tiến hóa tế bào

S tin ha ca t bo
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0A0+BC;"=?"2"D+E$%
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+=+<+ 7-"<&-"+2<$H
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I$0+)*'5GJ
K(<-"2J 'H+J0+&J+=+!L
2M2&;"=">J!9
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H2(N"PDO" +<OE$<<Q
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S tin ha ca t bo
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&'(! !"#"$%' =2J 'H+J0+&
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T+F+R[!\#Z"!H808#C
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Z$%"0J+2-"%0<"<='"
/./+$W!$Z$%5$WU,a&-"%02
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8"'/+/+$W /(/<1+
?" '+005KH20+ +<O!J','8<91+
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f#Z(N"P
• g#Z(!
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• ^ih+'"Z(ND=/+Y!'08E
2
S tin ha ca t bo
• ^^h+'"Z(0)0
• ^hh+'"Z=$j$
• [i^+'"ZJ(?
• [hh+'"Z/+Y)
• ]\h+'"Z($j$
• ]hh+'"ZI
• fhh+'"Z(5
• g^h+'"Z
• g]h+'"Z
• \^+'"Z.  0d&""<'
• f!^+'"Z. 8"'3$WDkE

• fhhFZ. $W+/$<<
• f^FZ. $W?UO,O+"<'
%)%$ !"#"$%*#+",-.!/.!
!%01,2%)%$"#"$%
3gh"<5?">J+=+!C
g Thuyết sự sống ngoài vũ trụ.
f Thuyết tạo sinh vô cơ: Điều này đã được chứng minh qua thí nghiệm
Urey-Miller do Stanley L. Miller và Harold C. Urey vào năm 1953.
Trong tất cả sinh vật sống, các amino acid sắp xếp thành protein, sau đó
được cung cấp các nguồn năng lượng cần thiết để bắt đầu liên kết với
nhau và tạo ra tế bào protein. Đến lượt mình, protein là nguồn vật chất
thô tiền đề của mọi sinh vật sống, từ vi khuẩn cho đến con người, có thể
tồn tại và hoạt động.
3
S tin ha ca t bo
] Thuyết kiến tạo vũ trụ: Thuyết kiến tạo vũ trụ là một trong các thuyết liên
quan đến sự tồn tại hay nguồn gốc hình thành nên vũ trụ, đề cập đến lý
thuyết về sự tạo lập của thái dương hệ.
[ Thuyết nội cộng sinh: Thuyết nội cộng sinh lần đầu tiên được trình bày
bởi một nhà thực vật học người Nga Konstantin Mereschkowski vào năm
1905. Theo đó, các bào quan nhất định hình thành từ các các vi khuẩn
sống tự do tách ra từ một tế bào khác chẳng hạn như chất lục lạp. Các
lạp thể này có chứa ATP (một dạng năng lượng do hoạt động trong tế
bào tạo ra, gồm Bazơ nitơ Ađênin, đường Ribôzơ, 3 nhóm photphat) và
các enzim liên quan đến hoạt động chuyển hóa của tế bào.
^ Thuyết sinh sản tức thời:
\ Thuyết người đất sét
i Thuyết kiến tạo liên tục
l Thuyết duy vật: Thuyết duy vật cho rằng nguồn gốc của sự sống trên
Trái đất chính là kết quả của một quá trình chậm rãi và tiến hóa hóa học

dần dần cách đây khoảng 3,8 tỉ năm. Hóa học tiến hóa đề cập đến tiến
hóa phân tử là quá trình tiến hóa của AND, ARN và protein.
m Thuyết tiến hóa hữu cơ: Sự hình thành loài trong suốt quá trình tiến hóa
của loài người trải dài trên suốt 3,5 tỉ năm khi mà sự sống đã tồn tại trên
Trái đất. Người ta tin rằng, quá trình này xảy ra theo nhiều cách khác
nhau, có thể rất chậm, vững chắc và dần dần theo thời gian mà cũng có
khi rất nhanh chóng từ một trạng thái tĩnh kéo dái khác. Sự tiến hóa hữu
cơ là sự thay đổi theo thời gian trong một hay nhiều đặc điểm di truyền
được tìm thấy trong các quần thể sinh vật.
gh Thuyết sáng tạo đặc biệt: Theo thuyết này, tất cả các dạng thức sống
khác nhau tồn tại được trên hành tinh Trái đất là nhờ vào sự sáng tạo
của Chúa.
+2"<+="<0J*,"<N
=&F&"?">J!0.2="
J0+& G
4
S tin ha ca t bo
nI+OD)+;7!$W)
"P)EF<1/=-"oO+!npKZfhhf!
q_0rs3Te9+B@"<9.]^#Z+$H"
5!N<&FJ;"=+=+R
="?">J+2tJ$%
+)*,;";"2&"$W?/G
HJ=,J+=n*,Y/'="?tJ<+
($"/"/"5J5u?"$W1FN<N"
L+;H+ n2J '950;?"
')=J!$=+)=J@?"7
P
O2"<FJ')+J /
"<"P?">J"<=!2"<$%$W

0(?"?"$%8N<,J+=20'?"+5
0NU35>2"(&"C
g v2?" '7%0!2( /&)=2
0;")=!$,R?"<9$%
-"7's+O<dnO+,_O<TnO+k+,3s+O<Zgm^]
f 2%0000,H,7%0&)=0,!
+0;<"
] `"+F+Y%0"O,O+12)ew@"=,@
JN/+x<ODyHewy3+qOOE
5
S tin ha ca t bo
[ 25P<J=?7857,)9)=
+x<O Z"<&0O0,O)0+OL.!
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NE$%++=+4n  2
a7 !$-"%0
!3+.9/",+(3+.:0/0!
3 g•Z+$H!#&D>0+ +<
O" +<E>)k$H*0+&=J(
M3&(&gMC
 Z<"+5Z&;"H
M/+$W<R?"9$% {+ +<O
 ZJ"<&5.2H+;
) /7J&>)+,?" ' :'/+$W
_J0+&0A02,7"" 5
0N+)Y"+F=%03&(:
;">?"!:;""<=n
&"<=Z-"%0n "<=Z(
"<&"<='"/$$H
%)%$(! !(3+.;7!/.;"
7
S tin ha ca t bo

+"-"+FFO" +<O!"+52-"+F
*+$O" +<O98"'CN$%G1!&!)0&!
'!X:&DX:&>ze0+OE
{+ +<OF!7. J8"'+1
=0<<n$H0+ +<OF
0+ +<O7,a$ "Pk$HF(0%0
‚)$%%.'"<='+ 
k$H0NZ "+k$H
<)+2O" +<O;"=
TJ">O" +<O.0+ +<OQ
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B$W?G!IO) '<+/
+$W!F5:;"'-"+F=O!)5 
Z /#"(Z$%I3
ƒn,) Z-"%0  7!+0<0a
!(<,+O;5.kf_kf! /0.
$Hd& U3|f!)0Pe{! /)+|f"8
ƒb-"0O-"%0+'0N<$H
k0+90;"8$%)!8<
$%0$
ƒ"<=!H&  7"<'|8<)+!
,Z>8<+ 7-"<&F "P  7c,$
2 /8<3c5>W<+J
,)" 7 Z7H/+$W8<0NU!(
7"<&.(Z$%. -"<(Z$%+
-"+F8<2<IL+'"Z+2
&" 7+2&" 7-"%0;"=
"+B"<=<+N<]!^#Z!F"
) /7f!^#Z!&>)?"2

8
S tin ha ca t bo
")$%O" +<O /-"mhh+'"Zz
(<;0F=O"+<O+0+ +<O+$H5?
W
n/F">O" +<O
!9/(<<%"
O"<,n+"$+!O" +<O"+5
0)0!").)H"+H)
kG"<< /H!$<<?"B.
-"=""+5
3J>)f<?"!%/‚+
<3/r)1 "G!
$5#-"NH1*'=
+D<,$HE
8+O&$%"<&{+O"
"++D("<=E!1N<&0a-"%0!"0
9
S tin ha ca t bo
,,$j'7 1+/+$W,$H&"
3-"'-")$J>)23<<
("<=3<0+n)N?Na(7
&<a)0.J($+N?
v=+N?a)0@J=$%Z-"%0
++$W%0<+6+J /:"H
$4);J(
d O"<!-""+5)
O" +<O"> /0a"+.0+ +<O!
€)C
ƒ&„" +<O">.0+ +<OJ,$j" 7

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D<O+E
o+B "P<B+"Hg  7 /
Z-"%0!"0+/+$W|f!($%
 ZU,a|fW-"+F/0
3?"B"<C
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I!we"Hze!+we!weOx<O;'
J'Z5
… 3we< HweO+FJ
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 "P
… %00+O+=+O&a)c@H 
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10
S tin ha ca t bo
$(<2-"O" +<O0+ +<O>
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d$5+B!',+"<?-"<< /
0)0,)?*Z&L9";"-"
z$H?"<c,X&"!1FJN",
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/ /0a"!*'H2ZD5OE
+NcK7,a!1O!0+Of
Ox<O&De{O<+Od8<,OE$%%0+=+O

&!I0+O†+=+OvN<8Ox<O
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H,Oa)09!I&"Ld,O+N9
30+O+O-"Ygc+
"K7,a!1+Y+3<,D Z-"%0E
+Oa)0[l0+O "+O\^
0+O "{N70+O.f)+O<<#[
0+O5;"O,',!$ ="N"
B0$00(<)0'$%2 '
[0+O;"<
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0N-"0+ +<O! /O" +<O
ƒ&!)0&0+ +<OB0/!I1O" +<O
8<+0N"<=0NH)0N
ƒn‚&<)0&&?"ez5!F(<J
0N7-"(,+"<? /;08<+H
78*+$J0NOO" +<O
ƒR9+B"g)0&,"<!$1_0<+<+!<g&
,"<$n+O+!FJ0N ‡H0N-"
<"<=!+?"(J($W?"
-"f)<!&+0N‚($%0;
-"F
11
S tin ha ca t bo
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+"<?7+).'<' 
ƒv)J(-"<G,+"<?O,IˆK7,a
15)?"O,'0a<a)0n$%H

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,@'"0
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0(-" C+!/!+"&
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-"1) '3,@'"u <C
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J,"<&+)!$?" "P,Z
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$W($% Z,*+$O" +<O! -""Y
<J0N/B0N"<=XD
Ev+7:+</O" +<Og"+5*'†&?!
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12

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:&1 F2Hg+fJ
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/E 0+O""1O" +<O‰10+ +<O /+"&c
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+-"+F8Uu<0NU,
,$jO+=3-"+F+$%f
HC

15
S tin ha ca t bo
g`"+F,DEB0N"•0NU2"0)0&
"(Z$%D,$H,)e{EJ U‰
f `"+F>DEU,aZ$%J U&8N<,J
0NU2"0)0!*Y;
n+$W+-"+G$W0ND<<E!
$W< /;8<n‚0NU"O+-"$W<4
)[0NUe{N<0$"(Z$%7
 "P  7
RH(" 7!0NU0<+"!0P$W0N!
4"+Fb+OD<IG"+F3eE&0N"•
3|f!>W"(=?"e{v((N
"P!"+F3e+<&+ ((N)
1<
“The heterotrophic theory of the origin of life is the only proposal available with experimental support.
This comes from the ease of prebiotic synthesis under strongly reducing conditions. The prebiotic
synthesis of organic compounds by reduction of CO(2) to monomers used by the first organisms would
also be considered an heterotrophic origin. Autotrophy means that the first organisms biosynthesized
their cell constituents as well as assembling them. Prebiotic synthetic pathways are all different from the
biosynthetic pathways of the last common ancestor (LCA). The steps leading to the origin of the
metabolic pathways are closer to prebiotic chemistry than to those in the LCA. There may have been
different biosynthetic routes between the prebiotic and the LCAs that played an early role in metabolism
but have disappeared from extant organisms. The semienzymatic theory of the origin of metabolism
proposed here is similar to the Horowitz hypothesis but includes the use of compounds leaking from
preexisting pathways as well as prebiotic compounds from the environment”.
0CŠŠ+O0+rO"8ClhlhŠ8"Š+OŠ,OŠggg^[Šg[hf\gŠ|+O
0•<gmmm0,rQO-"OO‹g
GTu"<,,$j?">;""?,"<
$%0'HJ‚+%.="U'R?"<8"0

.J,X,%0? ?" '/+$W)%0
?%02"B3|DfEO$%U
,a1(;"=c4$%">,,$j
z,$jJ,$jt(;"=%0
G0;")=c$:0+053$W
%0?D0+OE?" "12$W%0
16
S tin ha ca t bo
=""YDT3eE3$H,@">$W
"<&;cH?T3e3&
$W%0 "20+OT3e+I
+"<&;"$9.(I>)Tu"<
OOx<?">J+?8"1N<c$J$
"<k+•x$>'U,a%0+I+#..+$H
$Wc$%0?G./+$WV
HI&J
35 /+678J9$%:;"$<
;"=9+$$>)+?",@'"0A0
+BC;"=?"2"D+E$%)
, -")-"+F(7G "8<++=+
<+ 7-"<&-"+2<$H"!)
+2H2"+5G0)0!+ @I$
0+)*'5GJ
_J /&")0NU/RN<=""P;
"<'J!0NU0+Oez
O"<!&?"">.=
"K,)=70+ +<O
S+ Gnp.0'-"d"+5 A0
7!J,!"<='Zd=+"<=
"•7,a?-"N!$H!!="&<)0&

K'F+-" A0 7=+0+ +<O H
G+F%uJd  )
(d&08O8A)K-"H$%0'c
+I+Z'$W€)$+A'
N"{
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+O" +<OK-"50 "P?"$%,
5Oo$z0!="/ut-"+GF?"
u,+$HN<!H G$WF<-"+
17
S tin ha ca t bo
0+ +<OK'0'-"$J+O" +<O0)0
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0+ +<OHO" +<OF>)1){'H
?+BG-"O" +<O$%F O" +<O
"0+ +<OK-"+=c>)1(N<'>
(N<'+A!'N"{'3
b0H&"0H G p"(&22'
+=z)-"< />)1(=&a
="+'"00GV
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+>K!79.
0CŠŠ•••OŠr+"Š•+O,00Q‹gffl
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0CŠŠ• 0O,+Š• Š"Œ„gŒ~~Œm]MŒ„gŒ~~ŒmgMŒ„gŒ~~Œ~gMŒ„gŒ~~
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0CŠŠ"]\^Š"dŠ,Odd"dd"ddOddO" +<Od"dddOd
0+ +<OdgmifgŠ
18
S tin ha ca t bo
19