlet's change of attitude. In the
scene of the dispute between the Prince's love and the duty to obey her father, Orphelia
did as her father told her while Hamlet did not wholly follow his father's words. is the
ghost's advice. In addition to the main characters mentioned above, there are also Horatio,
Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Fortinbras, soldiers, clowns Horatio is a friend of Prince
Hamlet. This was not an aristocrat, but a gentleman, with mild qualities, that Prince
Hamlet himself lacked. Horatio lived a life free of excessive joys and sorrows. The
tragedy of Hamlet contains within it many themes, such as justice and vengeance, human
destiny and purpose in life, sanity and madness, appearance and reality, woman and love,
love, rights, and duties as king, poison and corruption, First of all, all of Hamlet's actions
are ordered by the ghost to the Prince, which is revenge for his father who was brutally
murdered. Underhand. By this time, the Prince's soul was tormented by questions
1. William Shakespear – A literature genius
2. Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark
B. An analysis of William Shakespear’s Hamlet.
1. Shakespear’s writing art, ideas talent and historical background behind his life
works.
2. Shakespear’s message, influence and educational values through out his works.

Shakespeare's influence
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Shakespeare's influence extends from theater and literature to present-day movies,
Western philosophy, and the English language itself.
Influence on theatre
Shakespeare's works have been a significant influence on the subsequent theatre. He
developed theatre to a great extent and changed today's theatre. Shakespeare created some
of the most admired plays in Western literature
Influence on European and American literature
Shakespeare influenced many writers in the following centuries, including significant
novelists Herman Melville, Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, and William Faulkner.
Examples of this influence include many Shakespearean quotations throughout Dickens'
writings and that at least 25 of Dickens' titles are drawn from Shakespeare.

Hamlet Summary
The ghost of the King of Denmark tells his son Hamlet to avenge his
murder by killing the new king, Hamlet's uncle. Hamlet feigns
madness, contemplates life and death, and seeks revenge. His uncle,
fearing for his life, also devises plots to kill Hamlet. The play ends with
a duel, during which the King, Queen, Hamlet's opponent and Hamlet
himself are all killed. 

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