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TÌM HIỂU QUY TRÌNH SẢN XUẤT CÁ THU NGÂM DẦU.
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CHƯƠNG 1. GIỚI THIỆU CÔNG NGHỆ SẢN XUẤT ĐỒ HỘP
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1.1. Lịch sử phát triển đồ hộp.
1.1.1. Trên thế giới.
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1.1.2. Tại Việt Nam.
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1.1.3. Vai trò của ngành đồ hộp.
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1.1.4. Tình hình phát triển đồ hộp trên thế giới và ở Việt Nam.
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1.2. Phân loại.
1.2.1. Căn cứ vào nguồn nguyên liệu.
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1.2.2. Căn cứ vào bao bì.
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11
CHƯƠNG 2. ĐỒ HỘP CÁ THU NGÂM DẦU
2.1. Giới thiệu sản phẩm
[4 ,5, 6]
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>yFV<i‘JE%š
Hình 2.1. Salad cá thu. Hình 2.2. Bánh mì sandwich kẹp cá thu
2.2. Nguyên liệu.
[1, 2, 3, 7]
(Nguyên)
2.2.1. Cá thu.
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p<?%O}<A>MJ:V<JF%VEfmcm^
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12
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2.2.1.1. Đặc điểm nhận dạng.
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f%U<ATdI;?cp<iVE=>D?FGF\E<AV<A>HCnV<%Lm<=1TJEŠ<A?cp<^O<ATHiO9J
Ru<A;LCUJ?N;n•;E=%y<%<%OLCUJ>lJ?p<
Hình 2.3. Cá thu
2.2.1.2. Vùng phân bố và cư trú.
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$O}<A;RPU<ATHRP~IE%~C%€;Tˆ<ARJW<cC<AU<A;Tˆ<ARJW<Tm<RPtEEoV
<D$O}<A;f%CTYEeC`<LdN…J£J~IV>%@Jy<%$O}<A;1RPU<A~I<O9E
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™JK?V>;E@?%CE=?%W?y>?%QIh?Q?EdE@ETˆ<ARJW<?[tETHNLa<:%€V
V>EoVRJW<U<ATHTˆ<ARJW<~I?%CDEv<%%@JV<<%O<A<%JsC<%Q?^HE@ETˆ<A
RJW<?[ŸCd<Ay<%La<H7vVl<AHC;%wŸCGE•Jp<JV<A@?%CFG<AhTˆ<A
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11-/J<%?cOh<ATHFJ<%Fd<
13
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cM<A;L@<A`>cŠ<AE@?%CE%ŠV<%JsCAJ\?i`C<%{AJw:E%w<A<zJh?`<A>”?<O9E
RJW<;^H<}JQ>@:;E=<b<ALDNnI%rV?V<EVN;<}JE=<%JsC:%JpCFJ<%EC<AEQ:E%NQC
?cˆ<AE@f%J?cŠ<A<h•%JEr<<%{E%w<AFG<A?%H<%R`ILH<f%U<A^q<^D<T9JE@E
<%=>E@f%@EEˆ<A%\<%O<Af%J^9<^p<E%w<AE=?%WLO_E?y>?%QIEˆ<AR`ILH<T9J
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^NMJE@^9<%}<TH>YEG<A%mN>D?FG<A%Jp<EŠCEoVE@EE%CIp<AJV<AOPJ EE%N
?%QIE@E@J?%OP<AE=f€E%?%O9E^9<%}<E@LYED?EN<E@E@J?cOh<A?%H<%FVC1<B>
FJ<%?cOh<A;?%U<A?%OP<AE=E%JsCiHJLD3.E>;E~<<”<AkfAN<E@?%C^9<<%Q?LO_E
A%J<%S<E%€<%?%ŠELa<?%PJLJW>%JK<<VI^HEN<E@?%CiHJ10><”<A5.fA
2.2.1.4. Tập quán săn mồi.
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?cC<ARy<%La<?`<A<zJƒLDF~C?[k0.>„@FB<>bJ<%JsC<%Q?THN^wEF@<AF9>TH
%NH<A%U<
2.2.1.5. Mùa vụ và phương pháp đánh bắt.
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?%@<A/~>^vE%<B>FVCcN<A>ˆV<HIE@?uTs<%JsChE@ETˆ<ARJW<f%}Jy<%v<%;
%w&p<;•%@<%rV;J<%%CS<;H7vVl<AHCTH%wŸCGE
AOi~<JK?V>L@<%Rt?E@?%CE%oIaC^H^O9JEd<;^O9JT~Icw?E%y;E~Cit?;
E~CRoV<zJD?FGE`<?%oE~CE@AJdJ?c€LxE~CLO_EE@?%C?MJTˆ<ARJW<U<dN
<%O<Af%U<A<%JsC
2.2.1.6. Các dạng chế biến và giá trị xuất khẩu.
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?%}>;Tv<A\?;E=?%WE%aRJa<cV<%JsC>=<B<<AN<=^‰E@?%C^H^NMJE@f%U<AVJE=
?%WE%p<p<E=AJ@?cvfJ<%?acQ?EVN
14
%H<%:%`<iJ<%iOœ<AEoVE@?%CE=?%W?%V>f%dNiO9JL~I
d<A1-J@?cviJ<%iOœ<A?cN<A 1A?%v?E@?%C
%Q?iJ<%iOœ<A •%GJ^O_<A %Q?iJ<%iOœ<A •%GJ^O_<A
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CI<%Jp<;<AOPJ?VEl<A:%@?%JK<E=JF?V>J<m?cN<A?%v?E@?%C;?%OP<A^HiN
RdNeCd<<ACIp<^JKCf%U<ALw<AE@E%;E}?%v?Rv:%~<%oIiO9J?@ELD<AEoV<%JK?LD
EVNTHm<§I>mE=?cN<A>@CE@
@?%C?%OP<ALO_EE%aRJa<LU<A^M<%nCQ?f%ZCiO9JiM<A
¤¨ƒC??miTHJ^^mi=E>V<A;R{<DJ?M<A„
¤^JEmƒt?^@?„;%N”E%C<fƒEt?f%wE„
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E@E<O9EƒE%oIaC^H%S?d<„cQ?^9<;LM?EN<FG3 ?Q<–<B>;<%O<A%JK<<VI
LxAJd>cQ?<%JsC;E%oIaCiN<ACb<L@<%Rt?AJd>>M<%;:%`<f%@EiN?JpC?%u<DJLvV
T9JAJ@?G?%}<
2.2.1.7. Tác dụng của cá thu.
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R•N?cN<AE@?%CcQ?RziOœ<ALGJT9JFŠEf%{mEoV>\J<AOPJ;?[<AOPJAJH;?c•m>;:%u
<X>V<A?%VJTH:%u<X?cN<A?%PJAJV<FVCf%JFJ<%
15
@?%Ciˆ<AE%N>\J?cOP<A%_:FCI<%O_E;?%JWCiOœ<A;f%€%O;%CIa?%O;>K?
>{J;^VNR{<A<”<A;FCIfJK?;B<f•>;A`IIaCFw?E~<;LVCL`CE%=<A>”?;>{J>t?
@?%C;E@E%J>;E@<%u;E@L•^H0^NMJE@eC|LO_EL@<%Rt??cp<RJW<;E=Tv<AN<;
AJ@?cviJ<%iOœ<AEVNƒ?ŠeC|<AO„
@?%CcQ?AJHC:cN?mJ<THVEJiV>J<E`<?%Ja?;E%Q?R•N;V;;…m;ATHE@E^NMJ
FJ<%?G);$;•”ERJK?;i`CAV<E@?%CLO_EF—iu<AcD<AcxJ?cp<?%v?cOP<AeCGE?aTy
E=<%JsCFJ<%?G);$;E%Q?N>mAV/;E=AJ@?cviJ<%iOœ<AEVN;E`<?%Ja?E%N?B<A?cOh<A
RdNTK?%v^YEE%G<Af%U>t?;TJp>^N•?AJ@E>MEiN?%JWCiOœ<ATHErJnO}<AEl<A<%O
E=^_JE%N%NM?LD<AEoV>H<A?aRHN;AJw:^H>AJd>>œnQCTH?B<Af%d<B<AAJX>œ?G?
?cN<A>@C
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$ˆ<AE%N>\J?cOP<A%_:FCI<%O_E;?%JWCiOœ<A;f%€%O;%CIa?%O;>K?>{J;^VNR{<A
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}<<XV;E@?%CE=E%ŠV^NMJi`C>V<A?p<N>mAV/E=?@Eiu<AcQ?^9<?cN<ATJKE
<AB<E%”<FY%y<%?%H<%E%Q?:cNF?VA^VFiJ<FE=^Jp<eCV<La<<%X<AE}<LVCf%J%H<%
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<A%Jp<EŠC?cp<1j.:%u<XiNM:E%€iJ<%iOœ<A^~>FH<AE%~C6C?%YE%JK<E%NRJa?;
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?%CE=f%d<B<A<AB<E%”<FY:%@??cJW<EoV?aRHNC<A?%OTwTH:%r<AE%XVRK<%?J>
>ME%
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<%X<A?@Eiu<AL=EoVE@?%C<=JcJp<A;fWEdE@E^NMJE@f%@E<=JE%C<Aš<p<<%X<A
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16
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EV<nJ;f‰>šJ?V>J<?cN<AE@El<AcQ?ibJiHN;<%Q?^HTJ?V>J<<%=><%OTJ?V>J<
1
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-1
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%bJ;E@nV<%Er<E=Vn€?>mAV/AJw:RdNTK?aRHNE%G<A^MJFY?Q<EU<AEoVTJf%CZ<
2.2.1.8. Một số chú ý về cá thu.
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L9J<=<AZ>
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17
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<%X<ATu<ADLDEiNB<E@?%C
2.2.2. Dầu thực vật.
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E%w<AEl<Af%@E<%VCANHJF—iu<A?cN<A<QCB<;<%JsC^NMJEr<LO_Eiˆ<A?cN<AE@E
<AH<%EU<A<A%JK:THFd<nCQ?>Ž:%Z>%w<A?VTq<eCm<^YVE%\<i`CN^JCLWE%a
RJa<E@E^NMJA{J;FV^Vi<%O<AE%w<A?Vf%U<ARJa?c‡<Ai`CN^JCE=?%W^H<ACIp<^JKCLW
?MNcVE@E^NMJ>Ž:%Z>;i`CADJL`CcQ??G?E%NiVTH?=EGJT9Ji`Ci[V;^H^NMJi`C
LO_Eiˆ<A:%zRJa<hE@E<O9EE%~C=El<ALO_Eiˆ<A?cN<A<QCB<TH%}<<XV^H
^NMJ?%CGEiJK?E{THRUJ?c}<LD<AE}>@I>=EcQ?%XC%JKC
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i`Cš>HE%w<A?V?%OP<A?%QI?cN<ALPJFG<A%‡<A<AHI
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i`C?%`Ci`C;i`C?C<AcN<Ai`C?%`Ci`CE=E%ŠVLDE?G<p<f%U<A?%Wiˆ<A^H>
i`CB<<%O<A<=E=?%WE%XVRK<%?@NR=<$`C?C<A^H^NMJi`CLO_EF—iC<A?cN<ATJKE
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18
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2.2.3. Muối.
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LO_ELD>”<EoVFd<:%Z>>HEr<E=?@Eiu<A%M<E%a?@Eiu<AEoVTJFJ<%TS?A~I%O
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1
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E%Q?;?J<%?%W?ct<A;f%J%rV?V<?Nc<A<O9E<%S<LO_EiC<AivE%?cN<ATt?THLb<A<%Q?
19
CHƯƠNG 3. QUY TRÌNH SẢN XUẤT CÁ THU NGÂM DẦU
3.1. Sơ đồ quy trình sản xuất. (Nguyên)
a:%D:
Q:
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20
3.2. Cách tiến hành
[1, 3, 4, 5]
(Nguyệt).
3.2.1. Bảo quản nguyên liệu cá sau khi đánh bắt.
NMJR{?M:E%Q?AVIFVCf%J^O9JE@^p<?%yE`<^NMJR{?M:E%Q?<%OE@?;FM<š
%X<AEN<E@RvR`>iS:F—iu<AB<?O}Jh?cp<?HC?%yRdNeCd<cJp<AyE@?%C%S?
f%U<A:%dJ^H^NHJE@^9<<p<f%U<AR{cCD?7—VFME%R‡<A<O9ELW^NMJR{TJFJ<%TS?
a:E@;RdNeCd<@LO_Ena:THN?%ˆ<AE@E%<%JK?;?cN<A?%ˆ<AE@E%<%JK?;L@
LO_Ena:>D?^9:iHIiO9JL@I?%ˆ<A?cO9E;FVCL=^H>D?^9:E@;?Ja:La<^H>D?^9:L@
>{<AJKEna:L@E@^`<^O_?<%OTSI?c@<%fN^H>E%NE@iS:<@?
21
%B>F=En—^|FYEG%dJfJW>?cV>•J<AHI;?%U<A?%OP<ATHNF@<ATHE%JsC
?GJaC^9:L@h?cp<Rv?V<<%JsCTH<%JK?LDEoVf%GJE@TO_?eC@kN?%y:%dJRzFC<A
?%p>L@
GEiœ;TS<E%CIW<$ˆ<AE@ETS?iu<AR‡<A<%YVLWnwEE@`<<%]?VI;f%J
TS<E%CIW<f%U<A<p<na:E%N^9:?cp<TH^9:iO9J<•<^p<<%VCeC@<”<A;:%O}<A?JK<
TS<E%CIW<:%dJFME%THLO_EE%m>OV<t<A
3.2.2. Lựa chọn nguyên liệu chế biến.
uEL€E%eC@?cy<%?Ja:<%S<<ACIp<^JKCLm>E%aRJa<^HfJW>?cVE%Q?^O_<ARV<
L`CEoV<ACIp<^JKCL`CTHN<%‡>AJd><ACIE}%O%{<ATH<~<AEVNE%Q?^O_<AFd<
:%Z>L`CcV
ACIp<^JKCE@?Ja:<%S<:%dJ?O}J;Lb<ALsCTsf€E%?%O9E;f%GJ^O_<ATH>HC
FtE;>ˆJL”E?cO<A;iVE@:%dJE=>HC?Y<%Jp<EoV^NMJE@f%U<ARv?%O}<An~In@?%VIRv
<@?;<%9?E@f%U<ALuE;f%U<AE=>ˆJ%UJ;T~IE@Er<<ACIp<T]<V<AE@>HCL{;
f%U<ARv?@J?€>%N”ELm<;f%JQ<?VITHN?%QITa?^©>THf%J?%d?VIcV:%dJ<zJ^p<<AVI;
>JK<AE@f%•:f€<
•JW>?cV>qC^QIE@:%dJE=?€<%E%Q?LMJiJK<;Lb<A?%PJ:%dJRJa?<ACb<AGE;?p<
E@;<AOPJEC<AEQ:;LJsCfJK<L@<%Rt?;LJsCfJK<O9:E@š•JW>?cV<%‡>RJa?c©E%Q?
^O_<A;AJw:E%NeC@?cy<%E%aRJa<THRdNeCd<LO_E?G?<%Q?
Ja:<%S<E@?%C?O}J%N”EE@LU<A^M<%LxLM?IpCE`C;^NMJ<%X<AEN<f%U<ALM?
aC<ACIp<^JKCE%OVLO_EE%aRJa<<AVI?%y?Ja<%H<%RdNeCd<^M<%aC<ACIp<^JKC
F‰Fd<nCQ??cO9E10AJP?%yE%“O9:L@;<aC?[1003AJPO9:R‡<A<O9EL@TH<O9E>CGJ
E=<b<ALD1/ž;<aC?cp<03AJP?%yLm>EQ:LU<A
3.2.3. Rã đông.
Ja<%H<%cxLU<AE%JV^H>1AJVJLNM<
JVJLNM<-?V<AJ@E%S><%JK?LDf%U<Af%€?B<Ai`<?[.
.
ª3
.
THLDZ>f%U<Af%€
?[j.jkžeC@?cy<%cxLU<Afa??%wEf%J<%JK?LD?cN<A<ACIp<^JKCLM??9J-
.
22
JVJLNM<1f%JcxLU<ARs>”?<ACIp<^JKCF‰Z>O9??VE%Nf%U<Af%€THN?C`<%NH<
LW^H>f%U<ACIp<^JKCE@
l<AE=?%WcxLU<AR‡<AE@E%L”?<ACIp<^JKC?cN<A:%r<AE=<%Jp?LDf%U<AEVN
%}<-3
.
THiˆ<Af%U<Af%€1.
.
T9JTS<?GE/>–F%N”Eiˆ<ALWcxLU<AR‡<AE@E%E%N
<ACIp<^JKCLJeCV?%Ja?Rv:%C<%N”E<%w<ATHN<O9E^M<%
@ERJa<LzJndIcV?cN<AeC@?cy<%>HE%oIaC^HRJa<LzJTS?^|
¤%JK?LDEoVE@LO_E?B<A^p<;?J<%?%W<O9E?cN<A<ACIp<^JKCRt?L`C?V<cV
¤DLH<%bJEoV?%v?E@AJd>
¤c\<A^O_<AE@AJd>
%Ja?RvcxLU<A
%Ja?Rv^H>D?LOP<A%`>;hAJXVLOP<A%`>E=RB<A?dJD?L`CRB<A?dJLW<%S:
<ACIp<^JKCƒE@?%CLU<A^M<%„;L`CEr<^MJ^HL`CcVFd<:%Z>E@?%CcxLU<A;TS<?GE
RB<A?dJ^H.;-k>–F%€V?cp<E=-LOP<AG<AEQ:<O9E;<%JK?LD<O9E
.
S<?GE
<O9EE%dI?cN<AG<A.;k>–F%€ViO9JE=1cx<%?%N@?<O9ELW?%N@?<O9E?%dJ
3.2.4. Xử lý sơ bộ.
@FVCf%JcxLU<A?Ja<%H<%n—^|Et?LCUJ;Et?T~I;?CG?<%9?;>zRu<A;^QI%a?<DJ
?M<A;FVCL=c—VFME%?cN<A<O9EF@??cˆ<AE%^NcJ<m ::>
Ja<<%H<%R‡<AE@E%E%NEU<A<%~<LŠ<A?%H<%1ixI;>•JixIi\E?%mNRH<F}
E%aH<?%Ja?faFVNE%NE=RB<A?dJhAJXVRH<;E%MIi\E?%mNE%JsCiHJEoVRH<;E@Lx
^NMJT~I;<DJ?M<A;LCUJ?%mNRB<A?dJnCG<ARb<E%ŠVLY<A
23
3.2.5. Rửa.
VCf%Jn—^|F}RD;E@LO_Ec—V<%‡>?ZIFME%<DJ?M<A;>@CTHE%Q?<%9?;^H>
FME%E@E?M:E%Q?Er<R@>?cp<E@;<ANHJcVEr<AJd>>D?:%`<^O_<ATJFJ<%TS?Er<F=?
^MJ%VIRv<%J›>?cN<AeC@?cy<%Et?;Lb<A?%PJc—VFME%E%Q?R•NE%dIcV<ANHJLW?c@<%
%JK<?O_<ANnI%N@A~IUJ?%GJRJa<>HC%PJAJV<c—V:%dJ:%u?%CDETHN<%JK?LDTH
^NMJ<ACIp<^JKCQ?EŠh?y<%%CG<A<HNEl<A:%dJ?%VN?@E<%V<%
@E%?%ŠE?%Y%JK<E@FVCf%Jn—^|nN<A?%mNRB<A?dJE%CIW<nCG<ARb<MJ
Rb<c—V;E=%K?%G<Aiq<<O9ETH:%C<<O9EnCG<ARb<LWc—VE@VCL=E@LO_ET9?
^p<;Ft:na:^p<nmTS<E%CIW<E%CIp<iu<ATHE%CIW<eCVeC@?cy<%?Ja:?%mN
3.2.6. Fillet.
”?E@<‡><AV<A?cp<?%9?;:%`<^O<AeCVITs:%€V<AOPJ:%J^p$ˆ<AiVNFtEEt?
<AV<AeCV:%`<iO9J%VJ>t?TH%VJT~IRp<ƒE%“E%M>La<:%`<nO}<A„VCL=^M<Ai\E
?%~<E@?%mN%O9<A?[L`CE%NLa<LCUJLW?@E%:%`<?%v?EoV<—VEN<E@cVf%{JnO}<A
FG<AS?FQ:?%~<E@LWLOV<—VfJV^p<TH?%YE%JK<^MJ?%VN?@E<%O?cp<
&pCE`CfŽ?%CS?:%J^pF@?nO}<A;f%U<AF=??%v??cp<nO}<ATHf%U<AF=?nO}<A
?cp<?%v?”?Et?>Ja<A:%J^pR‡<A:%¬<Af%U<A<%V><%h
@FVCf%J:%J^p?ˆI?%mNIpCE`CFd<:%Z>E=?%W^QIFME%:%`<nO}<AAJXVƒi\E
?%mNTv?c€R@>THNnO}<AFG<A„EoV>Ja<A:%J^p•%J^QInO}<A%M<E%ai€<%?%mN?%v?
E@
24
Hình 3.1. Cá thu fillet.
v<%%y<%E@:%J^puEL€E%EoVeC@?cy<%Lv<%%y<%^H?MN%y<%i@<AE=f€E%Eh
Lb<AisC?MNLJsCfJK<E%Nna:%D:i›iH<ATH%y<%?%ŠEFd<:%Z>L]:
3.2.7. Ngâm nước muối.
uEL€E%•%~CO9:>CGJ?MNE%N>Ja<AE@E=EQC?cwEFB<E%tE;AJd>^O_<A
<O9E;f%—>ˆJ?V<%;%M<E%aFY:%@??cJW<EoVTJFJ<%TS?;?MNE%NFd<:%Z>E=%O}<ATv
LS>LH
ACIp<^|EoVeC@?cy<%O9:>CGJ%mNeCI^CS?f%CaE%?@<?%yE%Q?%rV?V<h
L~I^H>CGJF‰iJE%CIW<?[<}JE=<b<ALDEVNƒiC<AivE%<O9E>CGJ„La<<}JE=<b<A
LD?%Q:ƒ>UE@„b<A?%PJ<O9E?[?cN<A>Ja<AE@F‰iJE%CIW<THN>UJ?cOP<A<O9E
>CGJRp<<ANHJ?%mNeCI^CS??%Z>?%QC
U<A?%ŠEivE%O9:E%N-fAE@1^€?<O9EFME%;<%JK?LD1k
.
;10.A>CGJ>CGJ
?J<%f%Ja?
@E%?%ŠE?Ja<%H<%@LO_Ena:EZ<?%S<THN?%ˆ<AE%ŠVFME%ziC<AivE%
O9:THN?%ˆ<A;Ld>RdNf%GJE@:%dJ<AS:%NH<?NH<?cN<AiC<AivE%“<%f%GJE@€?
<%Q?:%dJE@E%>”??%N@<AEoViC<AivE%1E>d>RdNE@Ef%wEE@LO_E?Ja:nwET9J
iC<AivE%O9:>D?E@E%Lb<ALsC?[E@E%O9<A%PJAJV<O9:0k:%w?
&pCE`C@:%dJ?%Q>LsC>CGJb<ALD>CGJEoVE@FVCf%JO9:LM?f%Nd<A
-kž
3.2.8. Khử muối.
Jd>LD>”<EoVE@R‡<AE@E%iˆ<A<O9E<A\?LWc—VE@%N”EE=?%Wiˆ<A<O9E
>”<%N”Eiˆ<A<O9E>CGJFME%<b<ALD?%Q:LWf%—
3.2.9. Vớt ra để ráo.
Ja<A¦J^^m?FVCf%J<A~>iC<AivE%T9J?%PJAJV<0k:%w?T9?cVczLWc@Nf%Nd<A
/k:%w?
25