Tài liệu học tập môn tiếng anh chuyên ngành báo chí

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TÀI LIỆU HỌC TẬP MÔN

TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH BÁO CHÍ 1

Đà Nẵng, tháng 1 năm 2019

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Lời nói đầu

Tập bài giảng này được biên soạn nhằm phục vụ học phần Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành báo chí 1 dành cho sinh viên chuyên ngành Báo chí thuộc trường ĐHSP-ĐHĐN.

Mục đích của tài liệu nhằm giúp sinh viên ngành Báo chí nắm được một số vốn ngữ liệu cơ bản liên quan trực tiếp đến lĩnh vực báo chí truyền thơng và đồng thời phát triển các kĩ năng Nghe-nói-đọc viết cần thiết cho việc sử dụng tiếng Anh trong tác nghiệp của người làm báo. Tài liệu được biên soạn theo đường hướng giao tiếp, hướng tới giúp người học xây dựng và nâng cao khả năng giao tiếp bằng tiếng Anh trong hoạt động nghề nghiệp báo chí truyền thơng.

Trên cơ sở đó, chương trình học được thiết kế kéo dài trong 30 tiết, chia thành 5 units, mỗi unit tập trung vào một chủ đề cơ bản của báo chí truyền thơng. Trong mỗi unit được cấu trúc để có phần khởi động (making a start), phần trọng tâm ngôn ngữ (language focus, gồm từ vựng, phát âm, ngữ pháp), phần rèn luyện các kĩ năng giap tiếp (skills: nghe, nói, đọc, viết) và phần học cách sử dụng tiếng Anh báo chí trong thực tiễn (media language in use).

Ngoài việc giới thiệu các ngữ liệu chuyên môn cơ bản, tài liệu này cũng quan tâm đến việc giới thiệu các thành tựu văn hóa, khoa học kĩ thuật của các nước nói tiếng Anh nhằm giúp người học nhận thức được vai trò đặc biệt quan trọng của tiếng Anh như là một chiếc chìa khóa để mở ra kho tàng tri thức của nhân loại, từ đó người học phát triển hứng thú và tiếp tục tự nỗ lực học tiếng Anh trong tương lai.

Tài liệu này là nỗ lực để đặt nền móng ban đầu cho việc xây dựng vốn kiến thức tiếng Anh chuyên ngành cho các bạn sinh viên Báo chí. Người học cần tiếp tục cố gắng để không ngừng phát triển vốn tiếng Anh của bản thân nhằm phục vụ việc học tập và tác nghiệp trong hiện tại và tương lai.

Đà Nẵng, tháng 1 năm 2019 Người biên soạn

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UNIT 1 THE WORK OF A JOURNALIST

MAKING A START

1. Read the conversation

Edward is a high school student. He is interested in journalism. He is talking to journalist Linda Donaldson about the work of a journalist.

Ms Donaldson A journalist reports and writes news stories or features stories for mass audiences.

Edward What’s the job of a journalist like?

Ms Donaldson It’s very exciting and sometimes can be hard. Journalists often have to go to places to report events, or they may spend hours at the news agencies to prepare for the news bulletins. They may have to meet people to conduct interviews. Journalists have to meet deadlines. They have to write quickly and carefully to serve mass audiences. What’s more, they have to write very well. They have to master the rules of spelling and follow the style guide. Journalists have to employ the rules of effective communication.

Ms Donaldson That depends on the specific medium that a journalists work for. Television reporters use microphones and video cameras. Radio journalists need audio recorders. There are studios in television stations and radio stations, where programs are produced. E-newspapers use a lot of computers. Journalists who write for the print work with pens and papers, and cameras, and of course, today they are well equipped with computers. Nowadays most reporters can use the computer very well and are adept with electronic tools such as smart phones.

Edward What are the challenges of the journalist profession?

Ms Donaldson There are many challenges. It is easy to see that a journalist have to travel frequently or work in dangerous situations such as places hit by calamities or places where conflicts have broken out. A journalist has to meet people, including those who are nice and those who are not nice. You have to be right morally. You are expected to tell the truth and at the same time respect laws and privacy. Sometimes you can be in an ethical dilemma. Edward How about the interesting side of the job? What is best about being a

journalist?

Ms Donaldson Well, the best thing about being a journalist, in my opinion, is the growing up of you as a human. You learn a lot as you travel, meet people and tell

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stories about them. You have a network of good relationships, and this might become your strength. This profession also trains you. You have to be quick and to be wise. You have to be a good language user. In some cases, you can help people in need. For example, you can write about people who need help. And the information you provide might have profound effect on the society. Journalists can help widen people’s knowledge and promote the development of the society.

Edward That sounds good. A journalist can contribute a lot to the society. Working as a journalist might be one of the good options for young people when they consider their career in the future.

2. Answer the questions

a. What do journalists often do? b. What is their job like?

c. What are the main tools of journalists?

d. Are there any difficulties in working as a journalist?

e. In Ms Donaldson’s opinion, what is the best thing of being a journalist?

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-interview

2. Pronunciation

/ɜ:/ her Her name is Kathy.

/ə/ the The camera doesn’t work.

/ɔ:/ story The news story was broadcast on BBC One.

/e/ deadline Journalists face deadlines.

/æ/ man The anchorman is good looking.

Read the conversation again and fill in the tables with appropriate words

3. Grammar

The Past Simple

In reporting events and stories, journalists often use the Past Simple. Examples:

US President Donald Trump met with North Korea leader Kim Jung un on 12 June.

Michael Jackson died in 2009.

The Past Simple is used to talk about actions or situations in the past. Journalists, who are often story-tellers, use Past Simple very often in their stories.

The past simple often ends in –ED

A lot of cars and trucks stopped because of the accident. The ministers discussed about global pollution.

For irregular verbs, it is necessary to learn by heart the past simple form of these verbs.

Examples:

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Infinitive Past simple

Questions form: use auxiliary DID -Did Nick go to the library yesterday?

-Did the ministers discuss about global pollution? For TO BE, don’t use DID

-Why was she so upset? -Was the President sick? Negative form: use DIDN’T

Nick didn’t go to the library yesterday.

The ministers didn’t discuss global pollution.

Which started the whole world crying But I didn’t see

That the joke was on me, oh no

I started to cry

Which started the whole world laughing

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Oh if I’d only seen That the joke was on me

I looked at the sky

Running my hands over my eyes And I fell out of bed

Hurting my head from things that I’d said

Till I finally died

Which started the whole world living Oh if I’d only seen, oh yeah,

That the joke was on me, oh no, That the joke was on me

Oh…

B.

Listen to the song Those were the day (English lyrics: Gene Raskin). Identify how the Past Simple is used in the song.

2. Put the verbs in brackets in the Simple Past

1.David is always on time. Yesterday he (be) late for class. 2.The player had never scored a goal. Yesteday he (score) a goal.

3.Trang’s family often go back to their hometown at Tet, but last year they didn’t. They (go) abroad.

4.Vinh never reads books. Last week he (have) to read a book to do his assignment.

5.The President always visit poor people at Tet. Last year he (visit) poor people in the Highlands and (give) them a lot of presents.

3. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form

On 19 November, 2015, Vinh, a high school student in Nghe an Province, (be) on his way home from school. He suddenly (hear) the sound ‘Help!’

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from a lake near the road where he was riding his bike. Vinh (stop) by the lake and (see) two boys drowning. He soon (jump) into the lake and (try) to save the two boys. Fortunately, Vinh (can) take the two boys out of the lake and three local men (come) to help Vinh. The boys (be) taken to hospital and their lives (be) saved.

SKILLS

1.Reading

1. Read the excerpts from Wikipedia

<small>Journalism refers to the production and distribution of reports on recent events. The word journalism applies to the occupation, as well as citizen journalists using methods of gathering information and utilizing literary techniques. Journalistic media include print, television, radio, Internet, and, in the past, newsreels.</small>

<small>A journalist is a person who collects, writes, or distributes news or other current information to the public. A journalist's work is called journalism. A journalist can work with general issues or specialize in certain issues. However, most journalists tend to specialize, and by cooperating with other journalists, produce journals that span many topics.[1] For example, a sports journalist covers news within the world of sports, but this journalist may be a part of a newspaper that covers many different topics. </small>

<small>The advent of the Internet and smartphones has brought significant changes to the media landscape in recent years. This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through e-readers, smartphones, and other personal electronic devices, as opposed to the more traditional formats of newspapers, magazines, or television news channels. News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on the context in which they publish in print. Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues.[2]</small>

<small>(Source: Wikipedia) </small>

Answer the questions

1. What does the word “journalism” refer to? 2. What do journalistic media include?

3. What does a journalist do?

4. What can a journalist work with? 5. Do most journalists tend to specialize?

6. What can journalists produce by cooperating with other journalists?

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7. What has brought about significant changes to journalism in recent years?

8. Why have print revenues sunk? 2.Listening

A. A day in a life of a journalist

1. Emma is telling us about a day in a life of a journalist. Listen and fill in the blanks.

a. Yasmin is working for……

b. Yasmin thinks the work of a journalist is….

c. Yasmin focuces on………, ………. and issues that affects………… d. Yasmin also covers a bit of ………

e. Yasmin wrote news stories about the ……. and ……… ……….. She likes that.

f. Yasmin did a Bachelor of ……… ………..at Curtin University.

g. Yasmin tried to get a lot of ………. ……… in the final year at university. She also did a bunch of ……….., one of them was at the West Australian Newspaper.

2. Listen again and answer the questions

a. In Yasmin’s opinion, what does it take to be a good journalist?

(The ability to talk to people and have an interest in people Writing and spelling is vital.)

b. What qualifications do you need to become a journalist? (English, Creative writing or journalism) c. Does Yasmin think confidence comes with experience? B. Advice to future-to-be journalists

Katie works for CBS. Listen to her advice to journalism students. What does she advise aspiring students to do?

3. Speaking

1. The work of a journalist

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Long Phi is a reporter at Quang Nam Radio and Television Station. Ask questions and answer about his job. (Source: Thuy Hien, Nguyen Long Phi, Duyen no hai tieng bien dao, In pair, prepare a presentation on the job of a journalist. Talk to the class.

4. Writing

Write a description of a television/radio/print reporter.

Listen to Richard Marx’s song Hazard. Write a news story based on the song.

MEDIA LANGUAGE IN USE

“A study says moderate exercise several times a week is the best way for the over 50s to keep their brain in good working order.

Australian researchers say combining aerobic activities, such as swimming, cycling or jogging, with muscle strengthening exercises is most effective. They support the idea that taking up exercise at any age is worthwhile. “

(BBC Learning English)

Headline: Exercise ‘keeps the mind sharp’ in over 50s, study finds: mentally quick and intelligent (BBC News)

New word: sharp

Examples: Michelle is such a sharp girl. She’s always top of the class.

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Da Vinci was a genius. At the time, no one’s mind was sharper Headline: Exercise keep dementia at bay: running and walking ‘significantly’ boost brain power (Daily Express)

New words:To keep something at bay: to prevent something happening Examples: The police line keeps the rioters at bay.

Neil takes Echinacea to keep colds at bay.

Headline: Stints of exercise can boost brain power in over 50s, says experts New word: stint : limited periods of time spent doing an activity

Stint jogging/stint at st

Example: John had a stint working as a teacher

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UNIT 2 MASS MEDIA

MAKING A START

1. Read the conversation

Father What are you doing? Son I’m surfing the Internet. Father Anything new?

Son Yes. The Vietnam national football team defeated the Philippines. Look at how Vietnamese people are celebrating the victory in different ways. Lots of pictures and nice comments on Facebook.

Father Did you watch the match on TV?

Son Yes, I did. Me and my friends, we went to Minh Café. They’ve got a large screen TV there. We watched the game together. We were very excited. Father You are a fan of the Vietnam national football team.

Son Yes. I followed the team on the media. Last year we watched Vietnam play against Ukraine in China. We were so excited. I became more excited when I saw people welcome the team back home. I could not come to Hanoi, of course. But I followed the event online. All the pictures were on Facebook. And I like the song Vietnam oi. I downloaded it from YouTube and listened to it many times. I searched online for information about the team.

Father Wow, look like the media add to your love for the national football team. When I was young, I read up about the team in the newspapers, and I listened to the reports on the radio. We watched matches that were rebroadcast on TV, but not much.

everything, from entertainment to studies. By the way, Dad, my laptop is rather slow. Can I have a new one?

2.

Answer the questions

1. What is the boy doing? 2. What event does he follow?

3. On which media does he follow the event?

4. From which media did the father obtained the information on the football team when he was young?

5. What does the boy ask for? 6. Does his father say okay?

LANGUAGE FOCUS 1. Vocabulary

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What do these words mean? -social media

-mass communication -the print media -the electronic media

/i:/ sheep I was the Black Sheep of the family. (Terry Jack, Seasons in the Sun) /ɪ/ ship My younger brother like toy ships.

/ei/ may May I come in? /aɪ/ my This is my book.

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a. Fill in the table with appropriate words from the dialogue

<small> /i:/ /ɪ/ </small> /ei/ /aɪ/

b. Read aloud

I can see him.

Journalists write news stories.

Our team will play against their team. He will to go to Ukraine next year.

3.Grammar

The Present Perfect

We use the Present Perfect to give new information or to announce a recent happening. Ex: Do you know about Van? She’s gone to France.

We use the Present Perfect to talk about something happened in the past but there is a connection with the present.

Ex: I’ve lost my key. I can’t get into my room now. Formation: have/has+ past participle

Ex: We’ve lost our way.

Mary has lived here since last year.

Exercise

A. Put the words in the brackets in the present perfect form 1. Minh is on holiday. He (go) to Europe.

2. I never (be) to the US. 3. I (not meet) Dan recently. 4. They (be) married for 40 years.

5. Mrs Van (work) for this company since last year. 6. It is the first time I (drive) a car.

7. The students (learn) English for 5 years. 8. Susan (never have) a boyfriend.

9. It rained a lot last year but it (not rain) much so far this year.

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10. I (not tell) my father about my test result yet.

B. Put the words in the brackets in the present perfect or simple past 1. When your wife and you first (meet)?

We first (meet) when (be) at university.

2. You ever (meet) John? No, I (never meet) him.

3. David and Mary (get) married in 1990. They (get) divorced five years later. 4. Shakespeare (write) Hamlet.

5. Steven Spielberg (make) famous films. 6. He (leave) two hours ago.

7. I (wait) for her for two hours.

8. My father (work) for that company since 1995. 9. We (know) each other since we (be) ten years old. 10. I (not see) her for two days.

11. I (see) her at Jim’s party last Saturday.

12. Kate (graduate) from university in 2005. She (get) married in 2007.

2. Listen to the song “Where have all the flowers gone?” and identify where the present perfect is used.

WHERE HAVE ALL THE FLOWERS GONE

Peter Seeger

Where have all the flowers gone? Long time passing

Where have all the flowers gone? Long time ago

Where have all the flowers gone? Girls have picked them every one When will they ever learn?

When will they ever learn?

Where have all the young girls gone? Long time passing

Where have all the young girls gone? Long time ago

Where have all the young girls gone? Taken husbands every one

When will they ever learn? When will they ever learn?

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Where have all the young men gone? Long time passing

Where have all the young men gone? Long time ago

Where have all the young men gone? Gone for soldiers every one

When will they ever learn? When will they ever learn?

Where have all the soldiers gone? Long time passing

Where have all the soldiers gone? Long time ago

Where have all the soldiers gone? Gone to graveyards every one When will they ever learn? When will they ever learn?

Where have all the graveyards gone? Long time passing

Where have all the graveyards gone? Long time ago

Where have all the graveyards gone? Covered with flowers every one

When will we ever learn? When will we ever learn?

SKILLS

1. Reading

In Vivian’s word, “the mass media are the vehicle that carry mass messages” to the mass audience. The mass media include the print media, the electronic media (radio and television) and the Internet. The mass media play an important role in today’s human life. Some people even consider the smartphone a mass medium. Have you wonder how the mass media have changed the way we live? Ask your grandparents about how they communicate, shop and learn in their

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younger years and compare with what young people do today, you’ll see the significant changes that have taken place. In the old days, it took a few days, a few weeks or even a few months for a letter to reach the one who needed to read it. Nowadays, a click can send an email to a receiver in less than a few seconds. A person in the 18<small>th</small> century could not dream of reading the updated news around the world just from the smart phone on their hand. About thirty years ago, learning English can be very hard because there were not many books. Audio cassettes are main sources for language learning, but today’s young English learners can easily practise listening and speaking thanks to free video clips on Youtube. English teaching programmes are available not only on television but also on radio. The meanings of words can be found easily from free dictionaries that are free on the Internet. Furthermore, young people today may not bother to go shopping, because they can order things online. Online chats reduce distant between friends and relatives despite distances. The mass media have significant changed our life for the better. Answer the questions

1. What are the mass media?

2. How have the mass media changed human life? 3. Are the changes good or bad?

4. Do you agree with the author that the changes brought about by the mass media are good? Why/why not?

2.Listening

Listen to the lecture “Defining the mass media” and answer the following questions 1. What is a medium?

2. What is the mass media?

3. What are the four essential characteristics of the mass media according to Dutton? 3.Speaking

Talk about how you use Internet.

Do you have access to the Internet at home/at university? How much time do you spend on the Internet everyday? What do you use the Internet for?

What kind of information can you find on the Internet?

Does the internet help you in your life? Or does it cause you any problems? Talk to the class about how you use the Internet

Writing

Write an essay on how you use the mass media (TV, Internet)

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MEDIA LANGUAGE IN USE

“Rescuers are working out how to free 12 boys and their football coach, who have been found alive in a flooded cave complex in Thailand.

They had been missing for nine days. Dramatic footage shows the moment British divers encountered the bedraggled children huddled on a wedge of dry ground surrounded by water.” (BBC Learning English)

New words

Euphoria: a feeling of great happiness (vo oa) Mission: important task with a set goal

Headline: The research mission collected many interesting samples for biological study. New word: mission

I am on a mission to buy a new car. Have you seen any good deals lately? Mission accomplished.

Headline: British divers at heart of Thai cave rescue among best in the world (the Guardian) New words: The heart of something: the most important or essential part/central point; at the centre (location)

Go to the heart of sth

Go to the heart of a problem: go right to the most important bit Go to the heart of the matter (di vao trong tam cua van de)

Eg the fireman targeted the heart of the blaze to save the house from burning.

These questions go to the heart of the problem. Answer them, and we solve it. Bedraggled: Dirty, messy and wet

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UNIT 3 NEWSPAPER

MAKING A START

1.Reading comprehension

Read the newspaper article from The Independent Monthly and answer the questions

Brisbane hosts world congress on forest issues

Thi Hoa Tran

<small>BRISBANE is to host one of the world’s most important forestry conferences next year. </small>

<small>The International Union Forest Research Organisation (IUFRO) World Congress, normally held every five years, is one of the largest events of its type, bringing together scientists from all parts of the world to discuss forestry research and development issues. </small>

<small>It will be the first time the congress has been outside the northern hemisphere. </small>

<small>Signicantly, the congress will discuss promoting our interest in forestry issues beyond scientist community. IUFRO president Risto Seppala said the conference would adopt a major change in style – instead of scientists only talking to other scientists, they would open the sessions to a much broader audience. </small>

<small>A key issue at the congress will be the importance and role of indigenous people in sustainable forest management. Congress chair Dr Gary Bacon said Australia’s forest could be better managed if the role of indigenous people and their knowledge of sustainable forest management were better recognized and utilised. </small>

<small>Dr Bacon said traditional knowledge of indigenous people was becoming increasingly important as Australia moved into an enlightened future and aimed for sustainability on forest management. </small>

<small>He said traditional knowledge had not been well recognized in the past, and a lack of involvement of native community in forest management was the main problem concerning forest management and indigenous people in Australia at present. </small>

<small>He said he believed discussions at the world forest congress next year could eventually bring about positive changes in policy-makers’ attitude toward the role of indigenous people in forest management, but he emphasised that the changes would not be overnight. Foundation for Aboriginal and Island Research Action Bob Weatherall said Aboriginal people were happy to participate in forest management. </small>

<small>“We must sit there as the original owners of the land, as equal partners so that we can share the power of sharing the land. Then we may be able to care the country better,” Mr Weatherall said. </small>

<small>“I believed there will be positive changes, but not in my time,” he said. </small>

<small>“We would like to share the knowledge. We have got a lot to contribute to forest management in Australia.” </small>

<small>Queensland Premier Peter Beattie said the Congress offered “an unparalleled opportunity” for the Australian production and environmental forestry researchers “to interact with the world’s leading forest scientists.” The congress will be held at the Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre in August 2005, with the overall theme Forests in the Balance: Linking Tradition and Technology. </small>

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2.Answer the questions

1. What event took place in Brisbane in 2005? 2. What was the theme of the conference? 3. What did the congress discuss?

4. How was the style of the conference changed?

5. What did Dr Bacon say about the role of indigenous people in sustainable forest management?

6. What did Dr Gary Bacon believe that discussions can bring about?

7. Did Mr Weatherall think that the changes in policy-makers’ attitude toward the role of indigenous people would be very quick?

8. Were indigenous people happy to share the knowledge in forest management?

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superpowers

down.

greatest inventions in the twentieth century.

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Fill in the table with appropriate words from the dialogue

3.Grammar

HOW TO TALK ABOUT THE FUTURE Use Future Simple

Ex: The congress will be held at the Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre in August 2005.

It will be the first time the congress has been outside the northern hemisphere.

Significantly, the congress will discuss promoting our interest in forestry issues beyond scientist community.

Apple will let you know when Facebook is snooping on you. (USA today) Simple Future form: WILL + INFINITIVE

Ex: I think I will go to Ha Long Bay this summer. I will buy you a new computer.

Note: I’ll = I will Exercises

1.Put the verbs in parentheses in the correct form 1. This time next year I (be) at home with my family.

2. I (go) to Ho Chi Minh City this summer. How about you? Where you (go)? 3. When the patient (get) the test result?

4. He (get) married after he (graduate) from university. 5. You (know) the truth when you (see) her.

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6. Does the coach think our national football team (win) the match? 7. I am sure the team (win).

8. I expect the situation (get) better.

9. David probably (say) something to Anna when he meets her.

10. When I was just a little girl, I asked my mother “What I (be)? I (be) pretty? I (be) rich?”

2. Listen to the song Que sera sera and identify how the Future Simple is used. QUE SERA SERA

Jay Livingston & Ray Evans When I was just a little girl

I asked my mother, what will I be Will I be pretty?

Will I be rich?

Here’s watch she said to me Que sera, sera

What ever will be, will be The future’s not ours to see Que sera, sera

What ever will be, will be When I grew up and fell in love I asked my sweetheart, what lies ahead Will we have rainbows

Day after day

Here’s what my sweetheart said Que sera, sera

What ever will be, will be The future’s not ours to see Que sera, sera

What ever will be, will be

Now I have children of my own They ask their mother, what will I be Will I be handsome

Will I be rich I told them tenderly Que sera, sera

What ever will be, will be The future’s not ours to see Que sera, sera

Whatever will be, will be

SKILLS 1.Reading

Read the excerpts from Wikipedia

Newspaper

A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events.

Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics, business, sports and art, and often include materials such as opinion columns, weather forecasts, reviews of local

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services, obituaries, birth notices, crosswords, editorial cartoons, comic strips, and advice columns.

Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. The journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers.

Newspapers have traditionally been published in print (usually on cheap, low-grade paper called newsprint). However, today most newspapers are also published on websites as online newspapers, and some have even abandoned their print versions entirely.

Newspapers developed in the 17th century, as information sheets for businessmen. By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspapers. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high journalism quality, and large circulation are viewed as newspapers of record.

Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly. News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news. The news includes political events and personalities, business and finance, crime, weather, and natural disasters; health and medicine, science, and computers and technology; sports; and entertainment, society, food and cooking, clothing and home fashion, and the arts.

Usually the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings (labeled A, B, C, and so on, with pagination prefixes yielding page numbers A1-A20, B1-B20, C1-C20, and so on). Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing editorials written by an editor (or by the paper's editorial board) and expressing an opinion on a public issue, opinion articles called "op-eds" written by guest writers (which are typically in the same section as the editorial), and columns that express the personal opinions of columnists, usually offering analysis and synthesis that attempts to translate the raw data of the news into information telling the reader "what it all means" and persuading them to concur. Papers also include articles which have no byline; these articles are written by staff writers.

A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. Besides the aforementioned news, information and opinions, they include weather forecasts; criticism and reviews of the arts (including literature, film, television, theater, fine arts, and architecture) and of local services such as restaurants; obituaries, birth notices and graduation announcements; entertainment features such as crosswords, horoscopes, editorial cartoons, gag cartoons, and comic strips; advice columns, food, and other columns; and radio and television listings (program schedules). As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies and TV shows available on streaming video services like Netflix. Newspapers have classified ad sections where people and businesses can buy small advertisements to sell goods or services; as of 2013, the huge increase in Internet websites for selling goods, such as Craigslist and eBay has led to significantly less classified ad sales for newspapers.

Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue (other businesses or individuals pay to place advertisements in the pages, including display ads, classified ads, and their online equivalents). Some newspapers are run or at least

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government-funded; their reliance on advertising revenue and on profitability is less critical to their survival. The editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high journalism quality, and large circulation are viewed as newspapers of record. Many newspapers, besides employing journalists on their own payrolls, also subscribe to news agencies (wire services) (such as the Associated Press, Reuters, or Agence France-Presse), which employ journalists to find, assemble, and report the news, then sell the content to the various newspapers. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world. Circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day (in the U.S., 1,450 titles selling 55 million copies).<small>[1]</small> The late 2000s– early 2010s global recession, combined with the rapid growth of free web-based alternatives, has helped cause a decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers had to retrench operations to stanch the losses.<small>[2]</small> Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the worldwide financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal.<small>[3]</small>

The decline in advertising revenues affected both the print and online media as well as all other mediums; print advertising was once lucrative but has greatly declined, and the prices of online advertising are often lower than those of their print precursors. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet (especially the web) has also challenged the business models of the print-only era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general (sharing information with others) and, more specifically, journalism (the work of finding, assembling, and reporting the news). In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from many online newspapers and other sources, influences the flow of web traffic. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects. The oldest newspaper still published is the Ordinari Post Tijdender, which was established in Stockholm in 1645.

Most modern newspapers<small>[41]</small> are in one of three sizes:

more intellectual newspapers, although a trend towards "compact" newspapers is changing this. Examples include The Daily Telegraph in the United Kingdom.

<small> </small> Tabloids: half the size of broadsheets at 380 mm × 300 mm (15 in × 11 <small>3</small>Ú<small>4</small> in), and often perceived as sensationalist in contrast to broadsheets.<small>[citation needed]</small> Examples include The Sun, The National Enquirer, The Star Magazine, New York Post, the Chicago Sun-Times, The Princely State, The Globe.

<small> </small>

"Microdaily" is infrequently used to refer to a tabloid-sized free daily newspaper that offers lower ad rates than its broadsheet competitors. The content of a microdaily can range from intense local news coverage to a combination of local and national stories.

<small> </small> Berliner or Midi: 470 mm × 315 mm (18 <small>1</small>Ú<small>2</small> in × 12 <small>1</small>Ú<small>2</small> in) used by European papers such as Le Monde in France, La Stampa in Italy, El País in Spain and, from 2005 until 2018, The

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