Evaluation of the bio agronomic characteristics of some proposal potato combinations (1906, 1944, 1993, 2036) in red river delta

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

FACULITY OF AGRONOMY
----------------------------------------------

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
ASSIGNMENT: Evaluation of the bio-agronomic
characteristics of some proposal potato combinations
(1906,1944,1993,2036) in Red River Delta
Supervisor

: Dr. Phung Thi Thu Ha
Dr. Nguyen Xuan Truong

Department

: Botany

Student

: Nguyen Duc Anh Tuan

Student code

: 611794

Class

: K61-KHCTT

Speciality

: Advanced crop science

Course

: 61

Hanoi, 2021


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ACKNOWLEDG

4

-

LIST OF TABLE

5

-

PART I. INTRODUCTION

1

o

1.1. Introduction

1

o

1.2. Objective and scope of study

2

-

1.1.1

Objective

2

1.1.2

Scope of study

2

PART II. LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.1.

General introduction of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.)

3

3

2.1.1.

Classification and distribution of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.)

3

2.1.2.

Botanical characteristics

5

2.1.3.

Environmental factors influence growth and development

7

▪
o
▪

2.1.4.The nutritional value of potatoes

9

Health benefits

10

2.1.5. Uses

12

2.2. Production and consumption of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) in Vietnam and in
the world
13

o

2.2.1.

Production and consumption of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) in the world 13

2.2.2.

Production and consumption of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) in Vietnam 15

2.3. Import and assay work in potato research and production

16

● 2.3.1. Potato Imports in Vietnam

16

● 2.3.2. Potato Variety Testing in Vietnam

16

● 2.3.3. Potato Imports in the world

17

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Potatoes Exports by Country: Raw

17

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PART III. MATERIAL AND METHOD

18

o

3.2. Material

19

o

3.3. Research contents

19

3.5.The technical process

23

o

3.5.1. Prepare tubers, planting method and planting density

23

o

3.5.2. Tillage and raising the growing bed

24


o

3.5.3. Fertilizer application

24

o

3.5.4 Take care, disease and pest control

24

o

3.5.5. Data collection and processing

24

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PART IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

25

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4.1. Germination rate:

25

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4.2. Growth dynamics in height of potato hybrid combinations

27

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4.3. Growth dynamics in number leaves of potato hybrid combinations

29

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4.4. Growth dynamics in number stems per a plant of potato hybrid combinations

31

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4.5. Growth characteristics of potato hybrid combinations

33

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4.6. Leaf and flower characteristics of potato hybrids

34

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4.7. Pest and disease prevalence of hybrid combination potato combinations

36

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4.8. Characteristics, disease in tubers of hybrid combination lines.

40

o

4.9. Factors that contribute to potato yield

46

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4.10. Potato chip’s color

50

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PART V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

51

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5.1. Conclusion

51

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5.2. Recommendation

52

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ACKNOWLEDG

There is an undeniable fact that, beside the own effort, there are no
successes that are not associated with support or assistance whether more or less,
directly or indirectly by others. This thesis would not have been possible if I did
not have the support of many individuals and organizations. Therefore, I would
like to extend my sincere gratitude to all of them.
First of all, I would like to express my thankful to the teacher in Faculty
of Agronomy of Vietnam National University of Agriculture with their
knowledge and dedication to convey valuable knowledge to me during the time
of studying at university.
Secondly, I am using this opportunity to express my deep and sincere
gratitude to Dr. Phung Thi Thu Ha who in site of being extraordinarily busy with
her duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on the correct path. It was a
great privilege and honor to work and study under her guidance.
I am also grateful to Institute of Agro-Biology for provision of expertise,
and technical support in the implementation. I would not forget to express my
special thanks to Dr. Nguyen Xuan Truong and all personnel of Institute. Without
Dr. Nguyen Xuan Truong and others superior knowledge and experience, this
undergraduate thesis would not like in quality of outcomes, and thus their
guidance and support have been essential.
I would not forget to remember all staffs of Faculty of Agronomy and my
fellow for their encouragement and moreover for their timely support till the
completion of process work. Finally, I express my deepest thanks to my family
for their love, caring and sacrifices for educating and preparing me for my future.
Hanoi, …. February …. 2021
Sincerely,

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LIST OF TABLE

1. Table 2.1: Potato nutrition information………………………………….10
2. Table 2.2: Potato acreage, yield and production in the world from 2011 to
2017 (FAOSTAT, 2018)...........................................................................14
3. Table 2.3: Potato acreage, yield and production in Vietnam from 2011 to
2016 (FAOSTAT, 2020)...........................................................................15
4. Table 2.3: Countries exported the highest dollar value worth of prepared
or preserved potatoes during 2019, including both frozen and unfrozen
goods. (Worldstopexports, 2020)……………………………………….18
5. Table 4.1. germination rate of potato line of hybrid combination
(1906,1944,1993,2036)and
control
variety
after
30
days
planting......................................................................................................25
6. Table 4.2: Growth dynamics in height of potato hybrid combinations and
control variety after 30 days and 60 days planting....................................27
7. Table 4.3: Growth dynamics in number leaves of potato hybrid
combinations and control variety after 30 days and 60 days
planting......................................................................................................29
8. Table 4.4: Growth dynamics in number stems/plant of potato hybrid
combinations and control variety after 30 days and 60 days
planting......................................................................................................31
9. Table 4.5: Growth characteristics of potato hybrid combinations after 60

days...........................................................................................................33
10.Table 4.6 Leaf characteristics of the potato combinations studied...........35
11.Table 4.7: Pest and disease prevalence of hybrid combination
potato.........................................................................................................37
12.Table 4.8.Characteristics, disease in tubers of hybrid combination
lines...........................................................................................................40
13.Table 4.9. Physiological disorder in tuber of hybrid combination –
lines...........................................................................................................44
14.Table 4.10. Factors that contribute to potato yield ...................................47
15.Table 4.11. Potato chip’s color


16.Table 4.11. Some proposal potato lines of hybrid combinations
2056,2076,2081 in spring season 2021.....................................................49


Summary
With the purpose of selecting potato varieties with good growth, development,
adaptability and resistance to pests and diseases, high productivity, fresh feeding
and processing contributes to enriching the source of potato varieties. We
conducted the experiment " Evaluation of the bio-agronomic characteristics of
some proposal potato combinations (1906,1944,1993,2036) in Red River Delta"
on 4 combinations of potato hybrids: 1906, 1944, 1993, 2036 and the control
variety was Atlantic. Morphological, growth, development, yield and resistance
to pests and diseases of the hybrid potato combinations were evaluated in the
experiment. From the results obtained, we have selected 4 lines (from 4 potato
hybrid combinations) with high yield, disease-free, good tolerance, high growth
rate, growth rate and good chip’s color in order to keep the tubers for producing
service purposes testing in the next crop: 1906-15, 2036-24.

- PART I. INTRODUCTION
o 1.1. Introduction
The Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) is the fourth most important food crop
after wheat, maize and rice. This crop is a staple food and grown as a vegetable
for table use, processed into chips, and used for dried products and starch
production. Potatoes contain important nutrients, even when cooked, that can
benefit human health in various ways. Nutrients in a potato include vitamin C,
protein, fiber, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, niacin,
thiamin, riboflavin.
Potatoes are grown in 159 countries, the top five potato-producing countries
are China, India, Russian, Ukraine and the United States. The current potato
producing area is more than 19.3 million hectares with a total production of over
368 million tons. Potato consumption increased sharply in developing countries.
Today, potatoes account for more than half of the world's food products, with the
advantages of ease of cultivation and high energy content. Growing potatoes is a
great source of income and brings high economic benefits to many farming
households.
In Vietnam, European potato varieties are quite popular. In recent years, the
direction of producing processed potatoes in Vietnam began to develop, many
potato processing factories of Korea and the United States were built in Vietnam.
Processing factories required raw materials for year-round demand, which
prompted many localities to grow processed potatoes for factories. Potato plants
have valuable properties such as short growing time, easy to adapt to many
climates, many types of soil, economic efficiency and high nutritional value,
which are significant in ensuring security food in the world. In Vietnam, potato is
an ideal crop for winter in the Red River Delta, it does not require the same
rigorous seasonality as other crops. Growth time is short (90-120 days), but the
yield is high. On the other hand, potato production has other significant and longterm benefits such as increased yield of subsequent crops, increased fertility and
soil fertility, and reduced tillage and weeding costs.

Currently, the potato variety for processing is Atlantic because it has a high
dry matter content and low reducing sugar content. However, the growth time of
this variety is prolonged (> 100 days), susceptible to late blight, especially the rate

1


of commercial tubers with cracking and emptying of the intestine is high, thus
affecting the economy and quality of yield products after processing.
Therefore, it is necessary to continue to test imported potato varieties to test,
evaluate, and select potato varieties with many good properties, adaptable to
climatic conditions and meet the requirements of the industrial processing
industry. From these problems, we implemented the topic: “Evaluation of some
proposal potato lines of hybrid combination (1906,1944,1993,2036) in Red
River Delta”.
o 1.2. Objective and scope of study
1.1.1 Objective

- Evaluate growth and development characteristics, agro-biological
characteristics, morphological characteristics, pest infestation level, yield,
and quality, then select potato lines suitable to weather conditions, agrosoil in the locality, which is capable of resisting unfavorable conditions, has
productivity and quality.
- Proposing potential potato lines for continued growth.
1.1.2 Scope of study
- Evaluation of some proposal potato lines of hybrid combination
(1906,1944,1993,2036) in Red River Delta through the assessment of
growth, development, and productivity of potato lines of hybrid
combination (1906,1944,1993,2036).

2

-

PART II. LITERATURE REVIEWS

2.1. General introduction of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.)
2.1.1. Classification and distribution of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum
L.)
The potato is native to the Peruvian-Bolivian Andes and is one of the world’s
main food crops. The potato become an important food crop from 1719, when
Scotch-Irish settlers began potato production in New Hampshire, and introduction
into Vietnam in 1890 by French Colonists.
Over 100s years, potatoes have been widely grown and widely grown in
Europe, potatoes are imported to countries in other continents: India (1610), China
(1700). By the nineteenth century, potatoes became an important crop for Europe,
a source of high nutritional value. Therefore, the area of potatoes is increasingly
developed and spread. Potato plants were affirmed and respected for development
when a famine occurred in Ireland (1845 - 1846), potatoes with consecutive years
of potato late blight disease (Phytophthora infestans) significantly reduced potato
yield. (Truong Van Ho, 2010).
Potatoes have been grown in popularity since the end of World War II,
especially varieties with industry standards (chips, canned food, and fast food). In
1972, the International Potato Center (CIP) was established in Lima - Peru, which
collects and stores the genetic diversity of potatoes, breeds, and supports the
development research and production in the world. In Vietnam, potatoes were
introduced in 1890 by French missionaries. In English is Potato, to Vietnam is
named "Khoai Tay". Before 1970, potatoes were scattered in Sapa - Lao Cai, Do
Son - Hai Phong, Tra Linh - Cao Bang, Dong Anh - Phuc Yen, Da Lat - Lam
Dong ... The total area was about 3000hectares. During this time, potatoes were

considered a premium vegetable. (Truong Van Ho, 2010).
Classification:
− Scientific name: Solanum tuberosum L.
3


− Kingdom: Plantae
− Order: Solanales
− Family: Solanaceae
− Genus: Solanum
− Species: S. tuberosum
The potato plant of the Solanum genus includes 180 tuber-capable species
(Hawk es, 1978). There are about 20 commercial varieties of potatoes.
The potato plant belongs to the herbaceous plant group, the Solanaceae, the
Solanum tuberosum L. There are many different classifications, but the potato
plant is classified according to the number of chromosomes as follows:
- The diploid type (2n = 2x = 24) includes 4 species: S. xajanhuiri, S. gonicocalyx,
S. phureja, S. setenotonum.
- The triploid type (2n = 3x = 36) includes 2 types: S. xchaucha, S. xjureperukii
- Quaternary type (2n = 4x = 48) the widest distribution, accounting for 70%. This
type includes two subspecies, S. tuberosum spp. tuberosum and S.tuberosum spp.
andigena.
- The pentaploid type (2n = 5x = 60) includes S. xcurtilobum - The hexaploid type
(2n = 6x = 72) includes S. demissium (J.G Hawkerkks, 1991)

Distribution

4

The world potato sector is undergoing major changes. FAOSTAT data show
that in 2018, world production of potatoes was 368 million tonnes, led by China
with 27% of the total. Other major producers were India, Russia, Ukraine and the
United States. It remains an essential crop in Europe (especially northern and
eastern Europe), where per capita production is still the highest in the world, but
the most rapid expansion over the past few decades has occurred in southerneastern Asia.
In Vietnam, potato production has several advantages such as good growth,
high yield in temperate climates between 170C and 200C. In the Red River Delta
region, the country's main focus for potato growing, the popular varieties of
potatoes produced for fresh food are Diamant, Solara, Sinora, mainly imported
from the Netherlands, Germany, and selected domestically (KT1, KT3, PO3, ...).
Due to continuous production over many years, the above varieties degenerate
and give low yield. Every year, our country has to import a large number of
potatoes from China to breed. In general, these imported varieties are of low
quality, infected with many diseases, especially virus disease, green wilt, and late
blight.
2.1.2. Botanical characteristics
− The Stem:
The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade
Solanum tuberosum L. Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that grow about
45-60 cm (24 in) high, depending on variety, with the leaves dying back after
flowering, fruiting and tuber formation.

5


Potato plants can reach in excess of 1 m (3.3 ft) in height and are grown as
annual plants, surviving only one growing season. Potato plant bears many tubers
underground.
The potato plant has a branched stem and alternately arranged leaves

consisting of leaflets which are both of unequal size and shape. (Ho Dinh Hai,
2015)
− The Leaves:
The compound leaves are spirally arranged; each leaf is 20-30 cm (about 812 inches) long and consists of a terminal leaflet and two to four pairs of leaflets.
The leaflets can be oval to oblong in shape and the leaves can reach 10-30
cm (4-12 in) in length and 5-15 cm (2-6 in) wide. (Ho Dinh Hai ,2015)
− The Tubes
Potatoes are stem tubers. The stems extend underground into structures
called stolons. Enlarged stolons thicken to develop into storage organs.
The tubers usually have round to oval to elongated shape but vary widely
in size. Internally, its flesh features bright cream-white, rose red, or russet color
depending up on the variety with moist, crunchy texture and once baked, becomes
soft and has special buttery "potato" flavor.
Tuber formation halts when soil temperatures reach 27 °C (81 °F); hence
potatoes are considered a cool-season crop. Tuber bulking occurs during the
fourth phase, when the plant begins investing the majority of its resources in its
newly formed tubers. At this stage, several factors are critical to yield: optimal
soil moisture and temperature, soil nutrient availability and balance, and
resistance to pest attacks. The final phase is maturation: The plant canopy dies
back, the tuber skins harden, and their sugars convert to starches. (Ho Dinh Hai,
2015)
− The Flowers
The plants bear white, pink, red, blue, or purple flowers with five fused
petals and yellow stamens.
Potatoes are mostly cross-pollinated by insects such as bumblebees, which
carry pollen from other potato plants, though a substantial amount of selffertilizing occurs as well. ( Ho Dinh Hai, 2015)
6


− The Fruits

The fruit is a small poisonous berry with numerous seeds. After flowering,
potato plants produce small green fruits that resemble green cherry tomatoes, each
containing about 300 -500 seeds. These are genuine fruit, but not that common.
Usually, potato flowers just drop off. (Ho Dinh Hai, 2015)
− The seeds
Potato plants produce small green fruits (berries) filled with hundreds of
seeds and about the size of a cherry tomato and with much the same appearance.
Although they resemble tomatoes and are in the same family as tomatoes, the
nightshade family, this fruit is not the result of cross-pollination with tomatoes.
The seed pods look like cherry tomatoes and contain between 100 and 250
seeds similar to a tomato. The seed is removed from the pods in the kitchen with
a food processor in a bowl of water. The seed will drop to the bottom of the bowl,
dried and stored like tomato seed. Storage in the freezer for a few weeks helps to
accelerate the natural dormancy period.
Harvest seed one season-you can hand-pollinate to cross two varieties-plant
out the next and select your favorites. Note! Not all cultivars will produce True
Seed for you! (Ho Dinh Hai,2015)

2.1.3. Environmental factors influence growth and development
− Temperature
The potato plant is a plant that requires a cool and temperate climate. Each
period of plant growth and development they require different temperatures.
Seeds can germinate between 12 and 15 ° C, but the ideal temperature fluctuate
between 18 and 20 ° C. Under conditions of high temperatures above 25 ° C,
seeds can germinate, but germs grow slowly and often rotted. The suitable
temperature for leaf stem growth is between 20 and 22 ° C. While the
temperature drops to 1-5 ° C can cause leaf stalks damage. If the temperature
drops below 7 ° C, the plant will stop growing. When the temperature drops
from -1 to -2 ° C, stems and leaves will die, down to -5 ° C, leaf stems die in a
short time. During the formation and development of tubers, the suitable

temperature should be 15-22 ° C, the most suitable temperature is from 16 to
18 ° C. When the temperature above the suitable temperature, plant produces
7


tuber rays little than normal, elongate, and produce many small tubers. Under
high temperature conditions, potatoes typically prolong growth and give low
yield.
During the resting period of the potato it can sprout at 4 ° C temperature
from 10 - 15 ° C, and grow best, fat and short (Duong Hong Dat, 2004).
− Light
Light is essential for photosynthesis plants to accumulate nutrients.
Potatoes are photophilic plants, strong light intensity is suitable for the
photosynthesis of potatoes, promotes tuber formation and accumulation of dry
matter content. Suitable light intensity for photosynthesis potato plants from
0.000 - 60.000 lux. From an overview, potatoes are plants prefer long daylight
hours (over 14 hours of light) which will shorten the growth time of plants. In
short day conditions, in the tropics and subtropics, yields can be high in the
highlands or during the cold season. However, in each stage of growth and
development they require different light. The period of sprouting off the
ground until the plant has flower buds, potatoes require long daylight which
beneficial for the development of leaf, stems and promote photosynthesis. By
the time of potato ray formation, they require short lighting times. These
conditions are very suitable for the conditions in the North of our country.
When tubers develope, they require darkness. Therefore, in this period, we
need to cultivate the weeds and cultivate the stump to be taller for the plant
(Duong Hong Dat, 2004).
− Water
Potato roots are underdeveloped, most of the roots are concentrated in the
topsoil, poor absorption of nutrients and water. Potatoes require large amounts

of water during growing period and should be supplied regularly. The study
results show that during the growing period (from 3 to 4.5 months) the potato
needs about 500 - 700 mm of rain. Each period they need different amounts of
water to develop sprouts, stems, leaves, flowers and fruit.
According to Professor G.Staikov (1989), the sprouting phase switches to
the springing phase, the most appropriate humidity is 70% and not less than
80% (Ho Huu An, Dinh The Loc, 2005 ).
Ngo Duc Thieu (1969 - 1974), proves that the period from planting to the
beginning of flowering potato buds require 60% moisture in the field, in the
later stages they require 80% and will give the highest yield. In the condition
of lack or excess moisture in the above stages, roots, stems, leaves will develop
poorly, produce few tubers, small, poor resistance to pests and diseases lead to
poor yield.
8


− Soil and nutrition
Potatoes can adaptable to many different soil types except for heavy soil
and waterlogged clay. Soil with thick and porous arable layer with good water
holding capacity and ventilation is most suitable for potatoes and will give the
highest yield. The pH level in the soil is from 5 to 7, but the best suitable is
from 6 to 6.5. Higher pH level can cause scabies on the tubers. Potatoes require
a large amount of nutrients and a full complement of macronutrients and
micronutrients. On average, one ton of potato tubers (including corresponding
leaf stem) absorb from the soil was 5.68 kg of nitrogen, 1.11 kg of phosphorus,
8.92 kg of potassium. With a yield of 15 tons per ha of potato plants absorb 88
kg of nitrogen, 17 kg of phosphorus, 134 kg of potassium, 19 kg of CaO and
16 kg of MgO were removed (Nguyen Van Bo, 2004).
Nitrogen is necessary to create new cells that make up parts such as roots,
stems, leaves and tubers. If not provide enough can cause low yield, but if too

much nitrogen can cause adversely affect to the plant, causing imbalance
between the parts on the ground and below the ground and creating conditions
for disease. The appropriate amount of nitrogenous fertilization is from 100200 kg of N per ha. Depending on the type of soil, do not apply fertilizer too
late, it is best to combine cultivation and nitrogen fertilization.
Phosphorus element plays a important role in enhancing the growth of leaf
and stems, early tuberous rays formation, increasing number of tubers and
increasing yield. Phosphorus is needed in the early stages of plant growth
because it stimulates the development of roots. Lack of phosphorus will make
the plant grow abnormally. Phosphorus is a slow-absorbing fertilizer, so it is
often top-dressing. Applying phosphorus late, especially during the flowering
period will reduce yield and quality of starch. In Vietnam, on the alluvial soil
of the Red River in the dyke, 60 - 90 kg P2O5 / ha is often used to fertilizer
(Ngo Duc Thieu, 1975). Potatoes need more potassium than all, it works to
increase the growth process, especially the photosynthesis and the ability to
transport substances to the tubers, increase the quality of the bulbs, increase
the resistance to some diseases like black spot disease. The appropriate amount
of fertilizer is 120-150 kg K2O per ha.
▪

2.1.4.The nutritional value of potatoes

Nowadayss, potatoes are an important food source of mankind, potatoes are
the fourth food crop after wheat, wet rice and corn. The annual production of
potatoes accounts for about 50% of the total tuber production (FAO, 1995).
Potatoes contain many important nutrients such as protein, sugar, lipids,
vitamins such as carotene, B1, B2, B3, B6, PP and the most is vitamin C (20-50
9


mg%). There are also important minerals, mainly K, followed by Ca, P and Mg.

The presence of many free amino acids has increased the nutritional value of
potatoes. In 100g boiled potatoes provide at least 5% of the daily requirement of
protein, 3% of energy, 7-10% of Fe, 10% of vitamin B6, and 50% of the daily
requirement of vitamin C (Ta Thu Cuc, 2007).
Table 2.1: Potato nutrition information
Amt per
Serving

%DV*

Amt per Serving

%DV*

Total Fat 0g

0%

Total Carbohydrate 26g

9%

Cholesterol
0mg

0%

Dietary Fiber 2g

8%

Sodium 8mg

0%

Sugars 1g

Vitamin A

0%

Calcium

2%

Vitamin C

45%

Iron

6%

Protein 3g

Potato Serving size: 1 medium (5.3 oz. / 148 g) Calories 110; Calories from
Fat 0 *Percent Daily Values (%DV) are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
o Health benefits
Potatoes are stuffed with phytonutrients, which are organic components of
plants that are thought to promote health, according to the USDA.

Phytonutrients in potatoes include carotenoids, flavonoids and caffeic acid.
The vitamin C in potatoes acts as an antioxidant. These substances may prevent
or delay some types of cell damage, according to the National Institutes of
Health. They may also help with digestion, heart health, blood pressure and even
cancer prevention.
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Purple potatoes are especially good sources of phytonutrients and antioxidants.
A 2012 study published in the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry found
that six to eight small purple potatoes twice a day helped lower blood pressure
and risk of heart disease and stroke among people who were overweight and
suffering from hypertension. Despite the carbohydrates in purple potatoes, the
participants did not gain weight.
Blood pressure
Potatoes may help lower blood pressure for several reasons. Jarzabkowski said
that the fiber found in potatoes could help lower cholesterol by binding with
cholesterol in the blood. "After it binds, we excrete it.”
Potatoes are also a good source of potassium. "All potatoes are potassium rich,"
Jarzabkowski said. "They have even more potassium than a banana, and a lot of
it is found in the [potato's] skin." She noted that the outer potato peel also
contains a good deal of fiber. Potassium is a mineral that helps lower blood
pressure, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Potassium, too, can help lower blood pressure through its actions as a
vasodilator (blood vessel widener). Scientists at the Institute for Food Research
have discovered that potatoes contain chemicals called kukoamines, which are
associated with lowering blood pressure.
Brain functioning and nervous system health
The B6 vitamins in potatoes are critical to maintaining neurological health.
Vitamin B6 helps create useful brain chemicals, including serotonin, dopamine

and norepinephrine, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center.
This means that eating potatoes may help with depression, stress and even
perhaps attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Potatoes' high level of carbohydrates may have some advantages, including
helping maintain good levels of glucose in the blood, which is necessary to
proper brain functioning. A 1995 study published in the American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition found that modest increases in glucose could help enhance
learning and memory. Potassium, which encourages the widening of blood
vessels, also helps ensure your brain gets enough blood.
Immunity
Vitamin C can help prevent everything from scurvy to the common cold, and
potatoes are full of this nutrient, with about 45 percent of the recommended
daily intake per medium baked potato, according to the Washington State Potato
Commission.
Inflammation
Some people think potatoes and other members of the nightshade family — such
as eggplants, tomatoes and peppers — trigger arthritis flares. However, there is
11


limited scientific evidence to support this hypothesis, according to the Arthritis
Foundation. The organization suggests that people with arthritis try cutting
nightshade vegetables from their diets for two weeks to see if symptoms
improve.
Some studies suggest these vegetables may actually help reduce arthritis
symptoms, the foundation said. For example, a 2011 study published in the
Journal of Nutrition found that potatoes might reduce inflammation.
Digestion
The largest health benefit offered by potatoes is how they can help with
digestion due to their high fiber content, Jarzabkowski said. Potatoes' high level

of carbohydrates makes them easy to digest, while their fiber-filled skin can help
keep you regular.
Heart health
Potatoes give your heart plenty of reasons to swoon, due to the fiber content.
Jarzabkowski said fiber is associated with clearing cholesterol from blood
vessels; vitamins C and B6 help reduce free radicals; and carotenoids help
maintain proper heart functioning.
Additionally, B6 plays a crucial role in the methylation process, which, among
other things, changes the potentially dangerous molecule homocysteine into
methionine, a component in new proteins, according to Harvard. Too much
homocysteine can damage blood vessel walls, and high levels of it are
associated with increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
Athletic performance
Jarzabkowski described how potatoes could be a win for athletes. "Potatoes can
help restore electrolyte balance," she said. "Sodium and potassium, which are
found in potato peels, are two important electrolytes, and athletes lose them in
sweat." Electrolytes are necessary for optimum body function, and having too
few can cause cramps, as many athletes know.
Skin care
According to Organic Facts, vitamin C, vitamin B6, potassium, magnesium, zinc
and phosphorous can all help keep skin as smooth and creamy as, well, mashed
potatoes. These nutrients are all present in potatoes.

▪

2.1.5. Uses

According to Beukema, Vander Zaag (1979), they have compared potatoes
with some tropical crops located in the range 30 degrees north to 30 degrees south
latitude such as rice, corn, beans ... highest yield, yield, protein. Potato products

are used for a variety of purposes:
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- Use as food: in European countries, potato is the daily food of the people and
it is considered the "second wheat crop".
- Use for livestock: Potatoes are a source of food for livestock in many
countries around the world, especially those with developed economies such
as France uses 3.06 million tons/year, Netherlands 1, 93 million tons/year for
animal feed processing. Every year, the amounts of potatoes used for animal
husbandry accounts for about 20-25% of the total production, typically
Poland (44%), China (34%) ... (FAO, 1996).
In addition, potatoes are also a source of raw materials for the starch
processing industry, textile industry, fiber, pressed wood, paper and especially in
the organic matter processing industry (lactic, citric), solvent muscle (ethanol,
butanol). It is estimated that 1 ton of potato tubers with 17.6% starch content will
produce 112 liters of alcohol, 35 kg of organic acids and some other byproducts
(FAO, 1991).
Hence, potatoes are a crop of export and commercial value. As of 1994
only, the value of tubers ranged from 140-270 USD / ton (FAO, 1995). Potatoes
are good soil plants in the rotation system: After harvesting, potatoes leave a loose
layer of soil, with good soil physical properties. Potatoes are often nurtured so
after harvest, the remaining soil nutrients can provide for the next crops (Duong
Hong Dat, 2004).
2.2. Production and consumption of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) in
Vietnam and in the world
2.2.1. Production and consumption of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.)
in the world
The world potato industry underwent major changes until the early 1990s,
most of the potatoes were grown and consumed in Europe, North America and

the countries of the former Soviet Union. By the nineteenth century, potatoes were
grown in popularity on all continents with about 150 countries.
For industrialized countries the general trend is to reduce acreage and
increase yield by adopting high yielding potatoes that are well tolerated by
adverse conditions, and the adoption of measures modern techniques, high
technology. In developing countries, due to population growth, increasing
demand for food, rice, wheat, and maize contribute significantly to ensuring food
security for people. The general direction is to increase potato yield by both
acreage and yield. Over the past 30 years in developing countries, the average
yield increased from 8 tons/ha to 13 tons/ha. However, that yield is still a distance
from potato production in advanced countries. One of the reasons that limit potato
13


production in developing countries is the lack of good quality tubers (Dang Thi
Van, 1997). Access to new varieties and quality tubers plays an important role in
improving yield by replacing poor quality tubers with good quality and diseasefree bulbs.
According to the statistics of FAOSTAT (2018), it shows that output,
acreage and productivity have significant fluctuations. In the years 2012-2014,
the planted area tended to decrease gradually from 19,405,751 ha (2012) to
18,878,755 ha (in 2014) although productivity and output continued to increase,
the highest peak was 2014 with the yield is 20,1425 tons/ha and the output is
380,264,734 tons. In the period 2015 - 2017, the cultivated land area is gradually
improved to reach 19,302,642 hectares (in 2017), however, productivity and
output are still not stable and tend to decrease in 2015-2016; By 2017, the
productivity soared to 20,1108 tons/ha, making the output the highest increase in
the last 6 years to 388,190,674 tons.

Table 2.2: Potato acreage, yield and production in the world
from 2011 to 2017 (FAOSTAT, 2018)

Year

Acreage (ha)

Productivity (ton/ha)

Quantity (ton)

2011

19,315,098

19.3441

373,633,249

2012

19,405,751

18.9812

368,344,857

2013

19,292,920

19.3890

374,070,106

2014

18,878,755

20.1425

380,264,734

2015

18,913,868

19.9101

376,577,033

2016

19,077,480

19.6175

374,252,074

2017

19,302,642

20.1108

388,190,674

There are clear disparities in the number of countries producing potatoes,
acreage and yield, between continents. According to FAOSTAT (2018), the world
leader in potato acreage in 2017 is Asia with 10,209,139 hectares, accounting for
50.4% of the world's planted area. Europe occupies an area of 5,365,045 ha.
Oceania occupies the smallest area of 38,345 ha.

14


In terms of productivity, Oceania has the highest productivity in the world
(41,0780 tons/ha), followed by Latin America (24,5752 tons/ha). The lowest yield
is in Africa with 13,2154 tons/ha.
2.2.2. Production and consumption of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum
L.) in Vietnam
Currently in our country, the production of potatoes still faces many
difficulties, mainly produced on a small scale, fragmented, not solving the
problems of tuber quality, seed meeting production standards and quality
improved seeds. Potato plants are grown mainly in the winter season in the Red
River Delta, the winter-spring crop in the northern mountainous region, and Lam
Dong region. In the years 1970-1980, along with the opening of the Winter crop
structure in the Red River Delta and to contribute to solving the problem of food
shortage, the potato was focused on making it an important food crop of the winter
season. In 1979, the potato acreage nationwide increased increase from just a few
thousand hectares to a hundred thousand hectares. However, the area of potatoes
decreased rapidly in the following years and remained stable at the scale of 30-35
thousand hectares over the past 20 years (Nguyen Cong Chuc, 2006). From 2013

to 2017, the potato growing area in Vietnam tended to decrease gradually, but the
yield gained gradually increased over the years. In 2018, the area of potatoes was
expanded to 24,673 hectares with a production of 376,377 tons and is gradually
meeting the domestic consumption market (FAOSTAT, 2020).

Table 2.3: Potato acreage, yield and production in Vietnam from
2011 to 2016 (FAOSTAT, 2020)
Years

Areage (ha)

Productivity
(ton/ha)

Quantity
(ton)

2013

23.077,00

13,5800

313.383,00

2014

22.823,00

14,0954

321.700,00

2015

21.767,00

14,6243

318.321,00

2016

21.173,00

14,2740

302.229,00

2017

20.480

14,8276

303.675

2018

24.673

152.548

376.377

15


o 2.3. Import and assay work in potato research and production
●

2.3.1. Potato Imports in Vietnam

According to a survey by the Department of Crop Production, potatoes in
Vietnam are currently consumed mainly for fresh food in the domestic market and
exported in small quantities to Indonesia. Vietnam began to appear many
enterprises investing in technology and processing lines worth tens of millions of
USD. The factory with the largest capacity is 180,000 tons/year and the trend is
that the enterprise builds up areas to grow raw materials for processing. Although
each year our country produces 500,000-700,000 tons of potatoes, less than 1%
of that output is used for processing. Due to the highly seasonal domestic supply,
often cultivated in the winter-spring season, the domestic potatoes are only
available for 6 months (from December to May), while the demand requires a
supply of ingredients throughout the whole year. Therefore, domestic production
of potatoes as raw materials for processing currently only meets about 30-40%,
the rest are imported from many countries, especially China and European
countries. Chinese potatoes have the advantage of low price but also very low
quality, with high disease risk, mainly commercial potatoes. Meanwhile, potato
seed imported from Europe has good quality but the price is very expensive, so
without price support, it is difficult for farmers to access. This is one of the reasons

for the reduced economic efficiency and sustainability of the potato industry
(Nguyen Cong Chuc, 2006).
●

2.3.2. Potato Variety Testing in Vietnam

In 1970, Vietnam started to import some European potato varieties and CIP
to survey and evaluate in many regions of the country in order to find out good
varieties to put into production. In 1977 - 1980, Da Lat Food Plant Research
Center (now the Center for Potato, Vegetable & Hoa Research) conducted
experiments and put into production new varieties VD1, VD2. On the basis of
cooperation with CIP, in 1981 - 1994 created varieties CFK-69.1 (06), Atzimba.
Since the 1990s, the Center for Potato, Vegetable & Hoa Research is the only unit
in the country that is interested in and conducted a program to select and breed
high-quality anti-mildew for the processing industry. In the years 1995 - 2004, the
potato variety officially recognized as Lipsi variety selected by the Central Seed
Testing Center was recognized in 1995. Varieties KT2 (1995), VT2, Hong Ha 2,
Hong Ha 7, (Vietnam Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology) was
recognized in 1998 and KT3 in 2000, the breed VC38-6 is a hybrid selected from
the hybrid population of the combination DTO-2 x 7XY.1. The variety was
selected from breeding materials imported from CIP in 1982. In 2002, VC38-6
was officially recognized as a new variety. From 1995-2000, with the help of the
16


Asian Development Bank, the project of research and development for potato
production with hybrid seeds was implemented into public in Vietnam. The two
selected new hybrid potato combinations, adapted to potato production conditions
in the Red River Delta, were selected: HPS II / 67 and HPS7 / 67 (Hong Ha 7).
The results of the clonal potato variety selection according to the imported route

have made a great breakthrough in seed production technology in which the
recognized advances in varieties are: KT2, KT3, VC 38-6, Diamat, P3, PO3,
Eben, Sinora, Solara, Afra .... are coordinated by the Institute of Food Plants and
Food Plants - Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology to
implement the project to develop Vietnamese potato production. - Germany 20002008 period Especially in recent years, along with the development of technology,
Vietnam National Academy of Agriculture conducted the project "Research to
complete and develop technology for potato seedling production. Western
processing is derived from tissue culture technology combined with aeroponics
technology ”by Prof. Ph.D. Nguyen Quang Thach and colleagues from the
Institute of Agricultural Biology deployed, bringing positive results and
transferring seeds to many localities in the country. The project has proposed a
process for producing disease-free, quality, low-cost potato seeds to ensure the
demand for seed in the domestic market (Phuong Hoan, 2013).
●

2.3.3. Potato Imports in the world

French fries demandGlobal sales from potatoes exports by country amounted to
US$4.85 billion during 2019 for spuds in their raw form. In addition, the value
of shipments for prepared or preserved potatoes including frozen French fries
represents another $12.8 billion in international sales.
Overall, the value of exported raw potatoes expanded in value by an average
34.3% for all exporting countries since 2015 when raw potatoes shipments were
valued at $3.61 billion. Total prepared or preserved potatoes shipments
including frozen French fries appreciated by 62.6% over the same 5-year period.
The 4-digit Harmonized Tariff System code prefix for raw potatoes is 0701. The
6-digit prefix for frozen prepared or preserved potatoes including French fries is
200410 while 200520 is the 6-digit prefix for unfrozen potatoes prepared or
preserved with vinegar or acetic acid.
- Potatoes Exports by Country: Raw

Below are the 15 countries that exported the highest dollar value worth of
unprocessed raw potatoes shipped during 2019.
17


Table 2.3: Countries exported the highest dollar value worth of
prepared or preserved potatoes during 2019, including both frozen and
unfrozen goods. (Worldstopexports, 2020)
Country

Value

Belgium

$2.57 billion (24.8%)

Netherlands

$2.27 billion (21.9%)

United States

$1.5 billion (14.7%)

Canada

$1.2 billion (11.3%)

France

$495.4 million (4.8%)

Germany

$470 million (4.5%)

Argentina

$218.9 million (2.1%)

Poland

$312.2 million (3%)

New Zealand

$69.7 million (0.7%)

United Kingdom

$266.5 million (2.6%)

Austria

$63.1 million (0.6%)

Turkey

$52.7 million (0.5%)

Egypt

$31.1 million (0.3%)

India

$29.6 million (0.3%)

China

$31.9 million (0.3%)

The 15 countries listed above shipped 92.4% of all prepared or preserved spuds
in 2019, regardless if frozen or unfrozen.
Among the above countries, the fastest-growing exporters of frozen prepared or
preserved potatoes since 2015 were: Turkey (up 526.2%), India (up 228%),
Poland (up 61.2%) and Belgium (up 60%).
Two top suppliers endured declines in their international sales of those types of
exported potatoes, namely Egypt (down -53.1%) and China (down -14.4%).
- PART III. MATERIAL AND METHOD
3.1. Time and location

18