Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " Developing Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) systems for dragon fruit producers and exporters in Binh Thuan and Tien Giang provinces " docx

Developing Good Agricultural Practice
(GAP) systems for dragon fruit
producers and exporters in Binh Thuan
and Tien Giang provinces

Campbell J, Nguyen Van Hoa, Nguyen Huu Hoang
December 2007


Final report to Hassall and Associates International

HortResearch Client Report No.
HortResearch Contract No. 20027


Campbell J
The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd
HortResearch Nelson Region
PO Box 220
Motueka 7143; NEW ZEALAND
Tel: +64-3-528 9106; Fax: +64-3-528 7813

Nguyen Van Hoa
Nguyen Huu.Hoang
Southern Fruit Research Institute
PO Box 203 My Tho
Long Dinh - Chau Thanh - Tien Giang, VIETNAM
Tel: +84 73 834 699

DISCLAIMER
The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand has exercised
reasonable skill, care and diligence in preparing the information described
in this report but shall not be liable for the commercial performance of any
products or any losses arising from the use of the information contained
herein.


This report has been prepared by The Horticulture & Food Research
Institute of NZ Ltd (HortResearch), which has its Head Office at Mt Albert
Research Centre, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland.

Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development

Completion Report
037/04VIE

Developing GAP systems for dragon fruit producers and
exporters in Binh Thuan and Tien Giang provinces.

December 2007

Table of Contents

1. Institute Information ____________________________________________________ 1
2. Project Abstract________________________________________________________ 2
3. Executive Summary ____________________________________________________ 2
4. Introduction & Background ______________________________________________ 4
5. Progress to Date _______________________________________________________ 5
5.1 Implementation Highlights ___________________________________________ 5
5.2 Smallholder Benefits_______________________________________________ 10
5.3 Capacity Building _________________________________________________ 14
5.4 Publicity ________________________________________________________ 21
5.5 Project Management _______________________________________________ 21

6. Report on Cross-Cutting Issues __________________________________________ 22
6.1 Environment _____________________________________________________ 22
6.2 Gender and Social Issues ___________________________________________ 22
7. Implementation & Sustainability Issues ____________________________________ 23
7.1 Issues and Constraints______________________________________________ 23
7.2 Options _________________________________________________________ 23
7.3 Sustainability_____________________________________________________ 24
8. Next Critical Steps ____________________________________________________ 24
9. Conclusion __________________________________________________________ 25
10. Statutory Declaration _________________________Error! Bookmark not defined.
11. Appendix 1. Certificates of training _____________________________________ 33
12. Appendix 2. QNEWZ, October 2007 ____________________________________ 38

Abbreviations:
BRC British Retailers Consortium: Global Standard - FOOD
CARD Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development
DARD Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
DGP Dragon fruit GAP Project
EoI Expression of Interest
EUREPGAP Euro-Retailer Produce Working Group; Good Agricultural Practice
FAQ Frequently Asked Questions
GAP Good Agricultural Practice
GLOBALGAP Global Good Agricultural Practice
GPS Global Positioning System
IMO Institute for Marketecology
MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
NZOQ New Zealand Organisation for Quality
QDPI&F Queensland Government Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries
SGS Société Générale de Surveillance

SIPPO Swiss Import Promotion Programme
SOFRI Southern Fruit Research Institute
VinaFruit Vietnam Fruit Association
VNCI Vietnam Competitiveness Initiative

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1. Institute Information
Project Name Developing GAP systems for dragon
fruit producers and exporters in
Binh Thuan and Tien Giang
provinces
Vietnamese Institution Southern Fruit Research Institute
Vietnamese Project Team Leader Nguyen Van Hoa
Vietnamese Project Operations Leader Nguyen Huu Hoang
Australian Organisation The Horticulture and Food Research
Institute of New Zealand
Australian Personnel John Campbell, Leonie Osborne
Date commenced 30 June 2005
Completion date (original) September 2007
Completion date (revised)
Reporting period Project final report

Contact Officer(s)
In Australia: Team Leader
Name:
John Campbell
Telephone:
+64 3 528 9106
Position:

Project Leader
Fax:
+64 3 528 7813
Organisation
HortResearch
Email:


In Australia: Administrative contact
Name:
Mrs Leonie Osborne
Telephone:
+64 9 815 8819
Position:
PA, Bioprotection Group Leader
Fax:
+64 9 815 4202
Organisation
HortResearch
Email:


In Vietnam
Name:
Dr Nguyen Minh Chau
Telephone:
+84 73 893 129
Position:
Project Champion
Fax:

+84 73 893 122
Organisation
SOFRI
Email:



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2. Project Abstract

















Producers of dragon fruit in Vietnam have seen prices for their fruit decline by about 60%
since 2000, which can be attributed, in part, to their dependence on local and nearby
export markets. There are about ten major dragon fruit exporters in Vietnam but a
significant proportion of the total production is sourced from many small farmers. Returns

from dragon fruit could be significantly improved if small growers and exporters can gain
access to new high value markets in Europe and North America. Unfortunately, regulatory
requirements and recent consumer concerns over food safety and security mean that
Vietnamese growers can now only export to these high value markets if they have Good
Agricultural Practice (GAP) programmes in place. The project has established a private
sector working pilot of exporter packer and supplying dragon fruit growers in which the
European high value market driven standards of BRC at the packer and EUREPGAP at
the farmer level have been implemented. High value markets have been identified and are
due to be tested following certification of the pilot. Training of national personnel within
the project team and in the private sector has seen practical GAP proficiency developed to
a high level which will ensure the continued development of the pilot and the subsequent
distribution of the model to many more small-holder dragon fruit producers.
3. Executive Summary
This is the completion report for the Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development
(CARD) project 037/04VIE and covers the period 1 March 2007 to December 2007 and the
reporting of issues that have either not been reported in other progress reports or have
changed during implementation of the project.

The HortResearch project leader has made two visits to Vietnam during this reporting period
as scheduled: 6
th
- 18
th
May and 19
th
August - 7
th
September 2007.

There have been no changes to project personnel during the reporting period. Mentoring of

the Vietnam project team has been ongoing. The Southern Fruit Research Institute (SOFRI),
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), Department of Agriculture and
Rural Development (DARD) and commercial personnel are included in the training which
covers all facets of Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) at the various levels of the
international standards. Enhancement of the national capability of people and infrastructure
continued to be given high priority by the project for ultimate sustainability obligations.

The “Introduction to Internal Auditor Training Course’s” delivered to selected SOFRI staff
and to the pilot packhouse key personnel and particularly the skills attained by Mr Nguyen
Huu Hoang reported on previously have been of great assistance to the stakeholders
understanding of GAP quality systems especially when undertaking the final internal audit of
the pilot prior to the Certifying Body assessment for Pilot Certification to EUREPGAP and
BRC Standards.

Field observations for the farmers’ benchmarking survey were completed in the first
reporting period. The data were subsequently translated into English, entered into a web
based database and analysed. The benchmarking survey report was prepared by
HortResearch personnel and delivered as a PowerPoint
®
presentation by the project leader to

2
SOFRI personnel, packers, farmers, MARD and DARD personnel of Binh Thuan during
March - April 2007.

Selection of a packer/exporter and farmer group for the project pilot to receive project input,
confirmed during the September 2006 visit, was formalised. Training of the pilot members
for improvement towards British Retailers Consortium: Global Standard – Food (BRC) for
the packer and EUREPGAP for the farmers continued, to enable them to reach compliance in
all areas. The training involved quality systems, health and safety, technical, product

traceability and environmental issues.

A component of the field visits by the project leader had been to observe the current practices
of the dragon fruit farmers and packers. These findings formed the basis for the quality
manual preparation. The dragon fruit quality manuals for the farmer and packer were
developed in a way that closely related to the current practices, including appropriate
improvements to enable the farmer and packer to meet compliance with the EUREPGAP and
BRC standards, and are user friendly. Translation of the Manual into Vietnamese has been
completed and copies distributed to the project donor HAI/CARD, the pilot (full manual)
supplying farmers (EUREPGAP “C” section) and to other packers and farmers progressing
GAP production, packing and export. The manual issued to the pilot packer and supplying
farmers is the documented quality system of the pilot and has been used as a training tool
when developing the pilot to meet the Standards. The standards being implemented
incorporate all issues identified in the project objectives. However, small-holder farmers,
even with continuous training exposure throughout the project have generally failed to
respond to GAP to the level whereby the project could have them exposed to certifying body
inspection and certification. Constraints to small-holder participation have been identified
during the project and will be overcome during the future development of the project pilot.
Constraint mitigation employed by the pilot will form a practical demonstration for
replication to any new dragon fruit, or other crop, quality unit being established in the future.

During the project leaders December 2006 and May 2007 visit, extensive training was
provided to the pilot packhouse senior staff and farmers, which involved all the physical
changes to facilities, quality systems establishment, personnel training, compliance issues
and auditing requirements as documented in the Dragon fruit Quality Manual for the pilot to
reach compliance with BRC and EUREPGAP Standards. The intensive training of pilot
personnel was progressed to include internal auditing of the pilot to identify any issues of
non-compliance and corrective action requirements and to demonstrate process “control” and
sustainability.

The final internal audit for the pilot was completed in August/September 2007 to confirm
readiness for Certification Body inspection. The external audit was completed during
September by the certifying body ‘SGS Vietnam’. Corrective actions for non-conformity
issues were completed and a follow-up external audit was completed on 8 November 2007
with full compliance with the EUREPGAP standard being confirmed. The BRC external
audit is scheduled to be undertaken by the certifying body in late 2007.

High value markets are being identified and evaluated for dragon fruit to be exported from
Vietnam, both for fruit when certified and for the project-improved fruit exported during the
transition period towards certification. A financial incentive is paid by the packer for
qualifying fruit during the transition period.


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Utopia UK, who import fruit to the United Kingdom for TESCO’s, have expressed a strong
desire to access GAP certified dragon fruit from the pilot. They have already implemented a
third party ethical audit of the pilot, and have indicated they will assist the project team with
the dragon fruit value chain analysis and achieving high prices for the safe, legal and quality
dragon fruit exported from the project pilot.

Inputs identified in the project document had been purchased in year 1 as documented in the
2
nd
Progress report, February 2006.

The CARD dragon fruit project continued to be well publicised in the local and national
newspapers and television during this reporting period. The projects achievements are being
held in high regard by the donor, MARD and the private sector. HAI/CARD requested the
project to submit an Expression of Interest for a new two year project to expand the initiative.
During the project leaders May 2007 visit stakeholder meetings were held and an EoI

prepared and submitted. The new dragon fruit project EoI was short listed by the CARD
Programme Coordinating Committee at its meeting of 11 July 2007. Subsequently a full
project proposal for the new project was submitted to HAI in Hanoi on 27 August 2007 and
was subsequently selected for funding.

4. Introduction & Background
Objective 1
To increase small holders’ competitiveness and capacity to supply dragon fruit to high-value
international markets, introducing new concepts of food safety, environmental responsibility,
sustainability and worker safety into their production practices.

Objective 2
To provide technical support and training for Vietnamese extension/researchers to improve
their capacity in group training procedures for GAP implementation in dragon fruit.

The outputs expected include adoption of new practices that are required for entry into the
European market, and empowerment of small farmers to negotiate improved supply
arrangements. Vietnamese personnel from SOFRI, DARD and the private sector will be
trained in the field in Vietnam and two SOFRI members will undertake a study tour to
observe GAP systems in the fruit industry in New Zealand.

It is intended that the development of the Vietnamese personnel, both in the public and
private sectors, will be through the practical application of:
¾ Establishing the current status of the dragon fruit industry against EUREPGAP standards
through a benchmarking survey
¾ Improving the current understanding of dragon fruit agronomy within SOFRI and
establishment of systems for constant improvement and problem solving
¾ The development of pilot models of EUREPGAP-compliant Exporter/Packer/Farmer
group in the field
¾ Establishing manuals, Codes of Practice and the development of training material that is

appropriate, user friendly, developed by the Vietnamese extensionists, and appropriate to
the dragon fruit industry for transfer to subsequent “models” and ultimately other crops

4
¾ Establishing the required quality systems for the dragon fruit industry to adopt and obtain
proof of the system robustness, by obtaining EUREPGAP certification for the pilot model
¾ Maximising the impact of current initiatives to develop GAP in the dragon fruit industry
through full participation in the Dragon fruit GAP Project.

5. Progress to Date
5.1 Implementation Highlights
5.1.1 Benchmarking
The field portion of the benchmarking survey was completed by the SOFRI team in late July
2005. Some 124 farmers from Binh Thuan and 30 farmers from the Tien Giang Province
were questioned. The SOFRI team recorded farmer information for the formal EUREPGAP
oriented questionnaire (Inception Report: August 2005 Appendix 2) and also recorded
additional current agronomic and technical information relating to the surveyed farmers
dragon fruit production practices.

The benchmarking survey data were analysed at HortResearch by Dr Jim Walker and Patrick
Connolly who also prepared a PowerPoint
®
presentation (3
rd
Progress Report, August 2006,
Appendices 1 and 2) for delivery during the scheduled March 2006 visit. It was originally
planned for Dr Walker to travel to Vietnam to make the PowerPoint
®
presentations, but this
was not possible because of his other work commitments.

As a consequence, the benchmarking
PowerPoint
®
presentations were delivered by the
project leader during his March/April 2006 visit,
initially to the staff of SOFRI then to DARD and
some industry personnel in Binh Thuan. The
presentation has subsequently been used as a
training tool for the farmers and packers of the
area.

During the PowerPoint
®
presentations, care was
taken to emphasise the standards observed in the
survey and to relate those conditions to the standards required to meet the high value
customer-driven demands as detailed in the EUREPGAP and BRC Standards.

The PowerPoint
®
presentation and other information contained in the benchmarking survey
database are being used by the SOFRI scientists during their research work.

5.1.2 GAP Manual Development
The Dragon fruit Quality Manual has been completed in English and now translated into
Vietnamese. This manual was to be completed by the end of March 2006 (milestone #4) in
the draft form but had been delayed because of time constraints and the clarification of
copyright issues. The manual has been developed specifically to meet the needs of the
quality systems of the project pilot, at the farmer level to the EUREPGAP Standard and in

the packhouse to the BRC Standard and apart from being a living document, has been
completed in the final form. Future use and adaptation of the manual to other dragon fruit
packhouse/farmer groups (and other crops) will have the advantage of a manual that is the

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actual documented quality systems of a working model. The HACCP report for the quality
manual was not included in the printed manual as this is of specific application to the pilot
packhouse quality system. The Vietnamese and English version of the HACCP report is
provided electronically.

Full verification of the appropriateness of the
Dragon fruit Quality Manual to address the
specific standards of BRC and EUREPGAP and
the requirements of the customer, the pilot packer
and farmers are in the process of being confirmed
by the independent certifying body, SGS
Vietnam. Compliance assessment by the
certifying body was planned to take place during
December 2006 however the pilot was not ready
and significant modifications were planned/being
implemented for the pilot packhouse to better
comply with the standards.

5.1.3 Develop Implementation Plan – Completed: First Progress Report

5.1.4 Establish pilot GAP programme for year one
As documented in the 2
nd
Progress Report, February 2006 report, Mr Hiep’s packhouse was
identified to be the project’s pilot for packing dragon fruit. Subsequently project personnel

negotiated with Mr Hiep to define the level of commitment to and cooperation with the
project for the development of his packhouse to meet the BRC Standards and project
expectations. During the July 2006 visit by the project leader, a contract between Mr Hiep
and Dr Chau as Project Champion was generated and signed. Agreement to work together
with the pilot is based on the memorandum of understanding that was under discussion as
described in the February 2006 report. Indeed many of the issues for improvement
highlighted by the project during the previous visits were being or had been addressed by Mr
Hiep.

Mr Hiep of Queen Farm, Hoang Hau Dragon Fruit Farm Co Ltd committed his resources and
staff to the project pilot development. As well as committing the packhouse to the project,
Mr Hiep also committed his 50 hectare dragon fruit producing farm to the pilot to be
developed for compliance with the EUREPGAP Standard.

During the February 2007 reporting period Mr Hiep indicated that he was proposing
development of a large packhouse modelled on the pilot packhouse for future expansion,
indeed construction for buildings to house the packing facilities were well advanced at the
time of the project leader’s visit in May 2007.

The Dragon fruit Quality Manual was presented to Mr Hiep, in both the English and
Vietnamese language.

During this reporting period the project team continued to conduct intensive
training/mentoring sessions with the pilot’s staff holding responsible positions within the
packhouse and participating farm owners/managers. The areas of training and guidance
covered included:


6
¾ The project scope and delivery

¾ The customer and customer demands
¾ Quality systems, their purpose, structure, establishment and management
¾ Defining the “Processes” for the; on-farm through the packer to the exporter
¾ Linkages between farmer and packer and responsibilities and expectations
¾ The dragon fruit quality manual, its development, scope and application
¾ Feedback to ensure the “appropriateness/workability/fit’’ of the manual for the
intended purpose
¾ Identification, guidance and purpose for physical improvements required by the
project pilot facilities, both on-farm and at the packhouse, to comply with the dragon
fruit quality manual and adopted standards
¾ Identification of positions in the “process” and ensure responsibilities had been
correctly documented in the position descriptions within the manual
¾ Provide training to people designated for positions of responsibility in the pilot
¾ The role of the internal audit
¾ The responsibilities of the internal auditor
¾ Process corrective action and initiative sustainability.

One of the most gratifying elements of project implementation for the project leader has been
the uptake and understanding, of the training provided, by the pilot management. Progress in
developing the documented quality systems and preparation for certification during the
project leaders between visit periods has been significant and robust. Of particular note is the
traceability system employed by the pilot packhouse from the farm through to the market –
the packhouse can now instantly identify the specific origin (farmer, block, date of harvest,
day of packing, export date, etc.) of any dragon fruit in the market place as well as all
supporting documentation if challenged by the market. The packer and farmers
documentation can also verify all inputs to production, quality and handling.

Non-compliant storage of agrichemicals,
equipment and food containers.






Compliant agrichemical store

7

5.1.5 Implementation of Quality Systems
In previous reporting periods the project had provided training in quality systems to any
group which was identified that would benefit from adopting GAP. Confirmation of the pilot
participants and pilot scope during the last reporting period saw the training programme of
the project become more focused and addressed the specific needs of the farmers and packer
of the pilot to enable them to meet compliance with the Standards before the proposed
assessment visit by the certifying body. During this reporting period training provided was
very specific to the pilot’s needs and included all components as detailed in the Dragon fruit
Quality Manual, guidance on physical changes required at the packhouse and on the farm,

internal auditing and for an understanding of the quality systems and being market driven.

Choice of quality system standards:
The project chose the existing BRC and EUREPGAP quality standards as the most suitable
to meet the demands of the target customer while protecting the interests of the Vietnamese
stakeholders (a copy of the EUREPGAP General Regulations Fruit and Vegetables will be
provided electronically). At the farmer level the EUREPGAP Standards are being applied
and at the packhouse the BRC Standards are implemented. Both standards complement each
other to ensure the dragon fruit produced and packed is confirmed as safe, legal and of the
quality expected by the high value market customer.

The choice of the two standards has been determined by the access conditions to high value
markets identified in the project document. The project is very “customer driven” and the
quality system will meet all the customer’s requirements when fully implemented and will
specifically provide documented proof of compliance for safe, legal quality control and
traceability for the entire product during the production and packing processes. The quality
systems developed will easily respond to any additional requirements from specific
customers.

The quality checking and documentation systems being employed in the pilot can also
protect the farmer and packer from claims for damage to product (non-compliance issues)
subsequent to the product leaving the packhouse.

The current process and status of the quality system of the pilot is:
¾ Pilot participants identified and their association with the project formalised
¾ The BRC Standard has been selected for the packhouse quality system
¾ The EUREPGAP Standard has been selected for the farmer quality system
¾ The Dragon fruit Quality Manual has been developed in English and translated into
Vietnamese
¾ The English and Vietnamese version of the manual has been distributed to the packer

and relevant portions of the manual provided to the farmers of the pilot
¾ Physical changes, required by the quality system, in the packhouse and on the farm
initiated during project implementation have been completed
¾ Vietnamese project personnel have the skills to train dragon fruit industry
stakeholders in all areas of quality
¾ Intensive and targeted training has been provided to packhouse staff and farmers
¾ Quality systems have been developed in the pilot as described in the manual, under
the training and guidance of the SOFRI project team
¾ HACCP, Health and Safety and Risk analysis studies have been made for the pilot
and documented as required by the standards

8
¾ Internal Audits have determined the quality status of the pilot with corrective action
and training process implemented meets the standards requirements
¾ Arrangements have been made for the external audit of the pilot by the certifying
body SGS Vietnam.

Unprotected tractor power takeoff with Well protected power takeoff
Workers exposed to hazard


5.1.6 Review Compliance
The project leader negotiated with Société Générale de Surveillance (SGS Vietnam), (in
Vietnam, Regional Indonesia and New Zealand) an international certifying agency, to
provide an estimate for certification evaluation of the project initiatives. Quotations for the
inspection and certification of project farmers and the packer were received from SGS
Vietnam and subsequently a proposal was presented to CARD for the funding of the SGS
services. CARD approved the funding of the external audit and certification services and this
component has been included in the project as a new and separate milestone.

During discussions with SGS Vietnam at their Ho Chi Minh office, the project team were
informed that SGS Vietnam now has trained inspectors for both EUREPGAP and BRC
Standards. SGS Vietnam was chosen by the project as the preferred certifying body to do the
external auditing and certification services for the project pilot and its future certifying
requirements on the grounds that:
• They have suitable qualified auditors for the EUREPGAP and BRC Standards
• The quality of their work is of a high standard which is respected in the market place
• They are prepared to develop their horticultural certifying body services in
cooperation with that industry.

Internal reviews of the pilot have been undertaken in the form of BRC/EUREPGAP internal
audits. The data collected has been used to determine the compliance status of the project
pilot development and to initiate/tailor corrective action and training. It is intended that the
learning process of the pilot development will be adapted for subsequent training during the
outreach programme.

9

5.1.7 Expanded Year 1 Programme and delivery to additional farmer groups
Word of the CARD dragon fruit project and how it can assist packers and farmers access
high value markets is spreading in Vietnam and the SOFRI project team continues to receive
serious approaches from interested parties for assistance.

Although the project has had difficulty in encouraging small-holder farmers to complete
GAP development to the EUREPGAP Standard the project has continued to provide
encouragement and training to this sector in an endeavour to enhance their GAP capability in
line with the project document requirements. It is expected when the greater returns from
GAP produced dragon fruit exported to high value markets become known then the small-
holder farmers will be motivated to lift their operations to compliance with the standards. A
basic understanding of GAP and some implementation, through project training within this
sector forms a great foundation for subsequent pilot expansion.

5.1.8 Implement Year 2 training
Farmers and packers showing an interest in the project have been included through invitation
to training sessions being undertaken, or were mentored separately as time permitted.
Following success of the pilot it is expected that this training will become more formal and
serious. The training will be done utilising the “increasing” capability of the Vietnamese
personnel.

Leading dragon fruit farmers and packers in the Binh Thuan province and packers wishing to
develop GAP production and packing units in Tien Gien and Long An based on the project
pilot were identified and also received assistance and training. At project end more than one
packhouse was being constructed and one independent farmer had been certified compliant
with EUREPGAP.

5.2 Smallholder Benefits

During the project scoping and subsequent project
implementation visits by HortResearch personnel
considerable effort was made to identify individuals
both in the public and the private sectors who have
the capacity to be leaders of change, and quality
systems development, improvement and
maintenance.

A high priority was given to all aspects of national
capacity building to ensure sustainability upon
project completion.

The project tried very hard and expended a lot of
project time on the identification of small holder
farmers and to subsequently provide quality training
to fulfil the project document’s obligations.
However, the ability of small-holder farmers to
commit themselves in a sustainable way to GAP at
the level required by the customer and the project

10
remains an issue. For this reason the project had accelerated the development of the pilot to
demonstrate that GAP is viable at the small holder farmer level. All farmers were welcomed
into the project training programme when they indicated that they could step up to the
required commitment to customer standards.

As the project developed the pilot towards
the quality standards of BRC and
EUREPGAP, high value markets were
identified. It is intended that product from

the pilot will be, following negotiations with
the customer, exported in a form that can go
directly to the high value market and not be
subject to any rework in the country of
destination. It is the desire of the project to
maximise returns and reduce waste from
product exported to ensure increased
revenue for the farmer and sustainable
returns for the service operators such as the
packer and exporter. Higher values for dragon fruit product will be sought in negotiation with
the customer as proficiency in the pilot GAP becomes settled. For example: add–on quality
requirements; nature’s choice, reduction of carbon footprint; sea-freight verses air-freight;
packaging types, etc.

Every effort was made by the project to facilitate ease for entry and management of GAP
dragon fruit production through housing the quality systems in the packhouse. The pilot
model quality system coordinates the completion of all appropriate farmer section standards
so they meet compliance, provides technical advice as required by the customer such as
grade standards, chemical application, withholding periods, marketing, improvement,
corrective action, etc. in a transparent and honest way.

At project completion there is no doubt that the project pilot now has the capacity to attract
many more supply contracted smallholder farmers. There is also no doubt that when high
returns for GAP dragon fruit exported to high value markets become known by non-GAP
farmers they too will seek admission to the certified systems. The envisaged replication of
the project pilot will see rapidly increasing numbers of small-holder dragon fruit farmer’s
greatly improving their living standard.

The project has observed three major perceived constraints preventing small-holder farmers
from participating in GAP to the EUREPGAP standard. They include:

1. A lack of resource to enable the small-holder farmer to make the physical changes to
their property and meet the standards:
It is expected that when the compliant pilot high value dragon fruit returns become
known and demand for product increases then credit will become available.
2. The technical requirements of the standards were beyond the capability for the small-
holder farmer to understand and sustainable implement:
The project had housed the quality system management in the packhouse for the
major purpose of making it technically easy for the farmer to meet compliance, for
the quality system to be “in control” at all times and for the system to be the most
economical model to implement.

11
3. It had been previously thought that the small size of small-holder properties (0.3 to
1.0 hectare) was a constraint to their inclusion in a large packhouse GAP operation:
This is not the case as large farms supplying the packhouse do in fact subdivide
their properties into even smaller units with many blocks as small as 0.2 hectare.

There is a dearth of appropriate and approved infrastructure for the GAP dragon fruit
industry at the level that meets the high value market driven standards. However, for the
project pilot this constraint has been largely overcome in the short term and on a small scale
through the use of recognised related specialists and services and the training of people to
perform specific duties (Appendix 1 Certificates of training).

Early indications are that there is a significant and continuous volume high value export
market available for safe, legal and quality dragon fruit that has been produced, packed and
exported by certified operators. These markets are initially in the United Kingdom and
Europe but the top end market in China is developing rapidly, the markets of North America,
Japan and other countries are possible if market access constraints are overcome.

It is expected that when the high value markets have been tested with dragon fruit that is

certified safe, legal and of the expected quality sustainable high prices for the product will
result. At this time the demand for dragon fruit that meets the standards will be high and
beyond the capability of the current operators to satisfy.

To date those farmers embarking on the quality path for dragon fruit production, packing and
handling have been the top end, affluent operators and capable of resourcing and
understanding the changes needed to implement their quality operations. To date the project
has been unable to retain small-holder farmers in the quality initiative to enable them to be
able to receive the benefits from supplying high value markets.

The quality system developed in the dragon fruit project pilot was modelled on quality
systems being applied in other horticultural crops of other countries. The problem of
including the poor farmer who doesn’t understand or doesn’t want to participate is not unique
to the Vietnamese small-holder farmer.

It is anticipated that demand for safe, legal and quality dragon fruit by the high value markets
will increasingly exceed the capability of the initial pilot’s ability to satisfy. Already
provisions are being made to expand the postharvest handling and export facilities at Hoang
Hau and other packing and export facilities in response to the expected demand. On the GAP
production side, the current large holder dragon fruit farmers are expanding their production
areas. Quality production of dragon fruit beyond this capacity will be required to satisfy high
value market demand.

It has never been the intention of this project to facilitate affluent farmers, packers and
exporters to be the only dragon fruit stakeholders to improve their living standards. The
intention of the project has been to establish the facilities, systems, infrastructure and human
capability to meet or exceed the safe, legal and quality expectations of the high value export
market as the conduit for small-holder dragon fruit farmers to access maximum returns for
their dragon fruit.

12
The project’s dragon fruit pilot at Hoang Hau Dragon fruit Farm Co Ltd. now meets the
standards expectations of the market and has the ability to now bring in many small-holder
dragon fruit farmers through:
• The provision of GAP training to the necessary standards
• Provide quality system guidance and internal auditing services
• Include, guide and control the small-holder farmer in the SGS Vietnam certification
process to ensure compliance at Certifying Body external audit time and ongoing
compliance maintenance and confirmation/documentation
• Enter into a supply agreement with each farmer to lock in all compliance issues and
obligations and to give security of market and income for the farmer
• Provide the farmer with income guarantee to enable the farmer to resource necessary
compliance issues changes
• Assist small-holder dragon fruit farmers with small business and financial
management training.

An extension of this dragon fruit project is for all the recipients of the project to work
together with the aim of being market driven, maintain compliance with the standards
honestly at all times in the pilot and to bring in as many small-holder dragon fruit farmers as
possible.

Project benefits of the future

The dragon fruit GAP project does not claim
all the credit for bringing the Hoang Hau pilot
packhouse and farmer group to its current GAP quality status but it has certainly made a
major contribution. The combination of the private sector unit supported by the CARD
dragon fruit GAP project initiative at this particular time is having a major impact in the
Vietnam horticulture industry for demonstration of a working quality model meeting the

standards of the high value markets.

The project was unable to train the original numbers of small-holder (poor) dragon fruit
farmers envisaged in the project document to the level of EUREPGAP compliance. However
the project has developed the mechanisms within its pilot that will overcome constraints
which previously precluded the small-holder farmers responding to the GAP challenge. This
will allow an increasing number of those farmers to sustainably raise their standards and
enjoy the benefits of increased returns for their dragon fruit.

Following is a brief analysis of the proposed development of the project pilot over the next
two years:

¾ The packhouse is currently packing 20,000kg of dragon fruit per 8 hour day
¾ The packhouse employs up to 150 people for the packing and handling operations
¾ Dragon fruit has been supplied from the Hoang Hau farm, contracted supplier dragon
fruit farmers and from collectors
¾ All fruit is packed and sold to adjacent country export markets and on the local
market
¾ The packhouse now has 70 hectares of production that has been GLOBALGAP
Certified: consists of the owners farm and two other medium to large farms. Over the
life of the project EUREPGAP was upgraded to GLOBALGAP and the project pilot
is GLOBALGAP compliant
¾ Compliant dragon fruit will be exported to the high value markets of UK and Europe

13
¾ Hoang Hau has a development programme for both the packhouse and for the area of
production
¾ A new planting of 120 hectares will bring total area on the Hoang Hau farms to
approx 200 hectares which will be in full production in 2009
¾ It is the intention of the director of Hoang Hau, Mr Hiep, to produce about 50% of the

throughput of his new packing facility capability
¾ It is expected that the other 50% (some 200 hectares) will be produced by contracted
dragon fruit farmers, many of whom will be small-holder farmers
¾ The aim is to have all areas of the development meet the GAP standards installed in
the pilot by the project
¾ Packhouse throughput of dragon fruit is expected to exceed 10,000 tonnes in 2009
(400 hectares producing approx 40 tonnes per ha with packouts of 50% to 70%)
¾ It is expected that <100 small-holder dragon fruit farmers will ultimately be brought
into quality dragon fruit production and become certificated for the GLOBALGAP
standard
¾ Each small-holder farmer of about 1 hectare producing for the quality initiative has
employment for at least 1 permanent and 5 casual labourers

In summary there is clearly something very special going on in the project pilot that is having
a major impact in many areas. For example:

¾ The dragon fruit GAP project pilot has completely embraced the project’s quality
initiative
¾ The packhouse provides direct employment for over 150 people which will increase
as the business develops; possibly more than doubling
¾ The pilot will expand to some 400 hectares of quality dragon fruit production and
handling by 2009
¾ New areas contracted to the packer will include more than 100 small-holder dragon
fruit farms that may not otherwise be capable of reaching the standards demanded by
high value markets
¾ Accessing the high value markets will increase dragon fruit returns and greatly
improve the living standards of all quality producers
¾ The employment and spending power improvement will have a significant and
beneficial effect to the community of the pilot
¾ The model and leadership provided by the pilot is providing an excellent example for

replication to other dragon fruit units and across to other crops
¾ High value markets are seeking safe, legal and quality dragon fruit from the pilot
¾ The achievements of the project, through the increase in national capability and
delivery to the dragon fruit pilot have received much publicity and respect in
Vietnam.

5.3 Capacity Building
5.3.1 To initiate capability building of Vietnamese project collaborators

Capability building of Vietnamese project collaborators has again advanced dramatically
over this reporting period. Dr Chau has set up an environment at SOFRI that is encouraging
his staff to adopt the GAP initiative. This environment is greatly assisting the project leader
to transfer his quality skills to the project team and subsequently to farmers and packers. The

14
Vietnamese project collaborators have an excellent understanding of GAP, and are showing
confidence in delivering the project training to farmers and the packer both while the New
Zealand project leader is in Vietnam and also between visits.

Mentoring and communication, both ways, between the project leader and the Vietnamese
team, are excellent. Dr Chau’s enthusiasm for the CARD project’s success continues to lead
to the establishment of GAP support facilities being developed at SOFRI that, while outside
the scope of the project, are required by a future GAP-driven horticultural industry and will
ultimately be of benefit to the project and its sustainability.

A formal Introductory Internal Auditor Course was presented to eight appropriate SOFRI
staff by the project leader and Mr Nguyen Huu Hoang. The New Zealand Organisation for
Quality (NZOQ) gave official approval for the project leader to use a percentage of the same
course material as that used during Internal Auditor training in New Zealand. This is the
same material as the two day course that Mr Hoang attended during his New Zealand study

tour in June 2006. Due to the requirement of NZOQ to only use a portion of their course
material the SOFRI training was done over one day and was called an “Introduction to
Internal Auditing”. The Internal Auditor training has continued and its principles
incorporated into much of the training programmes. As part of the obligation to NZOQ in
accessing the Internal Auditor training material the project leader was required to present a
report to NZOQ. This report was subsequently published in the NZOQ monthly newsletter
Q
NEWZ in the October 2007 issue (Appendix 2).

Time constraints have precluded the project leader from seeking approval from NZOQ for
him to use their material and present the previously requested, full two day Internal Auditor
course at SOFRI and in the field. It is hoped to continue with this initiative if the new dragon
fruit project materialises.

The horticultural Good Agriculture Practice initiative in Vietnam has gathered momentum
during the life of this project. It is important to note that the dragon fruit project pilot is the
only working model for Good Agricultural Practices in fruit in Vietnam. The SOFRI national
capability, the quality manual developed for the pilot and the pilot working model are
available to be used for further expansion of GAP into the dragon fruit industry and across
other crops.

The project and project trained personnel are making a major contribution to this initiative in
a positive and quality approach. For example:
¾ Project trained personnel have an understanding of the customer driven concept
which, accompanied with their quality practitioner skills, can apply the GAP
technology at any appropriate level of:
o VietGAP at the local market level
o AsiaGAP and EUREPGAP at the close neighbouring country export level
o EUREPGAP to access markets in Europe and the UK with the product still
being reworked in those market countries

o EUREPGAP plus BRC at the high value market level of the United Kingdom
and Europe – direct specialist market access
o Specific elevated standards to enable elite markets to be accessed (through
special packaging; market access protocols – disinfestation for the Japan,
North America and South Pacific markets )

15
¾ The project Dragon fruit Quality Manual has been prepared in a form so that it can be
easily adapted to the different quality standard levels and also applied when installing
quality systems to the selected standards across other crops
¾ Material generated by the project for training stakeholders is relevant for many other
applications in horticulture in Vietnam
¾ A measurement of the capability built within the project team at SOFRI over the life
of the project is clearly demonstrated by the respect of colleagues and management
and the responsibilities assumed which have included:
• Dr Nguyen Van Hoa and Mr Nguyen Huu Hoang were involved in a MARD
funded international project developing GAP systems in mango in the Mekong
Delta
• Mr Nguyen Huu Hoang travelled to Cuba as a consultant to evaluate
horticulture
• Mr Nguyen Huu Hoang accompanied Dr Nguyen Minh Chau and others to
Malaysia to attend an International Tropical Fruit Networks (TFNet) conference
– Market and Marketing of Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit 16-18 July 2007.
• Dr Hoa and Mr Hoang attended a workshop: Increasing Quality of Vegetable
and Fruit (BRC Standard) for EU export: Held by VinaFruit and SIPPO (Swiss
Import Promotion Programme) held at SOFRI 12/13 July. Workshop material
has been subsequently used during training
• The project team participated in the SOFRI dragon fruit clinic in the Tien Giang
Province on 23 August 2007.
¾ It is great to report that two of the projects key people, Dr Nguyen Minh Chau,

director of SOFRI, and Mr Tran Ngoc Hiep, director of Hoang Hau Dragon Fruit
Farm Co Ltd. (the project pilot), have been appointed as directors of The Vietnam
Fruit Association (VinaFruit). It is expected their input to VinaFruit will add
momentum to the development of a well organised and sustainable GAP dragon fruit
industry.
¾ Capability building of the SOFRI project team has been clearly demonstrated by their
contribution as quality practitioners to the project pilot, to the improvement of small-
holder farmers understanding of GAP, at the political level, through setting examples
to their colleagues and in the implementation of GAP principles to other crops of
Vietnam. (PowerPoint
®
presentations given for Sri Lanka, Mango and Citrus will be
sent electronically on CD)

5.3.2 An assessment of the impact on stakeholders/beneficiaries: Farmer dragon fruit
returns.

Pre-project values:
In May 2005 at the commencement of the Dragon fruit GAP project the prices being paid by
export and local market packhouses to the farmer at the packhouse were advertised as:
 Fruit weighing >320 gms @ 3.000 dong per kg
 Fruit weighing >500 gms @ 5,000 dong per kg
 Fruit weighing >550 gms @ 8,000 dong per kg

Current non-GAP values:
At project completion in September 2007 prices being received at the farm gate were
observed as being very similar to those at the start of the project. Seasonal fluctuations saw
prices fluctuate between 2,500 dong and 12,000 dong per kg during project implementation.

16

The SOFRI project team had received a report that a consignment of non-GAP certified
dragon fruit had been condemned in an export market.

GAP values:
It is the custom in the Vietnam dragon fruit industry for the packer to purchase the fruit for
export direct from the farmer. Prices paid for the farmers fruit is determined by the current
export and local market demand – orders received by the packhouse. Farmer’s dragon fruit
are graded for appropriateness to each market standard upon receipt at the packhouse so fruit
prices can vary considerably depending on size, maturity and quality. There can also be
significant amounts of fruit being downgraded as not suitable for any of the markets and this
fruit is usually returned to the farmer.

During the transition period of installing GAP in the project pilot the pilot packhouse
operator paid those suppliers embarking on quality production a bonus of 2,000 dong per kg
above the rate paid to other suppliers.

The project’s intention from the start of the pilot development was to have dragon fruit
market returns come back to the farmer with all costs deducted by the packhouse. All
components such as packing, packaging, compliance, market access, cool storage, freight,
levies, etc. would be on a fee for service basis and where possible, documented in a pre-
agreed schedule of costs between the packer and supplying farmer. This arrangement was
required to determine the potential viability of the project initiative: “Does safe, legal and
quality dragon fruit exported to high value markets significantly increase profits to the
farmer?”

Now that the dragon fruit pilot farmer group has met with EUREPGAP compliance, certified
dragon fruit can be exported to the high value markets of the UK and Europe. This fruit will
be sold into supermarkets. When the pilot packhouse complies with the BRC Standards,
export to elite markets in those countries will commence and even higher prices for
compliant dragon fruit can be expected.

Certifying Body external audit








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The new dragon fruit project will document market returns and production and export costs
to accurately determine this project’s impact on stakeholders/beneficiaries.

The following schedule documents all stages of the process from the farm to the customer
and includes the value of each step of the pilot:
 Fruit presented at the farm gate to the safe, legal and quality standards demanded by
the market and conveyed to the farmer by the packhouse
 Transport of fruit to the packhouse

 Packing of the dragon fruit
 Packaging
 Compliance requirements
 Coolstorage
 Transport and container hire
 Documentation
 Freight to the market – by air
 Freight to the market – by sea
 Port of entry compliance
 Levies
 Sales

Following is a report, as a result of a request by the project leader, from Utopia UK in
relation to dragon fruit prices, quality and supply chain information:

• Potential dragon fruit returns from various high value markets
Dragon Fruit is sold for £1.99 per piece by the major high street supermarkets. We are
buying the fruit at £12 - £14/ box of 12 fruit. We are making anything up to 15% selling it to
them. The lion's share obviously goes to the supermarkets who are making at least 30%. It
is important however to realise that we in most cases are making minimal profits (4%) and
sometimes losses because of the obvious quality issues associated with the highly perishable
product. This is the reason why sea freight is the main target for future developments (short
term) and the reason we feel Hoang Hau are in the right position to drive this forward with
us. They have made attempts in the past and we feel with the ideal and structured assistance
and help from you (HortResarch), their Southern Fruit Research Institute and us we should
be able to succeed.
• The quality standards associated with those markets
I have attached for you our specification for Dragon Fruit. Please note that our market
demands smaller fruit though for full flavour and maximum taste it is the larger fruit that
delivers. We therefore need to educate the market and change somewhat the perception that

small is better which is the case for other products. Having said that I believe with the
current China market that usually takes the bigger fruit Vietnam would be in a better
position to supply the more lucrative UK market with the smaller fruit.
• Supply chain steps and associated costs - can you work back from the market end
as it is difficult to get information out of Vietnam

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Currently all fruit is air freight from Ho Chi Minh City airport into the UK mainly London
Heathrow Airport.
Process:
o Trucked from packhouse to HCM airport in unchilled (in precooled
containers from the pilot packhouse)
o At airport individual boxes are weighed and re stacked onto pallet (Critical
Control Point) - (possible mishandling, temperature abuse)
o Depending on the flight departure times product could potentially stay un-
chilled until loaded on plane.
o Product loaded on plane for UK via Hong Kong or another stop over
destination
o Arrives London after a 14 hour journey and is stored in the airport cold stores
for processing and checking documentation etc
o Collected by refrigerated trucks and transported to our facilities. A 2-3 hour
drive.
o Ideal temperature for travel would be 8C which is what all refrigerated trucks
will be set at.
o Once at our packhouse we carry out an intake check and within 1 hour
product is stored in our chillers at 8C

• Any other information you feel can help with
o Ideal temperature for travel would be 8C which is what all refrigerated trucks
will be set at.

o Comparing quality, Vietnamese fruit is the best of fruit from Thailand and
Israel however on price Vietnamese fruit is more expensive by up to £5 per
box. Thailand at £10 per box and Israel at £8-£9 per box all 12 fruit.
o The fact supply is all year round makes it ideal as a supply source because
continuity and uniformity is therefore more guaranteed. Thailand comes in
for 4-5 months and Israel 2-3 months with inconsistent supply even in the
short window they have.
o It is important we change the mind set of the growers in Vietnam to
understand the high demands of UK market. We believe there is no substitute
to food safety, good agricultural practices and ethical issues in food
production. More and more we are being aware of the impact food
production make on the environment which is resulting in more stringent rules
and regulations. Having said all this, the reward is greater for those
exporting and taking advantage of the UK market.
o Us as the customer we believe in relationships with suppliers as more of a
partnership with both mutually benefiting from it. We believe in sharing
particularly information, technology and working together to constantly
improve the product and the industry as a whole in supply countries.
o Other areas that need improvement would be handling, packaging and in
particular traceability.
o It’s important also to look into producing the different varieties particularly
the red flesh- red skin and the yellow skin-white flesh which the other
countries mentioned above are vigorously developing.

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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION AGREEMENT

DRAGON FRUIT

PRODUCT SIZE: 250g minimum weight

APPEARANCE: FRUIT MUST BE INTACT, EVENLY SIZED AND GRADED, SOUND,
CLEAN. FREE FROM ALL EVIDENCE OF EXCESSIVE EXTERNAL
MOISTURE, ABNORMAL TAINTS OR SMELLS. THE FRUIT MUST
BE CAREFULLY HAND PICKED

TASTE: MILD SWEET FLAVOUR

TEXTURE: SLIGHTLY SOFT

COLOUR – INTERNAL: WHITE FLESH WITH BLACK SEEDS OR PURPLE
FLESH WITH BLACK SEEDS
EXTERNAL: PINK BODY WITH GREEN FLESHY LOBES

MATURITY: NO SIGNS OF DEHYDRATION TO THE LOBES

SHAPE: OVAL

DEFECTS: FRUIT SHOULD BE FREE FROM: PESTS AND DISEASE,
SOILING, SPLITS, SEVERE SKIN SCARRING, BRUISING AND
BLEMISH
TRACEABILITY: EACH BOX MUST CARRY A DAY-OF-PACKING DATE AND A
GROWER CODE


ANY PRODUCT SUPPLIED TO UK:
• MUST NOT BE GROWN FROM PLANTS OF GMO
• MUST NOT BE IRRADIATED AT ANY POINT
• MUST CONFORM TO UK AND EU MRL FOR PESTICIDES

• MUST REMAIN FULLY TRACEABLE THROUGHOUT THE SUPPLY CHAIN,
WITH RECORDS RETAINED FOR INSPECTION, AND TRACEABILITY CODES
ON OUTER CASES
• MUST HAVE NO INDIVIDUAL STICKERS WHATSOEVER PLACED ON ANY
FRUITS




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Packing to BRC Global Standard Food




Packing of dragon fruit practices before
project intervention

5.4 Publicity
There has been no new significant in-country publicity during this reporting period.

The Nelson Mail printed an article on the NZ project leader and his involvements with aid
projects in July. The Dragon fruit GAP project and donor recognition were included in the
article. The article subsequently resulted in the project leader presenting a lecture on aid
project management as part of an English language course being held at the Nelson
Marlborough Institute of Technology on 10 August 2007 to 7 Vietnamese, 4 Cambodians, 4
Lao and 1 from Myanmar; all were government officials, some senior: – included Mr Bui Chi
Kien from the International Co-operation Department of MARD in Hanoi.

The project leader had an article published in the NZOQ October Q
NEWZ about the dragon
fruit project (Appendix 2 of the English version of this report)

5.5 Project Management
There has been no change to the Project Management team during the life of the project. The
project team continued to work well together with excellent, friendly, transparent and honest
communication.

This project has generated a significant amount of printed material through its reporting
obligations, the Dragon fruit Quality Manual development, project training material
generation, and other publications. As project material was prepared in English it all needed
to be subsequently translated into Vietnamese. Translations were, at times, burdensome to
the SOFRI project team however the importance of the translation process in the national

21
capability development and in improving the depth of understanding of the quality systems

and standards at the level applied in the project cannot be overestimated.

During the project some reporting obligations needed to be delayed because prerequisite
functions had not been completed. This was particularly the case with the Dragon fruit
Quality Manual which was due in draft form in Milestone 4 due on March 2006 with the
final draft due in Milestone 8 in May 2007: In reality the manual was progressively
developed in its final “living document” form in conjunction with the identification of pilot
participants and the development of the pilot. The manual is a complex and substantial
document and when completed still required translation into Vietnamese.

During the implementation of the project the project leader has endeavoured to advance
project delivery at the rate appropriate to the developing management and quality skills of
SOFRI and private sector personnel. The project leader has been delighted with the uptake
and knowledge transfer and is confident that these skills and understanding will be
instrumental in expanding the impact and sustainability following project completion. It has
been delightful to observe the shift of knowledge, skills and understanding from the project
leader to now very confident SOFRI quality practitioners. This approach to project delivery
was vastly different to the normal project management the SOFRI team had been exposed to.

Equipment purchases for the project for Year 1 and Year 2 are complete. A table of
equipment purchased, the identification information, equipment location and responsible
person appeared in Appendix 5 of the 3
rd
Progress Report, August 2006.
6. Report on Cross-Cutting Issues
6.1 Environment
Environmental issues identified during the benchmarking survey were addressed as part of
the technical transfer presentations to farmers during the project. They included:
¾ Safe use of agrichemicals
¾ Appropriate use of fertilisers to provide good plant nutrition without damaging the

environment
¾ Disposal of human waste and grey water
¾ Other areas identified in the standards of EUREPGAP, Section 13; Environmental
Issues and BRC, Section 3; Environmental Standards.

6.2 Gender and Social Issues
The CARD dragon fruit project implementation has systematically addressed gender and
social issues. For example, Good Agricultural Practices demand good working conditions,
appropriate treatment of labour, observation of good health and safety practices, etc. and
equal opportunity for both men and women, these conditions are reinforced through the
implementation of the quality standards of EUREPGAP and BRC.

Documentation of good working conditions, responsibilities and accountabilities and
conditions now appear in the Dragon fruit Quality Manual text and specifically in the
Position Description section.


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