Danh pháp hợp chất hữu cơ

(C h u bien) - T R A N THj TlflJ

DANH PHAP

“

•

-a

m - r■\
nh m

N H A X U A T B A N G IA O D U C V IE T N A M


TRAN QUOC SON (Chu bien) - TRAN THj TlfU

DANH PHAP
HOP CHAT HQU CO
■

(Tai ban Ian thu mu&i co sua chua)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM


Tran Quoc San, G S trirang D H SP Ha Noi
Tran Thi Tiiru, P C S truong D H SP T P . Ho Chi M inh

LOI NOI DAU
CHO LAN XUAT BAN THU" BA

Van de thudt ngi't vd danh phap hod hoc a ni(dc ta dang duac rat nhieu ngitai
ddc biet quan tarn. Dieu nay khong nlu'tng vi tam quan trong cua no trong day
vd hoc hod h oc cCing nhit trong sdn xuat va nghien cihi hod hoc, md cdn vi
chi fa cd sit tliong nhd't ve cdc nguyen tdc xay difng thuat ngit hod hoc bang
tieng Viet vd ve cdch phien chuyen tit tieng nude ngoai (chit yeu 1a tieng Anh)
sang tieng Viet.
Cuon such nay gidi thieu nhifng nguyen tdc c o ban ve danh p h ap IUPAC cua
cdc loqi hcrp clid't hifn c o thitting gap. Sach ditac xuat ban Ian dau tien vao
ndm 2000 da ditoc d oc gid don nhan rat nliiet tinh. Ba nam sail, sach ditc/c
xud't ban kin tint liai, co bo sung chitong V, tit bay den nay sach duac in lai
lidng ndm d e d d p ifng nhu cau cua doc gid.
Ldn xuat ban tlu't b a nay do chit bien phu trach, tuy van gift nguyen ndm
clutcmg, song m oi clutong deu ditac chinh li vd bo sung nhieu nham cap nhat
vd m d rong pliqm vi sit dung cho ngitai doc, trong tam Id may van de sau :
M ot Id, b o sung cdc c/uy tdc chon lita hidrua nen, quy tdc goi ten hop chat tap
chitc, danh p h ap phan, danh phap dung hop cua hap chat di vdng...
H ai Id, dita them danh phap cdc he polixiclo, danh phap mot so hop chat chita
niter nhit imit, hidrazit, cdc axit imidic, hidrazonic, hidroxam ic, danh phap
!u/p chat cd k im vd hap chat hidroxi cacbonyl,...
Ba la. phdt trien danh phap cua nhieu loqi chat, trong so d o co a-am ino axit,
cacbohidrat, glixerit, steroit...
Bon Id, dita vao cuoi m oi clutang mot so bdi tap, lidu het ditac trd lai a
cuoi sach.
Cuon sach nay vita Id tai lieu bdi ditang gido vien hod hoc vita la giao trinh
cho sinli vien dqi hoc, c a o dang, hoc vien cao hoc vd nghien ci'tu sinh, dong
thai cung Id tai lieu tham khao cho cdn bo giang day vd nghien cihi hod hoc
hCtu co... ciing tat cd nhifng ai quan tam den danh phap hod hoc.

C dc tdc gid rat mong nhan ditac nhieu y kien phe binh xay dung.
Hd N oi, thang 6 ndm 2 0 JO
C a c ta c gia


MUC LUC
Chuangl DAI CUONG V£ DANH PHAP HIJU CO
1-1 MO DAU
1-1-1

So luoc ve qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien danh phap hop chat
huru c o .............................................................................................................................. 13

1-1-2

Vai net ve tinh hinh nghien curu sur dung thuat ngur va danh phap
hoa hoc o nude ta ......................................................................................................... 13

1-2 PHAN LOAI DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HLTU CO. DANH PHAP IUPAC
1-2-1

Phan loai chung ve danh phap hop chat huu co ............................................... 15
Danh phap he thong (15). Danh phap thong thucmg (16). Danh phap nua he
thong hay nira thong thuong (16).

1-2-2

Phan loai danh phap IUPAC ................................................................................ 16
Ten thay the (16). Ten trao ddi (17). Ten loai chuc (18). Ten dung hop (18).
Ten ket hop (19). Ten cong (19). Ten trir (20). Ten nhan (21). Ten cua di vong

theo Hantzsch va Widman (21). Cac xiclophan (22). Ten thong thuong va nua
he thong duoc IUPAC luu dung (23).

1-3 QUY D|NH VE SIJ DUNG CAC CHi S6 V! TRI VA
CAC LOAI DAU TRONG DANH PHAP IUPAC
1-3-1

Cac chi so ve vj t r i ...................................................................................................... 23

1-3-2

Dau phay va cac daiu chaim...................................................................................... 24
Dau phay (24). Dau mot cham (24). Dau hai cham (25).

1-3-3

Gach noi va dau cach ................................................................................................ 25
Gach noi (25). Dau cach (26).

1-3-4

Cac dau moc dong...................................................................................................... 26
Dau moc cong (26). Dau moc vuong (27). Dau moc xoan (28).

1-4 TIEN T6, HIDRUA NEN VA NHOM DAC TRUNG
1-4-1

Tien t o ...........................................................................................................
Tifin to vi do boi (28). Tien to've cS'u tao (31).

28


MUC LUC

1-4-2

Ilidrua nen...................................................................................................................... 33
Hidrua nen don nhan (33). Hidrua nen ax iclic da nhan (34). Hidrua nen don
vong (34). Hidrua nfin da vong (35).

1-4-3

Nhom dike trurng............................................................................................................ 36
Phan loai nhom dac trung theo he tit;n to/hau t6' trong danh phap thay the (36).
Do uu tien cua cac nhom dac trung (37).

1-5 QUY TAC CHUNG CUA Vl£C GOI TEN
THEO DANH PHAP THAY THf: IUPAC
1-5-1

H idrocacbon................................................................................................................... 38
Xac dinh hidrua nen (38). Danh so cac nguyen tir cacbon tren mach chlnh (39).
Goi ten day du (39).

1-5-2

Dan xuait cua hidrocacbon......................................................................................... 39
Xac dinh nhom dac trung (39). Xac dinh hidrua ndn (39). Danh so mach chrnh (39).
Truong hop chua nhom dac trung loai A (40). Truong hop chua nhom dac

trung loai B (40). Cac hop chat tap chuc (40). Tom tat trinh tu goi ten dan xuat
cua hidrocacbon (40).

1-5-3

Cac quy tac xac dinh hidrua nen axiclic.............................................................. 41

1-5-4

Mot so quy tac chon lira hidrua nen doi voi cac hop chat chua ca mach ho
Ian mach vong................................................................................................................. 43

1-6 DANH PHAP D6NG PHAN CAU HINH
1-6-1

Dong phan hinh hoc..................................................................................................... 45
1Ic danh phap as/trims (45). He danh phap syn/anti (46). He danh phap Z/E (46).

1-6-2

Dong phan quang h oc.................................................................................................. 48
Danh phap D/L (49). Danh phap R/S (49). Danh phap erythro/threo (51).

Bai tap chuang I ..........................................................................................................................

52


7

DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HOU CO

C hirongII

DANH PHAP HIDROCACBON,

CAC ION VA GbC TU DO, CAC D| VONG
11-1 HIDROCACBON NO MACH HO
11-1-1 Hidrocacbon no mach ho khong nhanh.............................................................. 53
II-1-2 Hidrocacbon no mach nhanh................................................................. ................ 54
Xac dinh hidrua ndn (54). Danh so (56). Xac djnh ten cua cac nhanh (57).
Thiet lap ten day du (57).
II-1-3 Nhom (hay goc) hidrocacbon n o ............................................................................58
Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon no hoa tri mot (58). Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon no
hoa tri hai (59). Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon hoa tri ba va cao hon (60).

11-2 HIDROCACBON KHONG NO MACH HO
II-2-1 Hidrocacbon khong no..............................................................................................61
Hidrocacbon khong no co mot hay nhieu lien ket doi (61). Hidrocacbon co
mot hay nhiSu lien ket ba (62). Hidrocacbon chiia ddng thoi lien ket doi va
lien ket ba (62).
II-2-2 Nhom (hay goc) hidrocacbon khong n o .............................................................. 63
Nhom (goc) hoa tri mot (63). Nhom (goc) da hoa tri (64).

11-3 HIDROCACBON VONG NO VA KHONG NO
II-3-1

Hidrocacbon don vong n o ....................................................................................... 65
Hidrocacbon don vong no khong nhanh va co nhanh (65). Nhom (goc)
hidrocacbon don vong no (65).

II-3-2 Hidrocacbon don vong khong no.......................................................................... 66
Hidrocacbon don vong khong no ( 66). Cac nhom (goc) hidrocacbon
don vong khong no ( 66).
11-3-3 Hidrocacbon hai vong co chung mot nguyen tu mat vong : Hidrocacbon
kieu s p iro .......................................................................................................................67
Hidrocacbon kieu spiro (67). Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon kieu spiro (67).
II-3-4 Hidrocacbon hai vong co chung cau noi : Hidrocacbon kieu bixiclo....... 68
Hidrocacbon kieu bixiclo ( 68). Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon kieu bixiclo ( 68).
II-3-5 He nhieu vong (da vong) co chung cau noi. Hidrocacbon kieu polixiclo.....69


11-4 HIDROCACBON THOM
11-4-1 Hidrocacbon thorn don vong va da v o n g .............................................................69
Ten thong thudng cua aren duoc IUPAC luu dung (69). Ten cua cac aren co
nhom the' (71). Ten cua cac hidrocacbon thorn da vong dung hop (72).
II-4-2 Nhom (hay goc) hidrocacbon thorn........................................................................74
Cac nhom (goc) co ten thong thuong hoac ten nua he thong duoc luu dung (74).
Cac nhom (goc) thorn khac (75).

11-5 G dc CACBO TU DO, ION VA ION-GdC
11-5-1 Goc tu do.......................................................................................................................... 76
Cac gdc tu do R va R (76). Cac goc tu do co nhom the (76).
11-5-2 Cation va cation -goc....................................................................................................77
Cation duoc hinh thanh bang cach them H(+> vao hidrua nen (77). Cation duoc
hinh thanh bang cach bdt di H( * tu hidrua n6n (77). Cation-goc (78).
II-5-3 Anion va anion-goc...................................................................................................... 78
Cacbanion (78). Anion-goc (79).

11-6 DANH PHAP DI VONG

II-6-1 Ten thong thuong va ten nua he thong..................................................................80
Di vong don va di vong da dung hop (80). Nhom (goc) di vong (80).
II-6-2 Ten he thong theo Hantzsch - Widman .............................................................. 81
II-6-3 Ten trao d o i.................................................................................................................... 83
II-6-4 Ten dung hop.................................................................................................................. 84
Bai tap chuong II............................................................................................................................. 86

C h iron g III

DANH P H A P H O P CHAT HUU CO

DON CHITC VA DA CHIFC D 6 N G NHAT
111-1 DAN

x u At h a l o g e n

VA HOP

c h At

NITRO

III-1.-1 Dan xuat halogen......................................................................................................... 89
Danh phap thay the (89). Danh phap loai chuc (91). Danh phap cong ( 9 j )
Ten thong thuong (91).
III-1-1 Hop chat n itro .............................................................................................................. 92


9

DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HCTU CO

111-2 ANCOL VA PHENOL
III-2-1 A n co l........ ....................................................................................................................... 92
Danh phap thay the (92). Danh phap loai chuc (92). Ten thong thuong va ten
nua he thong duoc luu dung (93).
I1I-2-2 Phenol.............................................................................................................................. 93
Danh phap thay the (93). Ten thong thuong (93). Cac dan xuat hidroxi cua
he tap hop vong thorn (94).
III-2-3 Cac hop chat tuong dong chalcogen cua ancol va phenol............................ 94
III-2-4 Cac nhom (goc) sinh ra bang cach tach H d O H ..............................................95
Cac nhom gdc R O - va A rO - (95). Cac nhom hoa tri hai d dang -O -X -O - (95).
Cac nhom chua S va Se tuong dong vdi RO- va ArO- (96).

111-3 ETE VA PEROXIT
ni-3-1 E te..................................................................................................................................... 96
Danh phap thay the (96). Danh phap loai chuc (96). Danh phap trao doi (96).
Ten thong thuong (97). Cac chat tuong dong chua S va Se cua ete (97).
I1I-3-2 Ete v o n g ......................................................................................................................... 97

m -3-3 Hidroperoxit va peroxit............................................................................................ 98
Hidroperoxit ROOH (98). Peroxit RO O R’ (99). Hidro disunfua RSSH va
disunfua R SSR ’ (99).

111-4 ANDEHIT VA XETON
LO-4-1 Andehit............................................................................................................................99
Monoandehit va diandehit mach hd (99). Poliandehit mach ho chua >3 nhom
CHO va andehit cd >1 nhom CHO noi true tiep vdi mach vong (100). Andehit
cd nhom CHO d cach mach vong bang mot doan mach cacbon (100). Andehit
va axit tuong ung cd ten thong thudng (101). Chat tuong dong chalcogen cua

andehit ( 102).
III-4-2 X e to n ............................................................................................................................... 102
Danh phap thay the (102). Danh phap loai chuc (103). Ten thong thudng duoc
IUPAC luu dung (103). Cha't tuong dong chalcogen cua xeton (103).
III-4-3 X e te n ................................................................................................................................104
III-4-4 D^n xuat d nhom chuc cua andehit va xeton.....................................................105
Axetal (105). Hemiaxetal (106). Axylal (106). Oxim (107). Hidrazon (107).


111-5 AXIT CACBOXYLIC VA CAC DAN XUAT
III-5-1 Axit cacb oxylic...............................................................................................................108
Axit monocacboxylic va dicacboxylic mach ho (108). Axit chtia >3 nhom
cacboxyl noi vdi mach hd va axit chua >1 nhom cacboxyl noi vdi mach vong
(108). Axit cd nhom COOH d cach xa vong mot doan mach cacbon (108). Ten
thong thudng (109). Cac nhom axyl (109). Chat tuong ddng chalcogen cua axit
cacboxylic ( 111 ).
III-5-2 Diin xuat d nhom chuc cua axit cacboxylic......................................................... 112
Muoi (112). Este (112). Halogenua axit (113). Anhidrit (113). Amit va imit (114).
Hidrazit (115). Lacton va lactam (116). Nitrin (117). Cac axit imidic, hidrazonic,
hidroximic va hidroxamic (118).

111-6 AMIN, IMIN VA MOT S6 CHUC CHUA HAI NGUYEN TU NITO
III-6-1 Amin bac m o t.................................................................................................................118
Monoamin bac mot (118). Diamin bac mot (119).
III-6-2 Amin bac hai va amin bac b a................................................................................... 120
Amin bac hai va amin bac ba doi xung (120). Amin bac hai va amin bac ba
khong doi xung ( 120).
III-6-3 Cac hop chat azo va diazo......................................................................................... 121
Hop chat azo (121). Hop chat diazoni (122). Hop chat diazo (122).

111-7 HOP CHAT CO KIM
III-7-1 Truong hop kim loai khong noi vdi phoi tu anion............................................ 122
III-7-2 Hop chat co kim co phoi tu anion........................................................................... 123
Bai tap chuung I I I .......................................................................................................................... 123

ChirongIV DANH PHAP HOP CHATTAP CHIFC
VA HOP CHAT THl£N NHl£N
IV-1 QUY TAC GQI TEN CAC HQP CHAT TAP CHUC
IV- 1-1 Danh phap thay the cua cac hop chat tap churc chi chua cac nhom loai \ ..... j 2 7
IV -1-2 Danh phap thay the cua cac hop chat tap chuc chua nhom loai B ...............
IV -1-3 Danh phap trao doi cua cac hop chat tap churc................................................ .


____________ 11

DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HOU CO

IV-2 HQP CHAT HIDROXICACBONYL, HIDROXI AXIT VA OXO AXIT
IV-2-1 Hop chat hidroxicacbonyl........................................................................................132
IV-2-2 Hidroxi axit.................................................................................................................... 133
IV -2-3 Oxo a x it........................................................................................................................... 136

IV-3 AMINO AXIT VA PEPTIT
IV-3-1 Amino a x i t .....................................................................................................................138
Ten thay the (138). Ten nua he thong (138). Tdn thong thudng (138).
IV -3-2 P ep tit............................................................................................................................... 142

IV-4 CACBOHIORAT
IV-4-1 M onosaccarit................................................................................................................ 143
Ten cua monosaccarit d dang mach ho (144). Ten cua monosaccarit d dang

mach vong (147). Ten cac din chat cua monosaccarit (148).
IV -4-2 O ligosaccarit................................................................................................................. 151
Oligosaccarit chua nhom hemiaxetal tu do (151). Oligosaccarit khong chua
nhom hemiaxetal tu do (152).

IV-5 GLIXERIT, TECPEN VA STEROIT
IV-5-1 G lixerit............................................................................................................................153
Glixerit trung tfnh (154). Phosphoglixerit (156).
IV-5-2 Tecpen............................................................................................................................. 157
Tecpen mach ho (158). Tecpen mach vong (159).
IV -5-3 Steroit.............................................................................................................................. 162
Cach danh so va bieu thi ca'u hinh (162). Cac hidrua nen quan trong (163). Ten
thong thudng va ten he thong cua mot so steroit (164). Ten cua steroit cd vong
bi bi£n cai (164).
Bai tap chucmg I V ........................................................................................................................ 168


MUC LUC

12

Chuung V

CAC T£N GOI DUOC LUU DUNG
VA TRINH TU UU Tl£N CUA CAC NHOM

V -l TEN THONG THUONG VA NUA H£ THONG DUOC LUU DUNG
V -l-1

Hidrocacbon va nhom (goc) hidrocacbon............................................................173

Hidrocacbon mach ho va hidrocacbon don vong (173). Nhom (goc) hidrocacbon
mach ho va don vong (174). Hidrocacbon da vong khong no va thorn (175).
Hidrocacbon da vong no (177). Nhom (gdc) hidrocacbon da vong (177).

V -l-2

Di vong va nhom (gdc) di vong................................................................................. 177
Di vong nen (177). Nhom (gdc) di vong (181).

Y -l-3

Hop chat mang nhom dac trirng chura oxi va luu huyn h ...............................182
Hop chat hidroxi, ete va nhom (gdc) tuong ung (182). Hop chat cacbonyl va
nhom (gdc) lien quan (183). Axit cacboxylic va cac hop chat lien quan (184).
Mot so hop chat va nhom (gdc) chua luu huynh (187).

V -l-4 Hop chat mang nhom dac trung chura nito va halogen...................................187
Amin va nhom the dan xuat (187). Cau true nen mach ho chua nhi6u nito va
cac nhom the dan xuat (188). Hop chat chua halogen (189).

V-2 t £n

g o i cac n h o m t h u o n g d u n g v a d o u u t i £n

CUA CAC NHOM HAY GAP KHI XAC DjNH CAU HINH
V-2-1 Ten goi cac nhom (gdc) thudng d u n g...................................................................190
V-2-2 Ten goi va do uu tien cua cac nhom (gdc) dung trong cac he danh phap

E/Z va R /S .......................................................................................................................207
Cac nhom xep theo trinh tu do uu tien (207). Cac nhom xep theo trinh tu bang

chu cai (210).

Bai tap bd su n g ...........................................................................................................................214
TAI LIE1' DOC T H E M .............................................................................................................217
TRA LOI MOT SO BAI T A P .................................................................................................. 218
PHI L U C .......................................................................................................................................229
Phu luc 1. Ve danh phap va thuat ngu hoa hoc huu c o ..................................................... 229
Phu luc 2. Danh muc ten goi cac nguydn to hoa h o c ....................................................... 243


C hu cm g I

DAI CUONG VE DANH PHAP HUU CO
■

1-1 MO DAU
1-1 -1

So lupc ve qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien danh phap hop
chat huii co

T ruac kia, ten cua cac hop chat huu c a deu la nhung ten thong thudng hoac
nhung ten co tfnh he thong rat thap. Nhung de xuat dau tien ve mot he thong danh
phap co tfnh quoc te duac neu ra vao nam 1 892 tai G ianeva (G eneva, Thuy SI), tir
do xuat hien danh p h ap G ianeva. Nhung quy tdc cua danh phap G ianeva duac
Hiep hoi hoa hoc quoc te (viet tat la IU C, xuat phat tu International Union o f

Chemistry ) hop tai L ie g ia (Liege, Bi) nam 1932 xem xet, chinh If va bo sung thanh
quy tdc Liegia. C ac quy tac nay duac hoan thien them vao nhung nam 1936 (tai
L u cern e) va 1938 (tai Rom a).

Nam 1947, Hiep hoi quoc te hoa hoc c a ban va ting dung (viet tat la IUPAC,
xuat phat tu International Union o f Pure and Applied Chemistry duac thanh lap
trudc do thay cho IU C ), hop tai Luan Don (London, Anh) de! ra soat va bo sung cac
quy tac cua danh phap duang thai da dat van de xay dung nen danh phap IUPAC
ma cac phan quan trong duac thong qua tai ki hop cua IU PA C a Pari (P aris, Phap)
nam 1957. Tir do den nay IU PA C thudng xuyen bo sung va hoan chinh cac quy tac
cua danh phap, khong xem danh phap do la tlnh tai, trai lai can duac phat trien lien
tuc. Trong so cac van kien quan trong ve danh phap hoa hoc hiiu ca, phai ke den cac
tai lieu xuat ban nhung nam nhu 1979, 1993, 1998, 2004,...
Cung nhu ca c nude khac tren the g iai, nuac ta da tirng ap dung danh phap
G ian ev a cung m ot so loai danh phap nua he thong va khong he thong. Trong
vong bon - nam thap ki gdn day da chuyen sang dung danh phap IU P A C thay
cho danh phap G ian ev a.

1-1 -2 Vai net ve tinh hinh nghien cuu, sir dung thuat ngCr va danh
phap hoa hoc huu co 6 nude ta
T ru ac C ach m ang thang Tam , trong tieng V iet hau nhu chua co nhieu tir hoa
hoc chinh xac. M ai tori nam 1942 mdri co cong trinh "D anh tCr khoa h oc" (trong


14

CHLfONG I - DAI ClfCJNG VE DANH PHAP HCfU CO

do co hoa hoc) cua G S Hoang XuSn Han, tuy la mot dong gop ra't ldn song bay
gior chua duoc sir dung rOng rai.
Sau Cach mang thang Tam, tieng Viet diroe dung trong giang day va cac cong
tac khoa hoc, nen cac tir hoa hoc duoc chmh thurc dua vao tieng Viet.

6

mien Bdc, nam 1960, Uy ban Khoa Hoc nha nude da de ra quy dinh tam thdi

ve cac nguyen tdc bien soan danh tir khoa hoc tu nhien. Nam 1963, mdt nhom cac
nha hoa hoc chii chot tai Ha Noi bien soan cuon "Tir dien hoa hoc Nga - Anh Viet". Mot nam sau, GS Nguyin Thac Cat cong bo mot ban du thao ve thuat ngu va
danh phap hoa hoc.

6

mien Nam, nam 1962 GS Le Van Thdi da chu tri bien soan cuon "Danh tir

khoa hoc" ; nam 1967 thanh lap "Uy ban quoc gia soan thao danh tir chuyen mon"
(trong do co danh tir hoa hoc) do GS Le Van Thdi lam Chu tich ; Uy ban nay da de
ra cac nguyen tdc phien chuyen va cac phuong sach xay dung thuat ngu hoa hoc.
Tir nam 1975 den nay, dat nude da thong nhat song cdn chua cd su thong nhat
ve danh phap va thuat ngu hoa hoc (khong thong nhat giua cac trudng dai hoc, cac
vien nghien cuu; giua khoi giao due va khoi y te; giua nhung ngudi sir dung tai lieu
in d mien Nam trudc day va nhung ngudi sir dung sach in d mien Bdc,...). Xu hudng
co nguon gdc tir sach in d mien Bdc cd dac diem chung la Viet hoa nhieu hon; trong
khi do, xu hudng co nguon gdc tir tai lieu d mien Nam trudc day lai thien ve sir dung
tieng Phap va tieng Han nhieu hon.
Nam 1982, Bo Giao due da thanh lap Hoi dong chuan hoa tieng Viet, xay dung
nen nhung quy dinh ve chmh ta trong sach giao khoa cai cach giao due, song it duoc
ap dung trong thirc te.
Hoi dong quoc gia chi dao bien soan Tir dien bach khoa Viet Nam, tren co sd ap
dung cac quy tac do GS Nguyen Thac Cat de xuat, cung dat cac quy dinh ve thuat
ngu hoa hoc. Trong khi do, nganh Duoc tir lau van cd cac quy dinh mang tfnh quoc
te - hoi nhap cao, le duong nhien muc do Viet hoa khong cao.
Trong tinh hinh nhu vay, tir ddu thap ki 90 cua the ki trudc, cac sach ve hoa hoc
(pho thong, cao dang va dai hoc) do Nha xuat ban Giao due an hanh deu tuan theo

mot sd quy djnh tam thdi, chu yeu dua tren cac de xuat cua G S Nguyin Thac Cat, cu
the nhu sau :

- Viet lien cac am tiet, bo cac ddu thanh va ddu mu.
- Cd gdng giu gdn sat dang thuat ngu gdc, nhung doc theo tid'ng Viet.
- Them mot sd phu am va phu am kep von khong cd trong tieng Viet nhu :

cl, cr , hr , v.v...


1-2 PHAN

lo a i d a n h p h A p

15

- Thay y bang / trong moi trudng hop, trir trong hau to yl cua ten goc huu co.
- Them mot so van nguoc nhu al, ol, yl... de chi mot so chtic huu co va cac goc.
- Bo bdt r trong cac vSn nhu ar (tr£r cacbon va cacbonat... vi da qua quen
dung), or, er,... va dung ic thay ich.

- Giu nguyen khong phien chuyen cac tien to nhu cis-, trans-, ortho-, meta-, v.v...
Tai Hoi nghi khoa hoc va cong nghe hoa hoc huu co toan quoc lan thuf nhat
(1999) va cac lan tiep theo cung nhu tai Hoi thao quoc gia ve danh phap va thuat ngu
hoa hoc huu co ( 2000) da co nhung bao cao trong do neu len cac nguyen tac chung va
cac quy tac cu the vi phien chuyen. Tuy vay, nhung bat dong y kien ve danh phap va
thuat ngu van chua duoc khac phuc.
Trudc tlnh hinh do, tu nam 2005 Hoi Hoa hoc Viet Nam, duoc sir ung ho cua Bo
Khoa hoc va Cong nghe va Lien hiep cac Hoi khoa hoc va ki thuat Viet Nam, da thuc
hien de tai "Xay dung he thong thuat ngu va danh phap hoa hoc Viet Nam". D i tai

nay1*’ da hoan thanh viec xay dung cac nguyen tac chung, cac quy tac phien chuyen
d i goi ten cac nguyen to hoa hoc, cac hop chat vo co va huu co, cac tieu chi dat thuat
ngu hoa hoc cung cac phuong thuc xav dung thuat ngu, v.v...
Trong khi cho doi Nha nude ban hanh nhung quy dinh mdi v i danh phap va thuat
ngu dua tren cac ket qua nghien cuu cua D i tai, sach nay van tam thdi ap dung cac
quy dinh cua Nha xuat ban Giao due Viet Nam nhu cac lan xuat ban trudc.

1-2 PHAN LOAI DANH PHAP HOP CHAT HftU CO
DANH PHAP IUPAC
1-2-1 Phan loai chung ve danh phap hop chat huu co
Co the quy cac ten cua hop chat huu co vi hai loai chinh va mot loai trung gian.

1-2- 7-7 Danh phap he thong
Do la loai danh phap trong do moi bo phan cau thanh diu co y nghla he thong.
Thi du ten goi hexan ( C 6H 14 ) gom hai bo phan la hexa- (tiin to xuat phat tir tieng
Hi Lap co nghla la sau) va -an (hau to noi len mot hidrocacbon no), do do ta cd
hex(a) + an —» hexan (bo bdt mot trong hai chu a liin nhau).

(*) Trong thoi gian thuc hien cac thu tuc in tap sach nay, H6i Hoa hoc Viet Nam da cho ra mdt
d6c gia mdt c6ng trinh tap the diroc hoan thanh trong khuon khd cua de tai neu tren. Do la cuon
"Danh phap va thuat ngu hoa hoc Viet Nam”, Nha xua't ban Khoa hoc va Ky thuat, Ha N6i, 2010.


16

CHUONG I - DAI CUCJNG VE DANH P H A PH gU ^O

1-2-1-2 Danh phap thdng thuong
Danli phap thong thudng hay danh phap thudng la loai danh phap duoc hinh
thanh dua theo ngu 6 n gdc tim ra hoac theo tfnh chat be ngoai (mau sac, mui vi...)

hoac mot you to khac kh 6 ng co tfnh he thong. Thi du : ure (tieng Phap la uree) co
ngudn goc tir urine (tieng Phap co nghla la nude ti6u) vi ure lan dSu tien duoc tach
ra tu nude tieu (1778).

1-2-1-3 Danh phap nua he thdng hay nua thong thudng
Loai danh phap nay cd tfnh cach trung gian giua hai loai tren, vi no chi co mot
\ai yeu to he thdng. Thi du : stiren (C 6H5CH = CH2 )c o nguon gdc la stirax (ten
loai nhua cay cho ta stiren) va chi co hau to -en (noi len su cd mat cua noi doi
C=C) la yeu to he thdng.

1-2-2 Phan loai danh phap IUPAC
l
en cua cac hop chat huu co theo IUPAC (danh phap IU PAC) gom nhi6u loai,
ma da sd la ten he thdng, chi cd mot sd tuong doi it la ten nira he thdng va ten
thong thudng.

1-2-2-1 Ten thay the (Substitutive name)
Ten tliuy the hay la ten the duac tao nen nhd thao tdc thay the , turc la thay mot
hay nhi£u nguyen tu H d bo phan chinh goi la hidrua nen (mach chinh, vong
chmh, v.v...) bang mot hay nhieu nguyen tu hoac nhom nguyen tu khac roi lay ten
cua hidrua nen ghep vdi ten cua nguyen tu hoac nhom nguyen tu mdi the vao
(duoc neu ten dudi dang tien to hoac hau to tuy trudng hop, theo nhung quy tac
nhat dinh). Thi du :
c h 3- c h 2 - oh
Hidrua n£n :

etan

Nhom the :
Ten thay the :

-O H cd ten d dang hau to -ol
Etanol
c i-c h 2-c h c i-c h 3

Hidrua n£n :

propan

Nhom the :

-C l co ten d dang tien to cloro- (hoac clo-)

Ten thay the :

1,2-Dicloropropan
C 6H , - N H - C H 3


17
Hidrua n6n hay chuc nen (co vong va nhom churc): anilin
Nhom the :

-C H 3 co ten metyl

Ten thay the :

jV-Metylanilin

I-2 -2 -2 Tin trao doi (Replacement name)

Ten trao doi duoc hinh thanh khong phai bang thao tac thay the nguyen tu
hidro ma bang thao tdc trao doi nguyen tu (hay nhom nguyen tir) khac hidro cua
hidrua nen bang nguyen tu (hoac nhom nguyen tu) khac. Nhung nguyen tir'moi
duoc thay vao con duoc goi la di nguyen tu hay di tu.
Co hai loai :

a) Ten trao doi d bo khung
Ta goi ten hop chat nhu khi chua co sir trao doi, nhung can them tien to noi
len nguyen tir duoc dua vao ; cac ti<5n to' nay deu tan cung bang chu "a" : chang
han o.xa- (nguyen tir oxi), thia- (luu huynh), aza- (nito hay azot), sila- (silic), v.v...
(xem Bang II.2). Thi du :

^

trao d6i C bang Si

Xiclohexan

Silaxiclohexan

c h 3[ c h 2}7c h 3 - -tTl l d
n°£ - > c h 36 c h 2c h 26 c h 2c h 2o c h 3
Nonan

2,5,8-Trioxanonan

Khi co mat > 2 di tir khac nhau can neu tien to a cho di tir co do uu tien cao hon
trudc (muc do uu tien giam theo trinh tu 0 > S > N > Si..., xem bang II.2). Thi du :

/

\

0 4 __ UJH

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

CH3 - 0 - C H 2-C H 2 -N H -C H 2 - S - C H 3

4-O xa- 1-azaxiclohexan

7-Oxa-2-thia-4-azaoctan

b) Ten trao doi d nhom chCfc
Su trao d 6 i nguyen tir oxi d nhom chuc bang nguyen tir khac duoc the hien
bang ti6n to noi len nguyen tir moi duoc dua vao. Thi du :

2-OPHCH
UUCO

c h 3c h 2- c o o h

c h 3c h 2 - CSSH

A xit propanoic

Axit propan(dithioic)


CHlfONG I - DAI CUONG V § DANH PHAPHCrUCO

18

C H 3[ C H 2 ]4 C H = Se

CH 3[CH 2]4C H = 0

H exan selen al

Hexanal

1-2-2-3 Ten loai chuc hay la ten goc - chuc
(Functional class name, Radicofunctional name)
Ten loqi chuc hay con goi la ten goc-chuc duoc tao nen bang thao tdc cong ten
cua goc (hay la nhom) vdi ten cua chiic huu CO. Thi du :
CH 3 - CH 2 - Br

CH 3 - 0 - C H 3

Etyl bromua

D im etyl ete

CH 3 - C - C 1

CH 3 - CH 2 - O - C - CH 3

O

o

Axetyl clorua

Etyl axetat

Neu cd mat hai hay nhieu nhom (gdc) khac nhau thi neu ten chung theo trinh
tu bang chu cai. Thi du :
CH 3CH 2 - O - CH 3

CH 3CH 2 - CO - C 6H 5

Etyl metyl ete

Etyl phenyl xeton

Q Hs - s o 2 - CH 3

CH 3CH 2CH 2 - OOCCH 2CH 2COOCH 3

Metyl phenyl sunfon

M etyl propyl sucxinat

Chii y rang n£u phan gdc d dang ti'nh tir thi phdn nay duoc dat sau phan chirc
cho phu hop vdi ngu phap ti£ng Viet. Thi du : ancol etylic (tir etyl ancol).

1-2-2-A Tin dung hop (Fusion name)
Day la len ciia cac hop chat da vong ngung tu (hay dung hop). Trong he da
\ong do cd mot bo phan duoc coi la chinh hay co sd (duoc xac djnh theo nhung
qu> tac clj the) va 11161 bO phan ghep ndi (bang cach ngung tu hay la dung hop). Bo
phan ghcp noi nay duoc goi ten dudi dang tien to, thudng thudng duoc tan cung
hani: chur "o". Hii du :

Phan ca s6 : antraxen

Phan ca sd : furan

Ten : Benzofajantraxen
Ten : Benzo[£]furan
Cac chu cai nhu a , h , r,„. dung dd’,chi thu tu cua cac lien ket trong vong


1-2 PHAN

19

lo a i d a n h p h A p

I-2 -2 -5 Ten ket hop (Conjunctive name)
Doi vdi cac hop chat huu co chua dong thdi mot bo phan mach ho cd nhom
chuc chinh va m 6 t bo phan mach vong, ngudi ta cd the dung thao tdc ket hap ten
cua bo phan mach ho (duoc coi la hidrua nen) va ten cua he vong, mac du de tao
nen hop chat cdn goi ten ta phai bdt di mot sd nguyen tu H d ch 6 noi. Thi du :
^

+ CH3CH2OH

X iclohexan

- - iT

E tan ol

O

CH2CH2OH

T en k e t hop : X iclohexanetanol
Ten thay the : 2-Xiclohexyletanol

CH ,—COOH

CH 3COOH

N aph talen

-2H

A xit axetic

Ten ket hap : A xit n a p h ta le n -l-a x e tic
Ten th ay the : A xit (l-n a p h ty l)a x e tic

Khi co hai hay nhieu nhanh giong nhau, ta dung them tien to co ban di-, tri-,...
(CH2COOH
CH2CH2OH
CH2CH2OH
HOOCCH,

X iclop en tan -l,l-d ietan ol

CH2COOH

Axit ben zen-l,3,5-triaxetic

Neu cac nhanh khong giong nhau, chi co nhanh chinh duoc coi la bo phan ket
hop. con cac nhanh khac duoc neu ten 0 dang tien to. Thi du :
HOOCCH,
HOOCCH,

±// V

c h 2c h 2c o o h

hoocch2

CH2CH2COOH

Axit 4-(cacboximetyl)benzenpropanoic Axit 4-(2-cacboxietyl)benzen-l,2-diaxetic

I-2 -2 -6 Ten cong (Additive name)
Ten cong duoc hinh thanh bang thao tdc cong cac hop phan ma khong bdt di
nguyen tu hay nhom nguyen tu nao tu m6 i hop phan do. Thi du :


20

CHL/ONG I - DAI Cl/ONG VfE DANH PHAP HLfU CO

ch 2= ch 2

CH 2 - C H 2

-O -

+

Oxi

Etilen

Etilen oxit
-

c 6h 5 -

Phenyl

Phenyl

Q

h5

+

C H jtC H jljC H j

Biphenyl
CH 3[CH 2 c h 2o

-O -

H exyloxi

Oxi

Hexyl

Q H 5 - C 6H5

4H
N a p h ta le n

H idro

1 ,2 ,3 ,4 -T e tr a h id r o n a p h ta le n

I-2 -2 -7 Ten trir (Subtractive name)
Ten tru dirge hinh thanh tir ten cua mot chat tuong tir da quen biet bang cach
dung mot tien to hoac mot hau to de noi len su loai bdt mot so nguyen tir hay
nhom nguyen tu. Do la thao tdc trif.
Co hai loai :

Ten trie duoc hinh thanh bang cach dung tien to trif nhu de-, anhidro-...
Anhidro- la tien to noi len sir tach bort HOH, de- la phan dau cua mot tien to phan
anh sir bdt di mot nguyen tu hoac nhom nguyen tu nao do, chang han demetylfbdt di mot nhom metyl va thay bang H), deoxi- (bdt di mot nguyen tu O nhd thay
a)

the OH bang H). Thi du :
1

CH=0
H

CH=0

OH

H

OH

H

OH

c h 2o h

D-RibozO

-o

H

2

H

H

3

OH

H

4

OH

c h 2o h

2 - D e o x i- D - r i b o z o


1-2 phAn loai

21

danh ph Ap

b ) Ten trie duoc hinh thanh bang cach dung hau totrit nhu -en, -in, -yl,... Thi du :
— — >
- 2H v
» Propen CH3CH = CH 2

C H ,C Ii,C H ,

X

7

Propyl CH3CH2CH2-

I-2 -2 -8 Ten nhSn (Multiplicative name)
Ten nhan bie’u thj su rich tu cac ca'u true nen tuong tir nhau, ndi vdi nhau bang
mot nhom da hoa tri ddi xung. Trinh tu cac b 6 phan cua ten nhan nhu sau : ten
nhom doi xung + tien td chi d6 b 6i (di-, tri-,...) + ten cua ca'u true nen (van giu
nguyen cach danh sd song dung cac da'u phet cho cac ca'u true nen thu hai, thuf
ba,...). Thi du :
2

2'

h o c h 2 c h 2 - o - c h 2c h 2o h

HOOC

2 ^2'-Oxidietanol

n) - C

H 2 -
x> - COOH

Axit 4 ,4 ’-metylendibenzoic
/CI-^COOH
N— CH2COOH
c h 2c o o h

2 ,4 ’ - O xidibenzandehit

Axit nitrilotriaxetic

Dudi day la ten cua m 6t s6 nhom doi ximg da hoa tri thudng gap
-O -

O xi-

-C H 2-

Metylen-

-S -

Sunfan-

- c h 2c h 2-

Etylen-

-N H -

Imino-

- c h 2o c h 2-

Oxidimetylen-

-N <

Nitrilo -

- o c h 2o -

Metylendioxi-

-N = N -

Diazenyl-

- o c h 2c h 2o -

Etylendioxi

1-2-2-9 Tin cua dj vdng theo Hantzsch va Widman
Ddi vdri cac di vong don vong co m 6t hay nhi£u dj tir vdi s 6 canh tir 3 den 10,
IUPAC ap dung he th 6'ng ten theo de xu£t cua Hantzsch va Widman. Theo cach
goi ten nay, ten cua mdt di vong duoc c£u thanh tir hai ph£n chinh :
aza-,...

T i 6n td "a" dung de’ chi ra loai dj nguyen tir trong vong. Thi du : oxa-, thia-,


CHLTONG I - DAI CLTONG v£ DANH PHAP HCfU CO

22

Phan c a sa 16 hap vdi hau to dung de ndi len ki'ch thudc cua di vong, do
chua bao hoa, di vong cd chua nito hay khong. Thi du : -iridin, -iran, -ole.
Cu the’ va chi tiet hon ve loai danh phap nay duoc trinh bay d muc II. 6 .

1-2-2-10 Cac xidophan
Cac he da vong phurc tap trong do cac bo phan thur ca'p mach vong va mach hd
ndi vdi nhau tao nen vong ldn duoc goi la cac xiclophan, cdn cach goi ten duoc
goi la danh phap phan.
Theo danh phap nay, b 6 phan thur cap mach vong duoc coi la sieu nguyen tuvz
bieu di^n bang dau cham dan cung vdi chu so to va dam, cdn he vong ldn ndi tren
(chua cac sieu nguyen tu va cac be phan thu cap mach hd) duoc goi la sieu vdng
hay xiclophan. Thi du :

Si£u nguyfin tir
13
tuc b<> phan -----►
thir c3p mach v6ng 12

Vi£t gon theo

14

danh phap phan

9 * \ BO phan
M cS p m jch M

Xiclophan

Theo sd nguydn tir (sieu nguyen tir va nguyen tir ciia b6 phan thu ca'p mach
hd) tao nen sieu vdng, ta cd xiclotetraphan, xiclohexaphan, xiclooctaphan, v.v...
Trong thi du tren. sieu vdng chura 10 nguyen tir, nen duoc coi la xiclodecaphan.
Ten
them

ciia sieu

h.Ui 10
n clo h o x.i
Vi

n gu y en tir trong x icloph an duoc la'y ten cu a vdng blnh thudng co

n). piruhna

t ri c i i a

sieu

han

henzena

(tir vdng b en zen ),

xiclohexana

(tir vong

(tirp irid in ), v.v...

nguyen tir (duoc danh

sd

uu tien) trong xiclophan duoc ghi

• m nc ten h a n g c h u sd

A RAp binh thudng, cdn cac vi tri ndi sieu nguyen tir vdi b6

ph .in thir cA p m a c h h d

duoc ghi bang chu

N h u vAy,

sd

A Rap trong da'u moc cong.

xiclophan neu d tren co ten dAy du la (l,4)-benzenaxiclodecaphan.
tir trong m6t xiclophan c d the nhi^u hon 1. Thi' du :

So lurm g sieu n g u y e n


1,4( 1,3)-Dibenzenaxiclohexaphan

1-2-2-17 Ten thdng thudng va ten nua he thong dupe luu dung trong he
thdng tin cua IUPA C
Do la ten cua mot sd hidrocacbon mach ho, mach vong, nhom (hay goc)
hidrocacbon, din xuat hidroxi, hop cha't cacbonyl, axit cacboxylic, di vong, v.v...
Cac ten thuoc loai nay duoc chia thanh ba nhom :
• Nhom (a) gom cac ten duoc dung khi khong co nhom the va khi co nhom
the d bat ki vi tri nao. Thi du : etan, axetilen, benzen, phenol, anilin, axit benzoic,
v.v...
• Nhom (b) gom cac ten duoc dung khi khong co nhom the va khi co nhom
the chi d mot so vi tri nhat dinh (thuong la 6 mach vong). Thi du : toluen, stiren,
v.v...
• Nhom (c) gom cac ten duoc dung chi khi khong co nhom the. Thi du :
isopentan, neopentan, isopren, glixerol. axit lactic, v.v...
Noi dung chi tiet va day du hem ve cac ten duoc IUPAC luu dung duoc trinh
bay 6 V .l.

1-3 QUY DINH V f SU DUNG CAC CHl S6 V! TRf VA

CAC LOAI DAU TRONG DANH PHAP IUPAC
1-3-1 Cac chi so v£ vi tri
Cac chi so ve vi tri cua cac nhom the va nhom chuc la nhung chu so A Rap
(thi du : 1 ,2 , 3...), cac chu cai Hi Lap (thi du a , p, y,...) hoac chu cai La Tinh (thi du :
O, N, P,...) ma nhi£u tieng nude ngoai (Anh, Phap,... va dang chu Nga) viet la
locant. Trudc day, IUPAC chua quy dinh cu the vi tri dat cac "locant" trong ten
goi h(^p chat huu co, n6n da ton tai nhidu cach viet khac nhau. Thi du : ddi vdi
CH 3CH 2CH=CH 2

co the viet 1-buten ; buten-1

hoac but-l-en

; ddi vdi

CH 3CH(OH)CH 3 co th^ viet 2-propanol ; propanol-2 hoac propan-2-ol. Tu dau
nhung nam 90 cua thd ki trudc, IUPAC da quy dinh ro rang ta't ca cac "locant", tuc
la cac chi sd ve vj tri du la chu sd hay chu cai, cdn duoc dat ngay trudc b6 phan co


24

CHl/ONG I - OAI Cl/ONG v£ DANH PHAP HOU CO

lien quan cua ten goi hop chat huu co, chi trir trong ten cua cac goc (hay nhom) o
dang thu gon. Thi du :
CH 3CH2CH = CH 2

B u t-1-en

CH3- CH (OH) - CH 3

Propan-2-ol

CH2= C (C ,H 5)CH = CH 2

2-E tylbu ta-1,3-dien

C6H5N(CH 3)2

A/,A^-Dimetylanilin

Ten d dang thu gon cua mot so goc (nhom) :
2-Naphtyl (khong viet napht-2-yl) vi la
dang thu gon cua naphtalen- 2 -yl

3-Piridyl (khong viet pirid-3-yl) vi la

i f

dang thu gon cua piridin-3-yl

1-3-2 Dau phay va cac dau cham
1-3-2-1 Dau phay
Ddu phay (,) dung de phan cach cac "locant" duoc viet ben canh nhau trong
mot ten goi hop chat huu co. Thi du :
1,2-Dicloroetan

C1CH2CH 2C1

Butan-l,3-diol

CH 3CH (OH)CH 2CH2OH

N ,A/-Dietylbenzamit

C6H5CON(CH 2CH 3)2

Day phay con duoc dung d£ phan cach cac chu cai chi vi tri ngung tu (hay
dung hop). Thi du :

Dibenzo [a,y]antraxen

I-3 -2 -2 D£u m dt chdm
Dau mdt cham (.) dung de phan cach cac s6 noi len s6 nguyen tu rieng 6 m 6i
vong (khdng ke cac nguyen tu chung) trong ten cua cac he da vong kieu spiro,
bixiclo, trixiclo, v.v... (xem chi tie't d II.3.3). Thi du :

CD
Spirof3.4Joctan

Bixiclo[3.2.1 Joctan


25

1-3 SCr DUNG CAC CHI S 6 VI TRI' VA CAC LOAI DAU

1-3-2-3 Ddu hai ch£m
Da'u hai cha'm (:) dung d i phan cach cac cum "locant" trong mot ten goi.

Thi du :

1 2
3'

2'^ff^

T

2" -

r

1,1’ : 3\l"-Terxiclobutan

2 ,2 ': 7',2"-Tem aphtalen

1-3-3 Gach noi va dau cach (khoang trong)
1-3-3-1 Gach ndi
Gach ndi (-) duoc dung vao cac muc dfch sau :

a) Phan cach “locant” vdi nhung phan con lai ma lien ke cua ten goi. Thf du :
2-m etylbuta-l,3-dien ; Af-metyl-/V-propylanilin.

b) Phan cach

cac “locant” d gin nhau ma thuoc ve cac phdn khac nhau cua

ten goi (thucmg phai dung them da'u moc don).
Thf du :

9-( 1-N aphtyl)antraxen
trong do, so 1 thu6 c ve vong
naphtalen, con so 9 thuoc ve vong
antraxen.

c)

Phan cach hai phan ve chi so

noi len vi tri ngung tu (dung hop).
Thf du :
Thieno[3,2-/?]furan
trong do, 3 va 2 thu 6 c \i vong
thiophen, con h thuoc ve vong
furan.

d) Phan cach

cac kf hieu lap the nhu E, Z, R, S, D, L vdi ten cua hop chat. Thf

du : (£> bu t-2-en , D-glucozo, (/?)-glixerandehit.

e) Phan cach cac tien t6'v e cau tao va cdu hinh (nhu sec-, tert-, cis-, trans-,...)
va cac tien td vi tri (nhu ortho-, meta-, para-, peri-, amphi-,...) vdi phdn co ban cua