Foundation of college chemistry 13th m hein & s arena

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FOUNDATIONS OF
COLLEGE CHEMISTRY
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FOUNDATIONS OF
COLLEGE CHEMISTRY
Thirteenth Edition

Morris Hein
Mount San Antonio College
Susan Arena
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
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ISBN-13 978-0470-46061-0
ISBN-13 978-0470-55422-7
Printed in the United States of America
10987654321
For Edna Ruth Hein
My wife, partner in life, and best friend for over
sixty-four years, who typed the manuscript for the
first edition of this textbook. Edna was sweet,
devoted, and a beautiful woman both inside and
outside. To know her was to love her.
M. H.
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ix
Morris Hein is professor emeritus of chemistry at Mt. San Antonio College, where
he regularly taught the preparatory chemistry course and organic chemistry. He is the
original author of Foundations of College Chemistry and his name has become synony-
mous with clarity, meticulous accuracy, and a step-by-step approach that students can
follow. Over the years, more than three million students have learned chemistry using
a text by Morris Hein. In addition to Foundations of College Chemistry, Twelfth Edition,
he is co-author of Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Eighth Edition,
and Introduction to Organic and Biochemistry. He is also co-author of Foundations of

Chemistry in the Laboratory, Twelfth Edition, and Introduction to General, Organic and
Biochemistry in the Laboratory, Eighth Edition.
Susan Arena earned a BS and MA in Chemistry at California State University-
Fullerton. She has taught science and mathematics at all levels, including middle
school, high school, community college, and university. At the University of Illinois she
developed a program for increasing the retention of minorities and women in science
and engineering. This program focused on using active learning and peer teaching to
encourage students to excel in the sciences. She has coordinated and led workshops
and progrms for science teachers from elementary through college levels that encour-
age and support active learning and creative science teaching techniques. For several
years she was director of an Institute for Chemical Education (ICE) field center in
Southern California. Susan enjoys reading, knitting, traveling, classic cars, and gar-
dening in her spare time when she is not playing with her grandchildren.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
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Practice Problems
xi
This new Thirteenth Edition of Foundations of College Chemistry presents chemistry as
a modern, vital subject and is designed to make introductory chemistry accessible to
all beginning students. The central focus is the same as it has been from the first edi-
tion: to make chemistry interesting and understandable to students and teach them
the problem-solving skills they will need. In preparing this new edition, we considered
the comments and suggestions of students and instructors to design a revision that
builds on the strengths of previous editions. We have especially tried to relate chem-
istry to the real lives of our students as we develop the principles that form the foun-
dation for the further study of chemistry, and to provide them with problem-solving
skills and practice needed in their future studies.
Course Options Foundations of College Chemistry, 13th Edition, is intended for stu-
dents who have never taken a chemistry course or those who have had a significant
interruption in their studies but plan to continue with the general chemistry sequence.

Since its inception this book has helped define the preparatory chemistry course and
has since developed a much wider audience. In addition to preparatory chemistry, our
text is used extensively in one-semester general purpose courses (such as those for
applied health fields) and in courses for nonscience majors.
Alternate Editions For the convenience of instructors and to accommodate the var-
ious lengths of academic terms, two versions of this book are available. Foundations
of College Chemistry, 13th Edition, includes 20 chapters and is our main text. Foun-
dations of College Chemistry, Alternate 13th Edition, provides a shorter, 17-chapter
text in paperback with the same material, but without the nuclear, organic, and bio-
chemistry chapters.
Development of Problem-Solving Skills
We all want our students to develop real skills in solving problems. We believe that a
key to the success of this text is the fact that our problem-solving approach works for
students. It is a step-by-step process that teaches the use of units and shows the change
from one unit to the next. We have added a new section (4.5) in order to emphasize
the general process needed to solve problems. We have then used this problem-solving
approach in our examples throughout the text to encourage students to think their way
through each problem. In this edition we continue to use examples to incorporate fun-
damental mathematical skills, scientific notation, and significant figures. We have
added Problem-Solving Strategy boxes in the text to highlight the steps needed to solve
chemistry problems. Painstaking care has been taken to show each step in the prob-
PREFACE
Problem-Solving Strategy
Problem-Solving Strategy for Stoichiometry Problems
Use a balanced equation.
1. Determine the number of moles of starting substance.
Identify the starting substance from the data given in the problem statement.
Convert the quantity of the to moles, if it is not already done:
2. Determine the mole ratio of the desired substance to the starting
substance.

The number of moles of each substance in the balanced equation is indicated by
the coefficient in front of each substance. Use these coefficients to set up the
mole ratio:
moles of desired substance in the equation
a
1
mole
molar mass
b(grams)=moles
starting substance
p
gg
Practice 11.3
The formula for sodium oxide is Predict the formula for
(a) sodium sulfide
(b) rubidium oxide
Practice 11.4
The formula for barium phosphide is Predict the formula for
(a) magnesium nitride
(b) barium arsenide
Ba
3
P
2
.
Na
2
O.
xii PREFACE
lem-solving process and to use these steps in solving example problems. We continue

to use four significant figures for atomic and molar masses for consistency and for
rounding off answers appropriately. We have been meticulous in providing answers,
correctly rounded, for students who have difficulty with mathematics.
Fostering Student Skills Attitude plays a critical role in problem solving. We encour-
age students to learn that a systematic approach to solving problems is better than sim-
ple memorization. Throughout the book we emphasize the use of our approach to
problem solving to encourage students to think through each problem. Once we have
laid the foundations of concepts, we highlight the steps so students can locate them
easily. Important rules and equations are highlighted for emphasis and ready reference.
Student Practice Practice problems follow the examples in the text, with answers
provided at the end of the chapter. The end of each chapter begins with a Chapter
Review and Review Questions section, which help students review key terms and con-
cepts, as well as material presented in tables and figures. This is followed by Paired Ex-
ercises, covering concepts and numerical exercises, where two similar exercises are
presented side by side. The final section, Additional Exercises, includes further prac-
tice problems presented in a more random order. In our new edition we have changed
a significant number of exercises per chapter, and added new “Challenge Exercises.”
Answers for selected exercises appear in Appendix VI, and answers for Putting It
Together review exercises appear in Appendix VII.
Emphasis on Real-World Aspects
We continue to emphasize the less theoretical aspects of chemistry early in the book,
leaving the more abstract theory for later. This sequence seems especially appropriate
in a course where students are encountering chemistry for the very first time. Atoms,
molecules, and reactions are all an integral part of the chemical nature of matter. A
sound understanding of these topics allows the student to develop a basic understand-
ing of chemical properties and vocabulary.
Chapters 1 through 3 present the basic mathematics and the language of chemistry,
including an explanation of the metric system and significant figures. In Chapter 4 we
present chemical properties—the ability of a substance to form new substances. Then,
in Chapter 5, students encounter the history and language of basic atomic theory.

We continue to present new material at a level appropriate for the beginning stu-
dent by emphasizing nomenclature, composition of compounds, and reactions in
Chapters 6 through 9 before moving into the details of modern atomic theory. Some
applications of the Periodic Table are shown in early chapters and discussed in detail
in Chapters 10 and 11. Students gain confidence in their own ability to identify and
work with chemicals in the laboratory before tackling the molecular models of mat-
ter. As practicing chemists we have little difficulty connecting molecular models and
chemical properties. Students, especially those with no prior chemistry background,
may not share this ability to connect the molecular models and the macroscopic prop-
erties of matter. Those instructors who feel it is essential to teach atomic theory and
bonding early in the course can cover Chapters 10 and 11 immediately following
Chapter 5.
New to This Edition
In this Thirteenth Edition we have tried to build on the strengths of the previous edi-
tions. We have worked to update the art and add more macro to molecular figures to
help students clarify concepts visually. We continually strive to keep the material at the
PREFACE xiii
same level so students can easily read and use the text to learn chemistry. Some spe-
cific changes in the text are highlighted below:
• Chapter 2 highlights the use of dimensional analysis through the use of Solution
Maps. These maps are used throughout the text in examples when conversion of
units is required.
• Chapter 4 contains a new section which focuses on the process of solving prob-
lems. A new general strategy using the steps of read, plan, set-up, calculate, and
check is used in examples throughout the text.
• Examples have been reformatted to use the new problem solving process and to
make use of Solution Maps to convert units.
• Rules boxes have been added throughout the text to highlight the rules for such
chemistry concepts as significant figures, and scientific notation.
• Molecular art: Learning chemistry requires the ability to connect the macroscopic

world of everyday life to the microscopic world of atoms and molecules. In this edition
we have added molecular art to macroscopic pictures to emphasize this connection.
• Chapter Reviews have been reformatted to include key terms and to review each
section in a bulleted format similar to what a student might use to review the mate-
rial. We have included summary art from the chapter in this section to aid visual
learners. Review Questions are included in the Chapter Reviews to encourage students
to restate concepts from the chapter and to apply Tables and Figures to new situations.
• Design and Illustration Program: This edition has a fresh new design, enhanced
by an updated art and photo program. New photos appear throughout.
• Problem Solving: Because the development of problem-solving skills is essential
to learning chemistry, in this new design the sections on problem solving are high-
lighted throughout for easy student reference.
• Math Skills Learning Aids: A Review of Mathematics is provided as Appen-
dix I for students who need assistance.
• Chemistry in Action sections, a number are new to this edition, show the impact of
chemistry in a variety of practical applications. These essays cover a range of relevant top-
ics and introduce experimental information on new chemical discoveries and applica-
tions.
• Important statements, equations, and laws are highlighted for emphasis. A Glos-
sary is provided to help students review key terms, with section numbers given for
each term to guide the student to the contextual definition. The margins of the
glossary pages are color tinted to provide ready access. Glossary terms are also print-
ed in bold type in the text.
• End of chapter exercises, provide practice and review of the chapter material.
Paired exercises present two parallel exercises, side by side, so the student can solve
one problem, check the answer in Appendix VI, and use the same problem-solving
skills with the second exercise. Additional exercises are provided at the end of most
chapters, arranged in random order, to encourage students to review the chapter
material. Answers to selected exercises are given in Appendix VI.
• Putting It Together review sections appear after every 2 to 4 chapters and include

additional conceptually oriented exercises for effective self-review. These review
sections are printed on colored pages for easy reference and provide students with
a helpful summary of the preceding material. Answers to Putting It Together
review sections are given in Appendix VII.
• Directions on using a calculator to solve problems are given in Appendix II, Using
a Scientific Calculator.
• Units of measurement are shown in table format in Appendix IV and in the
endpapers.
xiv PREFACE
Learning Aids
To help the beginning student gain the confidence necessary to master technical
material, we have refined and enhanced a series of learning aids:
• Important terms are set off in bold type where they are defined, and are printed in
black in the margin. Most glossary terms are also defined in the glossary.
• Worked examples show students the how of problem solving using Problem-Solving
Strategies and Solution Maps before they are asked to tackle problems on their own.
• Practice problems permit immediate reinforcement of a skill shown in the ex-
ample problems. Answers are provided at the end of the chapter to encourage stu-
dents to check their problem solving immediately.
• Marginal notations help students understand basic concepts and problem-solv-
ing techniques. These are printed in green ink to clearly distinguish them from text
and vocabulary terms.
Learning Aids: Math Skills For students who may need help with the mathematical as-
pects of chemistry, the following learning aids are available:
•A Review of Mathematics, covering the basic functions, is provided in Appendix I.
• Math Survival Guide: Tips and Tricks for Science Students, 2nd Edition, by Jef-
frey R. Appling and Jean C. Richardson, a brief paperback summary of basic skills that
can be packaged with the text, provides an excellent resource for students who need
help with the mathematical aspects of chemistry.
Supplements Package and Companion Web Site

For the Student Study Guide by Rachael Henriques Porter is a self-study guide for
students. For each chapter, the Study Guide includes a self-evaluation section with
student exercises, a summary of chapter concepts, one or more “challenge problems,”
and answers and solutions to all Study Guide exercises.
Solutions Manual by Morris Hein, Susan Arena, and Kathy Mitchell includes
answers and solutions to all end-of-chapter questions and exercises.
Math Survival Guide: Tips and Tricks for Science Students, 2nd Edition, a
paperback summary of basic skills with practice exercises in every chapter.
Foundations of Chemistry in the Laboratory, 13th Edition, by Morris Hein,
Judith N. Peisen and Robert L. Miner includes 28 experiments for a laboratory pro-
gram that may accompany the lecture course. Featuring updated information on waste
disposal and emphasizing safe laboratory procedures, the lab manual also includes
study aids and exercises.
For the Instructor Test Bank, by Anthony Stellato. Includes chapter tests with
additional test questions, and answers to all test questions.
Computerized Test Bank. The test bank contains true-false, multiple-choice, and
open-ended questions, and is available in two formats.
WileyPLUS is an online teaching and learning environment that integrates the en-
tire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources to fit
every learning style. It contains a variety of rich repositories of assessment, much of
which are algorithmic. The diverse problem types are designed to enable and support
problem-solving skills development and conceptual understanding. WileyPLUS offers
three unique repositories of questions which provide breadth, depth and flexibility in
instructional and assessment content.
• End of chapter questions are available, featuring immediate answer feedback. A
subset of these end of chapter questions are linked to Guided Online Tutorials
which are stepped out problem-solving tutorials that walk the student through the
PREFACE xv
problem, offering individualized feedback at each step. The testbank is also offered
as assignable questions for homework. In addition to the test bank and end of

chapter questions, WileyPLUS offers an assignment type called CATALYST, which
are prebuilt concept mastery assignments, organized by topic and concept, al-
lowing for iterative drill and skill practice. For more information on CATALYST,
visit: www.wiley.com/college/catalyst.
For Students WileyPLUS addresses different learning styles, different levels of profi-
ciency, and different levels of preparation—each of your students is unique. Wiley-
PLUS empowers them to take advantage of their individual strengths:
• Students receive timely access to resources that address their demonstrated needs,
and get immediate feedback and remediation when needed.
• Integrated, multimedia resources—including audio and visual exhibits, demon-
stration problems, and much more—provide multiple study-paths to fit each stu-
dent’s learning preferences and encourage more active learning.
• WileyPLUS includes many opportunities for self-assessment linked to the relevant
portions of the text. Students can take control of their own learning and practice
until they master the material.
For Instructors WileyPLUS empowers you with the tools and resources you need to
make your teaching even more effective:
• You can customize your classroom presentation with a wealth of resources and func-
tionality from PowerPoint slides to a database of rich visuals. You can even add
your own materials to your WileyPLUS course.
• With WileyPLUS you can identify those students who are falling behind and inter-
vene accordingly, without having to wait for them to come to office hours.
• WileyPLUS simplifies and automates such tasks as student performance assessment,
marking assignments, scoring student work, keeping grades, and more.
WileyPLUS can be used in conjunction with your textbook or it can replace the print-
ed text altogether, as a complete eBook comes standard.
For the Laboratory Foundations of Chemistry in the Laboratory, 13th Edition,
by Morris Hein, Judith Peisen, and Robert Miner, has been completely updat-
ed and revised to reflect the most current terminology and environmental standards.
Instructors can customize their own lab manual to meet the distinct needs of their

laboratory by selecting from any of the 28 experiments, adding their own experiments
or exercises.
Instructor’s Manual for Foundations of Chemistry in the Laboratory, 13th
Edition, includes valuable and important information on the management of the lab,
evaluation of experiments, notes for individual experiments, a list of reagents need-
ed, and answer keys to each experiment’s report form and to all exercises.
Instructor’s Companion Web Site Instructors have access to all:
• Digital Image Library: images from the text are available online in JPEG format.
Instructors may use these to customize their presentations and to provide addi-
tional visual support for quizzes and exams.
• Test Bank: contains true-false, multiple-choice, and free-response questions.
• Power Point Lecture Slides: created by Eugene Passer, these slides contain lec-
ture outlines and key topics from each chapter of the text, along with supporting art-
work and figures from the text.
Acknowledgments
Books are the result of a collaborative effort of many talented and dedicated people. We
are grateful for the many helpful comments from colleagues and students who, over the
years, have made this book possible. We hope they will continue to share their ideas for
change with us, either directly or through our publisher.
We are especially thankful for the support, friendship, and constant encouragement of
our spouses, Edna and Steve, who have endured many lost weekends and been patient and
understanding through the long hours of this process. Their optimism and good humor
have given us a sense of balance and emotional stability.
Our sincere appreciation goes to the following reviewers who were kind enough to
read and give their professional comments.
For the 13th Edition:
Madeline Adamczeski
San Jose City College
Edward L. Barnes, Jr.
Fayetteville Technical Community College

Sean Birke
Jefferson College
Jing-Yi Chin
Suffolk Community College
Joe David Escobar
Jr., Oxnard College
Theodore E. Fickel
Los Angeles Valley College
Melodie Graber
Oakton Community College
Dawn Richardson
Collin College
Lydia Martinez Rivera
The University of Texas-San Antonio
Karen Sanchez
Florida Community College-Jacksonville
Ali O. Sezer
California University of Pennsylvania
David B. Shaw
Madison Area Technical College
Joy Walker
Truman College
Morris Hein and Susan Arena
xvi PREFACE
xvii
1 An Introduction to Chemistry 1
2 Standards for Measurement 13
3 Elements and Compounds 43
4 Properties of Matter 61
5 Early Atomic Theory

and Structure 81
6 Nomenclature of Inorganic
Compounds 98
7 Quantitative Composition of
Compounds 121
8 Chemical Equations 143
9 Calculations from Chemical
Equations 168
10 Modern Atomic Theory and
the Periodic Table 194
11 Chemical Bonds: The Formation
of Compounds from Atoms 213
12 The Gaseous State of Matter 251
13 Properties of Liquids 290
BRIEF CONTENTS
14 Solutions 316
15 Acids, Bases, and Salts 351
16 Chemical Equilibrium 381
17 Oxidation–Reduction 411
18 Nuclear Chemistry 441
19 Introduction to
Organic Chemistry 466
20 Introduction to Biochemistry 508
Appendixes A-1
Glossary G-1
Photo Credits PC-1
Index I-1
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LAST NUMBER 1 SUBHEAD xix
1 An Introduction to Chemistry 1

1.1 Why Study Chemistry? 2
1.2 The Nature of Chemistry 2
1.3 Thinking Like a Chemist 2
1.4 A Scientific Approach
to Problem Solving 3
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Molecular Gastronomy
4
1.5 The Scientific Method 4
1.6 The Particulate Nature of Matter 5
1.7 Physical States of Matter 6
1.8 Classifying Matter 8
Review 10
Review Questions 11
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises 12
2 Standards for Measurement 13
2.1 Scientific Notation 14
2.2 Measurement and Uncertainty 15
2.3 Significant Figures 17
2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations 18
2.5 The Metric System 21
2.6 Dimensional Analysis 23
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Keeping Track of Units
27
2.7 Measuring Mass and Volume 27
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Setting Standards
29
2.8 Measurement of Temperature 31

CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Taking the Temperature
of Old Faithful
33
2.9 Density 34
Review 37
Review Questions 39
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 39
Answers to Practice Exercises 42
CONTENTS
3 Elements and Compounds 43
3.1 Elements 44
3.2 Distribution of Elements 44
3.3 Names of the Elements 46
3.4 Symbols of the Elements 46
3.5 Introduction to the Periodic Table 48
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Elements on UTube?
48
3.6 Elements in Their Natural States 50
3.7 Elements That Exist as Diatomic
Molecules 50
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Using Oxygen to Revive Damaged Art
51
3.8 Compounds 52
3.9 Chemical Formulas 53
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Cars: Is Hydrogen the Answer?

54
Review 56
Review Questions 58
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 58
Answers to Practice Exercises 60
4 Properties of Matter 61
4.1 Properties of Substances 62
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Making Money
63
4.2 Physical Changes 64
4.3 Chemical Changes 64
4.4 Conservation of Mass 66
4.5 Learning to Solve Problems 67
4.6 Energy 67
4.7 Heat: Quantitative Measurement 68
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Popping Popcorn
70
4.8 Energy in Chemical Changes 71
4.9 Conservation of Energy 71
4.10 Energy in the Real World 72
Review 73
Review Questions 74
xix
xx CONTENTS
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 74
Answers to Practice Exercises 77

PUTTING IT TOGETHER
Review for Chapters 1–4 78
5 Early Atomic Theory
and Structure 81
5.1 Early Thoughts 82
5.2 Dalton’s Model of the Atom 82
5.3 Composition of Compounds 83
5.4 The Nature of Electric Charge 84
5.5 Discovery of Ions 84
5.6 Subatomic Parts of the Atom 85
5.7 The Nuclear Atom 87
5.8 Isotopes of the Elements 89
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Isotope Detectives
91
5.9 Atomic Mass 91
Review 94
Review Questions 95
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 95
Answers to Practice Exercises 97
6 Nomenclature of
Inorganic Compounds 98
6.1 Common and Systematic Names 99
6.2 Elements and Ions 99
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
What’s in a Name?
101
6.3 Writing Formulas from Names
of Ionic Compounds 103

6.4 Naming Binary Compounds 105
6.5 Naming Compounds Containing
Polyatomic Ions 111
6.6 Acids 112
Review 114
Review Questions 115
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 115
Answers to Practice Exercises 118
PUTTING IT TOGETHER
Review for Chapters 5–6 119
7 Quantitative Composition
of Compounds 121
7.1 The Mole 122
7.2 Molar Mass of Compounds 126
7.3 Percent Composition of Compounds 129
7.4 Empirical Formula versus
Molecular Formula 132
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Vanishing Coins?
133
7.5 Calculating Empirical Formulas 134
7.6 Calculating the Molecular Formula
from the Empirical Formula 137
Review 138
Review Questions 139
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 139
Answers to Practice Exercises 142
8 Chemical Equations 143

8.1 The Chemical Equation 144
8.2 Writing and Balancing
Chemical Equations 145
8.3 Information in a
Chemical Equation 150
8.4 Types of Chemical Equations 151
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
CO Poisoning—A Silent Killer
152
8.5 Heat in Chemical Reactions 157
8.6 Global Warming:
The GreenhouseEffect 160
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Decreasing Carbon Footprints
161
Review 163
Review Questions 164
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 164
Answers to Practice Exercises 167
9 Calculations from
Chemical Equations 168
9.1 A Short Review 169
9.2 Introduction to Stoichiometry 169
9.3 Mole–Mole Calculations 171
CONTENTS xxi
9.4 Mole–Mass Calculations 174
9.5 Mass–Mass Calculations 176
9.6 Limiting-Reactant and
Yield Calculations 177

CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
A Shrinking Technology
178
Review 184
Review Questions 185
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 186
Answers to Practice Exercises 190
PUTTING IT TOGETHER
Review for Chapters 7–9 191
10 Modern Atomic Theory
and the Periodic Table 194
10.1 A Brief History 195
10.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 195
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
You Light Up My Life
196
10.3 The Bohr Atom 196
10.4 Energy Levels of Electrons 198
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Atomic Clocks
200
10.5 Atomic Structures of
the First 18 Elements 200
10.6 Electron Structures and
the Periodic Table 203
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Collecting the Elements
204
Review 208

Review Questions 209
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 210
Answers to Practice Exercises 212
11 Chemical Bonds: The Formation
of Compounds from Atoms 213
11.1 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties 214
11.2 Lewis Structures of Atoms 217
11.3 The Ionic Bond: Transfer of Electrons
from One Atom to Another 218
11.4 Predicting Formulas
of Ionic Compounds 224
11.5 The Covalent Bond:
Sharing Electrons 226
11.6 Electronegativity 227
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Trans-forming Fats
230
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Goal! A Spherical Molecule
231
11.7 Lewis Structures of
Compounds 231
11.8 Complex Lewis Structures 235
11.9 Compounds Containing
Polyatomic Ions 236
11.10 Molecular Shape 237
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Strong Enough to Stop
a Bullet?

238
11.11 The Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulsion (VSEPR) Model 238
Review 242
Review Questions 244
Paired Exercises, Additional
Exercises Challenge Exercises 244
Answers to Practice Exercises 247
PUTTING IT TOGETHER
Review for Chapters 10–11 248
12 The Gaseous State of Matter 251
12.1 General Properties 252
12.2 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory 252
12.3 Measurement of Pressure
of Gases 254
12.4 Dependence of Pressure on Number
of Molecules and Temperature 255
12.5 Boyle’s Law 257
12.6 Charles’ Law 260
12.7 Gay-Lussac’s Law 263
12.8 Combined Gas Laws 264
12.9 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 267
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Messenger Molecules
268
12.10 Avogadro’s Law 269
12.11 Mole–Mass–Volume Relationships
of Gases 270
12.12 Density of Gases 272
12.13 Ideal Gas Law 273

12.14 Gas Stoichiometry 275
12.15 Real Gases 279
xxii CONTENTS
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Wetland Blanket for
Global Warming
281
Review 282
Review Questions 285
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 286
Answers to Practice Exercises 289
13 Properties of Liquids 290
13.1 What Is a Liquid? 291
13.2 Evaporation 291
13.3 Vapor Pressure 292
13.4 Surface Tension 293
13.5 Boiling Point 294
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Chemical Eye Candy
296
13.6 Freezing Point or Melting Point 296
13.7 Changes of State 297
13.8 The Hydrogen Bond 298
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
How Sweet It Is!
300
13.9 Hydrates 301
13.10 Water, a Unique Liquid 303
13.11 Water Purification 307

CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Quenching the Thirst for
Clean Water
309
Review 310
Review Questions 311
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 313
Answers to Practice Exercises 315
14 Solutions 316
14.1 General Properties of Solutions 317
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Exploding Silicon
318
14.2 Solubility 318
14.3 Factors Related to Solubility 319
14.4 Rate of Dissolving Solids 323
14.5 Solutions: A Reaction Medium 324
14.6 Concentration of Solutions 325
14.7 Colligative Properties
of Solutions 333
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
The Scoop on Ice Cream
337
14.8 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 338
Review 340
Review Questions 341
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 343
Answers to Practice Exercises 346

PUTTING IT TOGETHER
Review for Chapters 12–14 347
15 Acids, Bases, and Salts 351
15.1 Acids and Bases 352
15.2 Reactions of Acids 355
15.3 Reactions of Bases 356
15.4 Salts 356
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
A Cool Fizz
357
15.5 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 357
15.6 Dissociation and Ionization of
Electrolytes 358
15.7 Strong and Weak Electrolytes 360
15.8 Ionization of Water 362
15.9 Introduction to pH 363
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
In the Pink—
A Sign of Corrosion
365
15.10 Neutralization 366
15.11 Writing Net Ionic Equations 368
15.12 Acid Rain 371
15.13 Colloids 372
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Foam Cars—
Wave of the Future?
373
15.14 Properties of Colloids 374
15.15 Applications of Colloidal Properties 374

Review 375
Review Questions 377
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 377
Answers to Practice Exercises 380
16 Chemical Equilibrium 381
16.1 Reversible Reactions 382
16.2 Rates of Reaction 382
CONTENTS xxiii
16.3 Chemical Equilibrium 384
16.4 Le Chaˆtelier’s Principle 384
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
New Ways in Fighting Cavities
and Avoiding the Drill
385
16.5 Effect of Concentration
on Equilibrium 386
16.6 Effect of Volume on Equilibrium 388
16.7 Effect of Temperature
on Equilibrium 390
16.8 Effect of Catalysts on
Equilibrium 391
16.9 Equilibrium Constants 391
16.10 Ion Product Constant for Water 393
16.11 Ionization Constants 395
16.12 Solubility Product Constant 398
16.13 Acid–Base Properties of Salts 401
16.14 Buffer Solutions:
The Control of pH 401
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION

Exchange of Oxygen
and Carbon Dioxide
in the Blood
402
Review 404
Review Questions 405
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 406
Answers to Practice Exercises 410
17 Oxidation-Reduction 411
17.1 Oxidation Number 412
17.2 Oxidation–Reduction 415
17.3 Balancing Oxidation–Reduction
Equations 416
17.4 Balancing Ionic Redox Equations 419
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Sensitive Sunglasses
421
17.5 Activity Series of Metals 423
17.6 Electrolytic and Voltaic Cells 425
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Superbattery Uses
Hungry Iron Ions
430
Review 431
Review Questions 433
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 434
Answers to Practice Exercises 436
PUTTING IT TOGETHER

Review for Chapters 15–17 437
18 Nuclear Chemistry 441
18.1 Discovery of Radioactivity 442
18.2 Natural Radioactivity 443
18.3 Alpha Particles, Beta Particles,
and Gamma Rays 445
18.4 Radioactive Disintegration Series 448
18.5 Transmutation of Elements 449
18.6 Artificial Radioactivity 450
18.7 Measurement of Radioactivity 450
18.8 Nuclear Fission 451
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Does Your Food Glow
in the Dark?
452
18.9 Nuclear Power 453
18.10 The Atomic Bomb 455
18.11 Nuclear Fusion 456
18.12 Mass-Energy Relationship
in Nuclear Reactions 457
18.13 Transuranium Elements 458
18.14 Biological Effects of Radiation 458
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
A Window into Living
Organisms
459
Review 460
Review Questions 462
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 463

Answers to Practice Exercises 465
19 Introduction to
Organic Chemistry 466
19.1 The Beginnings of Organic Chemistry 467
19.2 The Carbon Atom 468
19.3 Hydrocarbons 469
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Biodiesel: Today’s
Alternative Fuel
470
19.4 Alkanes 470
19.5 Structural Formulas and Isomerism 471
19.6 Naming Alkanes 474
19.7 Alkenes and Alkynes 478
19.8 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes 479
xxiv CONTENTS
19.9 Reactions of Alkenes 481
19.10 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 482
19.11 Naming Aromatic Compounds 483
19.12 Hydrocarbon Derivatives 486
19.13 Alkyl Halides 486
19.14 Alcohols 487
19.15 Naming Alcohols 489
19.16 Ethers 491
19.17 Aldehydes and Ketones 493
19.18 Naming Aldehydes and Ketones 493
19.19 Carboxylic Acids 495
19.20 Esters 496
19.21 Polymers—Macromolecules 498
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION

Getting Clothes CO
2
Clean!
498
Review 500
Review Questions 502
Paired Exercises, Additional Exercises
Challenge Exercises 503
Answers to Practice Exercises 507
20 Introduction
to Biochemistry 508
20.1 Chemistry in Living Organisms 509
20.2 Carbohydrates 509
20.3 Lipids 513
20.4 Amino Acids and Proteins 517
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
The Taste of Umami
522
20.5 Enzymes 522
20.6 Nucleic Acids 523
20.7 DNA and Genetics 527
Review 528
Review Questions 530
Answers to Practice Exercises 531
PUTTING IT TOGETHER
Review for Chapters 18–20 532
Appendixes
I. Mathematical Review A-1
II. Using a Scientific Calculator A-11
III. Units of Measurement A-15

IV. Vapor Pressure of Water
at Various Temperatures A-16
V. Solubility Table A-17
VI. Answers to Selected Questions
and Exercises A-18
VII. Answers to Putting It Together
Review Exercises A-34
Glossary G-1
Photo Credits PC-1
Index I-1