Thực hành tiếng anh trong kiến trúc và xây dựng

MUC LUC

LOI NOI DAU Trang

PART I ARCHITECTURE project 19
1 Planners of Saigon South 29
Lesson Fresh start2nN A A A & Độ 37
Lesson Scenic overlook ahead 45
Lesson 54
Lesson Modesty on a grand scale 60
68
Lesson Contemporary cottage 75
Lesson Choosing exterior colors 86
Lesson House of Orange 91
Lesson German Architecture 95

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

Text 1 An urban park in Sydney : Darling Harbour
Text 2 Urban evolution
Text 3 Triumphant triangle

Text 4 The ultimate home show

PART II CIVIL ENGINEERING

Lesson I Surveying 99

Lesson 2 Foundations in subsident soils 114

Lesson 3 Piling design innovation 127

Lesson 4 Vacuum consolidation 132

Lesson 5 The Mebradrain system 139

Lsson 6 Modern buildings and structural materials 156

Lesson 7 Introducing formwork 169

Lesson 8 Batching, mixing, transporting, placing, 177

curing and control procedures

Lesson 9 Water penetration proof 192

Lesson 10 Transportation systems 197

Lesson 11 Bridges 207

Lesson 12 Tunnels 216

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

Text Lightning protection for structures 224
b2 ™
Text Pile integrity tester 229

Text Corrosion of reinforcing bars in concrete and 233

prevention methods 241

Text Formwork for floors
N QO A 253
Text Column formwork

. Text Residential steel-frame construction 265

Text Subsidence damage to buildings : prediction, 275

protection and repair 277

Text ISO 9000 : Building quality into your future 292

Text 9 How can buildings be intelligent ?

ANNEXES

1. Abbreviations applied to drawings and other 301

documentations 324

2. List of construction machines

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 329

LOI NOI DAU

Trên khắp mọi miền của đất nước ta dang có sự bùng nổ uề
xây dựng các công trình cơ sở hạ tầng như dường cao tốc, cầu
cống, bến cảng, các khách san, nha 6, céc khu do thi ...

liết nhiều dụ ón của ta có sự tham gia đóng góp của dối
tác nưúc ngồi trên nhiều phương diện kỹ thuật như thiết kế, tư
Uuấn kỹ thuột, giám sút kỹ thuật u.U. Do uậy tiếng Anh chuyên
ngành kỹ thuật xây dụng uờù kiến trúc trở nên rất quan trọng đối.
Uới cóc cán bộ chuyên nghiệp cũng như cúc phiên dịch uiên dang
công tác cho ngành.

Cuốn sách này rơ dời nhồm phục Uuụ u cồu trên. Ngồi ra

sách cũng có ích dối uới cóc giảng uiên cũng như sinh uiển cóc

trường đại học thuộc chuyên ngành kỹ thuột xây dụng dân dụng.
Sách giúp cóc dộc giả hiểu uà dùng dúng các thuật ngữ quan
trọng của ngành.

Sách gồm hơi phần :

Part I : Architecture (Kién triic) cé 8 bai chính va 4 bai doc

thêm sẽ trình bày uề quy hoạch ú các lính uục thiết kế

kiến trúc.

Part II : Civil Engineering (Kỹ thuật xây dụng dân dụng) gồm ~-`
có 12 bài chính 9 bài dọc thêm, trình bày tương dối
rộng uề cúc lính uực xây dụng, từ cơng tác khảo sót, trắc
đọc, nền móng, xử lý móng, uớn khn, bêlơng, cốt thép. ...

đến chống thấm ú chống séi cho cơng trình.

Cuối cùng lờ phần phụ lục gồm cóc chữ uiết tắt thường dùng tes:

trong xây dụng, bảng kê tén cdc may va thiét bi xdy dung. Vi
nội dung nêu trên tóc giủ hy vong cuén sdch sẽ trợ giúp uà làm
giảm bót phần nào khó khăn của bạn dọc trong công uiệc thực lế.
cùng tôi xin chân thành cảm ơn Ban biên tập Nhà xuất
Cuối
học Kỹ thuột đã dọc, góp ý, hiệu đính cũng như tạo
bản Khoa
biện để cuốn sách được xuốt bản kịp thời phuc vu ban
mọi diều
đọc.

TÁC GIẢ

Part |

ARCHITECTURE

Lesson 1 PLANNERS OF SAIGON SOUTH PROJECT

SOM’s Planning Studio in San Francisco originally focused on
the conversion of ranchlands in Southern California and Texas into
new urban centers like Irvine near Los Angeles and Las Colinas
near Dallas. These very large holdings - literally tens of thousands
of acres - were planned for long-term growth. Our role as planner
allowed us to track their development and intervene periodically to
address specific problems.

Over time, we saw quite consistently that the "freeway scale"

of these new communities undermined their human scale. Despite

rapid growth, substantial wealth and the presence of important
“anchors” like a new university, these communities lacked a sense
of place. As they grew, we finetuned our plans to add density,
improve access to districts and neighborhoods, and - most impor-

tantly - to create "walkable" neighborhoods that encouraged people

to leave their cars.

We started working in Asia in the late eighties - initially, in

Bangkok and Jakarta. These two cities, famous for their "gridlock",
taught us some immediate lessons in how quickly car and' motorbike

traffic can overwhelm cities that were not designed for them. At
the same time, we were impressed by the pedestrian scale of their
older districts. Despite their congestion, they teemed with life. Yet
many of them had already been disrupted by Western-style
development. Tall buildings and oversized shopping malls were
placed almost randomly across these cities, with no apparent
awareness of their impact on traffic and on the "quality of life"
of neighborhoods and districts.

Because our practice is in San Francisco, one of America’s
more beautiful cities, we also had considerable experience planning
new development within historic districts and in areas of great

environmental sensitivity. In Asia, we saw by contrast how Singapore
had eradicated its own history as it modernized - to the point that
it had to rebuild some of its older districts. Elsewhere, we saw the
steady erosion of the natural setting - with hillsides, canals and
agricultural greenbelt sacrificed to rampant, unmanaged growth.

In Hong Kong, though, we saw how the development of the
New Territories preserved the larger environment. A new town
like Shatin, the size of Boston, provides a density that makes
public transit viable - so that few people commute by car. Compact,
highrise development of this type protects the surrounding hillsides,
so that virtually every apartment enjoys a view out to unspoiled
nature.

Because of this experience, what we brought to our new
projects in China and Vietnam was threefold :

e From our U.S. experience, a sense of the importance of
density, accessibility, and a pedestrian - human - scale.

e From our Asian experience, a sense of the vulnerability of
the traditional Asian city "fabric’ - its historic pattern of
development - to unmanaged modernization.

e Also from Asia, the sense that growth could be managed

with proper planning - and that discovering how to

manage growth appropriately was perhaps the biggest
challenge facing us in our Asian projects.

Not surprisingly, we found that many Asians shared our

views. Our Vietnamese clients for the Saigon South project, for
example - planners and other officials with the Ho Chi Minh City
government - were well aware of the problems of Bangkok and
Singapore. This awareness gave them a strong sense of what to

avoid. While they might desire Western-style buildings, they
understood that these alone would not give them a modern city -

let alone a city rooted in their own culture, climate and traditions.

In 1993, SOM won an invited competition to plan a 6,300
acre area directly south of the historic center of Ho Chi Minh
City. This area, now known as Saigon South, will extend the

existing city to provide modern buildings and infrastructure - as
well as employment and housing - for a million people. The project
is a good case study of how technology transfer in the field of
urban. development works in practice in this Southeast Asian

country.

Despite the City’s growth in the years of American occupation
in the sixties and early seventies, the agricultural areas to the

south and east remained undeveloped. By the early nineties, as

_ Vietnam resumed trade with its former enemies, the question of

extending the City became more pressing. The basic options were to :
e Redevelop the existing City at a higher density, which
could put its unique fabric - the product of French

colonial and merchant Chinese influences - at risk.

e Push east ~ a step that would require tall bridges over the
heavily - used Saigon River.

e Push south - a natural extension of the City that also
linked to a new deepwater port and industrial zone

southeast of the Central District. The City opted to push
south. They also joined forces with a Taiwanese company,
the Central Trading & Development Group (CT&D), that
is also a major investor in the new industrial zone near
the port. This joint venture, the Phu My Hung Corporation,
is our client for the project.
Ho Chi Minh City is a charming city with low buildings and
substantial open space in the form of parks and tree-lined
boulevards. Rivers, canals and waterways are an important feature -
unlike Bangkok, they have not been paved over. In its vision of
Saigon South, our client wanted very much to bring forward the
traditions of the older city. They wanted to preserve what exists
now ~ the historic districts of Ho Chi Minh City and the unspoiled
agricultural greenbelt that adjoins it to the south and east. Yet
they also wanted to restore the city as Vietnam’s commercial center,
its "gateway" to the world economy. The new community of Saigon
South, as modern urban center, will provide this transformation
without harming what is unique and irreplaceable in the older city

and its region.

Although we won the competition, we were also attractive to
the client because of our specific knowledge of urban-scale development
elsewhere in the world. Unlike some of our competitors, we had
acually implemented many of these projects - the advantage of also
being both architects and engineers. In addition, we brought an
important set of tools to the project - tools that were not available
to the City government or to local planners.

For example, the City’s government lacked the technology to
evaluate the impact of the project on regional water quality. Our
team’s hydrologist, Woodward-Clyde Associates, provided this
analysis using a modified version of a U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency simulation program that can model a regional water "eco-system".
We used this computer-based model to test the impact of restoring

10

and reopening canals and waterways across the new project. In

this way, we were able to arrive at planning solutions that improved
water quality substantially in the region.

The City also lacked an adequate regulatory structure for
guiding development. Zoning and building regulations were substandard
or non-existent. Our
design principles plan provided a "framework" of planning and
City-enacted zoning for the project that provided the basis for

these principles are requirements for the area. Some examples of
:

Compactness concentrated in centers to ensure an
open space and support public transit
Development should be
appropriate density, preserve
service.

Boundaries should occur only within well-defined areas with
(These can include natural boundaries like canals
Development
clear boundaries.
and waterways).

Walkable neighborhoods compact enough to encourage people
Neighborhoods should be 1.5 km makes for a walkable setting.

to walk. A maximum width of

Linked development and transportation be designed
service as
Major arterial roads and transit corridors should
so that they can be easily upgraded in capacity and
development occurs
and demand increases.

Landbanking
Expansion areas within each center (including transportation

corridors) should be landbanked initially, allowing their interim use
by the community while discouraging inappropriate development.

11

Preserving the larger setting
The larger ecosystem of agricultural land, navigable rivers,

canals: and smaller waterways should be preserved and improved
as part of the development process - both as an amenity and to

maintain regional water quality.

As Saigon South began initial construction, we also helped the
City to modernize its existing building code-first, by comparing it
with U.S. and European codes, and then by recommending one of
them (America’s Uniform Building Code) as a potential standard.

In both these cases, the transfer of technology was tempered
by our understanding and appreciation of the remarkable character
of the City and its larger natural setting of water and wetlands.
In planning modern development in this context, we were
determined to bring forward these essential attributes - to make
Saigon South truly an extension ‘of what exists, not something that
is transplanted or grafted on to it.

As the U.S. real estate market revives, we again see pressures
and problems developing at our end of the Pacific that could
benefit from what we have learned from Asian cities. The example
of Hong Kong’s New Territories, mentioned previously, has application

to the San Francisco Bay Area. Tokyo, with its wonderful public
transit network, is a potential model for Los Angeles - similarly,
a metropolis made up of dozens of smaller urban centers.

California’s population will increase substantially in the next
two decades. Because cities like San Francisco are not building
new housing in any sizeable quantity, the growth is shifting to
the periphery. The Central Valley, California’s agricultural "breadbasket”
is rapidly becoming the new Los Angeles - sprawling, car-based
and smog-filled.

12

The lessons of Asian cities that we are applying to Saigon
South are equally relevant to California. Like Ho Chi Minh City,
‘we can choose to preserve open space - building at a higher density,
defining clear boundaries for new development, and restoring

patterns of human settlement that balance jobs and housing and

encourage people to walk and use public transit. Like Hong Kong,
we can choose to invest systematically in the "infrastructure" —

housing, education and transportation - we need to maintain our

competitiveness in the world economy.

The risk is that, like Bangkok or Jakarta, we will ignore
these issues and squander our opportunities. The problems of these
cities are not impossible to solve, but they are very difficult. A

team of planners from MIT recently suggested, in essence, that
Bangkok simply "start over" - a recommendation that was not
considered very practical. Los Angeles is not yet Bangkok, just as
the Central Valley is not yet Los Angeles, but Bangkok’s problems
(or Mexico City’s) are a preview of what could happen here. The
experience of working in Asian cities gives us both a sense of ur-

gency about our own problems and some concrete ideas about solving
them. This, too, is technology transfer.

VOCABULARY

e planner nha qui hoach thiét ké
e SOM’s Planning Studio Xưởng qui hoạch thiết kế SOM

(SOM = Skidmore, Owiïng & Merrile : ¿ên riêng của các
kiến trúc sư)

e ranchland vùng trang trại chăn nuôi
e holding khoảnh đất

13

long-term growth su phat trién dai han

to, track theo dõi

intervene periodically to address specific problems
_tham gia (can thiệp) định kỳ nhằm giải quyết các vướng

mắc cụ thể.

"freeway scale" of these new communities under mined
their human scale "kiéu bám vào đường ôtô' của những
cộng đồng mới này đã phá hoại sự gắn bó (kết bám) giữa

con người với nhau

we finetuned our pÌans to add density chúng tôi đã
điều chỉnh chi tiết (tỉnh chỉnh) qui hoạch để tăng mat

độ "walkable" neighborhoods that encouraged
leave their cars tạo ra các khu vực xung
to create thể dạo bộ", khuyến khích người ta rời bẻ ôtô
people to
quanh "có

của: hạ:

gridlock sự tắc nghẽn mạng lưới giao thông

to overwhelm cities tràn ngập các thành phố

pedestrian scale mức độ (người) đi bộ

despite their congestion, they teemed with life bất
chấp sự tắc nghẽn giao thông, các khu phố đó vẫn đầy ứ
người (đi bộ)

yet many of them had already been disrupted by

Western-style development dy thế mà nhiêu khu phố
trong số đó đã bị sự phát triển kiểu phương Tây phá vỡ
cảnh quan

oversized shopping malls các khu cửa hàng, cửa hiệu
quá khổ

randomly một cách bừa bãi, cẩu thả

apparent awareness nhận thức rõ ràng

impact on traffic and on the "quality of life" tac

14

động đối với giao thông và chất lượng cuộc sống

experience planning new development kinh nghiệm
qui hoạch phát triển mới

we saw by contrast how Singapore had eradicated
its own history as it modernized- to the point that
it had to rebuild some of its older districts ching

tôi đã thấy rõ qua sự tương phản việc Singapore đã xóa

bỏ lịch sử của họ khi họ hiện đại hóa như thế nào, đến
mức họ đã phải xây dựng lại một vài khu phố cổ

steady erosion of the natural setting su xdi mon

thường xuyên cảnh quan tự nhiên

greenbelt vành đai xanh

rampant, unmanaged growth su phat trién tran lan
không được quan ly

to make public transit viable - so that few people
commute by car làm cho sự đi lại bằng phương tiện
giao thông công cộng trở nên phổ biến - khiến cho it
người sử dụng ôtô để đi lại

every apartment can enjoy a view out to unspoiled
nature méi cin phịng có thể được ngắm ra cảnh thiên
nhiên không bị tàn phá

a sense of the importance of density, accessibility
and a pedestrian - human - scale sự cảm nhận về
tầm quan trọng của mật độ ở, tính tiếp cận và mức độ
đi bộ và gắn kết con người

a sense of the vulnerability of the traditional Asian
city "fabric" sự cảm nhận về tính đễ tổn thương của kết
cấu thành phố châu Á truyền thống

the biggest challenge facing us in our Asian
projects thách thức lớn nhất đối với chúng tôi trong các

dự án châu Á của chúng tôi

this awareness gave them a strong sense of what

15

to avoid y thức về vấn dé này giúp cho họ có được sự
cảm nhận mạnh mẽ về những gì cần tránh

let alone a city rooted in their own culture,
climate and traditions chưa nói đến một thành phố
bát rễ sâu vào nền văn hóa, mơi trường và truyền thống

của riêng mình

let alone chưa nói đến

the project is a good case study of how technology
transfer in the field of urban development works in
practice in this Southeast Asian country Du 4n nay
là một nghiên cứu cụ thể tốt về việc sự chuyển giao công
nghệ trong lĩnh vực phát triển đồ thị đã được thực hiện
trên thực tế như thế nào ở đất nước Đông Nam Á này

the question of extending the City became more
pressing vấn đề mở rộng thành phố đã trở nên bức xúc
hơn

basic options các phương án lựa chọn cơ bản

push east/south phát triển về phía đơng/nam

tree-lined boulevard đại lộ có trồng hàng cây

to bring forward the tradition truyền đạt truyền
thống

gatcway cửa ngõ

unique độc đáo, độc nhất vô nhị

irreplaceable không thể thay thế được

important set of tools bộ công cụ quan trọng

to evaluate đánh giá, thẩm định

hydrologist nhà thủy văn học, người nghiên cứu thủy
văn

Woodward-Clyde Associates : ¿ên một tổ chúc nghiên
cứu thủy van

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency simulation

16

program chương trình mơ phỏng của Cơ quan bảo vệ
môi trường Hoa Kỳ

eco-system, ecosystem hệ sinh thái

to restore khôi phục lại, xây dựng lại

planning soÌutions những giải pháp qui hoạch

adequate regulatory structure for guiding development
cơ cấu luật lệ thích hợp để định hướng phát triển

zoning and building regulations những qui định
phân vùng qui hoạch và xây dựng

substandard (adj) chưa qui chuẩn, chưa đủ tiêu chuẩn

city-enacted zoning requirements những qui định (yêu
cầu) phân vùng qui hoạch do thành phố ban hành

compactness su tap trung, sự cô đọng, sự gói gọn, sự
nhỏ gọn

arterial road đường giao thông huyết mạch

transit corridors các đường hành lang chuyển tiếp

to upgrade nâng cấp

landbanking đắp đất, kê đất

attribute thuộc tính

to transplant cấy ghép

to graft ghép

New Territories Tan giới (thuộc Hồng Kông)

metropolis thủ phủ, thành phố chính

"breadbasket" giỏ bánh mì (nghia bóng, tựa như “vua
lúa" ở ta), |

patterns of human settlement that balance jobs |

and housing các hình mẫu định cư cân bằng giữa cơng

việc và nhà ở

sprawling phát triển dàn trải

car-based chứa (đầy) ô tô

2-THTA 17

se smog-filled bi sugng mt ‘do 6 nhiém) bao phủ
e "start over" bat dau lai, lam lai tu dau
e infrastructure ha tang co sd

DISCUSSION

1. What did SOM’s Planning Studio focus on ?

2. What is the role of planners ?

3. How did the planners finetune their plans as the cities
grew ?

4. What projects in Asia did they start and when ?

5. What experience had they when they started working in
Asia ?

7. What happened when Singapore modernized ?

8. Did Hong Kong eradicate it’s own history during
modernization ?

9. What experience they brought to new projects in China
and Vietnam from U.S.A. and Asia ?

10. Are Vietnamese planners and other officials with Ho Chi
Minh City government aware of the problems of Bangkok &

Singapore ? Minh City ?
provided for
11. What competition SOM won in 1993 in Ho Chi

12. What the chief principles did SOM’s plan

Saigon urban development project ?

13. What were the basic options of extending the City ?

14. Will Saigon South provide modern buildings and
infrastructures and what it can be based on ?

18

Lesson 2. FRESH START

Drive through one of Chicago’s North Shore suburbs and
you'll likely find yourself cruising beneath massive oaks and
maples that shade ivy-laced older homes.

"The trees have always been my weakness" says architect
James March Goldberg of Lake Forest, Illinois, who designs

renovations and new homes along the North Shore with his
partner, Mark J.Downey.

"Wherever possible, we would rather preserve what is there".
Goldberg says of the old homes. Sometimes, though, the cost of
remodeling an old house to meet building codes and to make it
comfortable by today’s standards is so high it makes more sense
to demolish and start fresh. A small part of history may be lost,
but the new house can incorporate features impossible to achieve

through remodeling. When the replacement fits in with its older
neighbors, everybody wins.

"There has been a growing trend toward anti-teardown, and

there are some good reasons for that", Goldberg acknowledges.

"But in this case, the existing home was one of the most unlikely
candidates to remodel that we have had. I believe it had been on
the market for some time".

Among its problems were the small size, absence of charm
or historical significance, awkward design, narrow passageways and
rooms that begged for remodeling, a poor floor plan for remodeling
or expansion, and outdated plumbing, heating, and electrical systems
that Goldberg would have had to replace.

"There was not a logical way to go about adding on without
totally gutting the house’. Goldberg says. "Some of the structural
members appeared to be underdesigned. Lots of walls and floors
and surfaces were out of plumb. To put things in alignment would

19

have meant taking the house apart. By the time we had it

straightened out, it would have been the equivalent of a new

structure.

"The bottom line was that to remodel would have cost
significantly more than to build a new house", says Goldberg. For
roughly $12,000, the old house was demolished to make room for
a Victorian-style home that would suit both a traditional neighborhood
and contemporary owners. ,

Cedar siding, lattice, and a cedar shake roof make the new

home welcome among its Victorian and early 20th-century neighbors.
A bright and open interior delights its owners.

The new home Goldberg and Downey designed and built at
a cost of $95 per square foot, excluding the lot, was exactly what
Tom and Katrina Kelley were looking for.
country setting, but with their five children They had lived in a
were seeking a lower-maintenance home out of the nest, they
Katrina had grown up. They also wanted in the village where

a first-floor master

bedroom, uncommon in older houses.

"We saw this house first", says Katrina, "and when we walked
in, we fell in love with it. We only looked at one other to be
polite to our Realtor". Their previous houses had been more

traditional. "This. was different, so that was exciting’, says Katrina.
"It was built from the outside to fit in with all the Victorian
neighbors, but you walk in and it’s postmodern. It’s an ‘Oh,

wow !” house".

The 3,772-square-foot house was designed to fit its narrow

lot. The spacious, open interior comes as a surprise because the
home’s volume isn’t apparent from the street.

The home’s narrow lot presented Goldberg and Downey with
a first-floor design challenge : getting people from the front door

20

to the core of the house without taking them down a long, narrow

hallway. The architects’ answer: a wide, spacious entry and
hallway. "When you come in the front door", Goldberg says, "it’s
fairly wide and continues wide to keep you from feeling like you
are in a tunnel". Elegant black granite in the foyer below ushers
visitors onto diagonal oak flooring used throughout the house. The
oak stairway leads to an open loft office and sitting room.

Plentiful cabinets and a pantry offer a place for everything
in the kitchen, while double wall ovens and a large refrigerator
allow the cooks to get creative for family gatherings.

The dining room, just a few steps away from the kitchen, is

large enough to seat sizable dinner parties. The Kelleys added

corner cupboards made of old wood to complement the Itatian
retractory table, which belonged to Tom’s mother.

First-floor rooms aren’t defined by walls but by neoclassic pillars,
contrasting ceiling heights, and changes in floor levels that still

leave an open ‘floor plan.

This vertical and horizontal openness is often impossible to
achieve by remodeling the formal, enclosed rooms of an older
home. Also, it’s often not cost-effective to sacrifice second-floor

rooms, replace load-bearing walls with columns and beams, and

reroute plumbing, heating and electrical wiring.

Bob and Katrina enjoy their new home’s openness. "We live
all over the house, even though there are just the two of us’,
Katrina says. With three bedrooms and two bathrooms on the
second floor, there’s always room to host family visits from their
five children and eight grandchildren.

The plan also offers many options for serving dimer guests,
who can move from the dining room to the living room to a

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The kitchen opens onto a deck that can hold a small group,
while the family room opens onto a brick patio that can handle a

larger party.

The backyard is separated from an adjoining church parking lot
by a cedar board fence softened with small trees. "One of the
prettiest sights at night is the lighted church steeple”. Katrina
says.

The Kelleys delight in their new home and the village lifestyle
it allows. "Now we can walk everyplace”, Katrina says, "We always
shopped here anyway. In a way, it’s coming home for me".

*

* +

REMODEL OR START FRESH ?

When the site becomes more valuable than the house

There has been some debate about the practice of tearing
down old homes to make way for new ones. Some argue it changes
the architectural character of a neighborhood. Others contend there
are times when tearing down a house and starting fresh makes

sense.

Here are some factors to consider :

e Location and profit. One Boston builder, for example, paid
$500,000 for a house and lot in a pricey neighborhood
near good schools and main city thoroughfares. The house,
a three-bedroom Cape Cod built in 1952, was no prize

with its lack of insulation and older-style, energy-wasting
windows. Considering the lot size, the builder estimated he
could tear down the old house and build a new one that
would sell for $1.4 million.

e Condition of the house. Some homes are simply considered
beyond repair. The bottom line is that sometimes,

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