Khóa luận tốt nghiệp evaluating of the effect of fertilizer levels on the growth and development of sacha inchi plant in thai nguyen spring season 2021

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

FACULTY OF AGRONOMY
------- �� -------

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
TITLE:
“EVALUATING OF THE EFFECT OF FERTILIZER
LEVELS ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
SACHA INCHI PLANT IN THAI NGUYEN SPRING
SEASON 2021”

Student

: NGUYEN VAN HUNG

ID

: 602036

Instructor

: Assoc. Prof. Dr. VU THI THU HIEN

Department

: PLANT GENETICS AND BREEDING

Class: K60 - KHCTT

HA NOI – 2021

COMMITMENT LETTER
I would like to commit radical the outcome studies and the number of
course expressed in the commentary this text is completely
honest and not even used to protect defend a school you do.
Any help in completing this thesis has been appreciated.
The information. All sources cited in this thesis have been acknowledged.
Hanoi, , 2021
The writer pledges

Nguyen Van Hung

1


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to express my sincerest and deepest gratitude to
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vu Thi Thu Hien . The teacher enthusiastically guided, helped
and shared extremely valuable experiences for me during the course of this thesis.
I would also like to express my gratitude to the Board of Directors of the
Vietnam National University of Agriculture . The teachers and staff in the Faculty
of Agronomy – Vietnam National University of Agriculture, have facilitated and
enthusiastically imparted extremely useful and important knowledge to me during
my study at the university. as well as in the process of doing my thesis research.
I would also like to thank the staff of the Department of Genetics and Plant
Breeding - Faculty of Agronomy for creating conditions to help me with materials,
equipment, and tools so that I can do well. graduation thesis.
I would also like to thank my friends as well as my colleagues at the same
place of experiment who have supported and encouraged me during the research

and implementation of the thesis.
Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my family for
taking care, caring, creating all conditions both materially and spiritually during
my student period so that I can focus on studying and completing my studies with
peace of my thesis.
I sincerely thank!
Hanoi, 2021
Student

Nguyen Van Hung

2


TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMMITMENT LETTER

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

LIST OF TABLES

vi

LIST OF FIGURE

vii

SUMMARY OF THESIS

viii

PART I: QUESTION

1

1.1.

Question

1

1.2.

Purpose and requirements of the projeCt

2

1.2.1. Purpose

2

1.2.2. Request

2

PART II: OVERVIEW

4

2.1

Name, origin

4

2.2

Plant characteristics

6

2.2.1

Botanical charaCteristics of Sacha Inchi

6

2.2.2

Temperature requirements

7

2.2.3

Requirements for humidity

8

2.2.4

Lighting requirements

9

2.2.5

Soil requirements

9

2.2.6

Requirements on wind regime

11

2.3

Values of sacha inchi

11

2.3.1

Chemical composition of sacha inchi seeds

11

2.3.2

Study on the use-value of sacha inchi seeds

13

2.3.3

The commercial value of sacha inchi produCts

18

2.4

Some agricultural characteristics of sacha inchi plants

20

3


2.4.1

Growth charaCteristics of Sacha inchi beans in the nursery period

2.4.2

Growth and development of Sacha inchi beans in the produCtion

20

garden

21

2.4.3

Growth and accumulation of fruit

21

2.5

Situation of sacha inchi in the country and worldwide

23

2.5.1

Development status of Sacha inchi in the world

23

2.5.2

Sacha inchi bean development status in Vietnam

24

2.5.3

Research on cultivation techniques of Sacha inchi

26

PART III: RESEARCH CONTENTS AND METHODS

29

3.1.

Place and time of study

29

3.2.

Research subjeCts and materials

29

3.3.

Research content

29

3.4.

Research Methods

29

3.4.1. Experimental layout

29

3.4.2. Technical process in the experiment

30

PART IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

32

4.1

Effect of fertilizer levels on growth of Sacha inchi plant on growth
dynamics of plant height

4.2

32

The effect of fertilizer levels on the growth of Sacha Inchi Sacha
inchi through the growth of the number of leaves of the plant

4.3

Effect of fertilizer levels on growth of Sacha inchi through growth
dynamics of stem diameter

4.4

36

Effect of fertilizer levels on growth of Sacha inchi through leaf blade
size growth

4.5

37

Effect of fertilizer level on primary branches characteristics of Sacha
inchi

4.6

34

39

Effect of fertilizer level on the number of level 1 branches at

reproductive stage in Sacha inchi
4

41


4.7

Effect of fertilizer level on the length of main branches at
reproductive stage in Sacha inchi

4.8

Effect of fertilizer level on number of flowering branches at
reproductive stage in Sacha inchi

4.9

45

Effect of fertilizer level on number of fruiting branches at
reproductive stage in Sacha inchi

4.11

44

Effect of fertilizer level on number of flowers at reproductive stage
in Sacha inchi

4.10

42

48

Effect of fertilizer level on number of fruits at reproductive stage in
Sacha inchi

50

PART V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

55

5.1

Conclusion.

55

5.2.

Suggestion

55

REFERENCES

56

APPENDIX

58

5


LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1.

Comparing the nutritional value of sacha inchi (Sacha inchi)
oil with some other vegetable oils

Table 4.1.

Effect of fertilizer levels on height growth of Sacha Inchi
Sacha inchi

Table 4.2.

Effect of fertilizer levels on leaf growth of Sacha Inchi

Table 4.3.

Effect of fertilizer levels on growth behavior of Sacha Inchi
Stem diameter

Table 4.4.

Effect of fertilizer levels on leaf size growth of Sacha Inchi

Table 4.5.

Effect of fertilizer levels on the increase primary branches of
Sacha Inchi

Table 4.6.

Effect of fertilizer levels on the number of first-level
branches in the reproductive stage of Sacha Inchi

Table 4.7.

Effect of fertilizer level on the length of main branches
during reproductive stage in Sacha inchi

Table 4.8.

Effect of fertilizer level on number of flowering branches at
reproductive stage in Sacha Inchi

Table 4.9.

Effect of fertilizer level on number of flowers at
reproductive stage in Sacha inchi

Table 4.10.

Effect of fertilizer level on number of fruiting branches at

reproductive stage in Sacha inchi

Table 4.11.

Number of fruit type I

Table 4.12.

Number of fruit type II

Table 4.13.

Number of fruit type II

Table 4.14.

Effect of fertilizer level on number of fruits at reproductive
stage in Sacha inchi

6


LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.2.
Figure 4.3.
Figure 4.4.
Figure 4.5.
Figure 4.6.

Figure 4.7.

Figure 4.8.

Figure 4.9.
Figure 4.10.

Figure 4.11.
Figure 4.12.
Figure 4.13.
Figure 4.14.

The graph shows the influence of fertilizer levels on the
height growth of Sacha Inchi
The graph shows the effect of fertilizer levels on the leaf
growth behavior of the Sacha Inchi plant
The graph shows the effect of fertilizer levels on the growth
behavior of Sacha Inchi stem diameter.
The graph shows the effect of fertilizer levels on the growth
behavior of Sacha Inchi leaves
The graph shows the effect of fertilizer levels on the
branching behavior of Sacha Inchi
Graph showing the effect of fertilizer levels on the number
of level 1 branches in the reproductive stage of Sacha Inchi
plant
The graph shows the effect of fertilizer level on the length of
the main branch during the reproductive stage of Sacha inchi
plant.
Graph showing the effect of fertilizer levels on the number
of first-level branches with flowering stage in Sacha inchi

plant
Graph showing the effect of fertilizer level on number of
flowers at reproductive stage in Sacha inchi
The graph shows the effect of fertilizer level on the number
of fruiting branches at the reproductive stage of Sacha inchi
plant.
The graph shows number of fruit type I
The graph shows number of fruit type II
The graph shows number of fruit type III
Diagram showing the effect of fertilizer level on number of
fruits at reproductive stage in Sacha inchi

7


SUMMARY OF THESIS
1. SubjeCt title:
“Evaluating different levels of fertilizer on the growth and
development of Sacha Inchi in Thai Nguyen-Sping season 2021".
2. Research purpose
To evaluate the effeCt of different levels of fertilizer on the growth and
development of Sacha Inchi.
3. Research Methods
EffeCt of fertilizer levels on growth of Sacha Inchi plants in Quan Chu Thai Nguyen pilot. The one-faCtor experiment was arranged in a completely
randomized design (RCD).
- Experimental faCtor: fertilizer lining.
- The experiment consisted of 3 treatments, with 3 replicates.
4. Main conclusion
1.Fertilizer really has certain benefits to the growth of Sacha Inchi
seedlings, so adjusting the fertilizer level is very important. The most effeCtive

and cost-effeCtive fertilizer level isfertilizing 3kg of manure + 5kg of manure +
0.3kg of nupe + 0.5kg of NPK.
2.Different levels of fertilizer have a great influence on the quality and
volume of fruit, leading to yield differences between treatments.

8


PART I: QUESTION
1.1. Question
Sacha Inchi ( Plukenetia Volubilis L.) has many different local names such
as Sacha inchi, Inca inchi, Inca nut, Sacha peanut, Mountain peanut (translated
into Vietnamese as mountain peanut or Sacha Inchi), in some places people still
It is called a star bean because the fruit has a star shape. Origin from the Amazon
forest includes 19 species, distributed from Bolivia to Mexico. Sacha Inchi plants
were introduced to Vietnam from Peru and tested at the Vietnam Agricultural
Academy for the first time in 2012, planted and tested in some areas such as Tam
Diep - Ninh Binh, Gia Lai, Thai Binh, and Hanoi. Sacha Inchi plant is a
dicotyledonous perennial plant with a woody climbing stem, the height, and
diameter of the trunk depend on the external conditions as well as on the
cultivation conditions and the age of the plant. Sacha Inchi fruit has a 4- to 7lobed star shape, green skin, when ripe, the pods turn from green to gray-brown,
hanging on the branches. After 15 - 20 days, the pods gradually turn dark green.
Sachi seeds are pressed for oil, Sachi oil contains rare natural ingredients, Omega
3-6-9, antioxidants, vitamins A, E, and many other essential nutrients such as
Protein, lipid, fiber, and some other essential nutrients. other non-substitutable
amino acids. The high level of fertilizer helps to increase the number of harvested
plants, increase the total number of fruits per unit area, thereby increasing the
yield of Sacha Inchi plants. However, if planting is too thick, it will waste the
seeds and will lead to a decrease in the number of fruits/plants, a decrease in the
size and weight of the seeds, and a too thick fertilizer level means that pests and

diseases will cause damage to a greater extent. Sconyers et al., 2005; Asiwe et al.,
2007, Naab et al., 2009). In thick planting conditions, plants grow poorly,
accumulate nutrients poorly, and yield is not guaranteed. Planting densely the
protein content and oil content in the seeds also decreased (Morshed Alam et al.,
1


2002). ProduCts from the Sacha Inchi plant with high value for human health have
been confirmed in the world. However, not all countries and regions can grow and
develop this plant. In Vietnam, apart from the Academy of Agriculture and some
northern provinces (Hanoi, Hoa Binh, Thai Binh, Ninh Binh...), Sacha Inchi is a
newly planted experimental plant, so there is no scientific report so far. Which
study fully evaluates the sacha inchi plant in Vietnam. Sacha inchi bean is a
perennial climbing plant, so it requires a lot of capital when it's newly planted to
build the basics. Fertilizers will direCtly affeCt the amount of investment in new
planting and have a long-term effeCt on the yield of the whole harvest cycle.
Therefore, it is very necessary to determine the appropriate level of
fertilizer so as to save seeds, make full use of the planting land, and at the same
time have high produCtivity and economic efficiency. In order to provide
necessary scientific information for objeCtive assessment before seleCting this
new crop to add to the struCture of oil crops in Vietnam, under the guidance of
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vu Thi Thu Hien we conduCted a study to implement the topic:
" EVALUATING OF THE EFFECT OF FERTILIZER LEVELS ON THE
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SACHA INCHI PLANT IN THAI
NGUYEN SPRING SEASON 2021 ''.
1.2. Purpose and requirements of the project
1.2.1. Purpose
- Evaluation of the effeCt of fertilizer levels on the growth and development
of botanical charaCteristics, use value and adaptability of Sacha inchi grown in
Quan Chu, Thai Nguyen.

1.2.2. Request
- Evaluation of the effeCt of fertilizer levels on the growth and
development of Sachi inchi in spring crop conditions in Thai Nguyen.
- Evaluate the effeCt of fertilizer level of Sachi on pest and disease
situations.

2


- Evaluation of the influence of fertilizer levels of Sachi inchi on some
quality indicators and adaptability.
- Evaluation of the effeCt of fertilizer level of Sachi inchi on economic
efficiency.

3


PART II: OVERVIEW
2.1 Name, origin
Sacha Inchi plant (Plukenetia vohubilis L.) There are many different local
names such as Sacha Inchi, Inca inchi, Inca nut, Sacha peanut, Mountain peanut
translated as Malpighiales peanut; they are castor Euphorbiaceae, they sub:
Acalyphoideae,

branch:

Plukenetieae,

tributaries:

Plukenetiinae,

genus:

plukenetia, Species: Plukenetia Volubilis, scientific name: Plukenetia Volubilis
L. (Hamaker et al, 1992; Gutiérrez et al., 2011; Maurer et al., 2012. Sacha inchi
plant belongs to the order Malpighiales, castor family Euphorbiaceae, subfamily
Acalyphoideae, clade Plukenetieae, subclause Plukenetiinae, genus Plukenetia,
species Plukenetia Volubilis, scientific name: Plukenetia Volubilis L (Hamaker et
al ., 1992; Gutierrez et al ., 2011; Maurer et al ., 2012).
Wild Sacha inchi beans originate from the Amazon rainforest, in South
America, on the territory of Suriname, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru,
northwestern Brazil, and some deserted islands of the Caribbean. The Sacha inchi
bean plant was domesticated and cultivated by the indigenous peoples of Peru
over 3,000 years ago (at the end of the "Agrarian Revolution"). Peru is one of the
ten countries with many climates, many different ecosystems and has the richest
biodiversity in the world. The Amazonian forest is one of the world's most
important centers of biodiversity. Many agricultural crops that humanity are using
as food, food, medicine, etc. originate from the Amazonian rainforest such as
corn, cassava, pineapple, cotton, rubber, coffee, etc. cocoa, quinoa, maca…
(Blanka Krivankova et al ., 2007). Recently, interest in a plant domesticated by
the Indians from a forest plant that has provided a wild food source for more than
3,000 years has attraCted the attention of many oil researchers. plant, which is the
bean plant Sacha inchi. Many studies have confirmed its high value in many
aspeCts: In terms of forestry, it can be considered as a cover crop to prevent
4


erosion for sloping land; Regarding cultivation, it is a perennial industrial plant;
In terms of use-value, they can be classified as oil, food or medicinal plants (Dawn

Berkelaar et al ., 2015; Krivankova, 2007). Sacha inchi is a hot-and-humid
perennial terrestrial plant, widely adapted from 200-1500 m above sea level in the
Amazon rainforest (Gutierrez et al ., 2011; Maurer et al ., 2012). Another study
suggested that it is a native plant of the rainforests of Peru, where Sacha Inchi has
been cultivated by indigenous peoples for centuries, widely adapted from hot,
humid climates with acidic soils. along rivers and lakes up to an altitude of 1,700
m above sea level (Dawn Berkelaar et al ., 2015).
"King of Nuts", "New Superfood" ... are phrases often used to describe
Sacha Inchi seeds because the digestibility of nutrients and unsaturated fatty acids
to humans is very high, reaching 96%. Omega 3 in Sacha Inchi is 48-54% to help
develop and improve intelligence, lower cholesterol, regulate blood pressure,
balance nerve cells, reduce the risk of sudden death caused by cardiovascular
disease. Omega 6 accounts for 35-37% and plays a role in preventing
cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, regulating blood pressure, improving
intelligence, reducing brain degeneration, and enhancing eyesight. Omega - 9 (610 %) has anti-cardiovascular disorders and high blood pressure ... The main
ingredients of Sacha Inchi seeds are announced by many foreign authors including
essential oils (30 60% by volume). , protein (27% mass), the rest is fiber, and
some other substances. The essential oil value of Sacha Inchi seeds is very high
because it contains more omega 3-6-9 than all other plant seeds. Sacha Inchi oil
is certified by many international organizations for its nutritional value because it
contains high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and does not contain cholesterol. In
particular, Sacha Inchi also contains natural antioxidants Vitamin A, E, a very
healthy amount of protein that does not cause irritation like some other oils.
(Duong Dinh Tuong Vietnam National University of Agriculture).
2.2 Plant characteristics
5


2.2.1 Botanical charaCteristics of Sacha Inchi
- Roots: As announced by Yang et al. (2014), Sacha Inchi's roots grow

well in width on the soil surface, so it can keep the plant from falling and to a
certain extent drought-resistant because there is no deep-rooted stake.
- Sacha Inchi stem is semi-woody, creeping, 3-5m high or more, has very
good branching ability, each leaf axils can differentiate bud to develop into
branches. The leaves are heart-shaped, the leaf plate is 10-15cm long, 6-10cm
wide depending on the position, the leaf margin is serrated, the petiole is 6-8cm
long (Cai et al ., 2012). Sacha Inchi is a semi-woody climbing plant, with heartshaped leaves with serrated edges, self-clustered flowers, monoecious, white male
flowers, appearing first in clusters. Two female flowers appear later at the base of
the male inflorescence, the pistil is tubular, reaching 2-2.5cm long, and the stigma
is divided into 4-7 white lobes, turning horizontally not towards the male flower,
so it is difficult to colleCt pollen from the same male flower. cluster. As a climbing
plant, the leaves and stems grow strongly in the rainy season, so it is necessary to
build a scaffold with sturdy stakes to avoid falling (Taylor et al., 1972).
- Flowers: Sacha Inchi begins to bud 5 months after sowing, from bud to
start to bloom about 20-25 days, there are always buds on the plant, flowers
bloom, there is a process of pollination and fertilization, fruit set and ripe fruit
intertwined. Two female flowers grow from the base of the inflorescence, the
male flowers are many, small, white in clusters. Male flowers with 5 petals, 23
anthers, each bag chalk divided into four lobes, in 1 lobe with 8 seeds powder
(Hamaker et al., 1992; HeCtor Noriega et al., 2010; Taylor et al., 1972).

- Fruit and seeds: The fruit has from 4-7 seeds, each seed is located in 1
lobe (Cai et al ., 2011). Sacha Inchi seeds are oval in shape, 15-20mm long, 78mm wide, containing 2 pieces attached at one end. When soaked in water,
biochemical metabolism will occur in the endosperm to swell, embryo cells
6


develop and change. cotyledons, cotyledons, and cotyledons. The seeds are large,
with a lot of nutrients, so the seedlings are big and strong, the cotyledons are 610cm long, the cotyledons are thick and thick (Guillén et al., 2003).
2.2.2 Temperature requirements

Research by Dawn Berkelaar et al . (2015) commented that Sacha inchi
species Pluketenia Volubilis grows best in warm climates, low altitudes, and
acidic soils. However, this species can still grow and develop at altitudes up to
1,700m above sea level.
Sacha inchi can grow and develop in a wide temperature range from 10-36
o C, even wider from 7-48 o C, the most favorable conditions for the plant to grow
are the temperature of 25 o C. humidity 78%, rainfall 850-1500mm/year. Sacha
inchi is a tropical plant that is very suitable for Vietnam, Sacha Inchi can live at
temperatures from 7-48 o C, capable of growing on all types of soil, except lowlying soil.
Vietnam has a tropical monsoon climate, warm all year round, high
humidity. Sacha Inchi is a plant that comes from the humid Amazon rainforest, so
it can be grown in all climates from North to South throughout Vietnam. Seedlings
have been tested at some high latitudes such as Dien Bien, Quang Uyen-Cao
Bang, Dong Dang-Lang Son, Son Duong-Tuyen Quang, distriCts in Hoa Binh
province. The average daily air temperature for plant growth and flowering,
favorable results is from 20-32 o C, the low temperature in winter night should
not be lower than 7 o C and the dark temperature If the height of a sunny day in
summer does not exceed 38 o C, the plant will grow and develop normally. The
day-night temperature range has an effeCt on the accumulation of seeds and oil in
seeds.
2.2.3 Requirements for humidity
Yang et al. (2014) reported that Sacha inchi is better to start planting in the
rainy season than at other times because the moisture requirements of the plants
7


are higher in the early stages. After drying, the colleCted seeds can be soaked
immediately without any treatment, incubated at 25-35 o C for 2-3 days, reaching
a germination rate of up to 93%, after cleaning the grass can be sown direCtly.
seeds at a depth of 2-3cm. In the dry season, it is necessary to sow seeds in the

nursery, water regularly to keep the plants healthy before planting. Rose and
Quyjada (2013) stated that seeds colleCted and sown immediately are better than
seeds stored for a long time. When sowing the soil must be moist for the plants to
grow quickly, the seedlings in the nursery period need to be kept moist until they
are qualified for planting in the produCtion garden. Sacha inchi bean is a dry plant
that likes moisture, broad leaves, many branches, many leaves, large leaf area, so
transpiration through leaves a lot. The roots that develop on the topsoil cannot
absorb water from the groundwater, so the plant cannot give high yields in arid
conditions. On sloping gardens in Hoa Binh, beds on high slopes lacking water
are barren, yielding less than beds at the foot of the hill, which is more humid.
However, in general, the plant can still grow and develop thanks to the water of
the sky. The results of our study on the accumulation of dry matter on seeds at
different fruiting seasons show that: Sacha Inchi Sacha in chi plants at the early
stage, the growth can be affeCted by the sowing time, but in the 2nd, 3rd year or
later, the effeCt of sowing time gradually fades. The gardens sown at different
times after 3 years have similar growth and flowering results, the ripe fruit batches
harvested are not much difference in time, the two main flowering periods of the
year are in March. April and July-August are periods of heavy rain, air humidity,
and soil moisture are both high. Monitoring data evaluating the effeCts of 4
sowing seasons on growth, development, flowering, fruiting, yield and seed
quality of plants at the first harvest show that the sowing season does not have a
great influence. Planting arrangements can be made in all four seasons, but it is
still best to start in the Spring.
2.2.4 Lighting requirements
8


Sacha Inchi is a light-loving plant, the lighting time from 2,000 - 2,500
hours/year is suitable for the plant to grow and develop with stable yield.
2.2.5 Soil requirements

Sacha inchi bean plant is not too demanding on soil conditions, the plant
can grow and develop on alluvial soils, river alluvial soils, light or heavy soils,
sandy soils, rich soils with nutrients. or discolored like many other upland crops.
According to a summary in Peru, this plant prefers soils with thick, slightly acidic
soil (pH = 4.5-5.5), with sufficient water and nutrients (Krivankova B. et al .,
2007). Garden in Vietnam can be arranged in flat land or slope up to 15 degrees,
riverside land, hilly land, or valley. The nutrient composition in the soil is not too
demanding, if the soil is poor in nutrients, fertilizers can be added accordingly.
However, if planted on good soil, the plant gives a high yield and better quality.
With this easy-to-use plant, it is possible to plan the planting area in an organic
way to improve produCt value. The National Center for Testing and Testing of
Seeds and Crop ProduCts began to plant Sacha Inchi in November 2013 in two
different ecological regions: the plain (ancient alluvial soil of the Red River)
planted in the field experiment area. of the Vietnam National University of
Agriculture; Semi-mountain area (land of laterite gravel) in Dong Son commune,
Tam Diep, Ninh Binh. When the plant was harvested for the first time, it was
found that: On the alluvial soil of the Red River, the plant grew well, after sowing
82 days, the plant flowered, after 190 days the fruit was dry and black, the first
harvest was 9 fruits/plant, the second time ( after 25 days) colleCted 12 fruits/plant
and the third time (after the second time, 25 days) colleCted 13 fruits/plant, after
sowing 242 days, 34 fruits/plant were colleCted. On laterite gravel soil (Ninh
Binh), the soil holds water poorly, but the plant still grows well, flowering 85 days
after sowing, first harvest 202 days after sowing, 8 fruits/plant, second time 12
fruits/plant, so after 227 days of sowing, 20 fruits/plant were obtained (National
Center for Testing and Testing of Seeds and Plant ProduCts, 2015).
9


Monitoring the growth, development, and yield of Sacha inchi on a large
scale in some localities since 2015 shows that: In Hoa Binh (planted on a slope of

15 degrees, altitude 200-300m above sea level), in Quang Ninh, Dien Bien, Thanh
Hoa, and Son La, planted on hilly soil (before cassava cultivation), shallow
cultivation layer, sandy, and rocky soil, the general comment is that Sacha inchi
is easy to sow. grown all year round, does not require highly intensive farming
techniques, does not have significant pests and diseases, sometimes caterpillars
appear, just picking leaves with a nest of worms to kill them right away will not
affeCt growth. Sacha inchi bean leaf surface is always shiny, no harmful diseases
appear. In the garden planted in early 2016 in Hung Ha, Thai Binh on sandy and
slightly acidic riverside soil, the plant grew quickly in the early stages, yielded the
first fruit in the 9th month, the fruit was large, the yield reached 0.82 tons/ha.
During the second flowering period, there is heavy rain, the stump is flooded for
3-4 days after the water recedes, it turns yellow and falls, the roots are affeCted,
so it should not be planted in areas with difficulty in drainage. In the red basalt
soil with an altitude of over 550m above sea level (Gia Lai province), on the
pepper garden, the diseased pepper plants died quickly and died slowly, people
planted Sacha inchi beans instead. After 245 days, the first fruit was obtained.
with high yield (2kg/plant).

2.2.6 Requirements on wind regime
Sacha Inchi is a soft, semi-woody climbing plant, the branches and leaves
grow very strongly in the wet season, high temperatures, while the roots are
shallow, many branch roots, grow wide on the topsoil, so the ability to poor spill
resistance. The plant suffers from early degeneration of its roots when it begins to
flower in the first stage, so the roots do not go as deep as other woody perennials
to keep the plant from uprooting in the face of storms. When choosing a planting
10


area, it is necessary to avoid places where storms often occur or high wind
intensity knocks down the truss, breaks plants, breaks branches, and drops fruit.

On the other hand, Sacha inchi plants cannot crawl on the ground but need to
make a truss for climbing plants, so the material for making the truss must be firm,
it is best to use reinforced concrete piles, buried deeply and compaCtly around
each plant. need a solid stake to hold. The piles need to be tightly interlocked to
support a large biomass every time it encounters wind of 3-4 or higher. Based on
that feature, choose a planting area with suitable climate and weather conditions,
to avoid adverse weather changes in order to maintain the orchard for a long time.
When the planning area does not meet the above requirements, it is advisable to
aCtively create proteCtive forest belts to shield direCtions to help reduce wind
intensity.
2.3 Values of sacha inchi
2.3.1 Chemical composition of sacha inchi seeds
Although sacha inchi has been cultivated and used for a long time, little is
known about the nutritional composition and chemical substances in the seeds.
Guillén (2003) evaluated the quality of sacha inchi seeds and determined them to
be an oil plant with a high content of 35-60%, the oil composition was high in
unsaturated fatty acids. Compared with some other studies, the content of sacha
inchi oil in his study was much higher (Bondioli and Della Bella, 2006) published
at 34.42%, but lower than the results of (Hamaker et al. . , 1992; FollegattiRomero et al., 2009) is about 54%. This disparity can be explained by these
studies conduCted on different varieties or subspecies, plants grown in
geographical areas with different weather conditions, different seed colleCtion
times, or oil pressing methods. different (Gutiérrez et al., 2011). Fresh pressed
sacha inchi oil with light yellow color is used to evaluate the nutritional quality,
the evaluation results are published that: the fatty acid composition is very high,
alpha-linolenic (ω-3) is 54%, and linoleic (ω) -6) is 34% (Maurer et al., 2012).
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Low oleic acid (9.1%), palmitic: 4.4% and stearic: 2.4% as reported by Gutiérrez
el al. (2011). The above analysis results are consistent with the published studies

of Follegatti-Romero et al., 2009; Fanali et al., 2011). However, (Hamaker et al.,
1992 and Guillén et al., 2003) published analytical results for the alpha-linolenic
(ω-3) content of 45.2% and the lioleic (ω-6) content of 47, 4%. With such a high
content of alpha-linolenic acid, sacha inchi will provide a very important source
of non-replaceable fatty acids to supplement food (Guitiérrez et al., 2011).
Sacha inchi seeds have a high protein content (27%), which is rich in
cysteine, tyrosine, threonine, and tryptophan (Maurer et al., 2012). The content of
these substances is equivalent to that of nuts: Sesame (25%), Sunflower (24%),
peanut (23% (Guitierrez et al., 2011). Sacha inchi oil contains many essential fatty
acids, especially Omega-3 has the effeCt of increasing heart health, treating
arthritis, cancer, baCterial infeCtions... After pressing, the oil still has a lot of
nutrients, so it can be made into a powder and called: "protein powder". Sacha
inchi protein contains all the amino acids needed by adults (Guillén et al., 2003).
The results of testing the composition of minerals in sacha inchi seeds
grown in southern Colombia in 2011 determined that in sacha inchi seeds
(moisture of 3.3%) there is a fat content of 42%, protein 24.7%, Ash 4%, and
carbohydrates 30.9%, in 1 kg of sacha inchi seeds contain many important
minerals, including 5563.5mg of potassium, 3210mg of magnesium, 2406 mg of
calcium, 103.5 mg of iron, 49 mg of zinc, 15, 4mg sulfur and 12.9mg copper
(Gutiérrez et al ., 2011), vitamins A, E, amino acids and natural antioxidants help
increase the body's immunity. The content of sacha inchi oil also contains good
free cholesterol (HCL) which helps to reduce bad cholesterol (LCL) in the blood
when used (Nascimento et al., 2013; Owen et al., 2005)
2.3.2 Study on the use-value of sacha inchi seeds
To evaluate the safety when making food of sacha inchi oil, two groups of
adults were organized with 30 people each with similar health, one group ate sacha
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inchi oil (rich in omega-3), one group ate sunflower oil (rich in omega-6), every

day eat 10-15ml of oil/person for 4 consecutive months. Eaters self-report daily
assessment of acceptability, safety (through adverse effeCts on the liver, kidneys).
The results showed that the group eating sacha inchi oil at the first week of
acceptance was low (37.5%), from the 6th week onward, acceptance increased to
81.25-93.75% regardless of gender, side effeCts in Both groups decreased
significantly with eating time. After 4 months of conduCting blood tests in both
groups, harmful cholesterol levels (LDL) in serum and arterial blood pressure
were clearly reduced with confidence P<0.05; Particularly in the group that ate
sacha inchi oil, the content of good cholesterol (HDL) in the blood increased at
the 4th month, so it is considered a safe and good oil for users (Gonzales and
Gonzales, 2014).
Evaluation of the effeCt of sacha inchi oil on the group of patients with
dyslipidemia was carried out as follows: The doCtors seleCted 24 dyslipidemic
patients aged 35-75, measured the total cholesterol content. TC), good cholesterol
HDL, triglycerides (Tg), glucose (G), non-replaceable fatty acids (NEFA), and
Insulin (I) in each person's blood, then randomly seleCted people to eat sacha
inchi oil regularly 5ml and 10 ml/day for 4 consecutive months. At the end of the
4th month, the TC and NEFA values decreased and HDL increased in both groups
of 5 and 10ml. Particularly, the group eating 10ml increased insulin levels in the
blood, so eating sacha inchi oil is beneficial for patients with dyslipidemia
(Garmendia, 2013).
Rocio Jackelyn Carrion Rabanal (2014) at the University of Washington
studied the bioaCtivity of sacha inchi oil and quinoa oil on venous damaged cells
and confirmed that sacha inchi oil has the ability to heal cell membranes and is
anti-inflammatory.
Study on biochemical composition of oil pressed from sacha inchi seeds,
Cisineros et al. (2014) commented that sacha inchi oil has high stability in terms
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of content and quality during storage without additives. Hamaker et al. (1992)
announced that sacha inchi oil contains up to 93% unsaturated fatty acids, of
which 45.2% is α-linolenic acid (omega-3), 36.8% is linolenic acid (omega-6)
which are fatty acids. cannot be replaced by the human body, so it must be
absorbed from the outside (Follegatti-Romero, et al., 2009). These fatty acids
belong to the group that needs regular supplementation to help regulate blood
pressure, heart rate, and cell membrane formation. Sacha inchi oil is high in
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) called alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3,
omega-3) from 47-51% and linoleic acid (LA, c18:6, omega-6) from 34-37%
(Fanali et al ., 2011 and Guillén et al ., 2003). These substances have been
identified with high medicinal value and health benefits by preventing a number
of diseases such as arthritis, cancer, coronary artery disease, diabetes, high blood
pressure, and neurological disorders (ADHD). , dermatitis (Gogus and Smith,
2010; Hanssen and Schmitz Hubsch, 2011). Sacha inchi oil has a high potential
for application in food technology and pharmaceuticals (Chirinos et al ., 2013), in
addition to animal husbandry and biofuel produCtion (Zaccheria et al., 2009, 2012
and Zuleta et al., 2009). al., 2012).
According to Bindi Shah (2016), omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids play
an important role in every cell of the body, it creates cell membranes, maintain
nerve funCtion, reduce the risk of premature death, proteCts EffeCtively proteCt
nerve aCtivities, enhance memory, improves cardiovascular health. According to
the summary of "Life" magazine, up to now, there have been about 20,000
publications about the benefits of omega-3 for human life in the fields of food,
medicine, and cosmetics. Omega-3 has been evaluated in high levels in the past,
mainly in catfish, salmon, mackerel, and poultry. In vegetable oils, omega-3 is
found in peanuts, sunflowers, olives..., according to the latest research, in sacha
inchi oil content of fatty acids does not replace omega-3 (45-53%) and omega-6
(34-39%) particularly high, low omega-9 (6-10%, replaceable fatty acids). The
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two most important fatty acids found in sacha inchi are omega-3 and omega-6
because when absorbed into the human body, Omega-3 can be converted into
DHA, then into EPA, omega-6 similarly. According to another study on the ratio
of these two types, if using omega-3 4 times higher than omega-6 is the most ideal
for health. Sacha inchi oil also contains 27% protein, which contains tryptophan,
a protein that helps the brain produce serotonin, a sedative that fights insomnia
(Novello et al., 2010). In 1 gram of sacha inchi protein, there is 28mg of
tryptophan, 8 times more than the best known plant-based sources of seeds.
Tryptophan is an amino acid precursor to serotonin, which has the effeCt of
reducing nervous tension. About 20% of the serotonin in the body runs through
the central nervous system. The relationship between this amino acid and
serotonin helps to regulate sleep, especially for postpartum women, whose
serotonin synthesis capacity is only half that of men (Bindi Shah, 2016).
Sun Warrior (2014) considers that sacha inchi seeds are superior foods
because of their high protein content, oil-rich in omega-3-6-9, alpha-tocopherol,
vitamin E, carotenoids (vitamin A), and fiber. Sacha inchi oil has the same value
as olive oil but is more nutritious due to its higher protein and omega-3 content.
The author has listed 10 benefits of sacha inchi oil as follows:
1/ There are two types of cholesterol in the human body: The beneficial
type is HDL cholesterol, there are many in sacha inchi; The harmful type is LDL
cholesterol in sacha inchi oil has very little.
2/ Sacha inchi protein is rich in tryptophan, which is a precursor to
serotonin, and serotonin is a hormone that stimulates feelings of lightness and
comfort, helping to reduce nervous tension and avoid stress. Omega-3 also fights
brain inflammation and headaches.
3/ Eating sacha inchi oil helps the body lose weight because increased
serotonin levels will help regulate appetite, limit snacking, so lose weight.

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4/ Increase brain health: the brain needs fat, the fat in sacha inchi oil is
unsaturated, so it is easy to absorb to help promote brain health, fight
inflammation, fight depression, and limit overreaCtion to pain.
5/ Increases heart health: improves blood circulation, lowers blood
pressure, clears the heart.
6/ Anti-diabetes: Omega-3 helps reduce blood sugar, reduce insulin
resistance in people with type 2 diabetes, and reduce triglycerides that often
appear in people with diabetes.
7/ Strengthen bones: Omega-3 helps the body absorb calcium, improve
bone density, prevent osteoporosis and bone deterioration.
8/ Improve eyesight: The vitamins E, vitamin A and omega in sacha inchi
seeds help improve eyesight, maintain eye health.
9/ Anti-arthritis: Sacha inchi oil has the ability to fight rheumatoid arthritis,
which can be better combined with ginger.
10/ Skin and hair care: omega-3 helps to strengthen hair, smooth and moist
skin, limit hydration, and resist the effeCts of sunlight (Sun Warrior, 2014).
Peruvian women often mix sacha inchi oil with flour to make skin creams,
this oil is also used to mix with many cooked dishes or fresh vegetables, mix
salads... (Guillen et al., 2003).
Sacha inchi oil is a unique blend of rare natural ingredients such as omega
3-6-9, antioxidants vitamins A, E, and many other essential nutrients such as
protein, fiber, and several types of amino acids. other essentials (Liu et al., 2014).
Compared with Argan oil (a precious vegetable oil), the omega 3 content in sacha
inchi oil is 40 times more. Sacha inchi oil is considered a high-quality nutritional
supplement that is very good for human health. This is an all-natural pure oil with
a rich composition of natural fatty acids, especially the omega 3 content that is
currently at the top of other oils.

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