Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " SOME TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS SUITABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SMALLHOLDER PIG PRODUCTION IN QUANG TRI AND THUA THIEN - HUE PROVINCES " doc

Collaboration for A
griculture and Rural Development
(CARD)
Program
100
SOME TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS SUITABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT
OF SMALLHOLDER PIG PRODUCTION IN QUA
NG TRI AND THUA
THIEN
-
HUE
PROVINCES
Project title:
A blueprint for sustainable smallholder pig production in Central Vietnam
Code of the project
: CARD 004/05 VIE
Author(s):
Duyen T.T.B.
1
, Do N.T.
2
, Linh N.Q.
3
, Darren T.
4
et al
Project Implementing or
ganisations:
1
National Institute of Animal Husbandry (NIAH), Vietnam
2

National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Vietnam
3
Hue University of Agr
iculture
and Fo
restry
, Vietnam
4
University of Queensland, Australia
SUMMARY
Mong Cai pigs are mainl
y kept in the rural households (80
-
90% of the local sow population) in two
provinces of Thua Thien Hue and Quang Tri, where the climate is extremely harsh with frequent
floods and droughts. Smallholder animal production with little capital and lack of know
ledge and
experience has hindered the application of new technical advances or new breeds with high
performance. Under the funding of the project CARD
-
004/05
-
VIE, a study entitled
"Some technical
solutions suitable for development of smallholder pig produc
tion in Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue"
has been carried out since 2008. The primary results showed that:
-
Breeding solution
: T

he genetic improvement of the local MC breeds was done by introduction of
breeding Mong Cai pigs (boars and sows) from
the norther
n provinces
for pure breeding with local
pigs
. Results showed a significant increase in the number of piglets weaned per litter, ranging from
9.87 to 10.81 piglets between before and after the improvement, respectively.
-
Housing solutions
: The type of ho
use for sow considerably affects on the number of piglets weaned
per litter and weight gain per day. The number of piglets weaned per litter in the new house style is
11.2 piglets while 8.2 piglets were found in the old house type.
Average daily gain of
12
6.25 g was
recorded in the new house type whereas it is 107 g in the old house type.
-
The technical solution
: heating technique and training to eat early for piglet result in increasing
number of piglets weaned per litter (10.8 piglets compared to 9.80 pi
glets) and shorten the weaning
time of piglets from 45 days to 30
-
35 days of age as well as increase the number of litters per sow per
year from 2 to 2.35 litters.
-
E. coli vaccine for the control of Colibacillosis in suckling pigs
: recording data includ

ing piglets born
alive, stillbirths, mummies or (died before parturition), deformities
e.g.
splay legs, abortion alive.
There is significant difference between vaccinated and control groups (P<0.05). Particularly, the
prevalence of piglets with diarrhoea i
n the first 3 weeks of life from vaccinated group were significant
lower compared to control group (P<0.05).
-
A profit per sow per year in the group of sows involved in the project is higher than that in the
remaining group (1,162,045 VND compared to 372,
663 VND, respectively).
Conclusion
:
The application of comprehensive technical solutions in the MC pig production in the
smallholder farmers leads to increase the productivity of the sow and brings high economic efficiency
for them.
Keywords
:
Mong Cai pig
s, pig breeding, Mong Cai pig husbandry technology, housing
design.
Duyen T.T.B., Darren T., Do N.T. & Linh N.Q.
101
1.
Introduction
Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue provinces are
located in the South Central Coast of Vietnam.
They are always influenced by the harsh
climate throughout the year. The soil s

lopes
and is always eroded by floods, and droughts
occur frequently. Pig production is mainly
based on smallholder farmers with little capital
and lack of husbandry knowledge.
Mong Cai pigs are raised mainly in the
smallholder farmers. 80
-
90% of the total
sow
population are kept for breeding resources
purpose. These breeding pigs, however, have
low reproductive performance. This is due to
many causes, one of which
is high level of
inbreeding.
Introgression of high performance
and healthy Mong Cai pigs into
the local MC
pigs to improve their genetic potential is
effective in the breeding program. In addition
,
the knowledge and skills in husbandry
technology, hygiene and disease prevention,
management and environmental protection
should be enhanced to suppo
rt the smallholder
farmers.
Application research of advanced technology
solution appropriate to local economic

–
social
conditions is necessary and needs urgent
attention. Under the financial
support of the
project CARD
-
004/05
-
VIE, we conducted the
study
entitled
"
Some technical solutions
suitable for development of smallholder pig
production in Quang Tri and Thua Thien
Hue
”
.
The main objective of the project is to increase
reproductive performance of Mong Cai sow
stock and
economic efficiency for smallho
lder
farmers. In addition, the project contribute to
the development of genetic resources of local
pure Mong Cai pigs in the central coastal
region.
2.
Contents and methodology

2.1
Study populations
The study was carried out in two provinces of
Quang tri
and Thua Thien Hue. In Quang Tri
province, two communes of Hai Phu and Hai
Thuong, which belongs to Hai Lang district,
was selected. In Thua Thien Hue province,
Quang An and Quang Tho communes of Hai
Lang district was included. Pure Mong Cai
breeding sow
s (MC) kept in the smallholder
farmers of these four communes were used for
this study.
2.2
Research content
s
and methodology
2
.
2
.1
Improvement of performance of the
local MC pigs by pure breeding
program
o
Introgression the MC breeding sows /
males collec
ted from the Northern
provinces into the MC male / sow kept

in the study areas.
o
To monitor and evaluate the
productivity of the MC pig stocks
2.2.2
Study on the effect of house type and
nestbox to reproductive performance of
sows and growth of piglets
o
In
fluence of house type:
-
New house type: The pig house
was separated from the kitchen.
The pig house was upgraded with 4
roofs (designed by experts of the
CARD project).
-
Old house type: The pig house
located in or near the kitchen with
the phibro cement or
tole roof of
poor ventilation.
o
Effect of nestboxes to the number of
piglets weaned and the growth ability
of piglets
-
A total of 20 MC sows was selected
and randomly divided into two

groups (10 sows per group).
Experimental group was supplied a
nestbox (des
igned by Project
CARD)
to protect young piglets
from cold weather and the control
group
was not provided the
nestbox.
-
Temperature, humidity and heat
index (HI) of all pig houses were
daily measured in both groups by
using the measuring machine
"Pocket We
ather Tracker (Kestrel
4000)."
-
Duyen T.T.B., Darren T., Do N.T. & Linh N.Q.
102
2.2.3
Application research of the E. coli
vaccines in preventing the diarrhoea
disease in
pigs during 10 days of age
o
Identification the cause of diarrhoea:
faecal samples were obtained from
suckling piglets with diarrhoea.

All
samples were tested for the presence of
TGE, Rota,
E. coli
K99 by ELISA test;
E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium
perfringens
by isolation and
confirmation tests; Cocci oocysts by
standard faecal flotation
o
Safety and efficacy testing of vaccine
in a small
scale trial: Pregnant sows
each received intramuscularly 2 ml of
vaccine (1
st
at 3
-
4 weeks before
farrowing; 2
nd
at 2
-
3 weeks before
farrowing).
o
Piglets born from vaccinated and
unvaccinated sows were recorded for
the following data: piglets born alive,

stillbirths, mummies or (died before
parturition), deformities
e.g.
splay
legs, abortion, number of piglets with
diarrhoea (week 1, 2 3).
2.3.4
Evaluation of application efficiency in
the alignment of all solutions
o
Economic efficiency: Analysis of
finan
ce of each part and investment
efficiency, i.e., total cost / litter, total
income / litter and profits / litter.
Statistical analysis
: The data was analysed
based on statistical method in biology using
the Minitab program version 13.0.
3.
Results and di
scussions
3.1
Improvement of productivity of the
local MC pig by pure breeding
program
To assess
the effectiveness of this work, we
compared the performance of the MC pigs
before and after pure breeding program. The

r
esults are presented in Table 1.
The
objective of the project is to increase the
litter size from 11 piglets before the pure
breeding program to 11.50 piglets after the
pure breeding program. However, the litter
size of 11.43 piglets was obtained in this study
which increases by only 0.33 pig
let compared
to the litter size before the pure breeding
program. This limitation could be due to the
impact of the Blue Ear disease which has
affected the productivity of pigs.
Although
statistically they are no significant difference
(P> 0.05), but in fa
ct the litter size of MC pig
has been raised. Compared to the previous
reports, this result is higher than the result of
Nguyen Que Coi et al. (2005) and lower than
the results of Le Van Sang et al (2008) who
found that the litter size is 11.07 piglets and
11.92 piglets, respectively.
Table 1
: Comparison of performance of the Mong Cai sow stock before and after the pure breeding
program
Criteria
Before
After

n
X
SD
n
X
SD
Litter size (piglet)
128
11.10
a
1.77
193
11.43
a
2.47
The
number of piglets
bor
n alive/litter
128
10.73
a
1.60
193
11.09
a
2.50
Body weights at birth
(kg)
128

6.23
a
0.94
193
6.70
a
1.74
Number of piglets to rear /
litter
(piglet)
128
10.17
a
1.32
193
10.97
b
2.22
Number of piglets weaned/
litter
(piglet)
128
9.87
a
1.22
193
10.81
b
2.11
Weaning weight

(kg)
128
57.67
12.76
193
53.74
14.71
Weaning time (day)
128
42.50
5.37
193
37.24
8.41
a,b: P <0.05; 0.01
CARD 004/05 VIE
–
Improvement of pig production in Central Vietnam
103
Fig
ures 1&2.
High performance Pure Mong Cai replacement gilts approaching target weight to be
artificially inseminated with
exotic boar semen
Litter size is important criteria in the breeding
sow production.
The number of piglets born
alive/litter
has increased from 10.73 before the
pure breeding program to 11.09 piglets after

the pure breeding program. This increase was
no
t significant difference (P
> 0.05). This
study is in agreement with the finding of 11.03
piglets reported by Tuyen et al. (2008) but
higher than the report of 10.12 piglets in the
study of Tiep et al. (2009).
Number of piglets to rear/
litter highly
depend
s
on
the number of piglets born alive/litter
and
the quality of piglets born. The difference on
the n
umber of piglets to rear/
litter between
before and after the pure breeding program
(10.17 and 10.97 piglets, respectively)
is
statistically significant (P
<0.05).
The number of piglets weaned
is the most
important criterion for assessing the
productivity of sows. Results showed that the
number of piglets weaned found after pure
breeding program is very high compared to

that before the program (10.81 piglets
vs.
9.87
piglets). This finding is higher than the recent
reports of 9.54 and 9.61 piglets in the studies
of Sang et al. (2008) and
Tuyen et al (2008),
respectively.
Body weight at birth
is
directly influenced by
the number of piglets born alive. Variati
on of
this indicator before and after the program is
6.23 kg and 6.70 kg, respectively (P> 0, 05).
This result is higher than the report of
Thien et
al (1999) who reported that the body weight at
birth is 6.09 kg.
Weaning weight/litter of the two groups
before
and after the program is 57.67 kg and 53.74
kg, respectively. This difference is essentially
due to differences in weaning time (42.50 and
37.24 days, respectively) but not statistically
significant (P> 0.05). The weaning weight is
highly influence
d by the number of piglets
weaned and the weaning time. This result is in
agreement with results of Thien et al (1999)

who reported that the weaning weight varied
from 51.10 kg to 54.77 kg.
Comments
: The above results show that the
pure breeding program be
tween MC pig
groups to improve genetics of the local MC
has brought great efficiency. R
eproductive
performance of sows has increased.
Although
it is not statistically significant (P> 0.05), in
terms of practical production, this rise is
extremely important
. Specially, increase in
the
number of piglets weaned is significantly
different (P
<0.05).
3.2
Effect of house type and nestbox on
reproductive performance of sows
and growth of piglets
3.2.1
Effect of house type on reproductive
performance of sows

The en
vironmental factors in the house
Duyen T.T.B., Darren T., Do N.T. & Linh N.Q.

104
Table 2
. Temperature, humidity and wind speed in the new and old house type
Factor
n
Old house type
New house type
X
± SD
X
± SD
Temperature (
0
C)
Temperature
30
22.19
a
± 4.51
25.62
b
± 2.72
Heating index (HI)
30
1
9.58
a
± 5.51
23.2
b

± 2.07
Humidity (%)
30
89,9
a
± 7.13
81.9
b
± 5.04
Wind speed (m/second)
30
0.1
0.2
a,b: P<0.05; 0.01
Temperature, HI and humidity of the new
house type and old house type are significantly
different (P <0.05). This indicates that
improvement of the house results in lower
temperature and more ventilation in the house.

The impact of house types to the
reproductive performance of sows
Table 3 shows that although the number of
piglets born live/litter between the two types of
new and o
ld house is not statistically different,
there is significant increase (P <0.001) in
number of piglets weaned /litter of the type
raised in the new house, suggesting that this
indicator has been enhanced by improvements

of micro
-
climates in the new house s
tyle while
using the box for piglet learn how to eat and
heat lamps for piglets.
Our results are lower
than the findings of some authors such as
Duyet (2006) and Duong (1999). The reason
could be due to the influence of blue ear
disease occurred in the are
as.
Table 3.
Productivity of sows raised in the new house type and the old house type
Criteria
n (litter)
New house type
New house type
X
± SD
X
± SD
The
number of piglets
born alive/litter
12
10.47 ± 1.53
11.12 ± 2.57
The
number of piglets weaned

/litter
12
8.2 ± 2.16
a
9.25 ± 1.22
b
Weight gain per day (g/day)
12
107 ± 15.42
a
126.25 ± 19.50
b
Disease infected (n)
12
2.53 ± 1.33
1.33 ± 1.75
a,b: P<0.05; 0.01
Fig
3.
Old house type.
Bedding was manually
removed using brooms
Fig 4. New house
type with more ventilation
CARD 004/05 VIE
–
Improvement of pig production in Central Vietnam
105
There is significant differences (P <0.01) on
weight gain per day before weaning of piglets

in the two groups of sows which are kept in
two types of house (107 g/day in an old house
compared to 126.25 g /day in the new house
style).
Number of litter have infected the
Diarrhea disease between two types of houses
are different but there is no statistically
significant.
However, during experiment, it is very cold
and this hard weather is longer than the
previous years.
In the ne
w house, piglets were
kept in house with better climate temperature
and humidity.
3.2.2
Effect of nestbox on reproductive
performance of sows and growth of
piglets
Table 4.
Temperature, humidity and heat index of the control and experimental group
Indic
ator
Unit
Control
(n = 10)
Experiment
(n = 10)
P
μ ± SE

μ ± SE
Temperature
Morning
o
C
24.7 ± 0.51
26.0 ± 0.14
0.02
Noon
o
C
27.5 ± 0.12
28.4 ± 0.14
0.01
Afternoon
o
C
25.6 ± 0.11
26.8 ± 0.12
0.01
Humidity
Morning
%
92.0 ± 0.13
88.5 ± 0.59
0.01
Noon
%
83.9 ± 0.24
80.1 ± 0.34

0
.01
Afternoon
%
89.0 ± 0.15
85.8 ± 0.29
0.01
Heat index (HI)
Morning
o
C
27.3 ± 0.18
28.8 ± 0.24
0.01
Noon
o
C
35.1 ± 1.37
34.1 ± 0.35
0.63
Afternoon
o
C
29.9 ± 0.23
32.6 ± 1.56
0.02
The results in Table 4 indicates that the
nestbox significa
ntly improves environment
for the newborn piglets (P<0.01). In the cold

and wet winter in the central areas (the
experimental group was kept in warmer
temperature, lower humidity which is more
suitable for the piglets than the control group).
In order to a
ssess influence of nestbox on
reproductive performance of the MC sow kept
in the smallholder farmers, we monitored the
reproduction criteria of the sows. The results
are presented in Table 5.
Fig
5&6
.
Suckling piglets warding off winter ‘chill’ in a
creep box
Duyen T.T.B., Darren T., Do N.T. & Linh N.Q.
106
Table 5
.
Reproductive performance of the MC sows in the control and experimental groups
No
Criteria
Unit
Control
(µ±SE)
Experiment
(µ±SE)
P
1
Litter size

piglet/ litter
10.5±0.48
11.6±0.40
0.87
2
Number of piglet weaned
piglet/ litter
9.80±0
.20
10.8±0.39
0.03
3
Body weight at birth/piglet
Kg
0.68±0.01
0.68±0.01
1.0
4
Weaning weight/piglet
Kg
7.07±0.09
8.30±0.07
0.01
8
Total weaning weight
Kg /litter
69.3±1.78
88.9±2.72
0.01
9

Feed consumption to produce 1kg of
weaning piglet
Kg TA/kg LW
5
.38±0.11
4.31±0.09
0.01
Table 5 shows that the litter size and weight at
birth is no difference between the two groups
(P> 0.05), b
ut number of piglets weaned,
weaning weight and feed consumption to
produce one kg of weaned pigs have
significant differ
ences between two groups (p
<0.05
-
0.01).
That means the use of nestbox for the piglet at
the newborn period have provided a favorable
environment for piglets (avoiding heat stress
after birth for piglets, providing warm and dry
environment for newborn pi
glet which results
in the lowest heat loss of piglets). Farrowed
sow
are cool and increase intake, milk
production as well as improve the economic
efficiency.
Comments

: The new house type designed by
the CARD project improves productivity of the
MC sows.
Their separation from the house of
the farmers contributes to reduce
environmental pollution.
Use of nestbox prevents heat stress for the
piglets after birth (dry clean, warm, low
humidity), health promotion and growth rate
for pigs nursing. In addition,
different
requirement on
temperature between farrowed
sows and piglets are solved.
3.3
A
pplication of E. coli vaccine for the
control of colibacillosis in suckling
pigs
Results of investigation on some of the most
common pathogens causing diarrhoea in
pig
lets in Quang Tri and Thua Thien
-
Hue
before vaccine trial are shown in Table 6.
It is
shown that: Rota and TGE viruses are among
the most common pathogens (78.16% and
65.52%); next by parasites (

Isospora suis
28.84%,
Cryptospridium 14.94%) and bacteria
(
E. coli
35.63%,
C. perfringens
12.64%).
These findings are in consistent with some
previous reports (Do et al, 2006).
Table 6
.
Results on detection of some most
common pathogens
Pathogen
Result
No. of positive
samples/Total
%
Rotavirus
68
78.16
TGE vi
rus
57
65.52
Isospora suis
25
28.84
Cryptospridium

13
14.94
E. coli
31
35.63
C. perfringens
11
12.64
Results on health status of piglets born from
vaccinated and non
-
vaccinated sows are shown
in Table 7.
Duyen T.T.B., Darren T., Do N.T. & Linh N.Q.
107
Table 7
.
Recorded criteria from vaccinated a
nd unvaccinated sows
Criteria
Vaccinated group
(n=159)
Control (Unvaccinated)
group
(n=14)
Piglets born alive
(piglets/sow)
11.31
10.51
Stillbirths

(piglets/sow)
0.19
0.37
Mummies
(piglets/sow)
0.09
0.14
Deformities
e.g.
splay
legs
(piglets/sow)
0.02
0.15
Abortion
(piglets/sow)
0
0.001
Prevalence of diarrhoea (%):
-
Week 1:
-
Week 2:
-
Week 3:
16.1
22.7
26.5
48.1
33.8

37.5
It is shown that there are significant
differences on the numbers of
piglets born
alive, stillbirth
s, mummies or (died before
parturition), deformities
e.g.
splay legs,
abortion
between the two groups (P<0.05).
Particularly, the prevalence of diarrhoea
piglets among the first 3 weeks of life was
lower in vaccinated group compared to control
group (P<0.0
5).
Results on examination of faecal samples from
diarrhoea piglets born from vaccinated and
unvaccinated (control) sows, once again show
very interesting findings (Table 8). TGEV, RV
and Cocci prevalence were not significantly
different between vaccinated
or non
-
vaccinated groups; C. perfringens was only
found in non
-
vaccinated group. None of the E.
coli isolates obtained from vaccinated group
possessed toxin genes, whilst the E. coli strains

isolated from the non
-
vaccinated group all still
carried STa, ST
b and/or LT toxin genes. This
study demonstrated that the implementation of
locally produced
E. coli
vaccine, not only
reduced the prevalence of pre
-
weaning
diarrhoea, but also may suppress the presence
of toxigenic E. coli strains in the gut of piglets.
Table 8
.
Summary of faecal examination from piglets with diarrhoea
Pathogens
Results (No. of positive samples; %)
Vaccinated group
(n=29)
Control
(n=8)
Rotavirus
17 (58.62)
8 (87.50)
TGE virus
18 (62.07)
6 (75.00)
Isospor

a suis
10 (34.48)
3 (37.50)
Cryptospridium
3 (10.34)
1 (12.50)
E. coli
8 (27.59)
6 (75.00)
C. perfringens
0 (0)
3 (37.50)
3.4
Evaluation of applying technical
solutions
In 2009, cessation of the PRRS epidemic and
stable pig prices coincided with major
advancements in farmers’ k
nowledge and
skills base so that it was possible, through
accurate record keeping to determine the
number of pigs sold/sow/year. The majority of
farmers sold their weaners at 6
-
8 weeks of age
at 25,000
-
30,000 VND/kg.
A final survey of randomly selected c
ontrol

and demonstration farms was completed in
Dec
-
Feb 2009 with 30 farms/each group. In
addition a high priority intervention checklist
Duyen T.T.B., Darren T., Do N.T. & Linh N.Q.
108
was submitted as an attachment with each
electronic record. The results showed that in
table 9.
Table 9
.
Economical e
fficiency of sow raising/litter (VND)
Criteria
Control
Project group
1. Production performance
-
Number piglet weaned/litter
9.09 ± 1.53
9.46 ± 0.98
-
Weaning weight/litter at 45 day for the control
group and 35 day for the project group
7.07 ± 1.38
7.05 ± 0.45
-
Number litter/sow/year
2

2.3
2
Economical efficiency
: (VND)
-
Input cost (VND/litter)
Feed
1,285,326
1,067,088
Veterinary
130,000
100,000
Mating
30,000
20,000
Water and electric
100,000
100,000
Sow depreciati
on
100,000
100,000
In put total
1,645,326
1,387,088
-
Output cost (VND/litter)
Price of piglets at 37
-
45 days of age (VND/kg)

25,000
25,000
Income from piglets/litter
1,606,658
1,667,325
Income from faces and gas
200,000
200,000
Outpu
t/litter
1,831,658
1,892,325
3. Profit/litter
186,332
505,237
Profit/sow/year
372,663
1,162,045
Efficience/invested capital
8.830
2.745
Results in table above shows, the application
of technical advances in MC pigs has increased
the producti
vity of pigs. Compared with the
control group, the project farms have number
piglet weaned/litter higher (9.46 piglet vs 9.09
piglet) and number litter/sow/year is higher
(2.3 vs 2 litter/sow/year), the reason is due to
the piglets are weaned earlier lead

ing to the
suckling time will be shorter and reduce
attrition rate of sow after weaning, return
heating rate of sow will be increased, more
stable income from selling pigs.
Estimated economic efficiency through
parameters such as total input/litter; Total
output/litter showed that. Applying technical
advances improved profit/sow/year in the
project farms (1,162,045 VND vs 372,663
VND in the control farms).
Overall, efficiency/invested capital in project
farms was higher than in control farm. In the
project
farms in order to obtain 1000 VND
profit needed to invest 2,7450 VND while
needed to invest 8,830VND in the control
farm.
The best demonstration farms in Quang Tri
and Thua Thien Hue achieved 20
-
22 pigs
sold/sow/year. The majority of piglets were of
CARD 004/05 VIE
–
Improvement of pig production in Central Vietnam
109
un
iform size with excellent growth rates.
Poorly fed sows with chronic mange do not

breed as well and need to be replaced whereas
healthy high performance Mong Cai have
higher conception, birth and weaning rates. In
addition, the successful incorporation of
biogas
production for cooking, composting with
earthworms, effluent disposal, integrated
farming practices and overall increased
knowledge and skills through being an active
member of a Farmer Club, provided farmers
with many intangible benefits and increa
sed
profits. By far the greatest benefit was
prevention of preweaning diarrhoea by
vaccination using the
E. coli
vaccine, treatment
of 3
-
5 day
-
old piglets with a single treatment
of toltrazuril for coccidiosis (Baycox) and
provision of a clean, dry and war
m creep area
and eradication of mange.
4.
Conclusions and recommendation
s
o

The application of comprehensive
technical solutions on breed, pig housing,
creepbox for piglet and vaccination E. coli
vaccine for the control of Colibacillosis in
suckling pigs i
n the MC pig production
leads to increase the productivity of the
MC sow especially the average number
piglet weaned/litter was 9.46 piglets in the
project farms vs 9.09 piglet in the control
farms. The suckling time was reduced
from 42 days to 37 days whi
le the
weaning weight/piglet was equivalent
(7.07 vs 7.05 kg/piglet, respectively).
Litter number/sow/year was also
improved (2.35 vs 2 litter/sow/year,
respectively).
o
Pig production under household condition
in Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue with
the applic
ation comprehensive technical
solution was successful and brings high
economic efficiency for them (1,162,045
VND vs 372,663 VND at the farms out of
the project).
o
To replicate the model MC pigs with high
economic efficiency after the project

ends, it is ne
cessary to connect the Mong
Cai pig farmers under group form to share
experiences, knowledge and
achievements.
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