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bài tập dao động điều hòa

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2. Dao động điều hòa
*0"1##2$-3$/
(
4#5"*06#7221"+89
:##;0*6+(&71

5+9"<=>?$-ωϕ/
@1<=-#A#3"/<B-/A:C*C
$DE@FG
?HI-#A#3"/<B6-J/A:C
J$DE@FG
-ωϕ/-"/<BK"(#A:."
-*/
)(#
ϕ-"/<BK!"A:.!
ω-"L$/<B!$M1"*A:M:6
1K
3.Chu kỳ, tần số của dao động điều hoà
F&9@-$/<B&'(JC#"K!
F&'(NO)*
+,-).!/
@!$MP-QR/<B$M"K!JC+8#
B6C%ωS@P<ω>>TπP 
2
T
π
4.Vận tốc và gia tốc của vật dao động điều hoà
EM#OU(<>=V>Wω?$-ωϕ/>
ω?$-ωϕ/
EM"*0:6*0X!$M+$D#

K$DD 
WY6-=>±?/<4D||
#
>I
WY-=>I/<4D||
#
>ω?
Z.$M<
#=
>ω?&HI-U*"+
/
 
#
>Wω?&[I-U*#
/
ZM#OM-#T/U(<
>V>=\\>Wω
T
?$-ωϕ/>Wω
T
=
ZM"*0:6*0X!$M++8
KD-$D#K$DM/
E]M"*02+D*^CD
D
WY6-=>±?/SM1DJ<||
#=
>ω
T
?

Z.$M<
#=

T
?&=>W?A
#
>Wω
T
?&=>?A
WY-=>I/SMI
4_"*0#+(9$
`a"*#7
5.Dao động tự do (dao động riêng)
B"C='"+D."b^J
B"1!$M-!$M1S&c/^Kb.3dC&2
Kb.:M6
e1<ωf!$M16APf!$M6A@f&c6

















Dạng 1: Nhận biết phương trình dao động
 !"#$#<
a.Xác định A, φ,
ω
………
g4+.K+9*"h(.2i+8.
g$$.DK+9h$<?SjSωkkk
b.Suy ra cách kích thích dao động :
g@>I.K+9
⇒⇒F.&"
x A cos( t )
v A sin( t )
= ω + ϕ


= − ω ω + ϕ

0
0
x
v



c.Chú ý:
g5+9h<=>?$-ωj/A
>gω?$-ωj/A>gω

T
?$-ωj/
g;$M2i+8.<
$l>$-lgmLT/Ag$l>$-lm/A
$
T
l>

$$>T$$ 
$
T
l>
gF2i< ω>>TmP
1 cos2
2
+ α
a b
2
+ a b
2

2
T
π
1 cos2
2
− α
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x c t
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π
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π
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3
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π
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= +
2
2.sin (2. . )
6
x t
π
π
= +
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π π
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/
5. os(2. . )
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10.
π

5. os(2. . )
6
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π
π
= +
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ω π
⇒ = =
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ω π
= = ≈
'
. . ( . ) 5.2. . (2. . ) 10. . (2. . )
6 6
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π π

ω ω ϕ π π π π
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6 6
x cm
π π
π
= + = =
3
10. . (2. .5 ) 10. . ( ) 10. . 5. 30
6 6 2
v cos cos
π π
π π π π
= + = = =
2 2
2 2
. 4. .2,5 100( ) 1( )
cm m
a x
s s
ω π
= − = − = − = −
0
5.sin120 2,5. 3x = =
0
10. . 120 5.v cos
π π
= = −
2 2

. 4. .2,5. 3 3a x
ω π
= − = − = −
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n.6S!$MSM1S&c"
@M"&K"WzI
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-#/
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E(#>IS)"U*oEM
6o
4.sin(10. . )
4
x t
π
π
= +
Dạng 3: Vận tốc và gia tốc cực đại.
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 EM"* A

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#
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T ZM"* 
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T
?=>?-@6/

#
>I=>I-@E@FG/
21+D*E@FG ?2+8"OD=
,&'()#
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MJ6o
Dạng 4: Vận tốc và gia tốc tại vị trí có li độ x biết trước.
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1. Để xác định vận tốc tại một điểm trên quỹ đạo, ta làm như sau :
W@1=SMS1<

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
WFrs<HI<MX*"+b
[I<M+8*"+b
2. Để xác định gia tốc tại một điểm trên quỹ đạo, ta áp dụng công thức:



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[I<M+8*"+b
.sin( )
. . ( )

x A t
v A cos t
ω ϕ
ω ω ϕ
= +


= +

.sin( )
. ( )
x A t
v
A cos t
ω ϕ
ω ϕ
ω
= +




= +


( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2 2 2

2
2
( )
v A x
v
v
A x A x
v
x A
ω
ω
ω
ω

= ± −



= + ⇒ = +



= ± +


2
.a x
ω
= −
2 2

2
4 2
a v
A
ω ω
= +
,&'()#
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n.MM&1=>|#U*+D*E@FG
B(Z'
W?F@<A
-
@1<
-
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W@U!1<-9[I/
@1<
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E@FG
( )
10
T s
π
=
40
10
4 4
s
A cm= = =

2 2
20( / )
10
rad s
T
π π
ω
π
= = =
.sin( )
. . ( )
x A t
v A cos t
ω ϕ
ω ω ϕ
= +
= +
.sin( )
. ( )
x A t
v
A cos t
ω ϕ
ω ϕ
ω
= +
= +

2
2 2 2 2

2
v
A x v A x
ω
ω
= + ⇒ = ± −
2 2 2 2
20. 10 8 120( / )v A x cm s
ω
= − − = − − = −
2 2 2 2
. 20 .8 3200( / ) 32( / )a x cm s m s
ω
= − = − = − = −
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}|St$ @9#MM&11
=>Wz#U*+D*E@FG
B(Z'
G6<?>AF&c<@>A
@!$M1<
EM<
ZM<
10
5
2 2
l
cm= =
78,5
1,57
50

t
s
n
= =
2
4( / )rad s
T
π
ω
= =
2 2 2 2
4 5 3 16 / 0,16( / )v A x cm s m s
ω
= − = − = =
2 2 2 2
. 4 .( 3) 48( / ) 0, 48( / )a x cm s m s
ω
= − = − − = =
&'.;"*01K+9<=>t$-TmWmL~/-#S$/ BO
m
T
>ISm>zS{ EMM&1=>z#6o
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We1f91M
We1f91M
@!$M16"
5cos 2 ( )
3

x t cm
π
π
 
= +
 ÷
 
3x cm= −
1
8x cm=
1
12 /v cm s=
2
16 /v cm s=
2
6x cm= −
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M, t = 0
M’ , t
v < 0
x
0
x
v < 0
v > 0
x
0
O
b − ϕ
ω
k2π
ω
b− − ϕ
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·
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b - Khi vật đạt vận tốc v
0
thì :
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0
v

t b k2
t ( b) k2
ω + ϕ = + π


ω + ϕ = π − + π

1
2
b k2

t
d k2
t
− ϕ π

= +


ω ω

π − − ϕ π

= +

ω ω

b 0
b 0
− ϕ >


π − − ϕ >

b 0
b 0
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π − − ϕ <


A
−A
M
1
x
M
0
M
2
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∆ϕ
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2
x t
π
π

= +
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2
x t
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π
= −
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π
=
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2
x t
π
π
= −
10.sin(10 . )x t
π
=
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π
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0
α π
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A sin( )
t
v t
ω α
ω ω α
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A sin( )
t
v t
ω α
ω ω α
= ± ∆ −


= − ± ∆ −


×