Science grade 6 level red_sách khoa học tự nhiên khối 6

interactive student edition

(bkgd)Royalty-Free/CORBIS, (t)Richard Kaylin/Getty Images, (b)G. K. & Vikki Hart/Getty Images

Level Red

The cover shows the Colorado
River in the Grand Canyon.
It is the primary river of the
American Southwest. This
forked lightning bolt shows a
large static discharge between
the dark clouds and the ground.
This red-eyed tree frog can be
found in rain forests in South
and Central America, and as far
north as Mexico.

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ISBN: 0-07-860049-9
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(bkgd)Royalty-Free/CORBIS, (t)Richard Kaylin/Getty Images, (b)G. K. & Vikki Hart/Getty Images

Contents
In Brief

The Nature of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Contents In Brief

Chapter 1 The Nature of Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 2 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Chapter 3 Matter and Its Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Chapter 4 Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Interactions of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Chapter 5 Motion, Forces, and Simple Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Chapter 6 Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Chapter 7 Electricity and Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Chapter 8 Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Earth’s Changing Surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Chapter 9 Rocks and Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Chapter 10 Forces Shaping Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Chapter 11 Weathering and Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Chapter 12 The Atmosphere in Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

Chapter 13 Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

Beyond Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Chapter 14 Exploring Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Chapter 15 The Solar System and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Life’s Diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

Chapter 16 Cells—The Units of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Chapter 17 Invertebrate Animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Chapter 18 Vertebrate Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Chapter 19 The Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Chapter 20 The Role of Genes in Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

Life and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614

Chapter 21 Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Chapter 22 Earth’s Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644

Authors Edward Ortleb

Education Division Science Consultant
Washington, D.C. St. Louis, MO

Alton Biggs Susan Leach Snyder

Retired Biology Teacher Retired Teacher, Consultant
Allen High School Jones Middle School
Allen, TX Upper Arlington, OH

Lucy Daniel, PhD Dinah Zike

Teacher/Consultant Educational Consultant
Rutherford County Schools Dinah-Might Activities, Inc.

Rutherfordton, NC San Antonio, TX

Ralph M. Feather Jr., PhD

Assistant Professor
Geoscience Department
Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Indiana, PA

Series Consultants

CONTENT

Alton J. Banks, PhD Michael A. Hoggarth, PhD Linda McGaw
Director of the Faculty Center Department of Life and Science Program Coordinator
Earth Sciences Advanced Placement Strategies, Inc.
for Teaching and Learning Otterbein College
North Carolina State University Westerville, OH Dallas, TX

Raleigh, NC Jerome A. Jackson, PhD Madelaine Meek
Whitaker Eminent Scholar in Science Physics Consultant Editor
Jack Cooper
Ennis High School Program Director Lebanon, OH

Center for Science, Mathematics,
Ennis, TX Robert Nierste
and Technology Education Science Department Head
Sandra K. Enger, PhD Florida Gulf Coast University Hendrick Middle School, Plano ISD
Associate Director,
Associate Professor Fort Meyers, FL Plano, TX

UAH Institute for Science Education William C. Keel, PhD Connie Rizzo, MD, PhD
Huntsville, AL Department of Physics Depatment of Science/Math
Marymount Manhattan College
David G. Haase, PhD and Astronomy
North Carolina State University University of Alabama New York, NY

Raleigh, NC Tuscaloosa, AL

iv

Dominic Salinas, PhD READING SAFETY
Middle School Science Supervisor
Elizabeth Babich Aileen Duc, PhD
Caddo Parish Schools Special Education Teacher Science 8 Teacher
Shreveport, LA Mashpee Public Schools Hendrick Middle School, Plano ISD

Cheryl Wistrom Mashpee, MA Plano, TX
St. Joseph’s College
Barry Barto Sandra West, PhD
Rensselaer, IN Special Education Teacher Department of Biology
John F. Kennedy Elementary Texas State University-San Marcos
Carl Zorn, PhD
Staff Scientist Manistee, MI San Marcos, TX

Jefferson Laboratory Carol A. Senf, PhD ACTIVITY TESTERS
Newport News, VA School of Literature,
Communication, and Culture Nerma Coats Henderson
MATH Georgia Institute of Technology Pickerington Lakeview Jr. High

Michael Hopper, DEng Atlanta, GA School
Manager of Aircraft Certification Pickerington, OH
Rachel Swaters-Kissinger
L-3 Communications Science Teacher Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka
Greenville, TX William D. Slider Middle School
John Boise Middle School
Teri Willard, EdD Warsaw, MO El Paso, TX
Mathematics Curriculum Writer
Science Kit and Boreal
Belgrade, MT Laboratories
Tonawanda, NY

Reviewers

Deidre Adams William Blair Karen Curry
West Vigo Middle School Retired Teacher East Wake Middle School
J. Marshall Middle School
West Terre Haute, IN Billerica, MA Raleigh, NC
Merrilville, IN
Sharla Adams Tom Bright
IPC Teacher Concord High School Joanne Davis
Murphy High School
Allen High School Charlotte, NC
Allen, TX Murphy, NC

Lois Burdette
Maureen Barrett Green Bank Elementary-Middle Robin Dillon
Thomas E. Harrington Middle School Hanover Central High School
School
Mt. Laurel, NJ Green Bank, WV Cedar Lake, IN

John Barry Marcia Chackan
Seeger Jr.-Sr. High School Pine Crest School
Boca Raton, FL
West Lebanon, IN
Obioma Chukwu
Desiree Bishop J.H. Rose High School
Environmental Studies Center
Mobile County Public Schools Greenville, NC

Mobile, AL

v

Anthony J. DiSipio, Jr. Michael Mansour Joanne Stickney
8th Grade Science Board Member Monticello Middle School

Octorana Middle School National Middle Level Science Monticello, NY
Atglen, PA Teacher’s Association
Dee Stout
Sandra Everhart John Page Middle School Penn State University
Dauphin/Enterprise Jr. High Schools Madison Heights, MI University Park, PA

Enterprise, AL Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka Darcy Vetro-Ravndal
William D. Slider Middle School Hillsborough High School

Mary Ferneau
Westview Middle School El Paso, TX Tampa, FL

Goose Creek, SC Michelle Mazeika Karen Watkins
Whiting Middle School Perry Meridian Middle School
Cory Fish
Burkholder Middle School Whiting, IN Indianapolis, IN

Henderson, NV Joe McConnell Clabe Webb
Speedway Jr. High School Permian High School
Linda V. Forsyth
Retired Teacher Indianapolis, IN Ector County ISD
Odessa, TX
Merrill Middle School Sharon Mitchell
Denver, CO William D. Slider Middle School Alison Welch
William D. Slider Middle School
George Gabb El Paso, TX
Great Bridge Middle School El Paso, TX
Chesapeake Public Schools Amy Morgan
Berry Middle School Kim Wimpey
Chesapeake, VA North Gwinnett High School
Hoover, AL
Annette D’Urso Garcia Suwanee, GA
Kearney Middle School Norma Neely, EdD
Commerce City, CO Associate Director for Regional Kate Ziegler
Durant Road Middle School
Nerma Coats Henderson Projects
Pickerington Lakeview Jr. Texas Rural Systemic Initiative Raleigh, NC
High School
Pickerington, OH Austin, TX

Lynne Huskey Annette Parrott
Chase Middle School Lakeside High School

Forest City, NC Atlanta, GA

Maria E. Kelly Nora M. Prestinari Burchett
Principal Saint Luke School
McLean, VA
Nativity School
Catholic Diocese of Arlington Mark Sailer
Pioneer Jr.-Sr. High School
Burke, VA
Royal Center, IN

vi

Teacher Advisory Board

The Teacher Advisory Board gave the authors, editorial staff, and design team feedback
on the content and design of the Student Edition. They provided valuable input in the
development of the 2005 edition of Glencoe Science Level Red.

John Gonzales Marie Renner Rubidel Peoples
Challenger Middle School Diley Middle School Meacham Middle School
Tucson, AZ Pickerington, OH Fort Worth, TX

Rachel Shively Nelson Farrier Kristi Ramsey
Aptakisic Jr. High School Hamlin Middle School Navasota Jr. High School
Buffalo Grove, IL Springfield, OR Navasota, TX

Roger Pratt Jeff Remington
Manistique High School Palmyra Middle School
Manistique, MI Palmyra, PA

Kirtina Hile Erin Peters
Northmor Jr. High/High School Williamsburg Middle School
Galion, OH Arlington, VA

Student Advisory Board

The Student Advisory Board gave the authors, editorial staff, and design team feedback
on the design of the Student Edition. We thank these students for their hard work and
creative suggestions in making the 2005 edition of Glencoe Science Level Red student
friendly.

Jack Andrews Addison Owen
Reynoldsburg Jr. High School Davis Middle School
Reynoldsburg, OH Dublin, OH

Peter Arnold Teriana Patrick
Hastings Middle School Eastmoor Middle School
Upper Arlington, OH Columbus, OH

Emily Barbe Ashley Ruz
Perry Middle School Karrar Middle School
Worthington, OH Dublin, OH

Kirsty Bateman
Hilliard Heritage Middle School

Hilliard, OH

Andre Brown
Spanish Emersion Academy
Columbus, OH

Chris Dundon The Glencoe middle school science Student
Heritage Middle School Advisory Board taking a timeout at COSI,
Westerville, OH a science museum in Columbus, Ohio.

Ryan Manafee
Monroe Middle School
Columbus, OH

vii

Aaron Haupt

John Evans

Why do I need Before You Read
my science book?
● Chapter Opener Science is occurring all around you,
Have you ever been in class and and the opening photo of each chapter will preview the
not understood all of what was science you will be learning about. The Chapter
presented? Or, you understood Preview will give you an idea of what you will be
everything in class, but at home, learning about, and you can try the Launch Lab to
got stuck on how to answer a help get your brain headed in the right direction. The
question? Maybe you just Foldables exercise is a fun way to keep you organized.
wondered when you were ever

going to use this stuff? ● Section Opener Chapters are divided into two to four
sections. The As You Read in the margin of the first
These next few pages page of each section will let you know what is most
are designed to help you important in the section. It is divided into four parts.
understand everything your What You’ll Learn will tell you the major topics you
science book can be used will be covering. Why It’s Important will remind you
for . . . besides a paperweight! why you are studying this in the first place! The
Review Vocabulary word is a word you already know,
either from your science studies or your prior knowl-
edge. The New Vocabulary words are words that you
need to learn to understand this section. These words
will be in boldfaced print and highlighted in the
section. Make a note to yourself to recognize these
words as you are reading the section.

Science Vocabulary Make the
following Foldable to help you
understand the vocabulary
terms in this chapter.

As You Read STEP 1 Fold a vertical
sheet of notebook
● Headings Each section has a title paper from side to
in large red letters, and is further side.
divided into blue titles and
small red titles at the begin- STEP 2 Cut along every third line of only the
nings of some paragraphs. top layer to form tabs.
To help you study, make an
outline of the headings and(t)PhotoDisc, (b)John EvansSTEP 3 Label each tab with a vocabulary
subheadings. word from the chapter.

● Margins In the margins of Build Vocabulary As you read the chapter, list
your text, you will find many helpful the vocabulary words on the tabs. As you learn
resources. The Science Online exercises and the definitions, write them under the tab for
Integrate activities help you explore the topics each vocabulary word.
you are studying. MiniLabs reinforce the sci-
ence concepts you have learned. Look For...

● Building Skills You also will find an At the beginning of
Applying Math or Applying Science activity every section.
in each chapter. This gives you extra prac-
tice using your new knowledge, and helps
prepare you for standardized tests.

● Student Resources At the end of the book
you will find Student Resources to help you
throughout your studies. These include
Science, Technology, and Math Skill Hand-
books, an English/Spanish Glossary, and an
Index. Also, use your Foldables as a resource.
It will help you organize information, and
review before a test.

● In Class Remember, you can always
ask your teacher to explain anything
you don’t understand.

ix

In Lab (l)John Evans, (r)Geoff Butler

Working in the laboratory is one of the best ways to understand the con-
cepts you are studying. Your book will be your guide through your laboratory
experiences, and help you begin to think like a scientist. In it, you not only will
find the steps necessary to follow the investigations, but you also will find
helpful tips to make the most of your time.
● Each lab provides you with a Real-World Question to remind you that

science is something you use every day, not just in class. This may lead
to many more questions about how things happen in your world.
● Remember, experiments do not always produce the result you expect.
Scientists have made many discoveries based on investigations with unex-
pected results. You can try the experiment again to make sure your results
were accurate, or perhaps form a new hypothesis to test.
● Keeping a Science Journal is how scientists keep accurate records of obser-
vations and data. In your journal, you also can write any questions that
may arise during your investigation. This is a great method of reminding
yourself to find the answers later.

x

(l)John Evans, (r)PhotoDisc

Before a Test

Admit it! You don’t like to take tests! However, there are
ways to review that make them less painful. Your book will
help you be more successful taking tests if you use the
resources provided to you.
● Review all of the New Vocabulary words and be sure you

understand their definitions.
● Review the notes you’ve taken on your Foldables, in class,

and in lab. Write down any question that you still need
answered.
● Review the Summaries and Self Check questions at the
end of each section.
● Study the concepts presented in the chapter by reading
the Study Guide and answering the questions in
the Chapter Review.

Look For...

● Reading Checks and caption
questions throughout the text.

● the Summaries and Self Check
questions at the end of each section.

● the Study Guide and Review
at the end of each chapter.

● the Standardized Test Practice
after each chapter.

xi

PhotoDisc

Let’s Get Started

To help you find the information you need quickly, use the Scavenger
Hunt below to learn where things are located in Chapter 1.

What is the title of this chapter?
What will you learn in Section 1?
Sometimes you may ask, “Why am I learning this?” State a reason why the
concepts from Section 2 are important.
What is the main topic presented in Section 2?
How many reading checks are in Section 1?
What is the Web address where you can find extra information?
What is the main heading above the sixth paragraph in Section 2?
There is an integration with another subject mentioned in one of the margins
of the chapter. What subject is it?
List the new vocabulary words presented in Section 2.
List the safety symbols presented in the first Lab.
Where would you find a Self Check to be sure you understand the section?
Suppose you’re doing the Self Check and you have a question about concept
mapping. Where could you find help?
On what pages are the Chapter Study Guide and Chapter Review?
Look in the Table of Contents to find out on which page Section 2 of the
chapter begins.
You complete the Chapter Review to study for your chapter test.
Where could you find another quiz for more practice?

xii

Contents

The Nature of Matter—2 Contents

The Nature of Science—4 In each chapter, look for
these opportunities for
Section 1 What is science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 review and assessment:
Section 2 Science in Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 • Reading Checks
Section 3 Models in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 • Caption Questions
Section 4 Evaluating Scientific Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 • Section Review
Lab What is the right answer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 • Chapter Study Guide
Lab Identifying Parts of an Investigation . . . . . . .32 • Chapter Review
• Standardized Test
Measurement—40
Practice
Section 1 Description and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 • Online practice at
Section 2 SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Lab Scale Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 red.msscience.com
Section 3 Drawings, Tables, and Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Lab: Design Your Own xiii

Pace Yourself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Stephen J. Krasemann/Photo Researchers

Matter and its Changes—68

Section 1 Physical Properties and Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Section 2 Chemical Properties and Changes . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Lab Liquid Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Lab: Design Your Own

Fruit Salad Favorites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic
Table—96

Section 1 Structure of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Section 2 The Simplest Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Lab Elements and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . .112
Section 3 Compounds and Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Lab Mystery Mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118

Contents

Contents Interactions of
Matter—126

Motion, Forces, and Simple
Machines—128

Section 1 Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Section 3 Work and Simple Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Lab Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Lab: Use the Internet

Methods of Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152

Energy—160

Section 1 Energy Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Section 2 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
Section 3 Chemical Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178

Lab Converting Potential and Kinetic Energy . .183
Lab Comparing Temperature Changes . . . . . . . .184

Electricity and Magnetism—192 In each chapter, look for
these opportunities for
Section 1 Electric Charge and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194 review and assessment:
Section 2 Electric Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 • Reading Checks
Section 3 Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209 • Caption Questions
Lab Batteries in Series and Parallel . . . . . . . . . . .215 • Section Review
Lab Magnets and Electric Current . . . . . . . . . . . .216 • Chapter Study Guide
• Chapter Review
Waves—224 • Standardized Test

Section 1 What are waves? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 Practice
Section 2 Wave Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 • Online practice at
Lab Waves on a Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
Section 3 Wave Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 red.msscience.com
Lab: Design Your Own
xiv
Wave Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
Kennan Ward/The Stock Market/CORBIS

Contents

Earth’s Changing Contents
Surface—252

Rocks and Minerals—254

Section 1 Minerals—Earth’s Jewels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256

Section 2 Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . .265
Section 3 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle . . . . . .272
Lab Gneiss Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
Lab Classifying Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278

Forces Shaping Earth—286

Section 1 Earth’s Moving Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288
Section 2 Lab Earth’s Moving Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
Uplift of Earth’s Crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299
Lab: Model and Invent

Isostasy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306

Weathering and Erosion—314

Section 1 Weathering and Soil Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
Section 2 Lab Classifying Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322
Erosion of Earth’s Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323
Lab: Design Your Own

Measuring Soil Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332

The Atmosphere in Motion—340

Section 1 The Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342
Section 2 Earth’s Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
Section 3 Air Masses and Fronts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
Lab Interpreting Satellite Images . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
Lab: Design Your Own

Creating Your Own Weather Station . . . . . . . . .364

xv

(t)Jose Manuel Sanchis Calvete/CORBIS, (b)Howard Bluestein/Photo Researchers

Contents

Contents Oceans—372

(t)Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures, (b)Frank Zullo/Photo Researchers
Section 1 Ocean Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374
Lab Desalination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
Section 2 Ocean Currents and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380
Section 3 Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385
Section 4 Life in the Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389
Lab: Model and Invent

Waves and Tides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396

Beyond Earth—404 In each chapter, look for
these opportunities for
Exploring Space—406 review and assessment:
• Reading Checks
Section 1 Radiation from Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408 • Caption Questions
Lab Building a Reflecting Telescope . . . . . . . . . .414 • Section Review
Section 2 Early Space Missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415 • Chapter Study Guide
Section 3 Current and Future Space Missions . . . . . . . . . .423 • Chapter Review
Lab: Use the Internet • Standardized Test

Star Sightings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430 Practice
• Online practice at

red.msscience.com

The Solar System and Beyond—438

Section 1 Earth’s Place in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440
Lab Moon Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447
Section 2 The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448
Section 3 Stars and Galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456
Lab: Design Your Own

Space Colony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .464

xvi

Contents

Life’s Diversity—472 Contents

Cells–The Units of Life—474

Section 1 The World of Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476
Section 2 Lab Observing Algae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .482
The Different Jobs of Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483
Lab: Design Your Own

Water Movement in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488

Invertebrate Animals—496

Section 1 What is an animal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498
Section 2 Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and
Roundworms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
Section 3 Mollusks and Segmented Worms . . . . . . . . . . . .506
Section 4 Arthropods and Echinoderms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
Lab Observing Complete Metamorphosis . . . . .519
Lab: Design Your Own

Garbage-Eating Worms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .520

Vertebrate Animals—528

Section 1 Chordate Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530
Section 2 Amphibians and Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535
Lab Frog Metamorphosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .540
Section 3 Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .541
Section 4 Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545
Lab: Model and Invent

Homes for Endangered Animals . . . . . . . . . . . .550

The Human Body—558

Section 1 Body Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560
Section 2 Lab Improving Reaction Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .573
Human Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .574
Lab: Design Your Own xvii

Defensive Saliva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580 Fred Bravendam/Minden Pictures

Contents

Contents The Role of Genes in Inheritance—588

Section 1 Continuing Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .590
Section 2 Lab Getting DNA from Onion Cells . . . . . . . . . .598
Genetics—The Study of Inheritance . . . . . . . . .599
Lab: Use the Internet

Genetic Traits: The Unique You . . . . . . . . . . . . .606

Life and the
Environment—614

Ecology—616

Section 1 What is an ecosystem? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .618
Lab Ecosystem in a Bottle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .626
Section 2 Relationships Among Living Things . . . . . . . . .627
Section 3 Energy Through the Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . .633
Lab: Design Your Own
In each chapter, look for
What’s the limit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .636 these opportunities for
review and assessment:
Earth’s Resources—644 • Reading Checks
• Caption Questions
Section 1 Natural Resource Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646 • Section Review

Lab Using Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .654 • Chapter Study Guide
Section 2 People and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .655 • Chapter Review
Section 3 Protecting the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .663 • Standardized Test
Lab: Design Your Own
Practice
Using Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .668 • Online practice at

red.msscience.com

xviii

Harold R. Hungerford/Photo Researchers

Contents Contents

Student Resources—676

Science Skill Handbook—678

Scientific Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .678
Safety Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .687
Safety in the Science Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . .688

Extra Try at Home Labs—690

Technology Skill Handbook—701

Computer Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .701
Presentation Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .704

Math Skill Handbook—705

Math Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .705
Science Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .715

Reference Handbooks—720

Periodic Table of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720
Topographic Map Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .722
Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .723
Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .724
Diversity of Life: Classification of

Living Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .726
Use and Care of a Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .730

English/Spanish Glossary—731

Index—750

Credits—769

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Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc.