WATERMARKING –– VOLUME 2 potx

WATERMARKING ,
VOLUME 2

Edited by Mithun Das Gupta










Watermarking – Volume 2
Edited by Mithun Das Gupta


Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2012 InTech
All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for
commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which
ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work
has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in
any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the
work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify
the original source.

As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published
chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly
credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications.

Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors
and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the
accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no
responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any
materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

Publishing Process Manager Sasa Leporic
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer InTech Design Team

First published May, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from


Watermarking – Volume 2, Edited by Mithun Das Gupta
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0619-7

Contents

Chapter 1 Recent Advances in Watermarking
for Scalable Video Coding 1
Dan Grois and Ofer Hadar
Chapter 2 Perceptual Image Hashing 17
Azhar Hadmi, William Puech, Brahim Ait Es Said
and Abdellah Ait Ouahman
Chapter 3 Robust Multiple Image Watermarking
Based on Spread Transform 43
Jaishree Jain and Vijendra Rai
Chapter 4 Real Time Implementation of Digital Watermarking
Algorithm for Image and Video Application 65
Amit Joshi, Vivekanand Mishra and R. M. Patrikar
Chapter 5 Sophisticated Spatial Domain Watermarking
by Bit Inverting Transformation 91
Tadahiko Kimoto
Chapter 6 Performance Evaluation for IP
Protection Watermarking Techniques 119
Tingyuan Nie
Chapter 7 Using Digital Watermarking for Copyright Protection 137
Charlie Obimbo and Behzad Salami
Chapter 8 2D Watermarking:
Non Conventional Approaches 159
Hassen Seddik
Chapter 9 Audio Watermarking for Automatic
Identification of Radiotelephone Transmissions

in VHF Maritime Communication 209
Oleksandr V. Shishkin and Vitaliy M. Koshevyy
VI Contents

Chapter 10 Robust Watermarking Framework for High Dynamic
Range Images Against Tone-Mapping Attacks 229
Jiunn-Lin Wu
Chapter 11 Improve Steganalysis by MWM Feature Selection 243
B. B. Xia, X. F. Zhao and D. G. Feng
Chapter 12 The Digital Watermarking Techniques
Applied to Smart Grid Security 259
Xin Yan and Yang Wu












Preface

This collection of books brings some of the latest developments in the field of
watermarking. Researchers from varied background and expertise propose a
remarkable collection of chapters to render this work an important piece of scientific
research. The chapters deal with a gamut of fields where watermarking can be used to

encode copyright information. The work also presents a wide array of algorithms
ranging from intelligent bit replacement to more traditional methods like ICA. The
current work is split into two books. Book one is more traditional in its approach
dealing mostly with image watermarking applications. Book two deals with audio
watermarking and describes an array of chapters on performance analysis of
algorithms.

Mithun Das Gupta
Bio Signals and Analysis lab at GE Global Research Bangalore
India



1
Recent Advances in Watermarking
for Scalable Video Coding
!"#$%&'()$"#*$+,-&$."*"&$
!"#$%&'()#*+#(,"'-(./*)0*.1"*2"3",4*!""'$51",6**
7-'6"8*
1. Introduction
/0-$ .12345678$ 9:;+5:<8$ =><%?4$ >"&@$ ABC$ D(*-'$ E'*(#F$ )@"#*"&*$ 9G(-F"#*$ H$ ;IJJ(D"#K$
2BBLCK$ M0(E0$ M")$ ',,(E("JJN$ ())I-*$ (#$ 2BBLK$ 0")$ O-E'P-$ "$ E0"JJ-#F-$ ,'&$ &-"J?@(P-$ D(*-'$
"QQJ(E"@('#)1$ 8'PQ"&-*$ @'$ @0-$ =><%?2$ )@"#*"&*K$ (@$ F"(#)$ "O'I@$ RBS$ (#$ O(@$ &"@-K$ M0(J-$
Q&'D(*(#F$@0-$)"P-$D()I"J$TI"J(@N1$:#$"**(@('#$@'$0"D(#F$"JJ$@0-$"*D"#@"F-)$',$=><%?2$9:/U?
/$ H$ :;+5:<8$ V/8$ AK$ AWW4CK$ .123L$ 9:/U?/K$ 2BBBCK$ "#*$ =><%?4$ 9:;+5:<8$ V/8$ AK$ 2BB4CK$ @0-$
.1234$ D(*-'$ E'*(#F$ )@"#*"&*$ Q'))-))-)$ "$ #IPO-&$',$(PQ&'D-P-#@)K$)IE0$")$@0-$E'#@-#@?
"*"Q@(D-?O")-*$ "&(@0P-@(E$ E'*-E$ 986X68CK$-#0"#E-*$@&"#),'&P$"#*$TI"#@(Y"@('#K$
Q&-*(E@('#$',$ Z:#@&"Z$ P"E&'OJ'E[)K$ "#*$ '@0-&)1$.1234$ ()$*-)(F#-*$,'&$O'@0$ E'#)@"#@$ O(@$ &"@-$
98X\C$"#*$D"&("OJ-$O(@$&"@-$97X\C$D(*-'$E'*(#FK$I)-,IJ$,'&$@&"#)P(@@(#F$D(*-'$)-TI-#E-)$'D-&$
)@"@()@(E"JJN$ PIJ@(QJ-]-*$ #-@M'&[)K$ @0-$ <@0-&#-@K$ '&$ '@0-&$ :#@-&#-@$ #-@M'&[)C1$ /0()$ D(*-'$

E'*(#F$)@"#*"&*$E"#$"J)'$O-$I)-*$"@$"#N$O(@$&"@-$&"#F-$,'&$D"&('I)$"QQJ(E"@('#)K$D"&N(#F$,&'P$
M(&-J-))$D(*-'$Q0'#-)$@'$0(F0$*-,(#(@('#$@-J-D()('#$9.!/7C$"#*$*(F(@"J$D(*-'$O&'"*E")@(#F$
9!7XC1$ :#$ "**(@('#K$ .1234$ Q&'D(*-)$ )(F#(,(E"#@JN$ (PQ&'D-*$ E'*(#F$ -,,(E(-#EN$ "#*$ F&-"@-&$
,I#E@('#"J(@NK$)IE0$")$&"@-$)E"J"O(J(@NK$^:#@&"_$Q&-*(E@('#$"#*$-&&'&$&-)(J(-#E-$(#$E'PQ"&()'#$
M(@0$(@)$Q&-*-E-))'&)K$=><%?2$"#*$.123L1$.'M-D-&K$.12345678$()$PIE0$P'&-$E'PQJ-]$(#$
E'PQ"&()'#$ @'$ '@0-&$ E'*(#F$ )@"#*"&*)$ "#*$ @'$ "E0(-D-$ P"](PIP$ TI"J(@N$ -#E'*(#FK$ 0(F0$
E'PQI@"@('#"J$&-)'I&E-)$"&-$&-TI(&-*$9%&'()$-@$"J1K$2BAB"`$a"P(#)[N$-@$"J1K$2BBbC1$
!I-$ @'$ @0-$ &-E-#@$ @-E0#'J'F(E"J$ "E0(-D-P-#@)$"#*$@&-#*)K$@0-$0(F0?*-,(#(@('#K$0(F0JN$
(#@-&"E@(D-$#-@M'&[-*$P-*("$"QQJ(E"@('#)$Q')-$E0"JJ-#F-)$@'$#-@M'&[$'Q-&"@'&)1$/0-$D"&(-@N$
',$-#*?I)-&$*-D(E-)$M(@0$*(,,-&-#@$E"Q"O(J(@(-)K$&"#F(#F$,&'P$E-JJ$Q0'#-)$M(@0$)P"JJ$)E& #)$
"#*$ &-)@&(E@-*$ Q&'E-))(#F$ Q'M-&$ @'$ 0(F0?-#*$ >8)$ M(@0$ 0(F0?*-,(#(@('#$ *()QJ"N)K$ 0"D-$
)@(PIJ"@-*$ )(F#(,(E"#@$ (#@-&-)@$ (#$ -,,-E@(D-$ @-E0#'J'F(-)$ ,'&$ D(*-'$ "*"Q@"@('#$ ,'&$ )Q"@("J$
,'&P"@)K$ E'#)IP(#F$ Q'M-&$ "#*$ O(@$ &"@-1$ 6)$ "$ &-)IJ@K$ PIE0$ ',$ @0-$ "@@-#@('#$ (#$ @0-$ ,(-J*$ ',$
D(*-'$"*"Q@"@('#$()$EI&&-#@JN$*(&-E@-*$@'$@0-$;E"J"OJ-$7(*-'$8'*(#F$9"OO&-D("@-*$")$Z;78Z$'&$
Z.12345;78ZCK$M0(E0$M")$)@"#*"&*(Y-*$(#$2BBc$")$"#$-]@-#)('#$',$.12345678$9;E0M"&Y$-@$
"J1K$2BBcCK$)(#E-$ @0-$O(@?)@&-"P$)E"J"O(J(@N$,'&$D(*-'$()$ EI&&-#@JN$"$D-&N$ *-)(&"OJ-$,-"@I&-$,'&$
P"#N$PIJ@(P-*("$"QQJ(E"@('#)$9%&'()$-@$"J1K$2BABO`$%&'()$-@$"J1K$2BABEC1$
;E"J"OJ-$D(*-'$E'*(#F$ 0")$O #$"#$ "E@(D-$&-)-"&E0$ "#*$)@"#*"&*(Y"@('#$"&-"$ ,'&$ "@$J-")@$ 2B$
N-"&)$9;E0M"&Y$-@$"J1K$2BBcC1$/0-$Q&('&$(#@-&#"@('#"J$D(*-'$E'*(#F$)@"#*"&*)$=><%?2$9:/U?/$
H$:;+5:<8$ V/8$ AK$ AWW4CK$ .123L$9:/U?/K$ 2BBBCK$ "#*$ =><%?4$ 9:;+5:<8$ V/8$AK$ 2BB4C$ "J&-"*N$

Watermarking , Volume 2
2
(#EJI*-$ )-D-&"J$ @''J)$ ON$ M0(E0$ @0-$ P')@$ (PQ'&@"#@$ )E"J"O(J(@N$ P'*-)$ E"#$ O-$ )IQQ'&@-*1$
.'M-D-&K$ @0-$ )E"J"OJ-$ Q&',(J-)$ ',$@0')-$)@"#*"&*)$0"D-$ &"&-JN$ O #$ I)-*1$ \-")'#)$ ,'&$ @0"@$
(#EJI*-$@0-$E0"&"E@-&()@(E)$',$@&"*(@('#"J$D(*-'$@&"#)P())('#$)N)@-P)$")$M-JJ$")$@0-$,"E@$@0"@$
@0-$ )Q"@("J$ "#*$ TI"J(@N$ )E"J"O(J(@N$ ,-"@I&-)$ E"P-$ "J'#F$ M(@0$ "$ )(F#(,(E"#@$ J'))$ (#$ E'*(#F$
-,,(E(-#EN$ ")$ M-JJ$ ")$ "$ J"&F-$ (#E&-")-$ (#$ *-E'*-&$ E'PQJ-](@N$ ")$ E'PQ"&-*$ @'$ @0-$
E'&&-)Q'#*(#F$#'#?)E"J"OJ-$Q&',(J-)$9;E0M"&Y$-@$"J1K$2BBc`$G(-F"#*$H$;IJJ(D"#K$2BBLC1$$
/'$ ,IJ,(JJ$ @0-)-$ &-TI(&-P-#@)K$ (@$ M'IJ*$ O-$ O-#-,(E("J$ @'$ )(PIJ@"#-'I)JN$ @&"#)P(@$ '&$ )@'&-$

D(*-'$ (#$ D"&(-@N$ ',$ )Q"@("J5@-PQ'&"J$ &-)'JI@('#)$ "#*$ TI"J(@(-)K$ J-"*(#F$ @'$ @0-$ D(*-'$ O(@?
)@&-"P$)E"J"O(J(@N1$="d'&$&-TI(&-P-#@)$,'&$@0-$;E"J"OJ-$7(*-'$8'*(#F$"&-$@'$-#"OJ-$-#E'*(#F$
',$"$0(F0?TI"J(@N$D(*-'$O(@)@&-"P$@0"@$E'#@"(#)$'#-$'&$P'&-$)IO)-@$O(@)@&-"P)K$-"E0$',$M0(E0$
E"#$ O-$ @&"#)P(@@-*$ "#*$ *-E'*-*$ @'$ Q&'D(*-$ D(*-'$ )-&D(E-)$M(@0$ J'M-&$ @-PQ'&"J$ '&$ )Q"@("J$
&-)'JI@('#)K$'&$@'$Q&'D(*-$&-*IE-*$&-J("O(J(@NK$M0(J-$&-@"(#(#F$&-E'#)@&IE@('#$TI"J(@N$@0"@$()$
0(F0JN$ &-J"@(D-$ @'$ @0-$ &"@-$ ',$ @0-$ )IO)-@$ O(@)@&-"P)1$ /0-&-,'&-K$ @0-$ ;E"J"OJ-$ 7(*-'$ 8'*(#F$
Q&'D(*-)$ (PQ'&@"#@$ ,I#E@('#"J(@(-)K$ )IE0$ ")$ @0-$ )Q"@("JK$ @-PQ'&"J$ "#*$ ;e\$ 9TI"J(@NC$
)E"J"O(J(@NK$ @0-&-ON$ -#"OJ(#F$ @0-$ Q'M-&$ "*"Q@"@('#1$ :#$ @I&#K$ @0-)-$ ,I#E@('#"J(@(-)$ J-"*$ @'$
-#0"#E-P-#@)$',$D(*-'$@&"#)P())('#$"#*$)@'&"F-$"QQJ(E"@('#)$ 9%&'()$ -@$"J1K$2BABO`$%&'()$-@$
"J1K$2BABE`$%&'()$H$."*"&K$2BAAC1$$
;E"J"OJ-$ 7(*-'$ 8'*(#F$ O(@)&-"P$ E'#@"(#)$ "$ X")-?f"N-&$ 996/"'* :C$ "#*$ '#-$ '&$ P'&-$
<#0"#E-P-#@$ f"N-&)$ 996/"'-* ;4* <4* ".=>CK$ M0(J-$ @0-$ X")-?f"N-&$ Q&'D(*-)$ @0-$ J'M-)@$ O(@)&-"P$
&-)'JI@('#$ M(@0$ &-F"&*$ @'$ @0-$ )Q"@("JK$ @-PQ'&"J$ "#*$ ;e\5gI"J(@N$ )E"J"O(J(@NK$ ")$
)E0-P"@(E"JJN$Q&-)-#@-*$(#$?(3&'"*;$9;E0(-&J$-@$"J1K$2BBcC1$
$
h(F1$A1$;E0-P"@(E$&-Q&-)-#@"@('#$',$@0-$;78$O(@)&-"Pi$@0-$&-)'JI@('#$()$(#E&-")-*$M(@0$@0-$
(#E&-")-$',$@0-$J"N-&$(#*-]K$M0(J-$@0-$X")-?f"N-&$996/"'*:C$0")$@0-$J'M-)@$O(@)&-"P$&-)'JI@('#$
9;E0(-&J$-@$"J1K$2BBcC1$

Recent Advances in Watermarking for Scalable Video Coding
3
/0-$@-&P$Z)E"J"O(J(@NZ$&-,-&)$@'$@0-$&-P'D"J$',$Q"&@)$',$@0-$D(*-'$O(@$)@&-"P$(#$'&*-&$@'$"*"Q@$
(@$@'$@0-$D"&('I)$# *)$'&$Q&-,-&-#E-)$',$-#*$I)-&)$")$M-JJ$")$@'$D"&N(#F$@-&P(#"J$E"Q"O(J(@(-)$
'&$ #-@M'&[$ E'#*(@('#)1$ 6EE'&*(#F$ @'$ 9;E0M"&Y$ -@$ "J1K$ 2BBcCK$ @0-$ 'Od-E@(D-$ ',$ @0-$ ;78$
)@"#*"&*(Y"@('#$ 0")$ O #$ @'$ -#"OJ-$ @0-$ -#E'*(#F$ ',$ "$ 0(F0?TI"J(@N$ D(*-'$ O(@$ )@&-"P$ @0"@$
E'#@"(#)$'#-$'&$P'&-$)IO)-@$O(@$)@&-"P)$@0"@$E"#$@0-P)-JD-)$O-$*-E'*-*$M(@0$"$E'PQJ-](@N$
"#*$ &-E'#)@&IE@('#$ TI"J(@N$ )(P(J"&$ @'$ @0"@$ "E0(-D-*$ I)(#F$ @0-$ -]()@(#F$ .12345678$ *-)(F#$
M(@0$@0-$)"P-$TI"#@(@N$',$*"@"$")$(#$@0-$)IO)-@$O(@$)@&-"P1$?(3&'"*<$O-J'M$Q&-)-#@)$"$OJ'E[?
*("F&"P$',$"$;78$-#E'*-&K$M0(E0$0")$,'&$)(PQJ(E(@N$@M'$)Q"@("J$J"N-&)i$96/"'*:K$M0(E0$()$@0-$
X")-$ f"N-&K$ "#*$ 96/"'* ;K$ M0(E0$ ()$ @0-$ ,(&)@$<#0"#E-P-#@$f"N-&1$ :@$ )0'IJ*$ O-$ #'@-*$ @0"@$ (#$

'&*-&$ @'$ (PQ&'D-$ @0-$ E'*(#F$ -,,(E(-#EN$ ',$ @0-$ ;E"J"OJ-$ 7(*-'$ 8'*(#F$ (#$ E'PQ"&()'#$ @'$
)(PIJE")@(#F$',$*(,,-&-#@$)Q"@("J$&-)'JI@('#)K$"**(@('#"J$Z(#@-&?J"N-&$Q&-*(E@('#$P-E0"#()P)Z$
"&-$(#E'&Q'&"@-*$9;E0M"&Y$-@$"J1K$2BBcC1*
$
h(F1$21$XJ'E[?*("F&"P$',$@0-$)Q"@("J$;78$-#E'*(#F$)E0-P-$9,'&$)(PQJ(E(@NK$'#JN$@M'$J"N-&)$"&-$
Q&-)-#@-*i$96/"'*:K$M0(E0$()$@0-$X")-$f"N-&K$"#*$96/"'*;K$M0(E0$()$@0-$,(&)@$<#0"#E-P-#@$
f"N-&C1$
/0-$ ;E"J"OJ-$ 7(*-'$ 8'*(#F$ 0")$ "E0(-D-*$ )(F#(,(E"#@$ (PQ&'D-P-#@)$ (#$ E'*(#F$ -,,(E(-#EN$
E'PQ"&(#F$@'$@0-$)E"J"OJ-$Q&',(J-)$',$Q&('&$D(*-'$E'*(#F$)@"#*"&*)1$6)$"$&-)IJ@K$@0-$;E"J"OJ-$
7(*-'$ 8'*(#F$ ()$ EI&&-#@JN$ "$ 0(F0JN$ "@@&"E@(D-$ )'JI@('#$ @'$ @0-$ Q&'OJ-P)$ Q')-*$ ON$ @0-$
E0"&"E@-&()@(E)$',$P'*-&#$D(*-'$@&"#)P())('#$)N)@-P)$9;E0M"&Y$-@$"J1K$2BBcC1$

Watermarking , Volume 2
4
;E"J"OJ-$7(*-'$8'*(#F$Q')-)$#-M$E0"JJ-#F-)$,'&$M"@-&P"&[(#F$@0"@$# *$@'$O-$"**&-))-*$@'$
"E0(-D-$ ,IJJ$ Q&'@-E@('#$ ',$ @0-$ )E"J"OJ-$ E'#@-#@$ 9= &M"J*K$ 2BAA`$ f(#$ -@$ "J1K$ 2BB4CK$ M0(J-$
P"(#@"(#(#F$ J'M$ O(@?&"@-$ 'D-&0-"*$ *I-$ @'$ M"@-&P"&[(#F1$ 80"JJ-#F-)$ @0"@$ E'PQJ(E"@-$
M"@-&P"&[$ *-@-E@('#$ (#EJI*-$ @0-$ D-&N$ *(,,-&-#@$ )@"@()@(E)$ ',$ @0-$ @&"#),'&P$ *'P"(#$
E'-,,(E(-#@)$ ',$ )E"J"OJ-$ O")-?$ "#*$ -#0"#E-P-#@$ J"N-&)K$ @0-$ E'PO(#"@('#$ ',$ PIJ@(?E0"##-J$
*-@-E@('#$ &-)IJ@)$ ,'&$ (#E&-P-#@"J$ *-@-E@('#$ Q-&,'&P"#E-$ 9>(Q-&$ -@$ "J1K$ 2BBRCK$ ")$ M-JJ$ ")$ @0-$
Q&-*(E@('#$ ',$ *"@"$ O-@M #$ )E"J"O(J(@N$ J"N-&)$ M0(E0$ E'PQJ(E"@-)$ @0-$ P'*-J(#F$ ',$ @0-$
-PO-**(#F$*'P"(#1$!-)Q(@-$(#@-#)-$&-)-"&E0$(#$@0-$"&-"$',$(P"F-$"#*$D(*-'$M"@-&P"&[(#F$
9= &M"J*K$ 2BAA`$ f(#$ -@$ "J1K$ 2BB4CK$ @0-$ Q-EIJ("&(@(-)$ ',$ M"@-&P"&[-*$ )E"J"OJ-$ PIJ@(P-*("$
E'#@-#@$0"D-$&-E-(D-*$J(P(@-*$"@@-#@('#$"#*$"$#IPO-&$',$E0"JJ-#F-)$&-P"(#1$$
+#-$',$@0-$P"(#$E0"JJ-#F-)$,'&$M"@-&P"&[(#F$@0-$&"@-?)E"J"OJ-$E'PQ&-))-*$D(*-'$()$@0"@$#'@$"JJ$
&-E-(D-&)$ M(JJ$ 0"D-$ "EE-))$ @'$ @0-$ -#@(&-$ 9M"@-&P"&[-*C$ D(*-'$ )@&-"P$ 9f(#$ -@$ "J1K$ 2BBAC1$ /0-$
-PO-**-*$ M"@-&P"&[$ PI)@$ O-$ *-@-E@"OJ-$ M0-#$ '#JN$ @0-$ O")-$ J"N-&$ ()$ *-E'*-*$ 9,'&$ J"N-&-*$
"#*$ 0NO&(*$ J"N-&-*5-PO-**-*$ P-@0'*)C$ '&$ ,'&$ "$ J'M$ &"@-$ D-&)('#$ ',$ @0-$ D(*-'$ )@&-"P$ 9,'&$
-PO-**-*$P-@0'*)1C$.'M-D-&K$@0-$-#0"#E-P-#@$(#,'&P"@('#$"**)$D"JI-$@'$@0-$D(*-'$)@&-"P$
"#*$ )0'IJ*$ #'@$ O-$ J-,@$ I#Q&'@-E@-*$ ON$ "$ M"@-&P"&[1$ :*-"JJNK$ @0-&-$ )0'IJ*$ O-$ "$ I#(,'&P$

(PQ&'D-P-#@$(#$@0-$*-@-E@"O(J(@N$',$"#$-PO-**-*$M"@-&P"&[$")$@0-$*-E'*-*$&"@-$(#E&-")-)1$$
6EE'&*(#F$ @'$ '#-$ P-@0'*$ ,'&$ M"@-&P"&[(#F$ @0-$ &"@-?)E"J"OJ-$ D(*-'$ )@&-"P)K$ "$ M"@-&P"&[$ ()$
-PO-**-*$ (#$ @0-$ O")-$ J"N-&$ "#*$ "$ )-Q"&"@-$M"@-&P"&[$()$-PO-**-*$ (#$ @0-$ -#0"#E-P-#@$
J"N-&9)C$9f(#$-@$"J1K$2BBAC1$h'&$@-PQ'&"J$)E"J"O(J(@NK$@0()$()$"#$-,,-E@(D-$P-@0'*$,'&$M"@-&P"&[(#F$
")$@0-$-#0"#E-P-#@$(#,'&P"@('#$*'-)$#'@$"J@-&$@0-$,&"P-)$-#E'*-*$(#$@0-$O")-$J"N-&1$.'M-D-&K$
,'&$ '@0-&$ ,'&P)$ ',$ )E"J"O(J(@NK$ E"&-$ PI)@$ O-$ @"[-#$ )'$ @0"@$ @0-$ PIJ@(QJ-$ M"@-&P"&[)$ *'$ #'@$
(#@-&,-&-$M(@0$-"E0$'@0-&$'#E-$@0-$*-E'*-&$P-&F-)$@0-$O")-$"#*$-#0"#E-P-#@$(#,'&P"@('#1$/0-$
M"@-&P"&[)$ E'IJ*$ (#@-&,-&-$ (#$ D()(O(J(@NK$ M0-&-$ @0-$ *()@'&@('#)$ (#@&'*IE-*$ ON$ "**(#F$ "JJ$
M"@-&P"&[)$()$I#"EE-Q@"OJ-K$'&$*-@-E@"O(J(@NK$M0-&-$@0-$Q&-)-#E-$',$"JJ$@0-$M"@-&P"&[)$(PQ"(&$
@0-$ "O(J(@N$ @'$ *-@-E@$ -"E0$ M"@-&P"&[$ (#*(D(*I"JJN1$ /0-$ "O(J(@N$ @'$ *-@-E@$ -"E0$ -PO-**-*$
M"@-&P"&[$ (#*(D(*I"JJN$ 9O-,'&-$ @0-$ -#0"#E-P-#@$ "#*$ O")-$ (#,'&P"@('#$ "&-$ P-&F-*C$ ()$ #'@$
)I,,(E(-#@$,'&$"$&'OI)@$M"@-&P"&[K$")$)IE0$"$)N)@-P$M'IJ*$O-$DIJ#-&"OJ-$@'$"$E'JJI)('#$"@@"E[$
O-@M #$@0-$#'#?-#0"#E-*$"#*$-#0"#E-*$D-&)('#)$',$@0-$D(*-'1$$
h'&$-PO-**-*$)E"J"O(J(@N$P'*-)K$'#-$E'IJ*$*-)(F#$"$M"@-&P"&[$"#"J'F'I)$@'$"#$-PO-**-*$
E'*(#F$)E0-P-K$M0-&-$@0-$P')@$)(F#(,(E"#@$)@&IE@I&-)$',$@0-$M"@-&P"&[$"&-$QJ"E-*$#-"&$@0-$
O-F(##(#F$',$@0-$D(*-'$)@&-"PK$,'JJ'M-*$ON$)@&IE@I&-)$',$J-))-&$)(F#(,(E"#E-$9f(#$-@$"J1K$2BBAC1$*
G(@0$ @0()$ &-F"&*K*?(3&'"*@$O-J'M$Q&-)-#@)$*(,,-&-#@$M"@-&P"&[(#F$ -PO-**(#F$ )E0-P-)$ ON$
I)(#F$@0-$;78$)Q"@("J$)E"J"O(J(@N$9= &M"J*K$>1$H$U0JK$61K$2BAB"C1$
G"@-&P"&[(#F$ )N)@-P)$ "&-$ ',@-&#$ E0"&"E@-&(Y-*$ ON$ "$ )-@$ ',$ E'PP'#$ ,-"@I&-)$ "#*$ @0-$
(PQ'&@-#E-$ ',$ -"E0$ ,-"@I&-$ *-Q-#*)$ '#$ @0-$ "QQJ(E"@('#$ &-TI&-P-#@)1$ 6)$ [#'M#K$ @0-$
M"@-&P"&[)$"&-$F-#-&"JJN$*-D(*-*$@'$@0& $P"(#$F&'IQ)$9>(Q-&K$2BABCi$
"1 A)B& C*\'OI)@$M"@-&P"&[)$"&-$*-)(F#-*$@'$O-$&-)()@"#@$@'$P"#(QIJ"@('#)$',$@0-$E'#@-#@1$
/0-&-,'&-K$ "$ &'OI)@$ M"@-&P"&[$ E"#$ O-$ )@(JJ$ *-@-E@-*$ ",@-&$ @0-$ E'#@-#@$ 0")$ I#*-&F'#-$
Q&'E-))(#FK$)IE0$")$&-)"PQJ(#FK$E&'QQ(#FK$J'))N$E'PQ&-))('#K$"#*$@0-$J([-1*
O1 ?'63(8"C*,&"F(J-$M"@-&P"&[)$"&-$D-&N$)-#)(@(D-$@'$"#N$P"#(QIJ"@('#)$@'$@0-$E'#@-#@1$/0()$
*'-)$#'@$ P"[-$@0-$,&"F(J-$M"@-&P"&[$(#,-&('&$@'$@0-$&'OI)@$M"@-&P"&[K$)(#E-$*(,,-&-#@$
"QQJ(E"@('#)$*-P"#*$*(,,-&-#@$"P'I#@)$',$&'OI)@#-))$'&$,&"F(J(@N1$$$$$*

Recent Advances in Watermarking for Scalable Video Coding
5

E1 5"D($?'63(8"C* )-P(?,&"F(J-$M"@ &P"&[)$"&-$ *-)(F#-*$ @'$O-$,&"F(J-$M(@0$ &-)Q-E@$ @'$ )'P-$
E0"#F-)$OI@$@'$@'J-&"@-$'@0-&$E0"#F-)1$h'&$-]"PQJ-K$@0-N$P"N$O-$&'OI)@$@'$E'PQ&-))('#$
OI@$ M(JJ$ O-$ "OJ-$ @'$ *-@-E@$ P"J(E('I)$ @"PQ-&(#F1$ /0()$ E"#$ O-$ "E0(D-*$ ON$ E"&-,IJJN$
*-)(F#(#F$@0-$M"@-&P"&[$@'$O-$&'OI)@$,'&$Q"&@(EIJ"&$(P"F-5D(*-'$P"#(QIJ"@('#)1$$
9"C$
$
9OC$
$
9EC$
$
h(F1$L1$/0& $*(,,-&-#@$M"@-&P"&[(#F$-PO-**(#F$)E0-P-)$ON$I)(#F$)Q"@("J$;E"J"OJ-$7(*-'$
8'*(#F$9= &M"J*K$>1$H$U0JK$61K$2BAB"Ci$"C$G"@-&P"&[$-PO-**(#F$Q&('&$@'$@0-$D(*-'$
-#E'*(#F`$OC$:#@-F&"@-*$M"@-&P"&[$-PO-**(#F$"#*$E'*(#F`$"#*$EC$8'PQ&-))-*?*'P"(#$
-PO-**(#F$",@-&$-#E'*(#F1$$
hI&@0-&K$ E6B8"* ;$O-J'M$Q&-)-#@)$E'PP'#$M"@-&P"&J(#F$"QQJ(E"@('#)K$M0(E0$"&-$I)-*$M(@0$
&-F"&*$@'$*(,,-&-#@$M"@-&P"&[$,-"@I&-)$9X0'MP([K$2BABCi$

Watermarking , Volume 2
6
Application Name Description
!')6FB6#F*G)#(.)'(#3*
>"))(D-$P'#(@'&(#F$ON$@0-$"I@'P"@(E$M"@-&P"&[$*-@-E@('#$',$
@0-$O&'"*E")@-*$M"@-&P"&[-*$P-*("1$
H)I/'(31.*7F"#.(0(=6.()#*
\-)'JD(#F$E'QN&(F0@$())I-)$',$*(F(@"J$P-*("$ON$I)(#F$@0-$
M"@-&P"&[$(#,'&P"@('#$")$@0-$E'QN&(F0@$*"@"1$
H)#."#.*J&.1"#.(=6.()#*
6I@0-#@(E"@('#$',$'&(F(#"J$"&@$M'&[K$Q-&,'&P"#E-$"#*$
Q&'@-E@('#$"F"(#)@$*(F(@"J$,'&F-&N1$
J==" *H)#.')8*

6EE-))$E'#@&'J$"QQJ(E"@('#)K$)IE0$")K$>"N?/71$
H)I/*H)#.')8*
!()"OJ(#F$E'QN$',$8!5!7!$ON$@0-$M"@-&P"&[-*$Q-&P())('#1$
K6=L63(#3*6#F*E'6=L(#3*
/&"#)"E@('#$@&"E[(#F$"#*$Q&'@-E@('#$"F"(#)@$,'&F-*$
E'#)IP"OJ-$(@-P)$9(#EJI*(#F$Q0"&P"E-I@(E"J$Q&'*IE@)K$"#*$
@0-$J([-C$ON$-PO-**(#F$"$M"@-&P"&[$'#$Q"E["F(#F1$
G"F(=68*A"=)'F*
J&.1"#.(=6.()#*
6I@0-#@(E"@('#$',$*(F(@"JJN$Q&-)-&D-*$Q"@(-#@j)$P-*(E"J$
&-E'&*K$(#EJI*(#F$"$OJ''*$)"PQJ-K$k?&"NK$-@E1$
7#-&'6#="*M*
!6#L(#3N)=&D"#.*
J&.1"#.(=6.()#*
!(F(@"J$"I@0-#@(E"@('#$',$"#$(#)I&"#E-$EJ"(PK$O"#[(#FK$
,(#"#E("JK$P'&@F"F-$"#*$E'&Q'&"@-$*'EIP-#@)1$
G"F(6*K('6=/*H)#.')8*
/&"E[(#F$',$@0-$)'I&E-$',$@0-$P-*("$Q(&"EN1$
OP#"'-1(I*7F"#.(0(=6.()#*
;IQQ'&@(#F$"$J-F(@(P"@-$EJ"(PK$)IE0$")K$&'N"J@N$ON$@0-$@0-$
P-*("$'M#-&1$
E'6#-6=.()#*E'6=L(#3*
/&"E[(#F$',$@0-$P-*("$'M#-&)0(Q$(#$"$OIN-&?)-JJ-&$)E-#"&('1$
G".6$F6.6*Q(F(#3*
.(*(#F$P-@"?*"@"$M(@0(#$@0-$P-*("$(#)@-"*$',$"$O(F$0-"*-&1$
R(F")*5&DD6'/*H'"6.()#*
:#)@"#@$&-@&(-D"J$',$D(*-'$)IPP"&N$ON$-PO-**(#F$@0-$
)IPP"&N$M(@0(#$@0-$0')@$D(*-'1$
R(F")*Q) (#3*
J&.1"#.(=6.()#*

>(&"EN$E'#@&'J$ON$D(*-'$"I@0-#@(E"@('#$"@$D(*-'$0')@(#F$
)-&D-&)K$(#EJI*(#F$l'I@IO-
m
K$-@E1$
/"OJ-$A1$8'PP'#$M"@-&P"&J(#F$"QQJ(E"@('#)$9X0'MP([K$2BABC1$
;(#E-K$@0-$&'OI)@$M"@-&P"&[(#F$"JF'&(@0P)K$M0(E0$"&-$*-)(F#-*$)Q-E(,(E"JJN$,'&$&'OI)@#-))K$
"&-$Q&-,-&&-*$ (#$"$P"d'&(@N$',$ M"@-&P"&[(#F$ "QQJ(E"@('#)K$M-$P"(#JN$,')I)$@0()$E0"Q@-&$'#$
@0()$@NQ-$',$M"@-&P"&[(#F1$6J)'K$M-$P"[-$"$)Q-E("J$-PQ0"Y()$'#$@0-$E'PO(#-*$)E0-P-)$',$
M"@-&P"&[(#F$"#*$-#E&NQ@('#$ON$I)(#F$@0-$ .12345;78$*I-$@'$@0-$(#E&-")(#F$(#@-&-)@$M(@0$
&-F"&*$@'$@0()$())I-1$$
/0()$ E0"Q@-&$ ()$ '&F"#(Y-*$ ")$ ,'JJ'M)i$ (#$ 5"=.()#* <K$ M-$ Q&-)-#@$ &-E-#@$ "*D"#E-)$ (#$ &'OI)@$
M"@-&P"&[(#F$ON$I)(#F$@0-$;E"J"OJ-$7(*-'$8'*(#FK$(#*5"=.()#*@4*M-**()EI))$&-E-#@$"*D"#E-)$
(#$ @0-$ )E"J"OJ-$ ,&"F(J-$ M"@-&P"&[(#FK$ @0-#$ (#$ 5"=.()#* SK$ M-$ Q&-)-#@$ &-E-#@$ E'PQ&-))-*?
*'P"(#$ M"@-&P"&[(#F$ @-E0#(TI-)$ ON$ I)(#F$ @0-$ ;E"J"OJ-$ 7(*-'$ 8'*(#FK$ "#*$ ",@-&$ @0"@$ (#$
5"=.()#* TK$ M-$ @"J[$ "O'I@$E'PO(#-*$ )E0-P-)$',$M"@-&P"&[(#F$"#*$ -#E&NQ@('#$ON$I)(#F$@0-$
;E"J"OJ-$ 7(*-'$ 8'*(#F1$ /0-$ ,I@I&-$ &-)-"&E0$ *(&-E@('#)$ "&-$ 'I@J(#-*$ (#$ 5"=.()#* UK$ "#*$ @0()$
E0"Q@-&$()$E'#EJI*-*$(#$5"=.()#*V1$$
2. Robust watermarking by using scalable video coding
:#$ F-#-&"JK$ *(F(@"J$ M"@-&P"&[(#F$ 0")$ O #$ Q&'Q')-*$ ")$ "$ )'JI@('#$ @'$ @0-$ Q&'OJ-P$ ',$
E'QN&(F0@$Q&'@-E@('#$',$PIJ@(P-*("$*"@"$(#$@0-$E'PQJ(E"@-*$#-@M'&[$-#D(&'#P-#@$9;0($-@$"J1K$
2BABC1$<)Q-E("JJNK$(#$@'*"Nn)$)'E(-@NK$M(@0$@0-$Q&'F&-))$',$L%54%$M(&-J-))$#-@M'&[)$"#*$@0-$

Recent Advances in Watermarking for Scalable Video Coding
7
QJI&"J(@N$',$ 0-@-&'F-#-'I)$ P'O(J-$*-D(E-)K$ @0-$ PIJ@(P-*("$ &-)'I&E-)$PI)@$ O-$ "EE-))-*$ON$
P"#N$ *(,,-&-#@$ @-&P(#"J)K$ M0(E0$ &-TI(&-$ @0-$ )'I&E-$ )(#FJ-$ PIJ@(P-*("$ )@&-"P$ @'$ P @$ @0-$
D"&N(#F$@-&P(#"J$E"Q"O(J(@(-)1$/0I)K$@0-$;E"J"OJ-$7(*-'$8'*(#F$E"#$O-$-,,(E(-#@JN$-PQJ'N-*$
@'$"E0(-D-$@0-)-$F'"J)1$.'M-D-&K$*I-$@'$@0-$;78$)E"J"O(J(@NK$@0-$)'I&E-$D(*-'$)@&-"P$E"#$O-$
*-E'*-*$(#@'$"$QJI&"J(@N$',$)@&-"P)K$-"E0$0"D(#F$"$*(,,-&-#@$&-)'JI@('#K$,&"P-$&"@-$"#*$D(*-'$
Q&-)-#@"@('#$ TI"J(@NK$ "EE'&*(#F$ @'$ -"E0$ -#*?I)-&$ @-&P(#"J1$ /0-&-,'&-K$ @0-&-$ "&-$ P"#N$

E0"JJ-#F-)$,'&$M"@-&P"&[(#F$ON$I)(#F$@0-$;E"J"OJ-$7(*-'$8'*(#F$"QQ&'"E0$9;0($-@$"J1K$2BABC1$$
:@$)0'IJ*$O-$#'@-*$@0"@$I)(#F$@0-$Q&('&$[#'MJ-*F-$',$@0-$;E"J"OJ-$7(*-'$8'*(#F$)N)@-P$"#*$
@0-$ @&"#)P())('#$ E0"##-J$ "&-$ O-#-,(E("J$ ,'&$ @0-$ M"@-&P"&[(#F$ )N)@-P$ 9= &M"J*$ H$ U0JK$
2BBbCK$@0-&-ON$-#"OJ(#F$@'$I)-$"$#IPO-&$',$)IQQ'&@-*$)Q"@("J$"#*$@-PQ'&"J$J"N-&)K$*-#')(#F$
"#*$*-OJ'E[(#F$,(J@-&)K$"#*$@0-$J([-$9")$)E0-P"@(E"JJN$)0'M#$(#$?(3&'"*SC1$6)$(@$()$[#'M#K$ON$
-]QJ'(@(#F$ @0-$ 0')@$ D(*-'$ ")$ @0-$ )(*-?(#,'&P"@('#$ "@$ @0-$ -#E'*-&K$ (#$ P-))"F-$ E'*(#F$ "#*$
M"@-&P"&[$-PO-**(#FK$@0-$#-F"@(D-$(PQ"E@$',$0')@$)(F#"J$#'()-$'#$@0-$M"@-&P"&[$*-E'*-&$
Q-&,'&P"#E-$E"#$O-$E"#E-JJ-*$98']$-@$"J1K$2BB2C1$$
$
h(F1$41$;E0-P"@(E$*("F&"P$',$@0-$M"@-&P"&[$E'PPI#(E"@('#$E0"##-J$ON$I)(#F$;E"J"OJ-$7(*-'$
8'*(#F$,'&$OJ(#*$M"@-&P"&[(#F$9= &M"J*$H$U0JK$2BBbC1$$
G(@0$ &-F"&*$ @'$ @0()$ ())I-K$ 9= &M"J*$ H$ U0JK$ 2BBbC$ Q&-)-#@$ "$ ,&"P-?ON?,&"P-$ )E"J"OJ-$
M"@-&P"&[(#F$)E0-P-$@0"@$()$&'OI)@$,'&$)Q"@("JK$@-PQ'&"J$"#*$TI"J(@N$)E"J"O(J(@(-)K$(#$M0(E0$
@0-$JIP(#"#E-$E'PQ'#-#@$',$-"E0$,&"P-$()$*-E'PQ')-*$I)(#F$"$@M'?J-D-J$M"D-J-@$@&"#),'&P$
M(@0$ "$ c5W$ O(?'&@0'F'#"J$ ,(J@-&1$ ;-Q"&"@-$ M"@-&P"&[)$ "&-$ -PO-**-*$ (#$ @0-$ "QQ&'](P"@('#$
"#*$-"E0$ *-@"(J$)IOO"#*$J"N-&1$6EE'&*(#F$ @'$9= &M"J*$H$U0JK$2BBbCK$"#$"**(@(D-$)Q&-"*?
)Q-E@&IP$M"@-&P"&[$ 9K C
8
P#D$()$"**-*$@'$@0-$*-@"(J$)IOO"#*$E'-,,(E(-#@)$
K
9K C
8)
F#DK$
$
j
KK K
9K C 9K C 9K C 9K CK
D

8) 8) 8) 8

F#D F #D -#DP#D
$9AC$
M0-&-$
D
()$"$FJ'O"J$)@&-#F@0$,"E@'&$"#*$
K
9K C
8)
-#D()$"$Q-&E-Q@I"J$)0"Q(#F$P")[$*-&(D-*$,&'P$
"$E'PO(#-*$J'E"J$#'()-$"#*$,&-TI-#EN$)-#E(@(D(@N$P'*-J1$ 8 $"#*$
) (#*(E"@-$"$0(-&"&E0(E"J$J-D-J$
"#*$'&(-#@"@('#$',$@0-$)IOO"#*1$XJ(#*$M"@-&P"&[$*-@-E@('#$E"#$O-$Q-&,'&P-*$(#*-Q-#*-#@JN$

Watermarking , Volume 2
8
,'&$ -"E0$ 0(-&"&E0(E"J$ J"N-&$ ON$ I)(#F$ @0-$ #'&P"J(Y-*$ E'&&-J"@('#$ E'-,,(E(-#@$ *-@-E@('#1$ XN$
"QQJN(#F$ "$ 0(F0?Q"))$ LkL$ %"I))("#$ ,(J@-&$ @'$ @0-$ *-@"(J$ )IOO"#*)$ Q&('&$ @'$ @0-$ E'&&-J"@('#K$
)'P-$',$@0-$0')@$(#@-&,-&-#E-$()$)IQQ&-))-)K$M0(E0$(PQ&'D-)$@0-$*-@-E@('#$)@"@()@(E)1$6J)'K$"$
*(,,-&-#@$[-N$()$I)-*$,'&$-"E0$,&"P-$@'$F-#-&"@-$@0-$M"@-&P"&[$Q"@@-&#$ 9= &M"J*$H$U0JK$
2BBbC1$$
hI&@0-&K$9= &M"J*K$ >1$H$U0JK$61K$ 2BABOC$,'EI)$'#$@0-$M"@-&P"&[$-PO-**(#F$(#$@0-$(#@&"?
E'*-*$ P"E&'OJ'E[)$ ',$ "#$ .1234?E'*-*$ O")-$ J"N-&1$<"E0$P"E&'OJ'E[$',$@0-$(#QI@$,&"P-$()$
E'*-*$ ON$ I)(#F$ -(@0-&$ (#@&"?$ '&$ (#@-&?,&"P-$ Q&-*(E@('#K$ "#*$ @0-$ *(,,-&-#E-$ O-@M #$ (#QI@$
Q(]-J)$ "#*$ @0-$ Q&-*(E@('#$ )(F#"J$ ()$ @0-$ &-)(*I"J1$ /0-$ M"@-&P"&[-*$ ;78$ O")-$ J"N-&$
&-Q&-)-#@"@('#$ ()$ I)-*$ ,'&$ Q&-*(E@(#F$ @0-$ ;78$ -#0"#E-P-#@$ J"N-&K$ ")$ ) #$ ,&'P$ ?(3&'"* T$
O-J'M$9= &M"J*K$>1$H$U0JK$61K$2BABOC1$$
$
h(F1$R1$;"PQJ-$-#E'*(#F$M"@-&P"&[(#F$)@&IE@I&-$',$@M'$)Q"@("J$;78$J"N-&)$9= &M"J*K$>1$H$
U0JK$61K$2BABOC1$$$
6)$"J&-"*N$P-#@('#-*K$,'&$@0-$)E"J"OJ-$M"@-&P"&[$)N)@-PK$@0-$[-N$)E"J"OJ-$Q&'Q-&@N$()$@0"@$

@0-$*-@-E@('#$Q&'E-))$()$)E"J"OJ-$9;0($-@$"J1K$2BABC1$:#$'@0-&$M'&*)K$@0-$)N)@-P$)0'IJ*$O-$"OJ-$
@'$ *-@-E@$ "$ M"@-&P"&[$ (#$ "JJ$ *(,,-&-#@$ )E"J"OJ-$ O(@)?)@&-"P)1$ 6)$ @0-$ TI"J(@N$ ',$ PIJ@(P-*("$
*-E&-")-)K$@0-$E'&&-J"@('#$O-@M #$@0-$M"@-&P"&[$"#*$M"@-&P"&[-*$)(F#"J$P"N$O-$*-E&-")-$
")$ M-JJ1$ ;'K$ (@$ M(JJ$ #'@$ M'&[$ -,,-E@(D-JN$ (,$ @0-$ )"P-$ @0&-)0'J*$ ()$ I)-*$ ,'&$ -"E0$ ;78$ J"N-&1$
.'M-D-&K$ (,$ *(,,-&-#@$ *-@-E@(D-$ @0&-)0'J*)$ "&-$ I)-*$ ,'&$ *(,,-&-#@$ J"N-&)K$ @0-$ M"@-&P"&[$
)N)@-P$()$ &-TI(&-*$@'$ @&"#)P(@$)'P-$ -]@&"$ )(*-$(#,'&P"@('#1$+#-$Q'@-#@("J$P-")I&-$()$@0"@$
@0-$*-@-E@(D-$@0&-)0'J*$E"#$O-$"*dI)@-*$"*"Q@(D-JN$"EE'&*(#F$@'$@0-$PIJ@(P-*("$E'#@-#@1$
G(@0$@0()$&-F"&*K$9;0($-@$"J1K$2BABC$Q&'Q')-$"$)E"J"OJ-$"#*$E&-*(OJ-$M"@-&P"&[(#F$"JF'&(@0P$
@'M"&*)$ ;E"J"OJ-$ 7(*-'$ 8'*(#F$ 9;78CK$ M0(E0$ "(P)$ @'$ OI(J*$ 8'QN&(F0@$ >&'@-E@('#$ ;N)@-P$

Recent Advances in Watermarking for Scalable Video Coding
9
98>;C1$ /0-$ "I@0'&)$ ,(&)@$ (#D-)@(F"@-$ M0-&-$ @'$ -PO-*$ @0-$ M"@-&P"&[$ @'$ -#)I&-$ (@$ E"#$ O-$
*-@-E@-*$(#$@0-$;78$X")-$f"N-&$")$M-JJ$")$(#$@0-$<#0"#E-P-#@$f"N-&)K$"#*$@0-#$@0-$"I@0'&)$
Q&'Q')-$ "$ P'*-J$ @0"@$ E'PO(#-)$ @0-$ ,&-TI-#EN$ P")[(#FK$ E'#@&")@$ P")[(#FK$ JIP(#"#E-$
"*"Q@('#$"#*$@-PQ'&"J$P")[(#F1$h(#"JJNK$M0-@0-&$M"@-&P"&[$-]()@)$'&$#'@$()$dI*F-*$ON$@0-$
"*"Q@(D-$ *-@-E@('#K$ M0(E0$ FI"&"#@ )$ @0-$ Q&'Q')-*$ P-@0'*$ 0")$ "$ F''*$ J-F"J$ E&-*(O(J(@NK$
)(#E-$(@)$h"J)-$6J"&P$\"@-$9h6\C$()$EJ')-$@'$Y-&'1$
:#$@0-$5"=.()#*@K$M-$*()EI))$&-E-#@$"*D"#E-)$(#$)E"J"OJ-$,&"F(J-$M"@-&P"&[(#F1$
3. Recent advances in scalable fragile watermarking
/0-$ F''*$ "I@0-#@(E"@('#$ M"@-&P"&[(#F$ E"#$ *-@-E@$ "#*$ J'E"J(Y-$ "#N$ E0"#F-$ @'$ @0-$ D(*-'K$
(#EJI*(#F$E0"#F-)$(#$,&"P-$&"@-K$D(*-'$)(Y-$'&$&-J"@-*$D(*-'$'Od-E@$9G"#F$-@$"J1K$2BB3C1$:,$@0-$
M"@-&P"&[-*$ D(*-'$ ()$ "@@"E[-*$ ON$ ,&"P-$ &-P'D(#FK$ "#*$ @0-#$ @0-$ M"@-&P"&[$ -]@&"E@(#F$
Q&'E-*I&-$()$"QQJ(-*$'#$@0-$"@@"E[-*$D(*-'K$@0-$Q&'E-*I&-$&-@I&#)$"$,"J)-$"J"&P$@'$(#*(E"@-$
@0"@$ @0-$ D(*-'$ E'#@-#@$ O-E'P-)$ (#E'PQJ-@-1$ 6J)'K$ (,$ '#-$ E0"#F-$ @0-$ )(Y-$ ',$ M"@-&P"&[-*$
D(*-'$"#*$ @0-#$ '#-$ "QQJ(-)$ @0-$M"@-&P"&[$ -]@&"E@('#$ Q&'E-*I&-$ '#$ @0()$ &-)(Y-*$ D(*-'K$ @0-$
Q&'E-*I&-$&-@I&#)$"#$'I@QI@$@0"@$&-)-POJ-)$&"#*'P$#'()-K$P-"#(#F$"$,"J)-$"J"&P1$;(P(J"&JNK$
(,$ '#-$ P'*(,(-)$ E-&@"(#$ &-J"@-*$ D(*-'$ 'Od-E@K$ @0-#$ @0-$ Q&'E-*I&-$ M(JJ$ 'I@QI@$ "$ ,"J)-$ "J"&P$
9G"#F$-@$"J1K$2BB3C1$
G(@0$@0()$&-F"&*K$9G"#F$-@$"J1K$2BB3C$Q&'Q')-$@'$-PO-*$@0-$M"@-&P"&[$(#,'&P"@('#$(#@'$@0-$

<#0"#E-P-#@$f"N-&$',$=><%?4$h(#-$%&"#IJ"&(@N$;E"J"O(J(@N$9h%;CK$")$)E0-P"@(E"JJN$)0'M#$
(#$?(3&'"*UK$@'$ *-@-E@$@0-$ (#@-F&"J(@N$',$D(*-'$)@&-"P1$6EE'&*(#F$@'$9G"#F$-@$"J1K$2BB3CK$(@$()$
)IQQ')-*$ @0"@$
(
P $*-#'@-)$@0-$(?@0$ M"@-&P"&[$ O(@K$ "#*$
W
E $*-#'@-)$@0-$@'@"J$#IPO-&$$
',$^A_$ O(@)$ (#$ @0-$ W?@0$ b]b$ O(@?QJ"#-1$ /0-$ M"@-&P"&[$
(
P $)0'IJ*$O-$-PO-**-*$(#@'$@0-$L?@0$
)Q-E(,(-*$ O(@$
L
! $(#$W$@0$ O(@?QJ"#-K$ "#*$ @0-$ *-@"(J$ ',$-PO-**(#F$M"@-&P"&[(#F$E"#$O-$
*-)E&(O-*$")$,'JJ'M)1$h(&)@K$@0-$)Q-E(,(-*$O(@$9L?@0$O(@C$(#$@0-$W?@0$O(@?QJ"#-$()$)-J-E@-*$ON$"$&I#?
J-#F@0?)-J-E@('#$ "JF'&(@0P$ ,'&$ -PO-**(#F$ (?@0$ M"@-&P"&[$ O(@1$ /0-$ &I#?J-#F@0?)-J-E@('#$
"JF'&(@0P$E"#$*-@-&P(#-$"$)Q-E(,(-*$O(@$,'&$-PO-**(#F$M"@-&P"&[$(#$b]b$&-)(*I-$O(@?QJ"#-$
"#*$'O@"(#(#F$"#$'Q@(P"J$E'*(#F$-,,(E(-#EN$(#$&I#?J-#F@0$E'*(#F1$:,$
(
P $()$^A_K$@0-#$
W
E $M(JJ$
O-$-#,'&E-*$@'$O-$")$"#$'**$D"JI-1$;(P(J"&JNK$(,$
(
P $()$^B_K$@0-#$
W
E $M(JJ$O-$-#,'&E-*$@'$O-$")$
"#$ -D-#$ D"JI-1$ /0"@$ ()K$ @0-$ )Q-E(,(-*$ O(@$
L
! $ E"#$ O-$ P'*(,(-*$ ")$
j

L
!
$ON$@0-$,'JJ'M(#F$
-]Q&-))('#i$
$
j
BK 9 C B
AK 9 C A
(W
L
(W
(0 P X E
!
(0 P X E



°

®


°
¯
$92C$
M0-&-$
9C9 ACP'*2
WW
XE E  K$"#*$Z


Z$*-#'@-)$@0-$-]EJI)(D-$Z+\Z$'Q-&"@('#1$
;(#E-$ ,&"F(J-$ M"@-&P"&[(#F$ 0")$ -]@&-P-JN$ J'M$ &-)()@"#E-$ ,'&$ D"&('I)$ "@@"E[)K$@0-$ -]@&"E@-*$
M"@-&P"&[$)(F#"J$,"(&N$-")N$J')-$(@)$E'PQJ-@-#-))$M0-#$PIJ@(P-*("$E'#@-#@$()$P'*(,(-*$'&$
E0"#F-*$ON$"$Q(&"@-$'&$0"E[-&1$/0I)K$@0-$PIJ@(P-*("$E"#$O-$*-@-&P(#-*$M0-&-$(@$0")$O #$
E0"#F-*$'&$P'*(,(-*$(JJ-F"JJN$"EE'&*(#F$@'$@0-$E'PQJ-@-#-))$',$-]@&"E@-*$M"@-&P"&[1$9G"#F$
-@$"J1K$2BB3C$Q&'Q')-$"$X8G$9X(@QJ"#-?8'*(#F$G"@-&P"&[(#FC$"JF'&(@0P$@'$"**$M"@-&P"&[$
(#,'&P"@('#$@'$@0-$&-)(*I"J$O(@?QJ"#-)$',$@0-$<#0"#E-P-#@$f"N-&1$:#$-PO-**(#F$Q&'E-*I&-K$

Watermarking , Volume 2
10
@0-$M"@-&P"&[$(#,'&P"@('#$()$-PO-**-*$(#@'$-D-&N$bob$ OJ'E[$ ',$ &-)(*I"J$O(@?QJ"#-)$(#$@0-$
<#0"#E-P-#@$ f"N-&K$ M0(J-$ -#E'*(#F$ @'$ =><%?4$ h%;$ D(*-'$ )@&-"P1$ /0-$ M"@-&P"&[$ O(@$ ()$
P'*IJ"@-*$ON$P'*(,N(#F$"$)Q-E(,(-*$O(@$@0"@$()$)-J-E@-*$,&'P$-"E0$bob$O(@?QJ"#-$)IE0$@0"@$@0-$
-D-#5'**$ D"JI-$ ',$ @0-$ @'@"J$ #IPO-&$ ',$ ^A_$ O(@)$ E"#$ P @$ @0-$ E'&&-)Q'#*(#F$ M"@-&P"&[$
(#,'&P"@('#1$ /0-$ P"(#$ &-")'#)$ ,'&$ 0(*(#F$ M"@-&P"&[$ (#@'$ -#0"#E-P-#@$ J"N-&)$ ()$ @0"@$
P(#(P"J$ *-F&"*"@('#$ ',$ @0-$ 0')@$ *"@"$ E"#$ O-$ (PQ-&E-Q@(OJ-$ ")$ @0-$ M"@-&P"&[$ )(F#"J$ ()$
(#)-&@-*$(#@'$@0-$-#0"#E-P-#@$J"N-&1$$
$
h(F1$31$<PO-**(#F$"$M"@-&P"&[$(#$"#$<#0"#E-P-#@$f"N-&$',$@0-$=><%?4$h%;$D(*-'$)@&-"P$
9G"#F$-@$"J1K$2BB3C1$
:#$ @I&#K$ (#$ ?(3&'"* V$()$Q&-)-#@-*$"$OJ'E[$*("F&"P$,'&$@0-$ M"@-&P"&[$ -]@&"E@('#$ ,&'P$ @0-$
<#0"#E-P-#@$ f"N-&$ ',$ =><%?4$ h%;$ D(*-'$ )@&-"P$ 9G"#F$ -@$ "J1K$ 2BB3C1$ :,$ 9 C
W
XE ()$ ZAZK$ @0-$
-]@&"E@-*$ M"@-&P"&[(#F$ *"@"$ ()$ -TI"J$ @'$ ^A_1$ +@0-&M()-K$ (,$ 9 C
W
XE *()$ ZBZK$ @0-$ -]@&"E@-*$
M"@-&P"&[(#F$*"@"$()$"J)'$^B_1$/0-$-TI"@('#$,'&$-]@&"E@(#F$M"@-&P"&[$E"#$O-$-]Q&-))-*$")$
,'JJ'M)i$
$

j
BK 9 C B
AK 9 C A
W
(
W
(0 X E
P
(0 X E


°

®

°
¯
$9LC$

Recent Advances in Watermarking for Scalable Video Coding
11
M0-&-$ 9BKAK2KLK4K111C
(
P( $()$@0-$(?@0$*"@"$',$M"@-&P"&[1$6J)'K$(#$@0-$M"@-&P"&[$-]@&"E@(#F$',$
9G"#F$ -@$ "J1K$ 2BB3CK$ @0-$ &-E-(D-*$ <#0"#E-P-#@$ f"N-&$ 9<fC$ )@&-"P$ M(@0$ @0-$ M"@-&P"&[(#F$
*"@"$ E"#$ O-$ *-E'*-*$ @'$ O(@?QJ"#-)$ @0&'IF0$ @0-$ 7"&("OJ-?f-#F@0$ !-E'*(#F$ 97f!C$ "@$ @0-$
&-E-(D-&$-#*1$$
Fine-Granular Scalability
(FGS) Bit-Plain
Reconstruction

Watermark Extraction
Random Permutation
Watermark
Reconstruction
Enhancement Layer
Stream
Key
$
h(F1$c1$<]@&"E@(#F$"$M"@-&P"&[$,&'P$"#$<#0"#E-P-#@$f"N-&$',$@0-$=><%?4$h(#-$%&"#IJ"&(@N$
;E"J"O(J(@N$9h%;C$D(*-'$)@&-"P$9G"#F$-@$"J1K$2BB3C1$
:#$@0-$,'JJ'M(#F$5"=.()#*SK$M-$*()EI))$E'PQ&-))-*?*'P"(#$M"@-&P"&[(#F$ON$I)(#F$;E"J"OJ-$
7(*-'$8'*(#F$@-E0#(TI-)1$$
4. Compressed-domain watermarking by using scalable video coding
/0-$E'#E-Q@$',$)E"J"OJ-$M"@-&P"&[(#F$()$E'PQ')-*$',$@0-$-]Q"#)('#$',$Q&'F&-))(D-$E'*(#F$
"#*$@0-$M"@-&P"&[$)N)@-P$9;-'$H$>"&[K$2BBRC1$>&'F&-))(D-$M"@-&P"&[(#F$@-E0#(TI-)$-#"OJ-)$
@'$ @&"#)P(@$ (P"F-)$ M(@0$ "$ OI(J@?(#$ M"@-&P"&[$ Q&'F&-))(D-JNK$ "#*$ @0-#$ @'$ -]@&"E@$ @0-$
M"@-&P"&[$,&'P$@0-$*-E'*-*$(P"F-)1$/0-$)E"J"OJ-$*(F(@"J$M"@-&P"&[(#F$()$P')@JN$&-J"@-*$@'$
@0-$)E"J"OJ-$D(*-'$E'*(#F$@-E0#(TI-)1$/0-&-,'&-K$@0-$)E"J"OJ-$*(F(@"J$M"@-&P"&[(#F$-#"OJ-)$@'$
Q&'@-E@$E'#@-#@)$&-F"&*J-))$',$@0-$@&"#)P())('#$',$"$)Q-E(,(E$*'P"(#K$"#*$-#"OJ-)$@'$-]@&"E@$
M"@-&P"&[$ ,&'P$ "#N$ *'P"(#$ ',$ @0-$ )E"J"OJ-$ E'#@-#@)1$ 6J)'K$ @0-$ (#E&-")-$ ',$ @0-$ )E"J"OJ-$
*'P"(#$E"#$"J)'$&-*IE-$"#$-&&'&$',$@0-$M"@-&P"&[$-]@&"E@('#$9>(Q-&$-@$"J1K$2BB4C1$:#$?(3&'"*YK$
@0-$ E'PQ&-))('#$()$ Q-&,'&P-*$ '#$ @0-$ '&(F(#"J$(P"F-$",@-&$@0-$M"D-J-@$@&"#),'&PK$"#*$@0-$
)-J-E@-*$ E'-,,(E(-#@)$ "#*$ M"@-&P"&[$ [-N$ "&-$ E'PO(#-*K$ ,'JJ'M-*$ ON$ @0-$ )Q-E@&IP$
TI"#@(Y"@('#$"#*$-#E'*(#F$9;-'$H$>"&[K$2BBRC1$/0-&-,'&-K$ON$Q&'F&-))(D-JN$@&"#)P(@@(#F$@0-$

Watermarking , Volume 2
12
(P"F-$,&'P$@0-$J'M$,&-TI-#EN$O"#*$@'$@0-$0(F0$,&-TI-#EN$O"#*K$@0-$&-E-(D-&$E"#$-]@&"E@$@0-$
M"@-&P"&[$ ,&'P$ @0-$ E'&&-)Q'#*(#F$ (P"F-$ Q'&@('#K$ M0(E0$ @0"@$ E'#@"(#)$ @0-$ OI(J@?(#$
M"@-&P"&[`$@0-$O(@$-&&'&$&"@-$()$*-E&-")-*K$")$@0-$@&"#)P(@@-*$*"@"$',$(P"F-)K$M(@0$@0-$OI(J@?

(#$M"@-&P"&[K$()$(#E&-")-*$9;-'$H$>"&[K$2BBRC1$
$
h(F1$b1$;E"J"OJ-$M"@-&P"&[(#F$(#$@0-$E'PQ&-))-*$*'P"(#$9;-'$H$>"&[K$2BBRC1$
:#$@0-$,'JJ'M(#F$5"=.()#*TK$M-$*()EI))$E'PO(#-*$)E0-P-)$',$M"@-&P"&[(#F$"#*$-#E&NQ@('#$
ON$I)(#F$@0-$.12345;781$
5. Combined schemes of watermarking and encryption by using Scalable
Video Coding
:#@-JJ-E@I"J$ >&'Q-&@N$ 9:>C$ Q&'@-E@('#$ ()$ "$ E&(@(E"J$ -J-P-#@$ (#$ "$ PIJ@(P-*("$ @&"#)P())('#$
)N)@-P$980"#F$-@$"J1K$2BB4`$80"#F$-@$"J1K$2BBRC1$8'#D-#@('#"J$:>$Q&'@-E@('#$)E0-P-)$E"#$O-$
E"@-F'&(Y-*$ (#@'$ @M'$ P"d'&$ O&"#E0-)i$ "#='/I.()#* "#*$ P6."'D6'L(#31$ /0-$ E'#@-#@$ Q&'@-E@('#$
E"#$O-$(#E&-")-*$M0-#$E'PO(#(#F$@0-$-#E&NQ@('#$"#*$@0-$&'OI)@$M"@-&P"&[(#FK$")$Q&'Q')-*$
"#*$ (PQJ-P-#@-*$ ON$ 980"#F$ -@$ "J1K$ 2BB4`$ 80"#F$ -@$ "J1K$ 2BBRC1$ XN$ @"[(#F$ "*D"#@"F-$ ',$ @0-$
#"@I&-$ ',$ E&NQ@'F&"Q0(E$ )E0-P-)$ "#*$ *(F(@"J$ M"@-&P"&[(#FK$ @0-$ E'QN&(F0@$ ',$ PIJ@(P-*("$
E'#@-#@)$E"#$O-$M-JJ$Q&'@-E@-*1$
:#$ F-#-&"JK$ @0-$ ;E"J"OJ-$ 7(*-'$ 8'*(#F$ -#E&NQ@('#$ E"#$ O-$ *-,(#-*$ ")$ ,'JJ'M)$ 9;@I@Y$ H$$
U0JK$2BAACi$
x <#E&NQ@('#$O-,'&-$E'PQ&-))('#i$/0-&-$"&-$#'$*-*(E"@-*$-#E&NQ@('#$Q&'Q')"J)$@0"@$@"[-$
;78?)Q-E(,(E)$(#@'$"EE'I#@$9;@I@Y$H$U0JK$2BAAC1$
x 8'PQ&-))('#5:#@-F&"@-*$-#E&NQ@('#i$/0-$O")-$J"N-&$()$-#E'*-*$)(P(J"&$@'$678K$@0I)$"JJ$
-#E&NQ@('#$ )E0-P-)$ ,'&$ 678$ E"#$ O-$ O")(E"JJN$ -PQJ'N-*$ (#$ @0-$ O")-$ J"N-&1$ /0-$
-#0"#E-P-#@$J"N-&)$E"#$-PQJ'N$(#@-&?J"N-&$Q&-*(E@('#K$OI@$#'@$#-E-))"&(JN$0"D-$@'K$-1F1K$
(,$ (#@-&?J"N-&$ Q&-*(E@('#$ *'-)$ #'@$ &-)IJ@$ (#$ O-@@-&$ E'PQ&-))('#1$ /0-$ E'PQ&-))('#$
(#@-F&"@-*$ -#E&NQ@('#$ "QQ&'"E0-)$ ,'&$ 678$ E"#$ O-$ "QQJ(-*$ ")$ M-JJ$ ,'&$ ;78K$ -1F1K$ @0-$
"QQ&'"E0-)$@"&F-@(#F$@0-$E'-,,(E(-#@$*"@"$E"#$"J)'$O-$"QQJ(-*$,'&$;781$
x X(@)@&-"P5$+&(-#@-*$-#E&NQ@('#i$/0-$"QQ&'"E0$',$9;@I@Y$H$U0JK$2BBbC$@"[-)$"*D"#@"F-$
',$ ;78$ @'$ (PQJ-P-#@$ @&"#)Q"&-#@$ -#E&NQ@('#$ ",@-&$ E'PQ&-))('#1$ /0-$ ,'JJ'M(#F$
"QQ&'"E0-)$0"D-$O #$Q&'Q')-*$,'&$;78$-#E&NQ@('#$96&"E0E0($-@$"J1K$2BBW`$ JJM"F#-&$
-@$ "J1K$ 2BBW`$ e(@0(#$ -@$ "J1K$ 2BBWC$ M0(E0$ "JJ$ Q&-)-&D-$ @0-$ e6fU$ )@&IE@I&-$ "#*$ -#E&NQ@$

Recent Advances in Watermarking for Scalable Video Coding

13
"JP')@$ @0-$ -#@(&-$ e6fU$ Q"NJ'"*1$ 6)$ @0-$ e6fU$ )@&IE@I&-$ ()$ Q&-)-&D-*K$ )E"J"O(J(@N$ ()$
Q&-)-&D-*$(#$@0-$-#E&NQ@-*$*'P"(#1$
/0-$ )E"J"OJ-$ @&"#)P())('#$ P-@0'*$ 'D-&$ @0-$ O&'"*E")@(#F$ -#D(&'#P-#@$ ,'&$ J"N-&-*$ E'#@-#@$
Q&'@-E@('#$()$"*'Q@-*$ON$980"#F$-@$"J1K$2BB4`$80"#F$-@$"J1K$2BBRC1$6)$"$&-)IJ@K$@0-$-PO-**-*$
M"@-&P"&[$E"#$O-$-]@&"E@-*$M(@0$@0-$0(F0$E'#,(*-#E-$"#*$@0-$#-]@?J"N-&$[-N)5)-E&-@)$E"#$O-$
Q-&,-E@JN$ *-E&NQ@-*$ "#*$ &-E'#)@&IE@-*1$ /0-$ M"@-&P"&[(#F$ ()$ "**-*$ @'$ '&*-&$ @'$ "(*$ @0-$
-#E&NQ@('#$ Q&'E-))K$ )(#E-$ @0-$ M"@-&P"&[-*$ *"@"$ E'#@-#@$ E"#$ M(@0)@"#*$ *(,,-&-#@$ @NQ-)$ ',$
"@@"E[)K$)IE0$")$*()@'&@('#)K$(P"F-5D(*-'$Q&'E-))(#FK$"#*$@0-$J([-1$$$$$
hI&@0-&K$9>"&[$H$;0(#K$2BBbC$Q&-)-#@)$"$E'PO(#-*$)E0-P-$',$-#E&NQ@('#$"#*$M"@-&P"&[(#F$
@'$ Q&'D(*-$ @0-$ "EE-))$ &(F0@$ "#*$ @0-$ "I@0-#@(,(E"@('#$ ',$ @0-$ D(*-'$ $ )(PIJ@"#-'I)JNK$ ")$
)E0-P"@(E"JJN$ Q&-)-#@-*$ (#$ ?(3&'"* Z1$ /0-$ Q&'Q')-*$ )E0-P-$ -#"OJ-)$ @'$ Q&'@-E@$ @0-$ *"@"$
E'#@-#@$(#$"$P'&-$)-EI&-$M"N$)(#E-$@0-$-#E&NQ@-*$E'#@-#@$()$*-E&NQ@-*$M0-#$@0-$M"@-&P"&[$
()$-]"E@JN$*-@-E@-*1$/0-$-#E&NQ@('#$()$Q-&,'&P-*$,'&$@0-$"EE-))$&(F0@K$"#*$@0-$M"@-&P"&[(#F$
()$ (PQJ-P-#@-*$ ,'&$ @0-$ "I@0-#@(E"@('#1$ >"&@(EIJ"J&NK$ @0-$ -#E&NQ@('#$ ()$ Q&-,'&P-*$ ON$
-#E&NQ@(#F$@0-$ (#@&"?Q&-*(E@('#$P'*-)$',$@0-$4]4$JIP"$OJ'E[$K$@0-$)(F#$O(@)$',$ @-]@I&-K$ "#*$
@0-$ )(F#$ O(@)$ ',$ =7$ *(,,-&-#E-$D"JI-)$ (#$ @0-$ (#@&"$ ,&"P-)$ "#*$ @0-$ (#@-&$ ,&"P-)1$ :#$ @I&#K$ "$
&-D-&)(OJ-$ M"@-&P"&[(#F$ )E0-P-$ ()$ (PQJ-P-#@-*$ ON$ I)(#F$ (#@&"?Q&-*(E@('#$ P'*-)1$ /0-$
M"@-&P"&[(#F$)E0-P-$Q&'Q')-*$ON$9>"&[$H$;0(#K$2BBbC$0")$"$)P"JJ$O(@?'D-&0-"*`$0'M-D-&K$
#'$*-F&"*"@('#$',$@0-$D()I"J$TI"J(@N$'EEI&)1$
$
h(F1$W1$8'PO(#-*$)E0-P-$',$-#E&NQ@('#$"#*$M"@-&P"&[(#F$9>"&[$H$;0(#K$2BBbC1$$

Watermarking , Volume 2
14
/0-$ P-@0'*$ ',$ 9>"&[$ H$ ;0(#K$ 2BBbC$ ()$ "QQJ(-*$ (#$ @0-$ ;E"J"OJ-$ 7(*-'$ 8'*(#F$ '#$ @0-$
P"E&'OJ'E[$ 9=XC$ J-D-J$ (#$ @0-$ X")-$ f"N-&1$ /0-$ -#E&NQ@('#$ "#*$ M"@-&P"&[(#F$ "&-$
(PQJ-P-#@-*$ (#$ @0-$ -#E'*(#F$ Q&'E-))$ "JP')@$ )(PIJ@"#-'I)JN1$ :#$ @I&#K$ (#$ @0-$ *-E'*(#F$
Q&'E-))K$ @0-$ &-E-(D-&j)$ *-D(E-$ -]@&"E@)$ @0-$ M"@-&P"&[$ ,&'P$ @0-$ &-E-(D-*$ O(@)@&-"P1$ /0-$
-]@&"E@-*$M"@-&P"&[$()$E'PQ"&-*$@'$@0-$'&(F(#"J$'#-1$:,$@0-N$P"@E0K$@0-#$@0-$&-E-(D-*$D(*-'$

)$ @&I)@-*$ "#*$ @0-$ -#E&NQ@-*$ O(@)&-"P$ ()$ *-E&NQ@-*1$ :#$ '@0-&$ M'&*)K$ "EE'&*(#F$ @'$ 9>"&[$ H$
;0(#K$2BBbCK$'#JN$"I@0-#@(E"@-*$E'#@-#@)$E"#$O-$*-E'*-*$(#$@0-$*-E'*(#F$Q&'E-))1$$
:#$@0-$,'JJ'M(#F$5"=.()#*UK$M-$Q&-)-#@$Q'))(OJ-$,I@I&-$&-)-"&E0$*(&-E@('#)$,'&$'Q@(P(Y(#F$@0-$
-]()@(#F$M"@-&P"&[(#F$@-E0#(TI-)$,'&$I)-$M(@0$@0-$;E"J"OJ-$7(*-'$8'*(#F1$$
6. Future research directions
/0-$-]()@(#F$M"@-&P"&[(#F$@-E0#(TI-)$,'&$@0-$;E"J"OJ-$7(*-'$8'*(#F$0"D-$)@(JJ$P"#N$())I-)$
@'$O-$)'JD-*$(#$'&*-&$@'$Q&'D(*-$"$E'PQJ-@-$)'JI@('#K$"#*$Q'))(OJ-$,I@I&-$&-)-"&E0$*(&-E@('#)$
E"#$O-$'I@J(#-*$")$,'JJ'M)$9X0'MP([K$2BABCi$
x !-D-J'Q(#F$M"@-&P"&[(#F$@-E0#(TI-)$,'&$@0-$\-F('#?',?:#@-&-)@$9\+:C$D(*-'$E'*(#F$ON$
I)(#F$@0-$.12345;78`$
x ='*-J(#F$@0-$@&"#)P())('#$E0"##-J$-&&'&$"#*$(@)$(#,JI-#E-$'#$@0-$M"@-&P"&[$&'OI)@#-))$
,'&$;78$"QQJ(E"@('#)`$
x !-D-J'Q(#F$&-"J?@(P-$M"@-&P"&[(#F$"I@0-#@(E"@('#$)E0-P-)$ON$I)(#F$O(@)@&-"P?*'P"(#$
M"@-&P"&[(#F$,'&$@0-$.12345;78`$
x !-D-J'Q(#F$ E'PQ&-0-#)(D-$ E'PQ&-))-*?*'P"(#$ ;78$ M"@-&P"&[(#F$ )E0-P-)K$ M0(E0$
-#"OJ-$)E"J"O(J(@N$(#$@0-$P-*("$*()@&(OI@('#K$M0(J-$&-)'JD(#F$*(F(@"J$&(F0@)$P"#"F-P-#@$
9!\=C$())I-)1$$
7. Conclusions
:#$@0()$E0"Q@-&$M-$0"D-$Q&-)-#@-*$"$E'PQ&-0-#)(D-$'D-&D(-M$',$&-E-#@$*-D-J'QP-#@)$(#$@0-$
"&-"$',$M"@-&P"&[(#F$ON$I)(#F$@0-$;E"J"OJ-$7(*-'$8'*(#F1$6)$*()EI))-*K$@0-$;E"J"OJ-$7(*-'$
8'*(#F$Q')-)$#-M$E0"JJ-#F-)$,'&$M"@-&P"&[(#FK$M0(E0$0"D-$@'$O-$"**&-))-*$@'$"E0(-D-$,IJJ$
Q&'@-E@('#$ ',$ @0-$ )E"J"OJ-$ E'#@-#@K$ M0(J-$ P"(#@"(#(#F$ J'M$ O(@?&"@-$ 'D-&0-"*$ *I-$ @'$
M"@-&P"&[(#F1$ >"&@(EIJ"&JNK$ M-$ Q&-)-#@-*$ &-E-#@$ "*D"#E-)$ (#$ &'OI)@$ M"@-&P"&[(#F$ "#*$
*()EI))-*$ &-E-#@$ "*D"#E-)$ (#$ @0-$ )E"J"OJ-$ ,&"F(J-$M"@-&P"&[(#F`$ "J)'K$ M-$ Q&-)-#@-*$ &-E-#@$
E'PQ&-))-*?*'P"(#$ M"@-&P"&[(#F$ @-E0#(TI-)$ ON$ I)(#F$ @0-$ ;E"J"OJ-$ 7(*-'$ 8'*(#F4* "#*$
Q&-)-#@-*$E'PO(#-*$)E0-P-)$',$@0-$;78$M"@-&P"&[(#F$"#*$-#E&NQ@('#1$$
6)$ EJ-"&JN$ ) #$ ,&'P$ @0()$ 'D-&D(-MK$ @0-&-$ "&-$ )@(JJ$ P"#N$ E0"JJ-#F-)$ @'$ O-$ )'JD-*K$ "#*$
@0-&-,'&-$,I&@0-&$&-)-"&E0$(#$@0()$,(-J*$)0'IJ*$O-$E"&&(-*$'I@1$$
8. References
6&"E0E0(K$.1$a1K$>-&&"P'#K$k1K$!'F"#K$;1$H$a'#*'YK$61=1$92BBWC1$6*"Q@"@('#?"M"&-$-#E&NQ@('#$

',$ )E"J"OJ-$ .12345678$ D(*-'$ ,'&$ E'#@-#@$ )-EI&(@NK$ 5=686B8"* H)F"F* G"F(6* B"/)#F*
H)DI'" ()#4*5(3#68*K')=" (#3C*7D63"*H)DD&#(=6.()#K$())1$24K$D'J1$3K$QQ1$43bp4bLK$2BBW1$$
X0'MP([K$ !1$ 92BABC1$ \'OI)@$ G"@-&P"&[(#F$ /-E0#(TI-)$ ,'&$ ;E"J"OJ-$ 8'*-*$ :P"F-$ "#*$
7(*-'K$ >01!1$ /0-)()K$ !-Q"&@P-#@$ ',$ <J-E@&'#(E$ "#*$ <J-E@&(E"J$ <#F(# &(#FK$
U#(D-&)(@N$',$;0-,,(-J*K$2BAB1$

Recent Advances in Watermarking for Scalable Video Coding
15
80"#FK$h1?81K$.I"#FK$.1?81$H$."#FK$.1?=1$92BB4C1$8'PO(#-*$-#E&NQ@('#$"#*$M"@-&P"&[(#F$
"QQ&'"E0-)$ ,'&$ )E"J"OJ-$ PIJ@(P-*("$ E'*(#FK$ K6=(0(=$A(D* H)#0>* )#* G&8.(D"F(6*
[KHG<::S\K$QQ1$LR3pL3LK$!-E1$2BB41$
80"#FK$ h1?81K$ .I"#FK$ .1?81$ H$ ."#FK$ .1?=1$ 92BBRC1$ f"N-&-*$ "EE-))$ E'#@&'J$ )E0-P-)$ '#$
M"@-&P"&[-*$ )E"J"OJ-$ P-*("K$ H('=&( * 6#F* 5/ "D-4* <::T>* 75HJ5* <::T>* 7XXX*
7#."'#6.()#68*5/DI)-(&D*)#$K$QQ1$4WbL?$4Wb3K$D'J1$RK$2L?23$="N$2BBR1$
8']K$:1V1K$=(JJ-&K$=1f1$H$XJ''PK$V161$92BB2CK$!(F(@"J$G"@-&P"&[(#FK$='&F"#$a"I,P"##K$2BB21$$
%&'()K$!1`$a"P(#)[NK$<1$H$."*"&K$ +1$ 92BABC1$+Q@(P(Y"@('#$=-@0'*)$,'&$.12345678$7(*-'$
8'*(#FK$ /0-$ ."#*O''[$ ',$ =><%$ 6QQJ(E"@('#)i$;@"#*"&*)$ (#$ >&"E@(E-K$9-*)$ =1$ 81$
6#F-J(*-)$"#*$.1$6F(I)CK$V'0#$G(J-N$H$;'#)K$f@*K$80(E0-)@-&K$UaK$2BAB1$
%&'()K$ !1`$ a"P(#)[NK$ <1$H$."*"&K$ +1K$ 92BABC1$ \+:$ "*"Q@(D-$ )E"J"OJ-$ D(*-'$ E'*(#F$ ,'&$ J(P(@-*$
O"#*M(*@0$M(&-J-))$#-@M'&[)K$]('"8" *N6/-*[]N\4*<:;:*7?7KK$QQ1A?RK$2B?22$+E@1$2BAB1$
%&'()K$!1`$a"P(#)[NK$<1$H$."*"&K$+1$92BABC1$6*"Q@(D-$O(@?&"@-$E'#@&'J$,'&$\-F('#?',?:#@-&-)@$
;E"J"OJ-$ 7(*-'$ 8'*(#FK$ X8"=.'(=68* 6#F* X8"=.')#(=-* X#3(#""'-* (#* 7-'6"8* [7XXX7\4* <:;:*
7XXX*<U.1*H)#,"#.()#*)0$K$QQ1c3A?c3RK$Ac?2B$e'D1$2BAB1$
%&'()K$!1$H$."*"&K$+1$92BAAC1$8'PQJ-](@N?"M"&-$"*"Q@(D-$O(@?&"@-$E'#@&'J$M(@0$*N#"P(E$\+:$
Q&-?Q&'E-))(#F$ ,'&$ )E"J"OJ-$ D(*-'$ E'*(#FK$ G&8.(D"F(6* 6#F* X^I)* [7HGX\4* <:;;* 7XXX*
7#."'#6.()#68*H)#0"'"#="*)#$K$QQ1A?4K$AA?AR$VIJ1$2BAA1$
JJM"F#-&K$.1K$aI)E0#(FK$\1K$;@I@YK$/1$H$U0JK$61$92BBWC1$<,,(E(-#@$(#?#-@M'&[$"*"Q@"@('#$',$
-#E&NQ@-*$ .12345;78$ E'#@-#@K$ _)&'#68* )#* 5(3#68* K')=" (#3C* 7D63"* H)DD&#(=6.()#K$
())1$24K$D'J1$WK$QQ1$c4B$p$cRbK$VIJ1$2BBW1$
:/U?/$"#*$:;+5:<8$V/8$A$9AWW4C1$%-#-&(E$E'*(#F$',$P'D(#F$Q(E@I&-)$"#*$"))'E("@-*$"I*('$

(#,'&P"@('#$p$ >"&@$ 2i$ 7(*-'K$:/U?/$ \-E'PP-#*"@('#$.1232$"#*$:;+5:<8$ ALbAb?2$
9=><%?2$7(*-'CK$e'D1$AWW41$
:/U?/$$92BBBC1$7(*-'$E'*(#F$,'&$J'M$O(@$&"@-$E'PPI#(E"@('#K$:/U?/$\-E'PP-#*"@('#$.123LK$
D-&)('#$Ai$e'D1$AWWRK$D-&)('#$2i$V"#1$AWWbK$D-&)('#$Li$e'D1$2BBB1$
:;+5:<8$ V/8$ A$ 92BB4C1$ 8'*(#F$ ',$ "I*('?D()I"J$'Od-E@)$p$>"&@$2i$7()I"JK$:;+5:<8$A44W2?2$
9=><%?4$7()I"JCK$D-&)('#$Ai$6Q&1$AWWWK$D-&)('#$2i$h-O1$2BBBK$D-&)('#$Li$="N$2BB41$
a"P(#)[NK$ <1`$ %&'()K$ !1$ H$ ."*"&K$ +1$ 92BBbC1$ !N#"P(E$ 8'PQI@"@('#"J$ 8'PQJ-](@N$ "#*$ X(@$
6JJ'E"@('#$,'&$+Q@(P(Y(#F$.12345678$7(*-'$8'PQ&-))('#K$_>*R(->* H)DD&#>*7D63"*
A1K$<J)-D(-&K$D'J1$AWK$())1$AK$QQ1$R3?c4K$V"#1$2BBb1$
f(#K$<1K$>'*(JE0I[K$ 81$ H$ a"J[-&K$/1$ 92BBAC1$;@&-"P(#F$ D(*-'$"#*$&"@-$ )E"J"OJ-$ E'PQ&-))('#i$
M0"@$"&-$@0-$E0"JJ-#F-)$,'&$M"@-&P"&[(#Fq$7#$K')=""F(#3-*)0*5K7X*S@;S4*5"=&'(./*6#F*
]6."'D6'L(#3*)0*G&8.(D"F(6*H)#."#.*777K$QQ1$AA3pA2cK$2BBA1$
= &M"J*K$ >1$ H$ U0JK$ 61$ 92BBbC1$ /'M"&*$ &'OI)@$ M"@-&P"&[(#F$ ',$ )E"J"OJ-$ D(*-'K$ 7#$
K')=""F(#3-* )0* 5K7X4* 5"=&'(./4* ?)'"#-(=-4* 5."36#)3'6I1/4* 6#F* ]6."'D6'L(#3* )0*
G&8.(D"F(6*H)#."# K$QQ1$3bAWBV$,,1K$;"#$V')-K$86K$U;6K$3bAWK$V"#1$2c$?$LAK$2BBb$$
= &M"J*K$>1$H$U0JK$61$92BABC1$\'OI)@$M"@-&P"&[(#F$',$.12345;78?-#E'*-*$D(*-'i$TI"J(@N$
"#*$&-)'JI@('#$)E"J"O(J(@NK$:#$.1?V1$a(PK$l1$;0(K$=1$X"&#(K$-*(@'&)K$7#$K')=""F(#3-*)0*.1"*
Z.1* 7#."'#6.()#68* ])'L-1)I* )#* N(3(.68* ]6."'D6'L(#34* 7]N]* `;:K$ QQ1$ ARW?A3WK$ ;-'IJK$
a'&-"K$f-E@I&-$e'@-)$(#$8'PQI@-&$;E(-#E-K$3R23K$;Q&(#F-&K$+E@'O-&$A$?$LK$2BAB1$$
= &M"J*K$>1$H$U0JK$61$92BABC1$\'OI)@$M"@-&P"&[(#F$',$.1234?-#E'*-*$D(*-'i$<]@-#)('#$@'$
;78K$ 7#$ K')=""F(#3-* )0* .1"* 5(^.1* 7#."'#6.()#68* H)#0"'"#="* )#* 7#."88(3"#.* 7#0)'D6.()#*
Q(F(#3* 6#F* G&8.(D"F(6* 5(3#68* K')=" (#3K$ ::.?=;>$ jABK$ QQ1$ b2?bRK$ !"&P)@"*@K$
%-&P"#NK$+E@1$AR$?$AcK$2BAB1$
= &M"J*K$ >1$ 92BAAC1$ !(F(@"J$ G"@-&P"&[$ !-@-E@('#$ (#$ 7()I"J$ =IJ@(P-*("$ 8'#@-#@K$ >01!1$
/0-)()K$U#(D-&)(@N$',$;"JYOI&FK$6I)@&("K$h-O1$2BAA1$