LUẬT TỐ TỤNG DÂN SỰ - CHỨNG CỨ VÀ CHỨNG MINH NGUỒN CHỨNG CỨ THEO QUY ĐỊNH CỦA PHÁP LUẬT TỐ TỤNG DÂN SỰ VÀ THỰC TIỄN ÁP DỤNG

38 TAP CHi KHOA H Q C PHAP LY V i g T NAM S6 04(l25)/2g^

CHONG ClJVA CHl}NG C ] J D I £ N TtT
THEO QUY DINH CtTA PHAP L U A T T6 T U N G
D A N S U VlfiT NAM vA THUC TifiN A P D U N G

NGUYEN H A I ^
Vy Giam ddc. ki^m tra vfe dSn sy, kinh doanh - dniong mji, Toa an nhOn fto^' ' "°
Department of Civil, Business, Commerce Cassation and Supervision of die Supreme Peop e

EmaJ, anhailinh@gmail com

T o m tdt
ChUng cU trong f y vt^c ddn su la nhUng tai liiu, nhang tinh tidt cd th4t tin W' md
cdch khdch quan duac duong sU va cd nhdn, co quan, td chUc cung cdp cho loa an
ho4c Toa dn tu mmh thu th4p theo th-A tuc do phdp ludt quy djnh. Qua do, Toa an
se dUng lam cdn ai digidi quyit vu viSc ddn sU mdt cdch khdch quan, toan di^n. lu
thuc tiin gidi quyit cdc vu viic ddn sU cho thdy tf li dn bi htiy, bi stia qua nhtiu cdp
xet xil xudt phdt tU viic chua xdc dinh ddy dU chUng cti vd chua ddnh dting chUng cU
dichUng minh cho tmh tiit khdch quan trong vif viic ddn sU. Bdi viit tdp trung nghiSn
cUu ngudn chUng cU vdt chdt vd chiing ai diSn til theo quy dinh ciia phdp luit td tung
ddn su va thuc tiin xdc dmh ngudn chiing cU cang nhu ddnh gid chUng cU.

Tfl khoa: chUng ai, chUng ai diin tii, chiing cU v4t chdt

Abstract
Evidence in a dvd case or matter is any matter of fact which is handed over or produced
to the court by the parties, agencies, organizations or other individuab in the litigation
process or collected by the court according to the order and procedures prescribed by this
Code and used by the court as the basisfor ascertaining objective details of the case as well
as whether the parties' claims or protests are welt-grounded and lauful. From the practice

of resolving civil cases, it wasfound that case cancellation and case modification rates after
being through many levels of trial stem from the insuffiaence and unrightfiil judgement
of evidence to prove the objective circumstances in civil matters. This article focuses on
researching material evidetKe and electronic evidence in accordance with the civil procedure
law and the practice of identifying evidence sources and evatuatmg evidence.

K e y w o r d s : evidence, electronic evidence, material evidence

Ngay nh$n bai: 21/02/2019 Ngay duyet ddng: 15/04/2019

1. Q u y d i n h vfe c h i i n g c i i v a n g u d n c h d n g cU t h e o q u y d i n h c d a
phap luat td tung dan su

B d luat T d t u n g d a n sil ( B L T T D S ) n a m 2 0 1 5 (co h i ^ u lUc chi h a n h tU
ngay 01/7/2016) g6m 517 diSu, dildc b6 cue thanh 10 p h i n , 42 chuong.
S o vdi B o lu§t T d t u n g d a n sU n a m 2 0 0 4 (dttdc siia d6i, h6 s u n g n a m 2011)
thi B L T T D S n a m 2 0 1 5 g i a nguyfin 6 3 di'^u; siia d 6 i , h6 s u n g 3 5 0 di^u- ^ ^
sung m d i 104 difeu; bai b o 07 difeu. T r o n g B L T T D S n S m 2 0 1 5 , cac quy
d i n h vfe c h ^ n g c d , c h U n g m i n h dU0c nfiu tai C h U d n g V I I g b m 20 difeu (tij
Difeu 9 1 dfen Difeu 110) v a siia d 6 i t o a n b 6 2 0 difeu.

LUAT TO TVNG D A N STJ

Chdng cU duoc xem la phUOng tifen quan trong d^ cac cd quan ti^'n
hanh t6 tung lam sang to n6i dung, tinh ti^t nhim giai quy^t vy vi6c din
sy mOt each diing dSn. Chdng cd trong vu vi^c d^n sd la nhilng g^ cd th^t
dUdc dddng sy va cd quan, td chdc, ca nhin khac giao ndp, xuSit trinh cho
Toa an trong qua trinh td tung hoac do Toa an thu th^p dUdc theo thii tyc
do Bd luat nay quy dinh va dugc Tda an sd dyng lam can cd d^ xac dinh cac
tmh ait khach quan cua vu an cQng nhu xac djnh yfeu c^u hay sd phan ddi

cda dddng sd la cd cSn cd va hop phap.' Cd th^ hi^u, chdng cd la nhdng gi
tdn tai trong th^ gidi vat ch^t, thfe" gidi tinh thin ma con ngddi cd thi nhin
bifet duOc; chdng cd ludn chda ddng sU that khach quan. Tuy nhifen, quy
dinh cua BLTTDS nam 2015 chda thfe hien ro cac vin dfe vfe ban chit cda
chdng cd cUng nhu cac chu thfe cd quyfen va trach nhifem thu th^p chdng
cd, sd dung chdng cd dfe chdng minh. Myc dich cua vifec sd dung chiing cd
la nh^m xac djnh cac thdng tin, tinh tife't, sd kifen khach quan cua vy vi^c
dan svT. Do dd, chdng cd cd th^ dddc hifeu la nhflng thdng tin, sy ki^n, tinh
tifet cd that, duoc thu thgp theo mdt trinh tu do phap luat quy d;nh do cac
dddng sd, ca nhan, cd quan, td chdc khac giao ndp cho Tda an hojc do
Tda an thu th^p dudc Tda an sd dung lam can cd dfe xac dinh cac tinh tifet
khach quan cua vy vifec dan sU. BLTTDS nam 2015 quy dinh chdng cd
ddOc thu th^p td cac ngudn sau day;

i.l. Tai tiiu doc dupc, nghe duac, nhin dupc, da liiu diin tdi
Theo quy dinh cda BLTTDS nam 2015, cac tai H^u doc ddOc, nghe
dddc, nhin ddOc la ngudn chdng cd, td cac tai hfeu dd cd thfe tim ra cac
chdng cd. Song cac tai lifeu doc dddc, nghe dddc, nhin duoc cd the ddOc
Tba an sd dung la chdng cd phai thda man nhflng yfeu cau nhat dinh. Hdi
ddng T h ^ phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao hddng dan xac dinh; "cdc tdi liiu
doc duac ndi dung phdi la bdn chi'nh hogc hdn sao co cdng chiing, chdng thuc hap
phdp hoic do ca quan, td ehUc ed thdm quyin cung cdp, xdc nhdn. Bdn chinh co thi
Id bdn gdc ho4c bdn dupc dUng lam ca s3 Up ra cdc bdn sao"? BLTTDS nam 2015
quy djnh; "Tdi liiu doc duoc ndi dung duac coi la chiing ed niu Id bdn chinh ha4c
bdn sao ed cdng chUng, chiing thuc hgp phdp ho4c do ca quan, td chiic co thdm quyin
cung cdp, xdc nhdn"?
Nhd v^y, cac tai hfeu doc dddc gdm: (i) ban chinh; (ii) ban sao cd cdng
chdng, chdng thyc hop phap; (iii) tai li^u do cd quan, td chdc cd th^m
quyfen cung c^p, xac nhjn. Theo Td difen tife'ng Vifet, ban gdc ddOc hifeu la
"bdn viit ddu tiin, la vdn bdn phdp ly dupc diing dUdm cO sd Idp ra cdc bdn sao".'*

DiSu 93 BLTTDS nam 2015.
Di^m a khoin 2 Di&u 3 Nghj quyi^t sd 04/2012/NQ-HDTP cda H(>i dong Tldm phan Tda
an nhan dan tdi cao.
Khoan 1 Di^u 95 BLTTDS nam 2015.
Homing Phfi (chu bifin), TU diin tiing Vi(t, Nxb. D^ NSng, 1998, tr. 28,

40 TAP CHi KHOA HOC PHAP LY VlgT NAM s6 0 4 ( 1 2 ^ ^ ^

Bfen canh dd, nghi dinh cua Chinh phd quy dinh vfe tham quyfen, thd tuc

dp ban sao tU sd gdc; chdng thdc ban sao td ban chinh; chdng thiJc ch

k)?; chdng thUc hop ddng, giao dich; gia trj phap ly cda ban sao ddOc ^^P _
sd gdc, ban sao dudc chUng thdc td ban chinh, chd ky ddOc chdng thdc v^

hop ddng, giao djch ddOc chdng thyc; quan ly nha nddc vfe chdng "^^'^^,
hddng dSn xac dinh; "bdn chinh Id nhUnggidy td, vdn bdn do cO quartt.d. chiic
CO thdra quy^n cdp l^n ddu, cdp Ui, cdp khi ddng ky hi; nhUnggidy tdb,dvndtdtoj

cd nhdn tu Idp co xdc nh4n vd dong ddu cda co quan, tS chiic cd thdm quyen^ ' ,, ,

"bdn sao la bdn chifp tU bdn chinh ho4c bdn ddnh mdy co ndi dung ddy du, c

xdc nhu ndi dung ghi trong sd gdc" .^ ,

Nhd vay, ban chinh la ban gdc, la ban dau tifen, la ban dddc ddng dfe
lam ra ban sao. NgUdc lai, ban sao la ban ddOc lam ra td ban %6c hay dddc
chep lai td ban gdc. Vi du, ban hop ddng vay tai san do hai bfen Up ra^ cung
ky vao va ddOc cac ben thUa nhan hay ban sao cua hdp dbng vay tai san do

dddc sao cd cdng chdng ddOc xac dinh la chdng cd trong vu an tranh chap
vfe hdp ddng vay tai san. Tuy nhien, xac dinh thfe nao la ban chinh hay ban
gdc va ban dddc dung lam cd sd lap ra cac ban sao? Gia trj ban gdc va ban
dUdc dung lam cO sd lap ra ban sao la mdt vi ndi dung tUdng td nhU ban
gdc, nhung vfe hinh thdc ban gdc va ban dimg lam cd sd dfe Ijp ra ban sao
khdng phai la gidng nhau.

Bfen c?nh dd, Hdi ddng Tham phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao hddng
dan xac dinh: "cdc tai liiu nghe dupe, nhin dupe phdi duac xudt trinh kem theo
vdn bdn xdc nhdn xudt xU eda tdi liiu dd hogc vdn bdn v^ sU viic liin quan tdi
viic thu dm, thu hinh dd. Cdc tdi liiu nay co thi la bdng ghi dm, dia ghi dm,
bang ghi htnh, dia ghi hinh, phim, dnh... Niu dudng su khdng xudt trinh cdc
vdn bdn niu trin, thi tdi liiu nghe dupc, nhin duac md dudng su giao ndp khdng
duac eoi la chiing cU".''

Vl du 1: trong vy tai nan gjao thdng, ngddi bi h?i hoac ngUOi dai difen
hdp phap cua ngddi hi h^i ddOc mdt ngddi cung cap bSng ghi hinh vfe hifen
trdbng vu tai nan giao thdng. Trong trddng hop nay, cting vdi viec giao
ndp bang ghi hinh dd, ngddi bi hai hoac ngudi dai difen hop phap cda ngudi
bi hai phai xuat trinh cho Tda an ban xac nhjn cda ngddi da cung dp cho
minh vfe xua't xd cua bang ghi hinh dd.

Vi du 2: 6 n g A cho dng B vay nam trifeu ddng vdi thdi han 12 thang.
Vifec vay tai san khdng lap thanh van ban, nhdng dddc dng A ghi ani lai
toan bd ndi dung thda thu^n vfe viec vay tai san, vifec giao nhan tifen va thdi
difem thanh toan nd gida dng A va dng B dfe lam bang chdng cho viec vay
tai san cua dng B. Dfen h^n tra nO, dng B khdng tra sd tifen dd cho 6ng A.

Khoan 5 va 6 DiSu 2 Ngh) djnh sd 23/2025/ND-CP ngay 16/2/2015 ciia Chinh phii.
Di^m b klioan 2 D.&u 3 cua Nghj quy^t sd 04/2012/NQ-HDTP.

i-'JAl 1 0 TUNG D A N S V

Ong A khdi kifen dng B ra Tda an. Trong trddng hop nay, cung vdi vifec
giao ndp bang ghi am, dng A phai gdi van ban trinh bay vfe sd vifec hfen quan
tdi vifec thu am dd.

Tie'p thu quy dinh trfen, BLTTDS nam 2015 quy dinh: "tdi liiu nghe
duac, nhin duac dupc eai Id chUng cd niu duac xudt tnnh kem theo vdn bdn trinh
bay cda ngubi eo tdi li^u dd v^ xudt xU cda tdi liiu niu ho tu thu dm, thu hinh
hoqe vdn bdn cd xdc nhdn cda ngu'ai da cung cdp cho ngubi xudt trinh vi xudt xU
cda tdi liiu dd ho4c vdn bdn vi sU viic liin quan tdi viic thu dm, thu htnh dd"?
Nhu vg.y, cac tai lieu nghe dUdc, nhin dddc la cac tai Heu ghi am, ghi hinh,
nhdng nd chi la chUng cd khi dUOc xuat trinh kem theo van ban xac nhan
xuit xd cda cac tai heu dd ho|.c van ban vfe sd vifec Uen quan tdi viec ghi
im, ghi hinh dd. Cung vdi sy phat tnfen cua khoa hoc, cdng nghe, cac tai
Hfeu nghe dddc, nhin ddOc la mdt loai ngubn chdng cU phong phd va da
dang. So sanh cac tai Ufeu nghe ddOc, nhin ddOc khac vdi cac tai heu doc
ddOc d chd nd khdng phai la nhdng van ban thdng thddng ma nd la nhdng
phdOng ti^n mang ti'nh cdng nghe. N h d chdng ta bife't, con ngddi cd nam
giac quan la thinh giac, vi giac, thi gjac, khdu giac va xUc giac. Cac tai lieu
doc dddc, nghe dddc, nhin ddOc la ngudn chdng cd dddc nhan bifet thdng
qua giac quan thj giac va thinh giac. Vay, cd th^ cd nhdng ngudn chUng cd
khac se ddOc nhjn bifet thdng qua giac quan cdn lai la vi giac, khdu giac va
xdc giac cdn chda dddc thda nhan nhd: mdi hddng, vi cay dang hay cam
nhan dau thddng...

Chdng cd difen td dUOc BLTTDS nam 2015 ghi nhan la mdt ngudn
chdng cd trong giai quy^t vy vi$c dan sd, tuy nhien, BLTTDS nam 2015
lai khdng dda ra khai nifem vfe chdng cd difen td. Theo Luat Giao dich di^n

td nim 2005 thi "Du liiu Id thdng tin dudi dq.ng ky hi^u, chu viit, chU si, hinh
dnh, dm thanh hade dmg tuang tu" va "Thdng di^p da liiu Id thdng tin duac t^o
ra, duaegiii di, duac nhdn vd dupc luu tra b&ngphuong tiin diin tLuat Giao djch difen td nam 2005 quy dinh thbng difep dd lifeu cd gia tri lam
chdng cd dddc giai thi'ch nhd sau: " 1. Thdng diip dU liiu khdng bi phd nhdn
gid tri dUng lam chiing cU chi di do Id mdt thdng diip da liiu. 2. Gid tri chUng cU
cda thdng diip du li^u dupc xdc dinh can cd vao dd tin cdy cda cdch thdc khdi te}o,
luu tra hodc truy'in gid thdng diip da liiu; cdch thiic bdo ddm va duy tri tinh toan
ven cda thdng diip da liiu; each thitc xdc dinh ngu'ai khdi tkhde"? Nhu vjy, Luat Giao dich difen td nam 2005 cbng nh^n gia tri phap
ly thdng difep dd hfeu nhu la chdng cd ma khbng dda ra khai mfem vfe chdng
cd difen td nfen khi thu th^p, danh gia chdng cd difen td va xac dinh tinh hop
phap cua chdng cd difen td khbng dfe dang.

' Khoan 2 Difeu 95 BLTTDS nim 2015.
' Khoan 5 va 12 Di5u 4 LuJt Giao djch dien tCr nam 2005
' Di6u 14 LuJt Giao djch di^n tiJ nam 2005.

42 TAP c m KHOA HQC P H A P LY VlfeT NAM S<:^ 04{125V^^

Theo BLTTDS nam 2015 thi "Thdng di^p da li^u diin tti duac th^hiin
dudi hinh thUc trao ddi da liiu diin td, chiing tU diin td, thu di^n td, diin tin, di^^
bdo, fax vd cdc Kinh thUe tuang tu khac theo quy dinh cda phdp ludt vi gi^"^ "^\
diin tH"}^ Difeu nay cd nghia la phap luat td tung dan sy thda nhan '^^^'^^J"
difen td, thu di^n td, dien tin, difen bao, fax dddc xac dinh la chdng cd km
hfen quan de'n giai quyfet vy vifec dan sd. Hdi ddng T h ^ phan Toa an nh n
dan tdi cao hudng dJn vfe vifec gdi, nh^n don khdi kifen, tai lifeu. chdng c ^
va cip, tbng dgt, thdng bao van ban td tyng bang phddng tifen difen td co
giai thich: "thdng diip da liiu diin td trang td ti^ng ddn su. td tmg ^dnh chinh (sau
ddygoi Id thdng diip da liiu diin tic) Id da liiu diin td dupc tao ra, gdi di, nhdn va

luu tra bdng phuang tiin diin td tU dan khdi kiin, tdi liiu, chang ai, vdn ban td
tmg da dupc ban hanh theo quy dinh cda phdp lu4t".^^ Til dd, cd thfe ddOc hifeu
"chUng cU diin tii la thdng diip da liiu diin tii dupc t^o ra, gdi di, nhdn vd luu^ trU
bdng phuong tiin diin td thi hiin dudi dtfng k^ hiiu, cha viit, cha sd, hinh dnh,
dm thanh hodc dang tuang tu do cdc chd thi tham gia quan hi giao dich diin tu luu
gia, thu thdp cung cdp cho Toa dn trong qua trinh td tung ho4c do Toa dn thu thdp
dupc theo thii ti^c do Ludt Giao djch diin tii ndm 2005 quy dinh vd dupc Toa dn
sd dyng lam cdn cU dixdc dinh cdc tinh tiii khdch quan cda fy viic ddn sU cQng nhu
xdc dinh yiu cdu hay su phdn ddi eiia duong su la cd cdn eU vd hpp phdp".

1.2. Vdtchvcng

V^t chdng la nhdng v^t khac nhau cda thfe gidi v^t chat cd chda ddng
nhflng thdng tin, da'u vfe't vfe vy vifec din sd. Td nhdng thdng tin, da'u vfe't
chda dyng trong vat chflng cho phep Tda an xac dinh ddOc nhdng tinh tife't
ddng dan cda vu viec dan sd. Cac vat chdng A\l6c sd dung vdi td each la
chdng cfl nfeu la hiSn vgt gdc Uen quan dfen vu vifec dan sd- Nfeu khbng phai
la hifen vat gdc hoac khdng hen quan dfen vu vifec thi khdng phai % chUng cd
trong vy viec dan sd dd. Hifen vat gdc Hfen quan dfen vu vifec dSn sd la hifen
vat dau tifen chda dUng thdng tin, dau vfet vfe vu vifec dSn sy. Gia tri chdng
minh cua cac vat chflng thfe hifen d tinh djc d4nh cda cac vat do vi chi la vit
dac dinh thi mdi gifl duoc cac diu vfet, thdng tin vfe vy vifec dan sy. Hdi dbng
Thim phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao hddng din xac dinh; "v4t chUngphdi Id
hiin vdt gdc liin quan din vyi viic ddn su; niu khdng phdi Id hiin v4t gdc hodc khdng
liin quan din vu viic thi khdng phdi la chUng cU trong vu viic ddn su do"}- Tudng
td, BLTTDS nam 2015 quy dinh: "vdt chUng la chUng cUphdi la hiin vdtg^c liin
quan din fy viic"}'^ Nhu viy, vat chdng mudn trd thanh chdng cd phai cd hai
difeu kien: i) la hifen vat gdc; u) Hen quan dfen vu viSc din sd.

Khoan 3 Di6u 95 BLTTDS nam 2015

Khoan 2 Di&u 3 Ngh} quy^t sd 04/2016/NQ-HDTP n ^ y 30/12/2016 ciia H phan Tda an nhin dan tdi cao.
Di^m c khoan 2 Dieu 3 ciia Nghj quydt sd 04/2012/NQ-HDTP.
Khoan 4 Di6u 95 BLTTDS nam 2015

LUAT TO TVNG DAN SU 43

Td cac difeu ki^n nay, khi thu thap cac vat chflng, Tda an phai lap bifen
ban mifeu ta chi tife't cac dac difem vfe hinh thdc, cac dac difem ti'nh chit ly
hda cda v^t chdng va dac bifet la cac diu vfet thfe hien tren vit chdng dd.
Ngoai ra, Tda an cdn phai bao quan vat chdng trong qua trinh giai quyfet
vy an dfe gifl nguyfen hifen tr^ng cda vit chflng nham bao dam cho vat
chdng khdng bi mit gia tri chdng minh. Bfen c^nh dd, vg.t tuy la hifen vat
gdc nhdng khbng Hen quan dfen vu viec din sd thi cung khbng ddOc coi la
chdng cfl. Thdc tfe, khi giai quyfet cac vy vifec dan sy, difeu kifen trUdc tifen la
Tda an xac djnh xem vit chflng cd hfen quan dfe'^n vy vifec din sd hay khdng,
sau dd mdi thu thap dfe xac djnh v^t chflng dd cd dap dng difeu kifen hi^n
vit gdc hay khdng. Tuy BLTTDS nam 2015 cd quy dinh vfe bao quan tai
hfeu, chdng cd trong dd cd bao quan vat chdng nhdng chda cd hddng din
vfe trach nhiem cda nhdng chu thfe cd thim quyfen nfeu khdng bao quan
vit chdng mdt each cin trong, lam m i t gia tri chdng minh cua v^lt chdng.

1.3. Ldi khai ciia duong stf vd Wi khai ciia nguPi lam chting
Dddng sd, ngddi lam chflng la nhflng ngfldi tham gia vao sd viec,
chflng kifen sd vifec. Ldi khai cda dddng sd, ldi khai cua ngddi lam chdng
chda dflng cac thdng tin vfe vy vifec din sd nfen la chflng cd "niu duac ghi
bang van bdn, bdng ghi dm, dia ghi dm, bdng ghi hinh, dia ghi hinh vd dupc xudt
trinh theo diing thu tuc quy dinh tai khoan 2 Diiu 83 cda BLTTDS vd hudng ddn
t^i khoan 2 Diiu nay ho4c khai bdng I'ai t&i phiin tba".'^'^ H i u hfet ldi khai cda
ddOng sd, ldi khai cda ngddi lam chdng ddOc ghi bang v5n ban; ddi vdi ldi

khai cda dddng sy, ldi khai cda ngddi lam chdng dddc thfe hifen dddi b^ng
hinh thdc ghi am, ^ a ghi am, bang ghi hinh, dia ghi hinh thi phai cd van
ban xac nhin xuat xd cda chdng kem theo. Cac van ban, bang ghi im, dia
ghi am, bang ghi hinh, dia ghi hinh vfe ldi khai cda dddng sd, ldi khai cda
ngddi lam chdng cd thfe do dddng sU td xuat trinh hojc do Tda an lap khi
thu thap chflng cd. Viec Tda an lap van ban liy ldi khai cua dddng sd, ldi
khai cda ngddi lam chflng cd thfe thdc hien trUdc phifen tda hojc tai phifen
tda. Do dd, dbi vdi viec Tda an lay ldi khai cda dddng sy, ldi khai cda
ngddi lam chdng trddc phien tda thi khbng can phai kem theo v5n ban xac
nhin xuit xfl cda chdng.
Cac ben dddng sd cd quyfen va loi ich hen quan dfen vu viec dan sd
khac nhau, nfen ldi khai cua hp thddng chda ddng nhdng thdng tin, tinh
tifet, sd kifen cd ldi cho ho. Vi viy, ldi khai cua dddng sd phai dddc kfet hop
vdi cac chdng cd khac mdi xap dinh dddc sd that khach quan cua vy vifec
din sd- Ngddi lam chdng khbng cd quyfen va Ipi ich hfen quan dfe'n vu vifec
din sd nfen vifec tham gia td tyng cua hp cd thfe khach quan hdn ddOng
sd. Tuy nhifen, do nhdng nguyfen nhin chu quan hay khach quan nhu kha

Di^m d khoin 2 DiSu 3 ciia Nghi quy^t sd 04/2012/NQ-HDTP.

44 TAP CHi KHOA HOC PHAP LY V I £ T NAM S6 04<125)/2^

nang n h ^ thdc sd vifec, kha nang ghi nhd va phan anh lai sfl viec, difeu kife"
khach quan khi chflng kie'n su viec din dfen ldi khai cda ho thifeu chinh xac
va khdng khach quan. Do dd, khi sd dung ldi khai cua ngUdi lam chdng
dfe giai quyfet vu viec dan sd, Tda an vin phai ki^m tra, ddi chife'u vdi cac
chdng cfl khac cda vu viec dan sd dfe tim ra sy th§t khach quan.

1.4. Kit ludn giam dinh
Hdi ddng Thim phan Tda an nhan dan tbi cao hddng din xac dinh

kfet luin giam dinh dddc coi la chflng cd nfeu vide giam dinh dd ddOc tien
hanh theo dung thd tyc quy dinh cua Luat Giam dinh td phap, cac van ban
quy pham phap luat hfen quan.'^ TdOng ty quy djnh nay, BLTTDS quy
dinh: "kit lu4n giam dinh dupc coi la chUng ai niu viic gidm dinh do dupc tiin
hdnh theo dUng thd tuc do phdp lu4t quy dinh".^^ Nhd vay, ddi vdi chdng cd
la ke't luan giam dinh phap luat tb tung dan sd khbng dat ra cac yeu ciu ve
ndi dung ma chi dsit ra yfeu c^u vfe hinh thdc la phai ddOc dfe'n hanh theo
dflng thu tyc quy dinh cua Luat Giam dinh td phap, cac van ban quy pham
phap luat hfen quan.

Trong nhifeu vu viec dan sd, dfe lam sang td mdt rinh tiet, sd kifen nhat
dinh ddi hdi phai sd dyng dfen nhdng kifen thdc, kmh nghifem chuyen mdn
cua giam dinh vien. Kfe't luan cda giam dinh vien la mbt kfet luan khoa hoc
dddc dda ra sau khi da sd dung cac kifen thdc, kinh nghifem chuyfen mbn
dfe xac dinh cac tinh tife't, sy kifen cda vy vifec dan sy. Kfet luan giam dinh cd
tie dyng lim sang td tinh tife't, sU kien cua vy viec dan sd nfen cd y nghia
rat quan trpng dd'i vdi vifec giai quyfet vu vifec dan sy. Trong vifec giai quyfe't
nhifeu vu vifec dan sd, kfet luin giam dinh cdn mang ti'nh chat quyfet dinh
ddi vdi vifec giai quyfe't ddng din vu vifec dan sd cua Tda an.

1.5. Biin bdn ghi kit qud thdm dinh tai chd
Theo BLTTDS nam 2015 thi bifen ban ghi kfe't qua tham dinh tai chd
dupc coi la chdng cd nfeu vifec tham dinh ddpc tie'n hanh theo ddng thu tyc
do phap luat quy dinh." TdOng td nhd kfet luan giam dinh, ddi vdi chdng
cd la bien ban ghi kfet qua thim dinh tai chb, phap lujt td tung dan sd cdng
khbng dat ra cac yfeu ciu vfe nbi dung ma chi dat ra yfeu c'au vfe hinh thdc
la phai dupc tifen hanh theo dung thu tyc ma phap luat quy dinh. Trong
nhdng vy viec dan sU ma ddi tUpng tranh chip cd thfe la tai san hoac tai heu,
vg,t chdng khdng thfe di chuyfen dfen Tda an duoc thi dfe giai quyfet ddng dan
vu viec dan sd, Tda an phai nfen hanh xem xet, thim dinh t^i chd dfe xac

djnh ddng thuc trang tai san tranh chap hoac tai h^u, vat chdng dd. Do do,
bien ban ghi kfet qua tham dinh tai ch6 la tai hfeu phan anh lai qua trinh xem
xet, tham dinh tai chd tai san tranh chip hoac tai heu, vit chdng. Npi dung

'= Diem d khoan 2 DiSu 3 ciia Nghi quydt sd 04/2012/NQ-HDTP.
"• Khoan 6 DiSu 95 BLTTDS nam 2015-
" Khoan 7 DiSu 95 BLTTDS nam 2015

LUAT TO TUNG D A N S U

bifen ban ghi kfet qua thim djnh t^i chd chfla ddng cic thdng tin vfe vu vifec
din sd nfen duoc coi la ngudn chflng cd. Tuy nhifen, dfe bao dam viec giai
quyfet ddng vy viec din sd, vifec lip va sd dyng bifen ban ghi kfet qua thim
dinh tai chd phai dupc tifen hanh theo ddng thd tyc do phap luat quy dinh.

1.6. Kit qud dinh gid tdi san, thdm dinh gid tdi san
Theo quy dinh BLTTDS nam 2015 thi kfet qua dinh gii tai san, kfet
qua thim dinh gii tai san ddOc coi la chflng cfl ne'u vifec dinh gia, thim
djnh gia ddpc tifen hanh theo dung thu tuc do phap luit quy dinh.'^ Ddi
vdi vy viec din sd cin xac dinh gia tri tai san tranh chip mdi cd thfe giai
quyfet ddng ddpc thi Tda an phai cho tb chdc cd thim quyfen thdc hien viec
xac dinh gii tri tai san dd. Bifen ban ghi kfe't qua dinh gii tai san, thim dinh
gia tai san c6 chfla dyng nhflng thdng tm vfe vy vifec din sU nfen dddc coi
\z ngudn chflng cd. Tuy nhien, dfe Tda an sd dyng ddpc kfet qua dinh gia
tai san, thim djnh gia tai san thi viec dinh gia tai san, tham djnh gii tai san
phai do td chdc cd thim quyfen thdc hien va dupc tifen hanh theo thu tyc
do phip luit quy dinh. Gibng nhd vifec xac dinh cac chdng cd la kfet lu^n
giim dinh, bifen ban ghi kfet qua thim dinh t^i chd nfeu trfen, phip luit chi
yfeu ciu ddi vdi chdng cfl la kfe't qua dinh gia tai san, thim dinh gia tai san
phai ddpc thu thip trfen cO sd cua viec dinh gia tai sin ddng thu tuc phip

luit quy dinh.
Trong qua trinh giai quyfe^t vu vifec dan sd, nfeu ddi tdpng tranh chip
la tai san thi cac bfen dfeu phai xac djnh gia tai san. Do dd, kfet qua dinh gia
tai sin, kfet qua thim dinh gii tai san la chdng cd quan trpng dfe giai quyfe't
tranh chip. 'Vfe nguyfen tic, cic bfen dddng sd td thda thuan vfe viec xie dinh
gia tai san, Ida chpn td chdc tham djnh gia tai san dfe xac dinh gia tri tai san.
Nha nddc tbn trpng sd thba thuin cda cac bfen ddOng sy vfe vifec xac dinh
gii tai san, lya chpn td chdc thim dinh gii tai san theo quy dinh cda phap
luit, trd trddng hop cac bfen thda thuin vdi nhau hoac vdi tb chdc thim
dinh gii theo mflc gia thip nhim trdn tranh nghia vu vdi Nha nddc. Vifec
dinh gia tai san ddpc thdc hien dda trfen cac tieu chuan ky thuit, thdc trang
cua tai sin; phd hpp vdi gii thi trddng noi cd tai san tai thdi difem dinh gia.'^
1.7. Vdn bdn ghi nhdn su kiin, hdnh tn phdp l]^ do ngubi cd chiic ning Idp
Vin ban ghi nhin sd kifen, hanh vi phap ly do ngddi cd chdc nang lip
tai chd ddOc coi la chdng cd neu viec lip vin ban ghi nhin sd kien, hanh
vi phap ly ddpc tifen hanh theo dflng thu tyc do phap luit quy dinh.^° Theo
quy dinh, thfla phat lai cd quyfen l^p vi bing dbi vdi cac sfl kifen, hanh vi

Khoin 8 Ditu 95 BLTTDS nam 2015.
Khoan 1 va 2 DiSu 2 Thdng tU Udn qch sd 02/2014/TTLT-TANDTC-VKSNDTC-BTP-
BTC ngay 28/3/2014 ciia Tda in nhin dan tdi cao, Vi$n Ki^m sit nhan dan tdi cao, B0 Tti
phip, B Khoan 9 DiSu 95 BLTTDS nam 2015.

46 TAP CHi KHOA HQC P H A P LY VI^T NAM s 6 ()4(125)/2Qlg

theo yeu ciu cua dUdng sU, trd trUdng hpp ma phap luit cim hoac chda
cho phep. Vin ban ghi nhin sy kien, hanh vi la vi bang.^' Theo dd, vi bang
la mdt tai h^u bang van ban cd hinh anh, video, am thanh kem theo {khi
thiy cin thifet) trong dd Thda phat lai sfe mb ta, ghi nhjn lai hanh vi, sd Hfe"

lip vi bang ma Thfla phat l$i chdng kifen mdt cich trung thdc, khich qua"-
Tai lieu nay cd gia tri chdng cfl trddc Tda an nfeu cac ben cd phat sinh tran
chip lifen quan dfen sd kien, hanh vi lap vi bing.

1.8. Vdn bdn cdng chting, chiing thuc
Van ban cdng chflng, chdng thdc dddc coi la chdng c\i nfeu vifec cong
chdng, chdng thyc ddpc thdc hien theo dung thd tuc do phap luit quy
dinh.'^ Theo Luat Cbng chdng nam 2014 thi vSn ban cbng chflng la hpp
dbng, giao djch, ban d;ch da dupc cbng chdng vien chflng nh^n theo quy
dinh cua Lu^t nay.^ Trong khi dd, van ban chflng thflc la giiy td, van bdn,
hop dbng, giao dich da ddOc chdng thyc theo quy dinh cda Nghi dinh
nay.^'' Nhd vay, van ban cbng chflng, chflng thdc cung chi'nh la mbt dang
ngudn chflng cfl la tai Hfeu doc ddOc.

1.9. Cdc ngudn khac md phdp ludt co quy dinh
Theo hudng din cda Hbi dbng Thim phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao
thi chflng cd dddc xac dinh la tip quan, nfeu ddpc cbng dbng ndi cd tip
quin dd thfla nhjn. Tda an chi chap nh^n tip quan khdng trai phap luit,
dgo ddc xa hdi. Ddi vdi nhdng vin dfe ma dddng sy vifen din tap quan
nhung da cd van ban quy pham phap lu^t quy dinh, thi Tda an phai ap
dyng quy dinh cda van ban quy pham phap luat do de giai quyfet ma khdng
ap dyng tip quan^^.

Ben canh dd, Tda an nhin din tdi cao cd hddng din nghifep vu: "Ddi
vdi mdt tdp qudn mudn trd thanh ehUng cU trong mdt vi^i dn eu thi thi Thdm phdn
phdi yiu cdu duang su trinh bay rd ngudn gic cda t4p qudn dd vd chting minh tdp
qudn dd bdng cdch ghi nhdn nd bdng vdn bdn thi hiin viic cd cdng d'dng ddn cU noi
cd tdp qudn dd thua nhdn vd lam theo... Vdn bdn nay cd thi Id bdn xdc nhdn cda
cdng ddng nai cd tdp qudn dd vd chiing thuc cda tly ban nhdn ddn xa, phubng, thi
trdn vi cha kf cda nhUng ngubi xdc nhdn vd co thi cd ed •} kiin cda Vy ban nhdn

ddn vi tdp qudn dd. Niu khdng ehUng minh duac tinh quy udc chung cda cdng d'dng
trong cdigpi la "tdp qudn" th'i nd se khdng cd gid chUng eU".^^

Khoan 2 DiSu 2 Nghi djnh sd 61/2009/ND-CP n ^ y 24/7/2009 va khoin 3 Difeu 2 Nghi
dinh sd 135/2013/ND-CP ngay 18/10/2013 cda Chinh phii.
^ Khoin 10 Difeu 95 BLTTDS nam 2015.
^ Khoan 4 Dieu 2 Lu?t Cdng chUng nam 2014.
" Khoan 8 Difeu 2 Nghj dinh sd 23/2025/ND-CP ngay 16/2/2015 ciia Chinh ph^.
^ Xem difem g khoan 2 Difeu 3 Nghj quy^t sd 04/2012/NQ-HDTP ng&y 3/12/2012 cua Hdi
ddng Th^m phan Toa an nhin din tdi cao vfe hUdng din thi hanh m0t sd quy dinh vfe "Chiing
minh va chtog ciJ" cda Bd Itiit td rung dan sy da duijc siia ddi, bd sung nam 2011
'* Toa an nhan dan tdi cao - ChiTOng trinh ddi tac W phap. Tai liiu tip hndn buong ddn tbi ha„b

Bd iu4l Td t\/ng ddn sy siia ddi, bd sung ndm 2011, 2012, tr 6.

LUAT TO TVNG D A N St/

Ciing vdi vi^c quy dinh bb sung 3 ngudn chdng cd mdi la dfl Ufeu
di^n td, van ban ghi nhin sfl kifen hanh vi phip ly la vi b^ng va van bdn
cdng chflng, chdng thflc nhd nfeu trfen, BLTTDS nam 2015 da khbng quy
d;nh t^p quan la mdt logi ngubn chdng cd nhu quy d;nh trong cic van bdn
phap lu^t trddc diy trong gidi quyfet cac vy vifec din sy. Tuy nhifen, dfe ap
dyng BLTTDS nam 2015, Tda an nhin din tdi cao vdn tifep tuc hddng din
nghifep vu lien quan dfen linh vdc din sd va td tung din sd vfe Ida chpn tip
quan. Theo dd, trddng hpp Tda in ap dyng tip quan dfe gidi quyfet tranh
chip dan sd ma cac bfen vifen din cic tip quan khac nhau thi Tda an can cd
Difeu 3, Difeu 5 va cic quy dinh khac cda Bd luit Dan sd nim 2015; Difeu
45 Bd luat Td tung din sd nam 2015 dfe cd kfet luan cudi cung tdy tflng
trUdng hop cy thfe. Nfeu t^p quan khdng trai vdi cac nguyfen tic cp bin cda
phip luit din sfl quy dinh tai Difeu 3 Bd lu^t Dan sd nam 2015 thi tap quan

cd gii trj ap dyng. Trddng hpp cd nhifeu tip quin thi ap dung tap quan do
cac bfen thda thuan. Nfeu cac dUOng sd vien din cac tip quin khic nhau thi
tip quan cd gia tri ap dung la tip quan dUpc thda nhin tai ndi phdt sinh vu
vifec din sd.^'

BLTTDS nam 2015 quy djnh ngudn chdng cd trong td tyng dan sy
chi gdm 9 ngubn chi'nh. Ngoai 9 ngudn chdng cd nay, Tda an khdng ddOc
sd dung thfem bit cfl ngubn nao khac dfe thu thip lam chdng cd cho vifec
giai quyfet vy vifec din sd. Tuy nhifen, BLTTDS nim 2015 vin "dd phdng"
quy djnh "cdc ngudn khac md phdp ludt cd quy dinh". Difeu khoan nay dupc
hifeu diy la mdt quy djnh dfl phdng cda phap luit chd khdng phai la mdt
quy dinh md dfe Tda an ap dyng trong qua trinh thu thip chdng cd giai
quyfet vy in. Cd nghia la, chi khi phap luit cd quy dinh thfem mbt ngudn
chflng cd nao dd thi Tda in mdi ddpc phep thu thap chflng cd dd.

2. Thuc tiin xac dinh chUng cti va danh gia chUng cii
2.1. VS xdc dinh cdc ngudn chiing ai
Trong qua trinh Tda an gidi quyfet vy vifec din sU, dUdng sy cd quyfen

va nghia vy giao ndp tai lifeu, chflng cfl cho Tda an. Trddng hop tai hfeu,
chdng cd da dddc giao ndp chda bao dam dd cd sd dfe giai quyfe't vy vifec
thi Thim phin yfeu clu dddng sd giao nbp bd sung tai hfeu, chdng cd. Nfeu
dddng sd khbng giao ndp ho^c giao nbp khbng day dd tai hfeu, chflng cd
do Tda in yeu clu ma khbng cd ly do chinh dang thi Tda an cin cfl vao
tai heu, chflng cd ma dddng sd d i giao nbp va Tda an d i thu thap theo quy
djnh tai dfe gidi quyfet vy vifec din sd-^^ Dfe giai quyfet cac vu vifec din sd
ddpc nhanh chdng va ddng din, Tda an phai xac dinh rd, diy dd cic yfeu

Di^m 1 Myc III Giai dap sd 01/2017/GD-TANDTC, Gidi dap inft sd vdn di v? nghiep w
Toa dn nhdn ddn tdi cao ngay 7/4/2017.

Xem khoin 1 Difeu 97 BLTTDS nam 2015

48 TAP c m KHOA HOC P H A P LY VigT NAM s 6 04(12^^^^

clu cua ddPng sd; can cd vao yeu clu hay phan yeu clu cda dUdng sd

xac djnh nhflng sU kien, tinh tifet thudc ddi tUOng chdng minh va nhdng

chflng cd lam rd nhflng tinh tifet, sd kien dd. Trddng hpp dddng sd "

chda dd thi Tda an phai cin cd vao cac quy pham phap luit nO' oii"S ^

dung gidi quyfet vu vifec dan sd dfe xac dinh. Trfen cd sd dd, Tda an xac

cac chdng cd cin phii cd dfe xac djnh tinh tifet khich quan cda vy vi?

yfeu ciu dUdng sd cung cip cho Tda an hay tife'n hanh thu thap chdng

theo quy djnh cua phap luit. Tuy nhifen, trfen thdc tfe', nhifeu tnidng ^ .P

Tda in da khdng xac dinh ddpc diy dd yfeu clu cda dddng sd n^" '^^"^

khdng xac dinh dupc diy du nhflng ngudn chdng cfl, td do lam cho vi.c

giai quyfet vy vifec khdng chinh xac. ,

Vl dy: Tda cip giam ddc thim da quyfet djnh hdy Ban an b n h doanh,
thdong mai phuc thim sd 155/2013/KDTM-PT ngay 03/9/2013 cua 1 oa
phflc thim Tda an nhan dan tdi cao tai Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh va Ban an
kinh doanh thflPng mai sd thim sd 301/2013/KDTM-ST ngay 25/3/2013

cua Tda in nhan dan Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh vfe vy an kinh doanh,
thfldng mai tranh chap vdn gdp gifla nguyfen ddn la dng Lfe Vin H vdi bi
don la Cdng ty cd phin Ky nghe thdc phim V. Dbng thdi, Tda cip^giam^
ddc thim da giao hd sO vy an cho Tda an nhan dan Thanh phd Hb Chi
Minh xet xd sd thim lai theo quy dinh cda phap luit vdi nhan djnh; "cdc tdi
liiu cd trong hd sa nhu cdc biin lai thu tfin, cd phiiu ghi tin cda dng H d'iu Id hdn
photocopy, khdng cd cdng chUng, chUng thuc hpp phdp, cang khdng co xdc nhdn cua
Thdm phdn la da dupe ddi chiiu vdi hdn gic, nhung Toa dn cdp sa thdm vd Toa dn
cdp phuc thdm cdn cUvdo cdc tdi liiu nay di gidi quyit vu dn la khdng dd cdn ci?".^^

Vfe nguyfen tic, tai lifeu doc ddpc la cac bifen lai thu tifen, cd phifeu ghi
tfen cua dng H chi ddpc coi la chdng cd nfe'u la ban sao cd cdng chdng,
chflng thflc hpp phap. Thflc tfe', nfeu cic tai lifeu nay do dUdng sd xuat trinh
bdn gb'c va ddOc Tda an photocopy va xac nhin cda T h i m phan la "da
ddpc ddi chifeu vdi ban gdc" cd dupc coi la chdng cd hay khbng? Td trudc
tdi nay, cac cip Tda an vin xac djnh tai hfeu la ban photocopy da duoc
Tham phan tfl ddi chifeu vdi ban gdc ddpc coi la chflng cd.

Vifec xac djnh khbng dung nhdng ndi dung cin xac minh se lam cho
qua trinh thu thap chdng cd khdng diy dd, khdng thu thap hfet nhdng
thbng tin, tai lifeu Hfen quan dfe'n vy viec.

Vl dy: Tda cip giam ddc tham da quyfet dinh buy Ban an dSn su phflc
tham sd 91/2015/DSPT ngay 12/5/2015 cda Tda phdc thim Tda an nhan
dan tbi cao tai Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh va huy Bdn an dan sd so thim sd
15/2014/DSST ngay 11/11/2014 cua Tda in nhin dan tinh Long An ddi

^ Quyfet dmh giam ddc th^m sd 04/2017/KDTM-GDT ngay 24/3/2017 cua HOi ddng ThSm
phan Tda an nhan dSn tdi cao.

LUAT TO TVNG DAN SXJ

vdi vu in tranh chip ldi di va hdy Giiy chdng nhin quyen sd dyng dit gida
nguyfen ddn la cy Vddng Vin H vdi bi ddn la cu Nguyfen Kim L. Ddng
thdi, Tda cip giam ddc thim di giao hd sd vu an cho Tda an nhan din
tinh Long An xet xd sd thim lai vdi nhin djnh: " Toa dn cdp sa thdm vd Toa
dn cdp phUe thdm khdng yiu cdu Uy ban nhdn ddn huyin Diie Hda cung cdp Bdn
dd dia chinh, Bdn d'd gidi thda thbi dUm cdp Gidy chUng nhdn quyin sd dung ddt
ndm 1992 cho cu L di ddi chiiu, lam rd hinh thi thaa ddt sd 2663 c6 gidng hinh
thi thda ddt sd 95 hay khdng, md da gidi quyit vu dn la chua xdc minh, thu thdp
chiing ai ddy dd".^° D i y la tranh chip ldi di nfen can i^zc djnh chdng cfl vfe
hifen trang sd dyng dat cda cic bfen. Do dd, chflng cd vfe Ban dd dia chmh,
Ban dd giai thda cda cic thda dit cd tranh chip cd y nghia chdng minh cho
quyfen sd dyng dit hpp phip cua mbi bfen. D o Tda an chua thu thip day du
chflng cvl nen din dfen xac djnh ngudn chflng cd khbng toan dien.

2.2. Vi ddnh gid chiing cti
BLTTDS n i m 2015 quy djnh; "viic ddnh gid chiing cU phdi khdch quan,
tohn diin, ddy dd vd chinh xdc. Toa dn phdi ddnh gid tUng chUng eU, su liin quan
giaa cdc ehUng eU vd khdng dinh tinh hpp phdp, tinh liin quan, gid tri chiing minh
ciia tUng ehUng eU".^^ Vdi quy djnh nay, nguyfen tic danh gii chdng cd phai
khach quan, toan difen, diy dd va chinh xac. Tda an phdi xem xet tit ca cic
chdng cd tfl cac ngudn khac nhau va phdi dya trfen cO sd phap lujt. Phuong
phip dinh gia chflng cfl la dinh gii tdng chflng cd va danh gii tdng hpp
mbi hfen quan gifla cac chdng cd.
Trong giai quyfet cac vy vifec din sd, Tda an phdi dp dung diy du cac
bifen phap cin thife't dfe xac minh gia trj chdng minh cda cic chdng cfl trong
vy vifec dan sd. Tda in phai danh gia nhifeu chdng cd phdc tap, phai ddi
chifeu, xem xet thin trpng tdng chdng cd mdt, db'i chifeu chdng vdi cac
chflng cfl khac cua vy vifec din sfl. Ngoai ra, Tda an cd thfe phai ap dyng

nhifeu hifen phip do phap luit quy djnh dfe xie minh gia tri chflng minh cua
cac chflng cfl nhd trdng clu giam dinh, thim dinh gia hay xem xet, tham
dinh t^i chb tai sin tranh chip, vit chdng. Tuy nhifen, trfen thyc tfe cung cd
khdng it trddng hop cac Tda in da khdng ap dyng diy dd cac bifen phap
cin thifet dfe xac minh gia tri chdng minh cda cac chdng cd trong vy vifec
din sd, tfl dd, khbng giii quyfet triet dfe vu viec dan sU.
Vl dy: Tda cip giam dbc thim da quyfet djnh huy toan bd Quyfet
djnh giam ddc thim sd 57/2016/KDTM ~ C D T n ^ y 31/8/2016 cua Uy
ban T h i m phin Tda an nhin din cap cao tai Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh va
hdy mdt phan quyfet dinh xd ly tai san bdo ddm theo Hpp ddng thfe chip
tai san sd 0 3 8 6 / N H N N ngay 28/12/2011 gida nguyfen ddn la Ngin hang

» Quydt dinh giim ddc thim sd 16/2018/DS-GDT ngay 6/8/2018 ciia H(>i ddng Thim phan
Tda in nhan dSn tdi cao.

^1 Difeu 108 BLTTDS nam 2015.

50 TAP CHI KHOA HOC P H A P LY V I £ T NAM S 6 04(125)/ff

Thddng mai cd phin N T vdi bj ddn la Cbng ty c6 phin San xuit - Di^"
vu - Thddng m^i - Xay dung TT. Ddng thdi, Tda cip giam dbc thim da
giao hb sd vy an cho Tda an nhin din tinh Long An xet xd sd thim ¥ ^oi
nhan djnh: "Ong Lim Kil Ch la ngUbi mang qudc tieh Hdn Qudc, cdc vdn ban
cam kit tdi sdn khdng cd ngu'ai phiin dich. Do do, cdn xem xet lam rd dng Lint
Ch cd thtfo tiing Viit hay khdng? Cd hiiu rd ndi dung van bdn cdng chiing hay
khdng? Ti4 dd xdc dinh cdc vdn bdn cam kited thi hiin dung ;ji chi eda dng Lim ^ '
Ch hay khdng? Toa dn cdp so thdm chua xem xet lam rd cdc thda ddt niu trin la^
sdn chung hay la tdi sdn riing cda bd T, nhung chdp nhdn yiu edu ciia Ngan hang
vi viic phdt mai tdi sdn thi chdp la chua dd can ai, khdng bdo ddm quy^n Ipi cua
dng Lim Kil Ch ".^^ Vfe nguyfen tic, ngddi nUdc ngoai sinh sdng tai Vifet Nam

ma tham gia cac giao djch bang tifeng Vifet phai cd ngddi phifen djch, nhdng
nfeu ngUdi nddc ngoai bifet va thanh thao tifeng Vifet thi cd nhit thifet phai cd
ngudi phien djch hay khdng la do danh gia chflng c^ cda Tda an. Viec xac
djnh tai sdn trong thdi ky hdn nhdn cda dng Lim Kil Ch va ba T la tai san
chung hay tai sdn rifeng cdng hoan toan do danh gia chdng cfl cda Tda an.

Vifec danh gia chdng cfl khdng chi khach quan, toan difen, cfty dd va
chinh xac ma Tda i n cbn phai danh gia tinh hpp phap, ti'nh hfen quan, gia
tri chflng minh cua tflng chdng cfl... Tuy nhien, trong nhdng vy vitc din
Sd phdc tap, cd nhifeu dddng sd, cac ngubn chdng cfl da d^ng nfen vi^c
dinh gia, xac dinh ddng ddpc cac chdng cfl trong giai quyfe't vy vifec din sd
khdng la rit khd. 'Vi vay, cac Tda an da dinh gia, xac djnh khdng dflng cic
chflng cfl nfen viec giai quyfe't vu vifec din sU khdng ddng.

Vi dy: Tda cap giam &6c thim quyfet dinh huy Bdn an din sd phdc
tham sd 06/2016/DSPT ngay 12/01/2016 cua Tda an nhin din cip cao t?i
Ha Nbi va huy Ban an dan sd sp tham sd 03/2014/DSST n ^ y 30/9/2014
cda Tda an nhin din tinh Nghe An vfe vy an tranh chap quyen sd dyng dit
va yeu clu chia tai san chung gifla nguyen don la cu Nguyfen Thi T vdi bi
ddn la ba Manh Thj H vdi nh^n dinh; "Chinh cu T thUa nhdn cu dd chia ddt
cha dng V sd dung 7m mdt dudng, vdi y dinh sau nay chit si cho dng V, sau khi
dng V ehit, niu bd H khdng di Idy eh'dng th'i cang cho bd H (Bdn Idy Ibi khai ngay
13/8/2009). Bd Nguyin Thi L (can cu T) tqi Bdn tU khai ngay 6/8/2014 xdc
dinh cu T da chia ph'dn ddt tranh chdp cho dng V. Toa dn cdp so thdm vd Toa dn
cdp phiic thdm khdng xem xet, ddnh gid cdc tinh tiit niu trin di xdc dfnh cd sy phdn
chia ddt ciia gia dinh cu T vd nhang ngu'ai dupc phdn chia da sd dung dn dinh, co
ranh gidi riing, ki khai, ddngfeyxin cdp Gidy chting nhdn quyin sd dmg ddt di
cdng nh4n thuc ti da co su phdn chia, md chdp nhdn yiu cdu cda cu T dbi l^i p/j^„

Quyfet dinh Giam ddc tli^m sd 02/2018/KDTM-GDT ngay 16/5/2018 ciia H$i dbng TKini

phin Tda an nhan d4n tdi cao.

LUAT TO TVNG DAN SV 51

ddt cda va chiing dng V, bd H la khdng dUng".^^ Danh gia chflng cd vfe viec cu
T da cho vp chdng dng V, ba H thdng qua ldi thda nhin cda cu T va sy
cbng nhin cac anh, em cda dng V la con cua cu T. Thdc tfe, vp chdng dng
V, ba H da nh^n dit sd dyng liu dai, da dang ky kfe khai ddng ten trong sd
dja chinh nen cd thfe cdng nhin viec t^ng cho gida cu T vdi vp chdng dng
V, ba H. Tuy nhifen, Tda an cip sd va phdc thim lai khdng cdng nhin vifec
ting cho dd va bude ba H phdi trd lai di't cho cu T. Nhd vay, td vifec danh
gia chdng cd khac nhau sfe ddn dfen cac Tda in cd quyfet dinh khac nhau vfe
vifec gidi quyfet cung mdt vu an.

Td phin tich nhflng vi dy nfeu trfen cd thfe nhan thiy, vifec xac dinh va
danh gia chdng cd cd y nghia vd cdng quan trpng trong vifec Tda an dua ra
quyfet djnh dflng dan hay khdng. Nfe'u vifec dinh gia chflng cfl khdng khach
quan, toan di^n hoac khdng diy dd va thifeu chinh xac cd thfe lam cho nbi
dung vy vifec bi hifeu sai Ifech, din tdi vifec dua ra quyfet djnh khbng chinh
xac, khbng phan anh dflng ban chit sfl vifec, giy nfen hau qua khdng bdo
ddm vifec xet xd ddng va cdng bang.

2.3. Vi xdc dinh chiing cii diin tii
Cdng vdi sd phat trifen cda khoa hpc cdng nghe, nhflng dng dyng cda
khoa hpc cdng nghfe vao ddi sdng xa hbi n ^ y cang phat trifen. Cac giao
djch dien td nhd mua ban hang hda va djch vy qua phdPng tifen difen td,
chuyfen tifen difen td dddc sd dung ngay cang nhifeu va mang tinh phd bifen.
Tuy nhifen, cdng khdng it nhdng trddng hpp da xay ra tranh chip ma vifec
xac minh chdng cfl thdng qua dd Ufeu difen td de gidi quyfet vy an trong
nhflng trddng hpp nay da gap khdng it nhflng khd khan vi diy la mbt linh

vdc td tyng hoan toan mdi va mang tinh cdng nghfe cao. Mac du, luat quy
dinh ring "cac tai hfeu dpc ddpc, nghe ddpc, nhln ddpc" nhdng hifen nay
chda cd cic quy djnh cy thfe vfe hinh thdc v^t chit chfla dflng chdng cd difen
td, trinh td thu thip, xac minh chdng cd cdng nhd hddng dan cic trinh td
thu tuc td tung chuyfen bifet dfe thu ly giii quyet cac tranh chap thddng mai
cd cac chdng cfl difen td.-**
Vl dy: Tda an cap sd tham quyfet dinh: chip nhin yfeu cau khdi kifen
cda ba Trin Thj K. bude ba Ph^m Thj Thai H phdi cd nghia vu xin ldi
cdng khai ba K tai dia phddng xd D ndi ba K dang sinh sbng, lam viec va
cdi chinh cdng khai nhflng ndi dung lien quan dfen ba K ma ba H da dang
tren trang facebook cda ba H vdi nhan dinh: " Viic bd H ddng thdng tin co liin
quan din bd K Iin trang facebook cda bd H vao ngay 25/4/2017, cung vdi nhang
ndi dung b'lnh ludn trin thuc ti ma khdng eo su d'dng y eda bd K da xdm phg^m din

^ Quyfet dinh gjim ddc t h ^ sd 21/2018/DS-GE)T ngay 23/8/2018 ciia Hdi ddng Thim phan
Tda in nhSn dSn tdi cao

^' Le van Thi$p, "Chitng cil di^n tii trong giii quyfet tranh chip khinh doanh - thudng m^i",
Top chi Ki^m sdt, sd 2, 2016

52 TAP CHI KHOA HQC P H A P LY VI$T NAM s 6 04(125)/ff

uy tin, dnh hudng din danh du, nhdn phdm cda bd K; xdm pham din quy'^n c^
d'ai sing riing tu, bi mdt ed nhdn, bi mdt gia dmh cda cdng ddn dupe quy dinh tdi
Diiu 38 Bd ludt Ddn su ndm 2015 vd viphm nhang diiu bi edm thUc hi^n theo
quy dinh tai diim d, Diiu 5 Nghi dinh 72/2013/ND-CP, ngay 15/7/2013
cua Chi'nh phd hudng ddn vi qudn ly, cung cdp, sii di^ng dich vu Internet vd thdng
tin trin mgng. Trong khi dd, theo quy dinh tai khadn 1 Diiu 34 B^ lu4t ddn sU
ndm 2015 thi "danh du, nhdn phdm, uy tin cda cd nhdn Id bdt khd xdm phdm va

duac phdp lu4t bdo vi". Do dd, bd Kyiu edu bd H phdi xin ldi cdng khai tdi dia
phuang xa D nai bd Anh dang sinh sdng, lam viic vd cdi chi'nh cdng khai nhang ndi^
dung md bd H da dang trin trang facebook aia bd H la phU hpp vdi quy dinhj^^
khoan 5 Diiu 34 vd Diiu 592 Bd iu4t Ddn su ndm 2015 nin dupechdp nhdn".
Nhy viy, viec ba H da dda thdng tin vfe nhflng miu thuin vdi ba K Ifen
trang facebook cda bd H va ba H da thfla nhan la vifec dang thbng tin Ifen
trang facebook la chflng cfl difen td dfe Tda an danh gia ba H da xam phgm
dfen uy tin, anh hfldng dfen danh dfl, nhin phim cua ba K; xim ph^m dfen
quyfen vfe ddi sbng rifing tfl, bi m^t ca nhan, bi mat gia dinh cda cbng din.

Binh luin vfe vu in nay, cd tic gia cho rang: "phdp ludt chua quy dinh cu
thi chi tdi xin ISi, cdi chinh cdng khai trin mang xa hdi nin Toa dn chdp nhdn yiu
cdu "cdi chinh cdng khai" trin facebook ehU khdng phdi Id "xin ldi cdng khai". Viic
xin ldi cdng khai, cdi chinh thdng tin cang phdi duac thuc hiin trin phuang tiin nay
thi mdi bdo ddm dd Ian truyin rdng rai cua Ibi xin I6i, cdi chinh vd khde phuc phdn
ndo thiit hai vi tinh thdn md nan nhdn phdigdnh chiu".^^ Tfl dd, phat sinh thfem
mdt van dfe mdi la thi hanh bdn an din sd cda Tda an cflng bang phddng
tien difen td tren cd sd chdng cd dien td. 'Vi viy, can phai sda ddi, bd sung
cic quy dinh nay cho thdng nhit tao thuin loi cho vifec giao djch va giai
quyfet tranh chip cua Tda in. Ngoai ra, tac gia cdng ddng tinh vdi y kifen
cho rang "cdn thiit phdi lam rd cdch thUc cdc Tba dn cd thi ddnh gid mUc dd tin
cdy cda tdi liiu diin td dupc sit dung nhu chUng ai. Di thuc thi quy dinh nay, phdp
lu4t cang cdn phdi quy dinh hudng ddn cu thi vi quy tnnh ky thudt cdng nghi, vi^c
ddnh gid tinh toan ven ciia thdng tin. Ddi vdi cdc giao dich diin tii trong trubng hpp
cd tranh chdp, cdn cd ca quan chuyin mdn hS tra cdc Toa dn nhdn biit tinh bdn gic,
chafeydiin ta, xdc minh cdn cube vd tinh xdc thuc cda nhang ngu'ai ed cha kf diin
ta vd cdch thac sd dung chiing trong cdc tdi liiu diin td".^'' Hifen nay, BLTTDS
nam 2015 khdng cd cac quy dinh rifeng vfe mtc thu thip, Idu gifl chdng cd
difen td nfen din dfen khd khan trong danh gia chdng cfl dien td ddi vdi cac

'' Ban in dan sij sd 43/2017/DSST n^y 26/9/2017 ciia TAND huy^n Tinh Lmh, dnh Binh Thu^n
" Nguyfen Bich Thao, "Nhflng thach thac cda v i i dfe bao vfe quyfen nhSn than trong thdi dgi

khoah su - Nhang vudng mdc, bat cdp wa gidi phdp hoan thifn, Dai hoc Luat Ha NOi ngay 28/10/20i 8
2019.tr 143
" L^ Van Thidp, "Chang cd difen til trong giai quyfet tranh chfp khinh doanh - thuong n^i"
Tap chi Kigm sdt. sd 2, 2016.

LUAT TO TUNG DAN SV

tranh chip phat sinh. D o dd, BLTTDS nam 2015 cin bd sung cac quy dinh

vfe khai niem chflng cd dien td, trinh td, thd tuc thu thap chdng cd di^n

td va Idu gifl chflng cfl difen td lam cin cd bao dam ti'nh xac thdc, ti'nh hpp

phip dfe chdng minh cho cac yfeu clu cda cac dflOng sd trong qua trinh gidi

quyfet vy viec dan sd.

Vdi quy dinh vfe chflng cfl, chdng cd dien td va thdc tifen xac dinh

ngudn chflng cd, chdng cfl difen td, ddnh gia chdng cd trong q u i trinh ip

dyng BLTTDS n i m 2015 da dddc phan tich d trfen cho thay chflng cd ndi

chung va chdng cfl difen td ndi rieng c6 vai trd rat quan trong trong viec

tim ra sy that khich quan cda vy in. D o dd, dfe xac djnh chdng cd nao la cd

thit gidp cho vifec gidi quyfet dflng din vu vifec din sfl ddi hdi ngfldi Tham

phan phdi cd trinh dd nghifep vu, kifen thdc xa hpi va kha nang nhjy ben

trong qua trinh xac djnh va danh gii chflng cd. •

Tai li^u tham khao
[1] Quyfet dinh giam ddc thim sd 21/2018/DS-GDT ngay 23/8/2018 ciia HOi dbng Thim

phan Tda an nhan din tdi cao [trans: Cassation Decision No 21/2018/DS-CTJT dated on
23/8/2018 of the Council ofjudges of the Supreme People's Court]
[2] Quyfet dinh Giim ddc thim sd 02/2018/KDTM-GDT ngay 16/5/2018 ciia HOi ddng Thiim
phin Tda an nhan dan tdi cao [trans: Cassanon Decision No. 02/2018/KDTM-GDT dated
on 16/5/2018 of the Council ofjudges of the Supreme People's Court]
[3] Quyfet dinh giam ddc thin sd 16/2018/DS-GDT ngay 6/8/2018 ciia Hdi dflng Thim
phin Tda in nhan din tdi cao [trans; Cassation Decision No 16/2018/DS-GDT dated on
6/8/2018 of the Council ofjudges of the Supreme People's Court]
[4] Qtiyfet dinh giam ddc thim sd 04/2017/KDTM-GDT n ^ y 24/3/2017 ciia Hdi dbng Thim
phan Tda in nhan d ^ tdi cao [trans: Cassation Decision No. 04/2017/KDTM-GOT dated
on 24/3/2017 of the Council ofjudges of the Supreme People's Court]
[5] Bin in dan sy sd 43/2017/DSST n ^ y 26/9/2017 ciia TAND huy$n Tanh Lmh, tinh Binh
Thu^n [trans: Civil Judgment No 43/2017/DSST dated on 26/9/2017 of Tanh Linh District
People's Court, Binh Thuan Province]
[6] Giai dap sd 01/2017/GD-TANDTC, Giai dip mpt sd vin dfe vfe nghiep vu ciia Toa in nhan
dan tdi cao. ngay 7/4/2017 [trans' Explanation No. 01/2017/GD-TANDTC on explaining
some professiona] issues of the Supreme People's Court]
[7] Holng Phe (chii bifen), TCi difen nfeng Vift, Nxb Da Ning, 1998 [trans, Hoang Phe (Editor),
Dictionary of Vietnamese, Da Nang Publishing House, 1998]
[8] Lfe Van Thi^p, "Ch^ng cfl difen tU trong giai quyfet tranh chip khinh doanh - thuong mai",

Tsp chi Kifem sit, sd 2, 2016 [trans- Electronic evidence in business-commercial dispute
resolution, Prosecutorial Journal, No. 2, 2016]
[9] Nguyfen Bich Thao. •'NhOng thich thdc ciia vj:n dfe bao vfe quyfen nhin than trong thdi d?i
khoa hpc cdng ngh^ 4.0", K^ ye'u Hdi thio vfe: Quyfen nhin than c^a ca nhan trong phap lu^t
dan st( - Nhflng vudng mac, bit cip va giai phip hoan thifen, Trudng Dai hpc Luat Ha N ngay 28/10/2018. 2019 [trans: Nguyen Bich Thao, "Challenges of the protection of personal
rights in the ^ e of science and technology 4.0", Proceedmgs of the Workshop on Personal
rights of individuals in civil law - Obstacles, shortcomings and solutions for Improvements. Ha
Noi Law University, 28/10/2018. 2019]
[10] Tda in nhan din tdi cao - ChiiOng trinh ddi tac tu phip, Tai h^u t4p huin hudng din thi hanh
Bd luat Td tyng dan si,j, sila ddi, bd sung nam 2011, 2012 [trans: Supreme People's Court -
Justice Partnership Program, Training materials on guiding the implementation of the Civil
Procedure Code, amended and supplemented m 2011, 2012]