Bài giảng công nghệ môi trường_22 pptx

1
SPECIALIZED ENGLISH – SEMESTER 5
VAN LANG UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT
Chapter 22Chapter 22
FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGICAL
Dr. Tran Thi My Dieu
Sep. 2011
VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA
WASTEWATER TREATMENT & REUSEWASTEWATER TREATMENT & REUSE
Composition and classification of Composition and classification of
microorganismsmicroorganisms
CONTENTSCONTENTS
Cell compositionCell composition
Ei lf ff i bilEi lf ff i bil
VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA
E
nv
i
ronmenta
l

f
actors a
ff
ect m
i
cro
bi
a

l

E
nv
i
ronmenta
l

f
actors a
ff
ect m
i
cro
bi
a
l

activityactivity
CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION
Is it important to know?Is it important to know?
provide a basis for understanding theprovide a basis for understanding the
VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA
provide

a

basis

for

understanding

the

provide

a

basis

for

understanding

the

nutrients needed for growthnutrients needed for growth
To support microbial growth in To support microbial growth in
biological system, appropriate nutrients biological system, appropriate nutrients
must be availablemust be available
CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION
What are major cellular materials?What are major cellular materials?
ProteinProtein
RNARNA
55 055 0
20 520 5
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ProteinProtein
PolysaccharidePolysaccharide

LipidLipid
DNADNA
RNARNA
Other (sugar, Other (sugar,
amino acid)amino acid)
Inorganic ionsInorganic ions
55
.
055
.
0
5.05.0
9.19.1
3.13.1
20
.
520
.
5
6.36.3
1.01.0
By dry weightBy dry weight
CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION
What are major cellular materials?What are major cellular materials?
Prokaryotes Prokaryotes
80% water80% water
20% d t i l20% d t i l
VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA
20%

d
ry ma
t
er
i
a
l20%

d
ry ma
t
er
i
a
l
90% organic90% organic 10% inorganic10% inorganic
Is it important information?Is it important information?
CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION
What are cell elements?What are cell elements?
ElementsElements % dry weight% dry weight
CarbonCarbon 50.050.0
OxygenOxygen 22.022.0
NitrogenNitrogen 12.012.0
H
y
dro
g
enH
y
dro

g
en 9.09.0
VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA
ygyg
PhosphorusPhosphorus 2.02.0
SulfurSulfur 1.01.0
PotassiumPotassium 1.01.0
SodiumSodium 1.01.0
CalciumCalcium 0.50.5
MagnesiumMagnesium 0.50.5
ChlorineChlorine 0.50.5
IronIron 0.20.2
Other trace elementsOther trace elements 0.30.3
2
CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION
What is the most empirical formula What is the most empirical formula
for the organic fraction of cells? for the organic fraction of cells?
53%
VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA
CC
55
HH
77
OO
22
N N
CC
6060
HH
8787

OO
2323
NN
1212
P P
% C?
CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION
What is the most empirical formula What is the most empirical formula
for the organic fraction of cells? for the organic fraction of cells?
Approximation
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CC
55
HH
77
OO
22
N N
CC
6060
HH
8787
OO
2323
NN
1212
P P
Approximation
May vary with
time and species

Practical purpose
CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION
What is the most empirical formula What is the most empirical formula
for the organic fraction of cells? for the organic fraction of cells?
VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA
CC
55
HH
77
OO
22
N N
CC
6060
HH
8787
OO
2323
NN
1212
P P
N and P are
macronutrients
CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION
What are trace elements required?What are trace elements required?
Zinc manganese copperZinc manganese copper
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Zinc
,
manganese

,
copper
,
Zinc
,
manganese
,
copper
,
molydenum, iron, cobaltmolydenum, iron, cobalt
CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION
Where can microorganisms get these Where can microorganisms get these
elements and compounds? elements and compounds?
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From the environmentFrom the environment
A shortage of any of these substance A shortage of any of these substance
would limit or alter growthwould limit or alter growth
CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION
How to overcome this problem? How to overcome this problem?
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Additional supplyAdditional supply
3
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
What environmental conditions are What environmental conditions are
important for selection, survival and important for selection, survival and
growth of microorganism? growth of microorganism?
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pH and temperature pH and temperature
Type Temperature
range (

o
C)
Optimum range
(
o
C)
Psychrophilic 10-30 12-18
Mesophilic 20-50 25-40
Thermophilic 35-75 55-65
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
pH and temperature pH and temperature
Optimal growth for a particular Optimal growth for a particular
microorganism occurs within a fairly narrow microorganism occurs within a fairly narrow
range of temperature and pHrange of temperature and pH
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Temperature < optimum value have a more Temperature < optimum value have a more
significant effect on growth ratesignificant effect on growth rate
Growth rate double with approximately every Growth rate double with approximately every
1010
oo
C increase until the optimum temperature is C increase until the optimum temperature is
reachedreached
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
pH and temperature pH and temperature
Most bacteria can not tolerate pH levels above Most bacteria can not tolerate pH levels above
9.5 or below 4.09.5 or below 4.0
VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA
9.5

or

below

4.09.5

or

below

4.0
Generally, the optimum pH for bacteria growth Generally, the optimum pH for bacteria growth
lies between 6.5 and 7.5lies between 6.5 and 7.5
NUTRIENT AND GROWTH FACTOR NUTRIENT AND GROWTH FACTOR
REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS
How many g of NH
4
Cl and Na
3
PO
4
needed to
supply to 10 m
3
- reactor containing 3000
mg/L of microorganisms, if
empirical formulaempirical formula
Assignment 1Assignment 1
VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA
mg/L

of

microorganisms,

if

empirical

formula

empirical

formula

for the organic fraction of their cells is for the organic fraction of their cells is
and microorganisms can digest only 75% and microorganisms can digest only 75%
amount of N & P suppliedamount of N & P supplied
CC
6060
HH
8787
OO
2323
NN
1212
P P