Tai lieu grammar co ban

1.

What is Grammar?
+ Traditionally, Grammar could be defined as a system of rules of
word-formation and sentence building.
+ Grammar is a mental system that allows human beings to form
and interpret the words and sentences of their language.
2. Types of Grammar:
2.1 Traditional Grammar:
This is a term often used to summarize the range of attitudes and
methods found in the period of grammatical study before the
advent of linguistic science. It is over 2,000 years old and includes
the work of classical Greek and Roman grammarians.
2.2 Theoretical Grammar:
This is an approach that goes beyond the study of individual
languages.
2.3 Pedagogical Grammar/Teaching Grammar:
This is often in the form of a book, specifically designed for
teaching a foreign language, or for developing an awareness of the
mother tongue.
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2.4 Reference Grammar:
This is a grammatical description that tries to be as comprehensive
as possible so that it can act as a reference book for those
interested in establishing grammatical facts.
2.5 Prescriptive Grammar:
Prescriptive Grammar aims to lay down the rules on how
language should be used and to set up a standard of correct usage.
2.6 Descriptive Grammar:

Descriptive Grammar describes the system of grammar of the
language. It explains how it is possible for you to speak and
understand, and it tells what you know about the sounds, words,
phrases and sentences of your language.
2.7 The Immediate Constituent Grammar- the IC Grammar:
IC Grammar aims to display sentence structures by using the
immediate constituent analysis.
A construction is divided into its major constituents and the
process continues until no further divisions can be made.
* Phrase Structure rules (see chapter III, phrases part)
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2.8 Transformational Generative Grammar- TG Grammar:
Its main aim was to find out mechanisms, which account for the generation
of the variety of sentences of a language out of a few kernel sentences
Transformational operations consist in rearrangement, addition, deletion and
combination of linguistic elements.
3. Grammatical units:
Morphemes are used to build words
Words are used to build phrases
Phrases are used to build clauses
Clauses are used to build sentences.
4. Syntactic relations:
The grammatical relations between units in a sentence are called syntactic
relations.
The three categories of syntactic relations are:
+ Subject-Predicate relations
+ Coordinate relations
+ Subordinate relations

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PRACTICE
State whether each of the following rules is prescriptive and/or
descriptive
a/ The single-word form maybe
is an adverb meaning
“perhaps”.
The two-word combination may be consists of an auxiliary verb
followed by the copular verb be.
b/ The possessive forms for everyone are his or her. So do not
say “Everyone brought their own lunch” but rather “Everyone brought
his(or her) own lunch”.
c/ The infinitive form of a verb is always uninflected. It should
follow
immediately after the infinitive marker to. No word should intervene
between to and its verb. So this sentence: The Fourth Armored Division
tried to totally destroy the hideout should really be The Fourth Armored
Division tried to destroy the hideout totally.
d/ Present tense verbs with a third-person singular subject take
the
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suffix -s; e.g: Fred understands.


Determine the syntactic relations in the following sentences:
1/ Jet lag affects most long-distance travelers.
2/ Land may go out of cultivation and become an acrid desert because
of scanty rainfall.

3/ When the autumn comes, colorful leaves fall gently from trees.
4/ Switzerland is not in the European Union, nor is it a member of
NATO.
5/ My problem multiplied until they completely took over my life.
6/ She grew up with her brother and sister in a very happy family and
attended the government school near her home.
7/ Students who handle in their essays late will lose ten marks.
8/ Players in A.C Milan are all good footballers; in addition, many of
them have years of experience playing together.
9/ Many of these symbols of whole words are very picturesque and
exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot.
10/ Carbon dioxide accumulates in the atmosphere and may even
increase the earth's "heat load" and lead to global rises in
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temperature.