Research on growth, development and some technical measures to propagate rain lily (zephyranthes) in gia lam ha noi

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

FACULTY OF AGRONOMY

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
TITLE: RESEARCH ON GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT
AND SOME TECHNICAL MEASURES TO
PROPAGATE RAIN LILY (ZEPHYRANTHES)
IN GIA LAM – HA NOI

HANOI – 2022


VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

FACULTY OF AGRONOMY

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
TITLE: RESEARCH ON GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT
AND SOME TECHNICAL MEASURES TO
PROPAGATE RAIN LILY (ZEPHYRANTHES)
IN GIA LAM – HA NOI

Supervisor:

PhD. VU QUYNH HOA

Department: HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPING
Student:

DUONG MINH TUAN

ID:

621829

Class:

K62KHCTT

HANOI – 2022

i


COMMITMENT

To complete this graduation report beyond my own efforts, I have received
a lot of enthusiastic support from teachers, friends and family.
First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to
my teacher Phd. Vu Quynh Hoa - Department of Horticulture and Landscaping Faculty of Agronomy – Vietnam National University of Agriculture has spent a
lot of time, enthusiasm, and dedication to guide, instruct, help, encourage and
follow me in all aspects so that I successfully complete this thesis topic.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the teachers in the
Department of Horticulture and Landscaping - Faculty of Agronomy - Vietnam
National University of Agriculture for their interest, support and creating
favorable conditions for me during the implementation of this thesis.
I would also like to express my sincere thanks to the teachers in the Faculty
of Agronomy - Vietnam National University of Agriculture for creating all
conditions for me to complete the thesis report.
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my family and friends who

encouraged, supported and helped me during the time of this thesis.
Ha Noi, February 25th,2022

i


TABLE OF CONTENT
Commitment ........................................................................................................... i
Table of content ..................................................................................................... ii
List of tables ......................................................................................................... iv
List of figures ........................................................................................................ v
List of charts ......................................................................................................... vi
Abstract ............................................................................................................... vii
PART I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1
1.1.

Introduction ............................................................................................ 1

1.2.

Purpose and requirements ....................................................................... 2

1.2.1.

Purpose .................................................................................................... 2

1.2.2.

Requirements .......................................................................................... 3

PART II. RESEARCH OVERVIEW.................................................................... 4
2.1.

Origin of distribution, taxonomic position and botanical
characteristics of rain lily ........................................................................ 4

2.1.1.

Origin of distribution and taxonomic position ........................................ 4

2.1.2.

Botanical characteristics ......................................................................... 5

2.1.3.

Ecological requirements, cultivation techniques and care of rain
lily ........................................................................................................... 7

2.2.

Situation of production, consumption of ornamental flowers in the
world and Vietnam. ............................................................................... 11

2.2.1.

Situation of production and consumption of ornamental flowers in
the world ............................................................................................... 11

2.2.2.

Situation of production and consumption of tuber flowers in
Vietnam and some current methods of flower propagation.................. 16

PART III. OBJECTS AND RESEARCH MATERIALS ................................... 23
3.1.

Research subjects .................................................................................. 23

3.3.1.

Materials................................................................................................ 23
ii


3.3.2.

Time and place of implementation ....................................................... 23

3.3.3.

Content .................................................................................................. 24

3.3.4.

Research method ................................................................................... 26

PART IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................ 29
4.1.

Research on growth and development characteristics of some
varieties of rain lily ............................................................................... 29

4.1.1.

Vegetative growth of some varieties of rain lily .................................. 29

4.1.2.

Research results on the influence of the V (notching) method on
the propagation ability and quality of seedlings ................................... 46

PART V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.................................. 57
5.1.

Conclusion ............................................................................................ 57

5.2.

Recommendations ................................................................................. 58

PART VI. REFERENCES .................................................................................. 59

iii


LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1.

Production situation of bulbous flowers in some countries in

the world in 2013 ............................................................................ 12

Table 3.1.

The subjects of the study are 10 samples of rain lily cultivars ....... 23

Table 4.1.

Characteristics of stems and leaves of rain lily .............................. 30

Table 4.2.

The emergence of new leaves of some varieties of rain lily .......... 32

Table 4.3.

The tillering ability of varieties ...................................................... 34

Table 4.4.

Stem diameter and bulbs growth rate of varieties rain lily ............. 36

Table 4.5.

Leaf length growth dynamics of rain lily varieties ......................... 37

Table 4.6.

Flower morphological characteristics of rain lily varieties ............ 39

Table 4.7.

Effect of the rooting method on the survival rate, the ability to
produce shoots, and the roots of the rain lily variety...................... 47

Table 4.8.

Effect of cutting method on the quality of rain lily seedlings ........ 48

Table 4.9.

Effect of cutting method on the number of leaves and shoots,
the date of appearance of roots, and the ability to produce
tubers of rain lily ............................................................................. 50

Table 4.10. Effect of cutting method on the quality of rain lily seedlings ........ 51

iv


LIST OF FIGURES
Figures 3.1. Materials and tools to prepare for cutting ..................................... 26
Figures 4.1. Flower morphology of L1 ............................................................. 41
Figures 4.2. Flower morphology of L2 ............................................................. 42
Figures 4.3.

Flower morphology of L3 ............................................................ 42

Figures 4.4. Flower morphology of G1 ............................................................ 43
Figures 4.5. Flower morphology of G2 ............................................................ 43

Figures 4.6. Flower morphology of T1 ............................................................. 44
Figures 4.7. Flower morphology of T2 ............................................................. 44
Figures 4.8. Flower morphology of T3 ............................................................. 45
Figures 4.9. Flower morphology of T4 ............................................................. 45
Figures 4.10. Flower morphology of T5 ............................................................. 46
Figures 4.11. Steps to split tubers according to the V-shaped method............... 53
Figures 4.12. Varieties Rain lily for rooting experiments .................................. 55
Figures 4.13. Some pictures of varieties before the experiment of splitting
tubers ............................................................................................. 56

v


LIST OF CHARTS
Chart 4.1. New leaf movement of the rain lily .................................................. 33
Chart 4.2. Comparison of the growth of new leaves of the varieties
of rain lily ......................................................................................... 33
Chart 4.3. The tillering ability of rain lily varieties .......................................... 35
Chart 4.4. Growth behavior of tuber diameter of rain lily ................................ 36
Chart 4.5. Leaf length growth dynamics of rain lily varieties .......................... 38
Chart 4.6. Stem length and flower diameter of varieties of rain lily ................. 40

vi


ABSTRACT
This experiment evaluated a number of growth, development and
propagation techniques of 10 varieties of rain lily planted in Gia Lam - Hanoi in
2021. Experiment 1 was arranged in sequential blocks. do not repeat, each
variety is one block, each block grows 50 plants. The length of the varieties of

rain lily ranges from 8.3 cm to 22.0 cm, the highest is the T3 variety, the lowest
is the G1 variety. Leaf width is from 2.4 mm to 9.7 mm with the largest width
being T3 and the smallest being L3. The leaf thickness is from 1.0 mm to 1.7
mm, with the largest leaf thickness being T1 variety and the smallest leaf
thickness being L2, G1, T5 varieties. The leaf angle of the tree is in the range of
23 - 50⁰. The variety with the largest leaf angle is L2 and the variety with the
smallest leaf angle is L3. The number of leaves on the tree is from 4.4 to 12.7
leaves the variety with the largest number of leaves being G2 and the variety
with the smallest number of leaves on the tree G1. The tillering ability is from 0
to 5.8 children/mother tuber. The variety with the greatest tillering ability is L3
and the variety with the weakest tillering ability is the T5 variety
Varieties with the characteristics of leaf length, leaf width, number of
leaves per plant, large stem diameter are flower diameters. large, stem length is
proportional to flower diameter. The length of the flower stalk varies widely
from 16.1 cm to 27.1 cm, with the largest variety being T4 and the smallest
variety being L1. Flower diameters range from 4.3 cm to 6.8 cm with the largest
flower diameter being T4 and the smallest flower diameter being L1. Flower
durability is 1-2 days. The number of petals on the flower, there are two groups
of 6-petal varieties and 12-petal varieties.
Affects of clonal propagation by the V-notching method on the growth
and development of rain lily variety showed that: Through the experiment of
splitting the tubers to propagate the rain lily by the V-shaped method, the
propagation coefficient is low but its tuber quality is high.
Therefore, the propagation process was completed by the method of tuber
slicing. from cuttings until the plant's flower. Research on breeding methods to
bring higher economic efficiency and at the same time create varieties with
longer durability and diverse colors suitable for Vietnamese conditions.
Key words: growth, development, propagation, rain lily.

vii

PART I: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction
Rain lily (Zephyranthes) with Vietnamese names called Toc Tien or Hue
Mua. Rain lily is a herbaceous, bulbous, perennial plant, about 10 - 30 cm tall,
with elegant, delicate and beautiful leaves, glossy green leaves all year round,
flowers in a variety of colors. Rain lilies are very wrong flowers, often planted
as flower beds, flower beds to decorate the campus. The flower usually blooms
in late summer until the end of autumn, after heavy rains, it is called Rain lily. In
addition to ornamental purposes, for a long time rain lily has also been used as
medicine, treating common ailments such as headaches, colds and coughs to
complex diseases such as breast cancer, diabetes, rheumatism, etc. tuberculosis
(Pham Hoang Ho, 2000; Ricardo et al., 2011; Sindiri et al, 2013; Katoch and
Sigh, 2015).
Our country has a humid tropical monsoon climate, creating different
ecological zones suitable for the cultivation of ornamental flowers and plants,
making them increasingly rich in types, diverse in color, size and smell
incense,… They can be cut flowers, potted plants, decorative carpets. Rain lily
has an elegant beauty, a gentle and relaxing scent, in addition, it also has a
strong vitality. Therefore, they are widely grown as ornamental plants and
become naturalized plants in tropical regions of the world. This is a plant with
high economic value and a commercial product in the floriculture industry.
In the world, rain lilies are very popular, grown in many countries in
North America, Central America, Hawaii, Japan, Thailand, China, etc. They are
very diverse in types, shapes and colors. Rain lily have rich colors from white,
yellow, orange to pink, purple,... But the market for rain lily in Vietnam is still
underdeveloped, mainly planted with pink rain lily (Zephyranthes rosea). Some
other areas such as Da Lat, Da Nang,... also appear some white and yellow
flowers. But the ability to supply new rain lilies faces many difficulties due to

1


the rain lily market in Vietnam. Our country is still not diversified, the
production and breeding scale is still small. There have not been many
systematic studies on the collection, evaluation and storage of genetic resources
to maintain development for the selection and creation of new varieties.
Breeding the Rain lily variety to meet the needs of consumers is very necessary.
In addition to the problem of collecting, evaluating and storing genetic
resources of Rain lily, propagation is also an issue worthy of attention.
Reasonable propagation methods will provide a large number of seedlings for
research and production. Therefore, the research to come up with appropriate
propagation techniques has great significance for the production of high-quality
seedlings.
Therefore, it is very urgent to collect, conserve, propagate and
commercialize the rain lily and I have implemented the following topic:
“RESEARCH

ON

TECHNICAL

MEASURES

GROWTH,
TO

DEVELOPMENT
PROPAGATE

AND

SOME

RAIN

LILY

(ZEPHYRANTHES) IN GIA LAM – HANOI”.
1.2. Purpose and requirements
1.2.1. Purpose
˗ Evaluation of morphological characteristics of each variety of rain lily.
- Evaluation of growth characteristics of some varieties of rain lily. Thereby
assessing the adaptability of rain lily varieties in the climatic conditions in Gia
Lam, Hanoi and selecting good varieties as a basis for the selection and breeding
of rain lilies in our country.
˗ Research on methods of clonal propagation of rain lily to provide seedlings
for research and commercial production.
The study focused on evaluating the growth characteristics and
propagating by the method of splitting shoots or splitting bulbs in order to serve

2


the group's storage and flower beds in the campus of Vietnam National
University of Agriculture in the immediate future.
1.2.2. Requirements
- Understand assessment methods.
- Follow up carefully, fully and accurately record.
- Understand the external conditions, how to plant and care for the rain lily.

- To evaluate the growth and development ability of rain lily varieties
through a number of growth and development indicators.
- Evaluation of morphological characteristics of rain lily varieties.
˗ Evaluate the appropriate propagation technique of tubers.

3


PART II. RESEARCH OVERVIEW
2.1. Origin of distribution, taxonomic position and botanical characteristics
of rain lily
2.1.1. Origin of distribution and taxonomic position
Rain lily (Zephyranthes sp.) is a tropical plant in the genus Zephyranthes,
narcissus family Amaryllidaceae. The genus Zephyranthes was discovered by
William Herbert (1821) with about 40 species native to South America. Today
the number of species recognized in the genus Zephyranthes has increased to
about 70 species, in addition to many hybrids and cultivated species (Mabberly,
DJ 1978; Hutchinson, 2003). Common names for species in this genus include
fairy lily, rainflower, lily zephyr, magic lily, rain lily,....
Meerow et al. (1952) suggested that the genus Zephyranthes originated in
the Americas, then became widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical regions
around the world. Some species have naturalized in different places like Hawaii,
Indonesia, Thailand. Several species are native to higher elevations such as
Mexico: Zephyranthes lindleyana, Central America: Zephyranthes carinata and
parts of North America: Zephyranthes longifolia or Argentina: Zephyranthes
candida represents the species with the most potential for tolerance cold.
Here are some typical species of rain lily:
Zephyzanthes atamasca is white, commonly known for its white color.
Common names such as Atamasco lily, Rain lily, Zephyr lily are native to
Central Florida, North Florida and the southeastern United States.

Zephyzanthes candida, commonly known collectively as the White Fairy
lily, the White Rain Lily or the White Zephyr Lily, is native to Argentina and
Uruguay, and is commonly found in coastal areas. rivers and wetlands.
Zephyzanthes citrine is commonly known as Yellow Rain Lily; Yellow
Fairy Lily; Yellow Zephyr Lily, native to the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico.

4


Zephyzanthes drummondii white flowers, commonly known as Rain Lily
drummondii, Giant Prarie Lily is native to Texas and Mexico.
Zephyzanthes flavissima commonly known collectively as Yellow Rain
Lily is native from southern Bzazil to northeastern Argentina.
Zephyzanthes grandifloria commonly known as Pink Rain Lily is native
to Central America.
Zephyzanthes guatemalensis is native to Guatemala.
Zephyzanthes lindleyana is native to the eastern Sierra Madre, Mexico.
Zephyzanthes minima is native to Argentina, Bolivia (distributed at
altitudes up to 2600m), Uruguay, Paraguay and Bzazil.
Zephyzanthes straub is native to southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico.
In Vietnam, the rain lily is known with 4 types: Zephyranthes rosea
(Spreng.) Lindl.: Zephyranthes carinata Herb.: Zephyranthes ajax Hort. and
Zephyranthes atamasco Herb. (Tran Hop, 2000). In Vietnam, although there
have been no studies to determine the origin of the rain lily, most of them have
been present in the provinces in the country.
2.1.2. Botanical characteristics
Tubers: Rain lily has a false stem in the form of an onion body, also
known as a tuber. The tuber consists of the reserve leaf sheaths, which are
transformed by the leaf sheaths into lean and enlarged scales, enclosing each
other to form a tuber. The shape, size and color of the tubers vary by cultivar.

The tubers are yellow-brown, the tubers are white.
Roots: Belonging to the cluster roots, yellow-gray or light brown-gray,
fibrous. Rain lily roots can store water, so the plant has the ability to withstand
drought.
Leaves: Rain lily leaves are single leaves, alternate, green in color, but
the density of the leaves is different in lines and varieties. Leaves have parallel

5


veins, whole margins with many different shapes: striped, sword shaped, lance
shaped, slightly cambered into long trough.
Flowers: Small hermaphroditic flowers, corolla evenly, funnel-shaped
growing straight up. Varicolored. Rain lilies have 2 forms: single-petaled
flowers and double- or semi-double-petaled flowers. The flowers are singlepetal with 6 petals (three outer sepals, three inner petals) of similar color, shape
and size, similar to petals. The flowers are double or semi-double with more
than 6 petals. The petals in the inner layer are usually smaller in width than the
outer layer. Rain lilies can be fragrant, lightly scented or odorless. The blooms
usually only last for about a day or two and then wither.
The lines and varieties of rain lilies usually bloom in early summer and
last until autumn. Flowers usually bloom a few days after a storm, so that's why
the rain lily is commonly known as the rain lily or the leopard orchid (Rain lily).
Most of the cultivars and cultivars of rain lily planted will be difficult to
bloom in the face of climate, prolonged dry weather, and low humidity.
Stamens, pistils and anthers: There are 6 stamens corresponding to the
number of petals, stamens are attached at the throat of the flower tube or
attached from the throat of the flower tube to the base of the petals. Anthers
have 2 cells, long yellow cylinders. The style is long, the stigma is divided into 3
distinct lobes. Gourd with 3 cells, attached with central ovule
Fruit: Open capsule 3 pieces, each piece consists of many seed cells

stacked on top of each other. The pods, when ripe, turn from green to yellowbrown, dry out, and then separate.
Seeds: small, numerous, dark to black, glossy, flat...

6


2.1.3. Ecological requirements, cultivation techniques and care of rain lily
2.1.3.1. Ecological
Environmental conditions affecting the growth of rain lily include: climate
(light,

temperature,

humidity)

humidity),

soil,

biological

factors.

Physiologically, rain lily reacts strongly to the impact of external conditions:
Temperature: Rain lily originates from Central and South America, so the
high temperature in summer does not affect the growth and development of the
plant much. However, if the temperature is too high, the plant should be moved
to the shade. If growing outdoors, cover with a black net. The suitable
temperature during the day is from 20-28°C, at night from 13-17°C, below 5°C
and above 30°C the plant grows poorly, flowers are easily blinded. The period

of low temperature is favorable for root growth and flower differentiation. The
suitable temperature for rooting is 16-17°C, for flowering and flower bud
growth is 21°C - 23°C (Vu Thi Hoai Anh, 2008).
Light: Rain lily is a plant that likes medium light intensity, about 70-80%
of natural light, suitable light intensity is 13000-15000 lux. If the light is too
strong, it can make the leaves turn yellow, even die, especially at the seedling
stage. Rain lily can be planted in the shade, but if the light intensity is weak, the
plant will be stunted and slow to grow. Planting should be arranged in a place
with suitable light. If planted in a place with strong light, a net is required.
(Nguyen Thi Ngoc, 2016).
Water: Water directly affects the growth and development of plants. In the
early stage, the plant needs a large amount of water because the roots are not
stable and ensure enough water reserve and water absorption capacity. A lot of
water can easily make the rain tubers rot. In the summer and autumn, it is
necessary to provide enough water and water regularly to make the plants
flower. The most suitable soil moisture is about 70-85%, if the humidity is large,
it can easily lead to tuber rot or leaf burn.
7


In addition, rain lily is also known as other tubers, adapting to drought
conditions by transitioning from vegetative growth to vegetative growth. Leaves
will grow back when the external conditions are suitable. (Nguyen Thi Ngoc,
2016).
Soil: Rain lily can be grown on many types of soil, tolerates most soil
conditions, so it usually doesn't need too much care. But soil with light
mechanical composition such as sandy soil that is easy to absorb and drain, rich
in humus is the best, the soil should be loose, aerated, and free of pathogens (Vu
Thi Hoai Anh, 2008).
Pests and diseases: Rain lily is a plant with few pests and diseases. The

tubers and other parts of the rain lily contain toxic alkaloids, lycorine, and other
components that can cause vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, and sometimes
death in humans and other animals. Although rain lily is considered to be of low
toxicity, growers should also beware of the potential toxicity of the genus
Zephyzanthes, and especially should not allow small children or pets to come
into contact with parts of the plant. However, because there are toxins on mature
plants, it has a useful effect to help repel some insects and leaf-eating animals
such as snails, white caterpillars, etc. Fleas often cling to young leaves, so
manual methods should be used to destroy them to avoid damage to young
leaves and affect the environment. If planting lily plants too heavy rain and not
well ventilated, it is easy to get iron scale insect disease. This disease can be
sprayed with Malathion 50% mixed with a ratio of 1: 1,200, sprayed once a
week, sprayed 2-3 times.
2.1.3.2. Cultivation and care techniques
Light: Rain lily is a shade-loving plant, it needs light to shine, and it
doesn't like direct sunlight. If the light is too strong, it can cause the leaves to
turn yellow, even die. Arrange to plant plants in a place with soft light or
scattered light. If planted in a place with strong light, a net is required.
8


Temperature: Prefers warmth, but can tolerate cold, the suitable
temperature for growth is about 15 C.
o

Water: is a humidity-loving ornamental plant, has relatively high
requirements for air humidity. regularly spray water around. During the growing
season, it is necessary to regularly water, but do not let the water stagnate,
because this will cause the stump to rot.
Soil: Belonging to the plant species that prefer calcium-containing soil, it

should be planted with porous, sandy, fertile, well-drained soil.
Fertilizer: About once every 3-4 weeks is enough, if the sprouts do not
grow well, you can add about 1-2 times more nitrogen fertilizer.
* Method of breeding rain lily
- Mainly propagated by root separation. In the spring, select new bulbs that
have not yet sprouted and combine with repotting. Just dig out the root in the
pot, remove all the old soil that is still attached, divide that large root into many
small clusters of roots, plant in different pots.
- Sowing method:
+ Seeds of rain lily should be sown in a nursery tray before transferring to
the garden or pot. Seeds can be sown on coir soil or clean sand. Leave the
nursery tray in a place with light, but not too harsh. Maybe on the balcony of the
house. Pay attention to bringing the tray into the house, or cover it carefully at
night to avoid being damaged by rats or insects.
+ After about 2-4 weeks the seeds will germinate. When the plant has
about 4 true leaves, you can move it to a pot to plant or plant it in the garden.
Note: in this stage, the tree is still quite weak, so cover the tree every time there
is a storm. Water regularly every day. Do not water too heavily.

9


2.1.3.3. Use value and economic value of rain lily
Landscape decorative value:
It is a light-loving plant, growing everywhere, in moist soils. The tree is
often planted as a carpet, as a border in constructions. Rain lily is often used as a
border plant in flower beds or creating borders for land in parks, home gardens,
and schools. , to coffee ... Rain lilies are also planted into bushes, flower clusters
or planted in pots to adorn small landscapes and garden corners.
Value of special medicine:

Rain lily not only has aristocratic beauty, cool fragrance, but it is also a
medicinal plant, has a bitter taste, has cold properties, has the effect of
detoxifying, anti-inflammatory, activating blood, maintaining blood pressure. In
Yunnan (China), rain lily is used to treat boils, scabies, swollen blows,
venomous snake bites, spitting blood, and hemorrhage. In Vietnam, rain lily is
used to treat hair loss, relieve cough, and treat fever (Vo Van Chi, 1999; Do Tat
Loi, 2003).
In addition to the above-mentioned values, rain lily is also known and
used as a precious medicine, especially in China. Rain lily is a medicinal plant,
it has a bitter taste, has a cooling effect, has the effect of detoxification,
inflammation, blood circulation, and blood circulation. In Yunnan (China), rain
lily is used to treat boils, scabies, swollen blows, venomous snake bites, spitting
blood, hemorrhage. In Vietnam, it is used to treat hair, relieve cough, treat fever,
dysentery (Vo Van Chi, 1999; Do Tat Loi, 2003).
However, it is not recommended to abuse rain lily with too high a dose or
improperly because it can cause poisoning. After all, the plant contains many
different toxic alkaloids including lycorine and hemanthamine. They can cause
vomiting, convulsions, and death in humans, livestock, and poultry.
Besides, it also has many very good uses in cleaning the air. Rain lily
absorbs harmful gases in the environment such as formic aldehyde, especially
10


suitable for decoration in bedrooms with a small area to bring fresh air and good
sleep.
Economic value:
With the advantages of diverse colors, shapes and high vitality, rain lilies
have increasingly won the hearts of customers. In Vietnam, popular flower
varieties are sold for 20,000 - 30,000 VND 1 pack of 10 seeds if buying bulbs
will range from 10,000 - 500,000 VND / 1 bulb and can be higher depending on

the variety. Worldwide, Zephyranthes 'Candida' native Amaryllis native to the
United States is $8.99, Zephyranthes "Prairie Sunset" native Amaryllis native to
the Americas is $11.99. Zepyhranthes Grandiflora These rain lilies are a family
of Amaryllis native to the United States that are great for indoor pots and plants.
Tolerating any type of soil, easy to grow, the price is $14.99. Therefore, rain lily
is considered to bring high economic efficiency to the floriculture industry in
particular as well as to the agricultural industry in general.
2.2. Situation of production, consumption of ornamental flowers in the
world and Vietnam.
2.2.1. Situation of production and consumption of ornamental flowers in the
world
2.2.1.1. Situation of production and consumption of ornamental flowers.
The production and trading of ornamental flowers in the world are growing
strongly and becoming a highly commercial industry. Flower production brings
great benefits to the economies of ornamental flower-growing countries,
including Asian countries. The area under flower cultivation in the world is
1,100,000 ha. In which Asia accounts for about 80% of the area, Europe 8%,
America 10%, Africa alone accounts for 2% of the area with a modest area. The
top five countries in terms of flower area are China, India, the US, Japan, and
the Netherlands. Major flower import-export markets include Western Europe,
North America, Japan,… in which the Japanese market increased the most, the
11


Western European market was saturated, and the Asian market increased due to
people's incomes increasing.
According to WTO statistics, flower production for export in 2006
accounted for more than US$13.362 billion, of which cut flowers were US$6.12
billion, potted flowers, and carpet flowers were US$5.79 billion. for decoration
is USD 893 million and other flowers USD 559 million (Le Thi Thu Huong,

2009).
Table 2.1. Production situation of bulbous flowers in some countries in the
world in 2013
No.

Country
Name

Area
(ha)

1
2

Netherlands
UK

20,921
4,660

3

France

1,289

4
5
6
7

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Total

China
United States
Japan
Israel
Poland
New Zealand
Chile
South Africa
Brazil
Germany
Belgium
Denmark
Argentina

1,281
995
883
456
335

258
240
200
200
190
185
60
47
32,153

species
Tulip, Lily
Tulip, Narcissus, Gladiolus
Lily, Tulip, Iris, Gladiolus, Daffodils,
Dahlia
Daffodils, Tulip, Lily
Daffodils, Tulip, Lily, Gladiolus, Iris
Lily, Tulip, Gladiolus
Daffodils, Mosquitoes
Lily, Tulip, Gladiolus, Narcissus, Dahlia
Tulip, Lily, Chi Yunmen, Iris. Freesia
Lily, Tulip
Lily, Nerine, Lily, Tulip
Gladiolus
Tulip, Gladiolus, Narcissus
, Lily
Tulip, Daffodils
Gladiolus, Tulip

Source: JCM Buschman, International Flower Bulb Center,

PO Box 172 2180 AD Hillegom

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The world's floriculture industry is undergoing dramatic changes with the
expansion of floriculture production. carpets and potted flowers. According to
the data of the Trade Center, the total consumption of cut flowers accounts for
60%, potted flowers, carpet flowers 30% and other decorative plants 10%. The
largest exporters of carpet flowers and potted flowers in the world are the
Netherlands, Denmark and Belgium. (Tran Hoai Huong, 2008).
The flower and ornamental plant industry are well-developed thanks to
improved flower quality, improved post-harvest technology, and increasingly
convenient transportation. This is due to the formation of hi-tech agricultural
zones and centers (also known as Center of Excellence), where flower and
ornamental varieties are studied in technological form. Convergence of
advanced agricultural technologies of the times such as biotechnology,
greenhouse

technology,

hydroponic

and

semi-hydroponic

technology,

information technology, technology for efficient use of water, etc. Experts from

many different disciplines focus on working together under a unified but simple
regulation, definitively but still sustainably solving outstanding problems of the
flower and ornamental plant industry. Some countries with this model are
Australia, New Zealand, and Israel. In Asia, such as Thailand, Malaysia, and
Singapore, they have also set up research and development centers for
ornamental flowers and plants with the following specific objectives: i.
Selection of markets and seasons with the highest prices; ii. Develop the perfect
marketing policy; iii. Breeding and using the best varieties with competitive
quality; iv. Application of high technology with roof technology combined with
drip irrigation; v. Apply modern but economical post-harvest preservation
technology; vi. The packaging design is beautiful, sturdy, suitable for longdistance transportation and export.
China has now become one of the countries that produce the most flowers
and ornamental plants and is also the largest consumer market in the world. By
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the end of 2001, China had more than 20,000 companies/farms/plants producing
flowers and plants and organized more than 2,000 wholesale markets, with
about 1.45 million people operating in the industry. In 2002, China sold more
than 3.8 billion flower stems and 810 million flower pots - ornamental plants. In
recent years, China has made many achievements in creating many new flower
varieties, greatly improving flower growing methods. The reason China has
achieved such good results is thanks to the Science - Technology Policy
approved in 1986 (Hi-Tech program 86-3) implemented in parallel with the
economic opening policy. China has built universities and research institutes
into national key research centers, opening a series of ecological agricultural
models. Because China's development level was still low at that time, they
mainly imported high technology from abroad and were willing to pay high
prices for a full package of seeds, equipment and technology to gradually
improve. adapted to Chinese conditions, and then multiplied by thousands of

similar models.
Today, high-tech agricultural models in Zhuhai, Guangdong, and
Shenzhen have fully supplied agricultural products and vegetables to the region,
exporting to Hong Kong and the world. Especially, Kunming Agricultural Park
is famous in the world as a center specializing in the production of flowers and
ornamental plants for domestic and foreign markets. Kunming produces about
600 million flower stalks a year, worth $350 million. Kunming has also built a
flower auction system in Dounan thanks to the cooperation with the Netherland
a leading country in the production and export of flowers. The Netherlands
produces 59% of cut flowers and 50% of potted flowers for the world market.
Entering the 21st century, China is gradually shifting from a production-oriented
market to a consumption-oriented market, so it will be a big market in Asia.
Other agricultural products are valued as rice, coffee, and tea.

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2.2.1.2. Production and consumption of bulbous flowers.
In the world, bulbs are grown in many countries and are being used in two
main forms: potted plants and cut branches. The Netherlands, Israel, Columbia,
and Ecuador are the world's largest exporters of bulbous flowers, producing
about 60% of the world's supply and bulbs are produced on 22,000 hectares of
land. The Netherlands has used 103ha of greenhouses for production, accounting
for about one-third of the country's flower growing area to produce orchids.
Besides, the producing countries of new bulbous flowers such as Guatemala,
Chile, Uganda, India and Vietnam are also starting to develop. Besides, the
producing countries of new bulbous flowers such as Guatemala, Chile, Uganda,
India and Vietnam are also starting to develop. (Nguyen Thi Kim Ly, 2009)
Currently, the production, import and consumption of bulbous flowers are
mainly tulip, lily, lily, gladiolus, narcissus and some other bulbous flowers.

2.2.1.3. Research situation in the world
A number of reports and studies around the world focus on understanding
the origin and geographical distribution of rain lily species. According to Katoch
and Sigh (2015), Zephyranthes is a genus of bulbous perennials in the family
Amaryllidaceae. This family is in the top 20 most widely used of the famous
plant families of ornamental value. These family plants are used by the natives
of different countries to treat various ailments. The genus Zephyranthes is one of
75 genera under this family. It includes about 90 species and of which a few
have been studied for their chemical composition. Meanwhile, some other
sources believe that the rain lily belongs to a number of genera such as
Habranthus, Cooperia, Zephyzanthe, of which many species belong to the genus
Zephyzanthes,

of

the

narcissus

family

(Amaryllidaceae).

The

genus

Zephyzanthes is identified with about 40 species native to South America and
widely cultivated as ornamental plants. Today the number of species in the
genus Zephyzanthes has been recognized with more than 70 species, as well as

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many hybrid species. Some species have been naturalized in different places like
Hawaii, Indonesia, Thailand. Around the world, rain lily is grown in many
countries such as Mexico, USA, Cuba, Thailand, Indonesia, Japan...
2.2.2. Situation of production and consumption of tuber flowers in Vietnam
and some current methods of flower propagation
Vietnam is a country with favorable climatic and soil conditions suitable
for many ornamental flower species. Currently, our country possesses a very
diverse flower resource, from tropical flowers grown in the plains to temperate
flowers grown on the plateaus such as Lam Dong, Pleiku and mountainous
areas. such as Sapa, Hoang Lien Son, ... With a total area of about 3500 hectares
of ornamental flowers and plants, distributed in three regions: the North (Hanoi,
Vinh Phuc, Lao Cai, Sapa, Van Giang-Hung Yen, ...), suburbs of Ho Chi Minh
City and Lam Dong - Da Lat. (Dao Thanh Van, 2007)
Production and consumption of ornamental flowers have grown strongly in
recent years. However, the production efficiency of the industry is still limited
due to the lack of distribution channels and product consumption. Compared
with 1995, the area planted to flowers and ornamental plants in 2013 increased
by nearly 5 times, the output increased by nearly 27 times. Exporting
approximately 40 million USD, farmers' income also increased nearly 5 times.
(Huu Vinh, 2013)
In

addition

to

the

production

of

traditional

flowers

such

as

chrysanthemums, roses, carnations .., Vietnam is now initially producing a
number of bulbous flowers such as Lily, Tulip, Orchid, etc. God …. However,
all seedlings are imported from abroad.
Before 2000, Lily was mainly grown in Da Lat, by 2001, Lily production
areas began to appear in the North such as: Bac Ninh, Moc Chau, Son La, Hai
Phong, Nam Dinh, Ha Nam, Hanoi. . Lily flowers are widely used by people on

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