ĐÔNG QUẢN LÝ TÀI NGUYÊN, MÔI TRƯỜNG BIỂN VÀ SỰ THAM GIA CỦA NGƯỜI DÂN ĐỊA PHƯƠNG Ở KHU BẢO TỒN BIỂN CÙ LAO CHÀM, TỈNH QUẢNG NAM

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DONG QUAN LY TAI NGUYEN, MOI TRUdNG BIEN VA Sir THAM GIA CUA NGUClI DAN DIA P H U O N G

<i>d KHU BAG TON CU LAO C H A M </i>

H O V I E T H A N H " VU THI NGOC <"'

<i><b>Tom tat: Dong quan ly tai nguyen, moi trudng va sil tham gia cda ngiidi dan dia phiiong da diipc </b></i>

<i>difa vao dng dung trong viec quan ly tai nguy&n, moi tnidng d Khu bao ton bien Cd Lao Cham, tinh Quang Nam. Tuy chiia phai la hoan hao nhiing viec dng dung nay da cho thay nhieu sii thanh cong, ben canh do cdng co mpt so'han che. Diia tren cac nguon thong tin thd cdp, dd heu thu th$p thong qua phong van do'i vdi ngiidi dan, can bo chinh quyen dia phiiOng va Khu bao ton bien Cu Lao Cham, bai viet nay tdp trung phan tich viec dng dung dong quan ly tai nguyen, moi triidng bien va sii tham gia cua ngiidi dan d khu bao ton nay, td do rdt ra mpt so bai hoc kinh nghiem co the hdu ich cho cong tac quan ly tai nguyen, moi triidng d cac khu bao ton khac d Viet Nam. </i>

<i>TdkhoaiDong quan ly; siJ tham gia; kinh nghiem; khu bao ton Cu Lao Cham. </i>

<i><b>Abstract: Co-management and local participation have been applied into enhancing </b></i>

<i>management of marine resources and environment in Cham Island Biosphere Reserve, Quang Nam province. These combined methods of management have achieved curtain successes. Based on secondary data collected through interviews with reserve staff, local people and authorities, we analyzed the effectiveness of co-management and local participation in managing marine resources at Cham Island Biosphere Reserve, therefore drawing out lessons for resource management at reservation zones in Vietnam. </i>

<i>Keywords: Co-management; local participation; experience, Cham Island Biosphere Reserve Ngay nhan bai: 25/12/2019; Ngay sda bai: 10/01/2020; Ngay duyet dang bai: 27/3/2020. </i>

<b>Dat Van de tai nguyen, moi trUdng thi mpt cd che </b>

Cac tai lieu ve quan ly tai nguyen thien quan ly tai nguyen dUdc de xu^'t chinh la nhien b6i cong dong dia phUdng khong cho "Dong quan ly".

rang cac cong dong se luon quan ly hieu Dong quan ly la khai niem dUdc hieu va qua, ma chi la nhiing cong dong nay co the van dung theo nhieu each khac nhau dUa lam tot hdn chinh quyen trung lidng. De tren cac boi canh cu the. 0 Viet Nam, dong co' gang ket hdp cac ldi the ma chinh

quygn, c6ng d6ng d i a phUdng v a cac b e n '-'PGS.TS., Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi vung Tmng B6. , . , ' n 1 , , »;; .^1 :^- 1. i,-' ' Email: hanhc}

<i>lien quan khac co, dong thoi han che cac ,., .^^^ ^.^^ ^^^ ^^ ^. ^^^ ^ ^ ^ .^.^^^ ^ . </i>

<b>xung dot gifia ho trong qua trinh quan ly Email: </b>

<b><small>sA 1.00211 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC X A H t l </small></b>

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quan ly cung da dUdc dUa vao iing dung trong viec quan ly tai nguyen, moi triicing ci mot so ndi, trong do co Khu bao ton bien (Marine Protected Area - MPA) Gil Lao Cham, tinh Quang Nam. MPA Cu Lao Cham la mot khu vUc co tai nguyen thien nhien bien va dao phong phii nSm ci trung tam cua vung Trung Bo, dUdc

<i>thi§'t lap til nam 2003 va co quy§'t dinh </i>

thanh lap chinh thiic vao nam 2005. Nhcf sii ket hop tot giula nha tai trd chinh la Cd quan phat tri§n quo'c te Dan Mach (DANDIDA) v6i chinh quyen cac cap dia phildng tii tinh Quang Nam, thanh pho Hoi An de'n xa Tan Hiep, sii tham gia ciia ngUdi dan dia phiidng vao qua trinh quan ly tai nguyen, moi triicing va mo hinh dong quan ly cl MPA nay dan diidc hinh thanh va phat trien.

Mo hinh dong quan ly tai nguyen, moi triidng va sii tham gia cua ngUcii dan dia phiidng ci MPA Cu Lao Cham da dat dUdc nhieu thanh cong song ben canh do van ton tai mot so' han che'. V6i nhieu thanh cong dat dUdc, mo hinh dong quan ly tai nguyen, moi triicing co sU tham gia cua ngUdi dan dia phUdng ci Cu Lao Cham xiing dang la mot dien hinh dang de hgc tap cho nhieu khu bao ton khac ci Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, de co nhiing bai hoc kinh nghiem hiiu ich hdn cho cong tac quan ly cl cac khu bao ton khac ci Viet Nam, bai viet nay khong chi phan tich nhiing thanh cong ma con de cap de'n nhiing han che trong viec iing dung dong quan ly tai nguyen, moi tritdng va sii tham gia ciia

<i>ngiidi dan dia phildng d MPA nay. </i>

<b>1. Giofi thieu tong quan ve khu bao ton bien Cvi Lao Cham </b>

MPA Cii Lao Cham dildc thie't lap nam

<b><small>g NHAN Lin: KHOA HOC XA HOI </small></b>

2005. Ban dau MPA nay triic thugc Sci Thiiy san va Sci Nong nghiep va Phat tri^n nong thon (NN&PTNT). Nam 2009, Uy ban nhan dan (UBND) tinh Quang Nam ban hanh quyet dinh so 2457/QD-UBND

<i>ngay 27/7/2009 vi thanh lap Ban quan ly </i>

(BQL) MPA Cu Lao Cham tren cd sci to chiic lai BQL MPA Cu Lao Cham dUdc thanh lap theo quyet dinh 888/QD-UBND ngay 24/3/2006. De'n thang 4/2013, UBND tinh Quang Nam quyet dinh chuyen giao BQL MPA Cu Lao Cham cho thanh ph6' H6i An quan ly.

MPA Cii Lao Cham bao gom ca phan dat 8 hon dao va ph^n bien bao quanh.

<i>Di§n tich da't lien gom 5,95 km^ rdng </i>

phong hg va 7,9 km^ riing phuc hoi. Ph^n bi^n gom 16,5 km^ ran san ho va 5 km^ tham CO bien. Tai nguyen bien MPA Cii Lao Cham phong phii v6i cac he sinh thai (HST) ran san ho va tham co bien.

<i>Dan cii song d MPA Cii Lao Cham toan </i>

bg thugc dia phan hanh chinh xa Tan Hiep bao gom 4 thon: Bai Lang, Bai Ong, Bai HUdng va thon Ca'm. Dan cii dia phUdng tren dao co truyen tho'ng lam nong nghiep va ngu nghidp, tuy nhien do dien tich da't nong nghiep han hep va sii phat trien cua kinh te du lich cho nen hien nay khong con hg dan nao lay nong nghi§p lam sinh ke chinh, thay vao do la ngii nghiep, thUdng mai va dich vu du lich.

<b>2. Tien trinh dong quan ly tai nguyen, moi tru'dng va stf tham gia </b>

<i><b>cua ngiicfi dan dia phifdng 6 khu bao </b></i>

<b>ton bien Cii Lao Cham </b>

O giai doan dau cua du an thanh lap MPA Cii Lao Cham ngUdi dan dia phitdng dUdc thara gia cac hoat dgng nang cao nang liic tham gia bao gom nhieu hoat dpng:

<b>Sd 4-2020 </b>

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Tham quan hgc tap, tap huan ve bao ton, truydn thong bao ve moi tritcing, cac hoi thao khoa hgc thuc dia, khao sat nguon ldi tai nguyen. Theo bao cao hoan thanh dii an MPA nay, tii 10/2003 de'n 10/2011 so' liidt ngiidi tham gia hoat dgng nang cao nang luc la 3.929 lildt vdi tong thdi gian tham gia la 696 ngay.

<i>Mac dii ngiidi dan dia phiidng d Cii Lao </i>

Cham khong dUdc tham gia quye't dinh trong giai doan khdi xii6ng thanh lap nhiing hg diidc tham gia trong quy hoach phan viing, xay diing quy che bao ton va ke hoach quan ly MPA. Sii tham gia cua ho trong viec ra quyet dinh ditdc the hien qua cac cuoc hgp thao luan dUdc to chiic

<i>ngay d dia phUdng du6i sii hil6ng dan, </i>

thiic day cua cac can bo, chuyen vien cua BQL MPA Cu Lao Cham. Theo bao cao hoan thanh cac hoat dgng ciia dii an MPA tli thang 10/2003-9/2006, da co tong cong 192 ngii dan 6 ca 4 thon cua Cii Lao Cham dildc tham gia vao thao luan dii thao ke hoach phan vung. Ke' hoach quan ly ci giai doan dau cua MPA Cu Lao Cham gom hai ke hoach ngan han tii 2006-2010 va dai han den 2020 dUdc thao luan rgng rai trong cong dong va cac ben lien quan v6i sii tham gia cua 200 dai dien hg gia dinh tii 4 th6n, m6i thon 50 ngUdi dUdc mcii tham gia thao luan xay diing ke' hoach quan ly. Ke hoach quan ly giai doan 2019-2023 CO sil tham gia cua 100 dai di$n ngiidi dan dia phiidng ci ca 4 thon.

Ben canh vi§c tham gia trong mot so' tie'n trinh ra quye't dinh, ngiidi dan dia phiidng cl Cu Lao Cham da diidc tham gia vao mot chUdng trinh cai thien sinh ke nham cai thien va thiic day phat trien kinh te ho gia dinh, dong thfii dieu hoa

dildc xung dot khi nhiing ngUdi quan ly bao ton han che quyen tiep can khai thac tai nguyen truyen thong cua hg. Sau khi tien hanh quy hoach phan vung bao ton, mot chUdng trinh cai thign sinh ke cung dong thdi dUdc td chtic cho dan cil ci Cii Lao Cham dii6i sil tai trd cua DANDIDA va hdp phan sinh ke ben viing, co tie'n hanh hgp thao luan vdi dai dien cac hg gia dinh HGD dja phuOng co cac nganh nghe khac nhau chiu anh hiicing bcii quy hoach bao ton. Chifdng trinh h6 trd sinh ke nay dUdc tie'n hanh vdi hoat dgng dao tao va ho trd cac HGD phat trien cac hoat dgng sinh ke thay the gom: (1) Cac nghe lien quan de'n du lich nhU: dau hep, hildng dan vien du lich, dich vu nha nghi, lai tau du lich, le tan, buong phong,...; (2) Cac nghe lien quan den ndng nghiep nhU: trong rau sach, trong na'm,...; (3) Cac nghe thu cdng truyen tho'ng nhii: che' bie'n nildc mam, hai san khd; nghe then ren, lam den long,... Ngoai ra, toan bg cac hg gia dinh d MPA Cii Lao Cham deu dildc tham gia dao tao

<i>phan loai rac va xii ly rac thai hiiu cd bang </i>

phiidng phap ii phan compost, dong thdi dildc hd trd mdi HGD 2 thiing rac de phan

<i>loai rac. Td nam 2009 hg ciing difdc van </i>

ddng va thiic d^y tham gia trong chifdng trinh cam ke't khdng sii dung tui nilon. De'n nam 2018, ngifdi dan dia phifdng ci Cu Lao Cham dUdc van dgng tham gia chUdng trinh "Cu Lao Cham noi khdng vdi d'ng hiit nhiia". Cho de'n nay hg da tham gia hifSng ling td't vdi chiidng trinh nay.

Nam 2006, khi MPA Cu Lao Cham difdc thanh lap chinh thiic va quy hoach khoanh vilng, quy che bao ton da difdc UBND tinh Quang Nam phe duyet, 10 can bd giam sat thiic thi da difdc BQL MPA

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nay tuyen dung de thUc hien tuan tra giam sat bang tau cao td'c va thuyen gd, cung nhu quan ly cac hoat ddng du lich va Trung tam Du lich cua MPA (den nay, can bd thuc hien giam sat thiic thi cua MPA Cii Lao Cham la 14 ngiidi). Toan bg cac can bg giam sat thUc thi nay deu diidc tuyen dung tii nhiing ngiidi dan dja phiidng, trong do phan ldn la nhiing ngU dan chiu anh hifdng nhieu cua viec khoanh viing ca'm de bao ton ran san hd. Thang 12/2006, ban bao ton cac thdn dildc thanh lap vdi cd ca'u gom 5 thanh vien la dai dien chinh quyen va cac to chiic, doan thd trong thdn nhif: Hgi phu nii, Doan thanh nien. Mat tran to qud'c, Hdi ndng dan. Ban nay cd nhiem vu hildng dan, giam sat, van dgng cdng dong dia phifdng tham gia cac hoat ddng bao tdn bien.

Sii tham gia cua ngifdi dan dia phUdng ct Cu Lao Cham trong thUc hien quan ly tai nguyen d miic do cao hdn dUdc tha'y qua viec dong quan ly tai nguyen cung vdi nhiing ngiidi quan ly tai nguyen chinh thiic, tuy rang quy md difdc phep thara gia chi miic do 1 thdn, dd la thdn Bai Hudng.

<i>Ngay 22/8/2011, UBND tinh Quang Nam </i>

<i>thdng qua Quye't dinh sd'2614/QD-UBND </i>

<i>v4 viec phe duyet De an thanh lap Tieu khu dong quan ly bao ton biin thdn Bai Hddng, giai doan 2011 - 2013 va sau dd </i>

ban hanh quye't dinh so'

<i>20/2013/QD-UBND ve "Ban hanh quy chi'quan ly tieu </i>

<i>khu dong quan ly bio ton biin thdn Bai Hddng" ngay 3/7/2013. Day diidc coi la van </i>

ban phap ly chinh thiic trong viec hien thiic hoa rao hinh dong quan ly tai nguyen, moi trUdng chinh thiic d Cu Lao Cham vdi viec thanh lap tieu khu d6ng quan ly va Ban quan ly cong dong tieu

<b><small>n NHAN LOC KHOA HOC X A H O I </small></b>

khu bao ton bi^n thdn Bai. BQL cdng d6ng dong quan ly thdn Bai Hudng la doi trgng ciing quan ly tai nguyen, mdi triidng vdi BQL MPA Cu Lao Cham.

Nhu vay cd the tha'y ngifdi dan dia phudng d MPA Cu Lao Cham dUdc thiic day tham gia trong qua trinh quan ly bao ton tai nguyen vdi nhieu hinh thiic khac

<i>nhau. Thd nhai, hg dUdc gidi thieu, dUdc </i>

tham gia cac Idp dao tao va tap hua'n de hieu biet ve cac chUdng trinh va hoat ddng

<i>bao ton. Tha hai, hg dUdc hudng dan de </i>

cung tham gia ban luan trong viec ra quye't dinh phan vung bao ton, xay diing quy che

<i>ciing nhu ke' hoach quan ly bao ton. Thd </i>

<i>ba, hg cung tham gia hd trd thiic hidn cac </i>

<i>chUdng trinh va hoat ddng bao ton. Tha td, </i>

hp dUdc thara gia trong chUdng trinh cai thien sinh ke' va chia se cac ldi ich bao ton

<i>tai nguyen. Thd nam, d mifc cao hdn, hg </i>

dupc tham gia dong quan ly tai nguyen, mdi trudng vdi nhiing ngUdi quan ly chinh thiic cua MPA Cu Lao Cham.

<i>3. NhiJfng t h a n h cong va h a n ch^' tii </i>

vi§c iing d u n g dong q u a n ly tai

<i>nguyen, moi trifdng bien va s\i t h a m </i>

gia cua ngifcrt d a n dia phifofng

<i>3.1 Nhdng thanh cong </i>

Vdi cac each tiep can quan ly bao ton tai nguyen diing dan, ma mot trong nhiing each tiep can quan trpng la quan ly diia vao cdng ddng va ddng quan ly tai nguyen da dem de'n nhieu thanh cdng trong quan ly bao ton tai nguyen ci MPA.

<i>Bi dat dupc nhiing thanh cdng dd khdng </i>

the khdng ke dd'n vai trd tham gia tich Clic cua ddng dao ngUdi dan dia phUdng vdi sii thiic d^y tii nhiing ngudi quan ly bao t6n MPA va chinh quyen dia phudng. Nhiing thanh cdng trong quan ly MPA Cu

<b><small>S(f 4-2020 </small></b>

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Lao Cham dUdc thay qua: (1) Sii phuc hoi va cai thien tai nguyen, mdi trUdng; (2) Cai thien sinh ke hp gia dinh; (3) Phat trien dia phUdng.

<i>Sa phuc hoi va cai thien tai nguyen thien nhien </i>

Nhd sii ket hdp td't viec hd trd tai chinh nhd, hd trp cai thien sinh ke, nang cao nhan thiic va nang liic tham gia bao ton, chia se quyen ra quyet dinh, dong thdi chia se viec quan ly vdi ngUdi dan dia phUdng thdng qua cd che dong quan ly da tao nen mdt sii ddng thuan cao vdi du an thanh lap, cac chUdng trinh va ke' hoach quan ly khu bao ton. Tii do, ngUdi dan dia phUdng tich ciic cha'p hanh, hd trd bao cao vi pham cac quy dinh cua quy che bao ton. Nhd do, tai nguyen thien nhien d Cii Lao Cham dUdc bao ve va phuc hoi td't.

Ran san hd la tai nguyen va ciing la dd'i tUdng bao tdn chinh ciia MPA Cii Lao Cham. Ket qua giam sat ran san hd cua BQL MPA Cii Lao Cham nam 2017 cho tha'y tai 11 diem giam sat dp phu trung hinh toan viing Cii Lao Cham la 59.26%. So vdi dp phu san hd dUdc khao sat bdi vien Hai dUdng hgc Nha Trang vad nam 2002 (36,9 ± 13,5%) la thdi diem MPA Cu Lao Cham mdi dUdc thiet lap thi dp phu hien nay da dUdc cai thien dang ke. Nhd do phu san hd cd cai thien va dUdc bao ve lam tang ndi trii ngu va sinh san an toan cho nhieu loai hai san, tii dd dan den sii phuc hdi ve so' lUdng va kich thudc nhieu quan th^ cac loai hai san. Mac du chiu ap liic khai thac hai san phuc vu nhu cau phat trien du lich nhUng theo mot so can bg MPA nay va ngUdi dan dia phUdng, ngudn hai san bien d khu viic bien ndi

day hien nay giau c6 va phong phii hdn nhieu so vdi cac dja phUdng tie'p giap.

<i>Cai thien sinh ke'cac hg gia dinh </i>

Vdi sil hd trp cua chinh quyen dia phUdng va nha tai trd DADIDA, mdt chUdng trinh hd trd sinh ke cho ngudi dan dia phUdng nam trong chudi cac hoat dpng quan ly bao ton tai nguyen d MPA Cu Lao Cham da dUdc to chUc vdi sii tham gia cua ngudi dan thdng qua cac cude thao luan de lUa chgn cac loai hinh sinh ke thay the', sau dd la cac Idp dao tao ngan han ve kie'n thUc, ky nang va hudng dan thuc hanh lien quan den cac loai hinh sinh ke' dd. Vdi viec xac dinh muc tieu diing dan dUa tren nhu ciu do chinh ngUdi dan de xua't, chUdng trinh sinh ke nay da cd nhiing thanh cdng, dac biet la d cac sinh ke dila tren dich vu du lich.

TrUdc khi khu bao tdn bien dUdc thanh lap, sinh ke chu ye'u cua ngudi dan tren dao Cii Lao Cham chu ye'u la ngu nghiep va ndng nghiep. Nhd cd du lich phat trien keo theo sii hinh thanh va phat trien cua nhieu loai hinh sinh ke mdi: hUdng din vien du Ijch, nha trg horaestay, xe dm, thuyen van chuyen, nha hang an ud'ng, na'u an va dpn dep trong nha hang, djch vu ca phe giai khat, dich vu nUdc mia -giai khat, ban hang lUu niem, ban la riing (na'u nUdc ud'ng) va rau riing, ban banh it, dich vu thuyen thiing va djch vu cau ca giai tri, dich vu ngam san hd bang thiing day kinh, cho thue ao phao va kinh lan. Theo tiing giai doan tang trUdng ve lUdng khach du lich, sd' hd gia dinh tham gia hoat dgng trong cac loai hinh sinh ke nay ngay cang tang. Du lich phat trien keo theo gia tri kinh te cua cac tai nguyen riing va hai san bien ma ngUdi dan khai

<b><small>NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI </small></b>

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thac dUdc ciing tang len nhieu. Vdi sii tham gia thuc hien cac hoat dgng dich vu du Ijch, lien quan den du lich ngay cang tang, ddng thdi gia tri tai nguyen gia tang nhd du lich ma miic thu nhap va ddi song cua ngUdi dan d day da dUdc cai thien hdn ra't nhieu so vdi trUdc khi khu bao tdn bien Cii Lao Cham dUdc thie't lap. Miic thu nhap binh quan dau ngUdi nam 2017 cua ngUdi dan Cu Lao Cham dat 37,02 tridu dong/ngUdi/nam. Vdi cd hgi viec lam da dang nhieu lao ddng ciia xa dao Tan Hiep trUdc day bd di lam an xa d nhieu ndi da trd ve dao lara vi^c.

Dieu dang lUu y, khong chi thu nhap va ddi sd'ng cua ngiidi dan d MPA Cii Lao Cham dupc cai thien ma nhan thiic ve gia tri tai nguyen, vai trd va y nghia cua viec hao tdn tai nguyen, nang lUc cua ngUdi dan dia phUdng ciing da dUdc cai thien hdn ra't nhieu. Nhiing ngUdi dan dUdc phdng va'n deu cho rang gia tri tai nguyen ldn nha't d Cii Lao Cham chinh la gia tri canh quan du lich, tii gia tri do da mang lai rapt chudi cac ldi ich tii hoat ddng dich vu du lich. Ciing chinh vi the ma hg hieu dudc vai trd va y nghia cua viec bao tdn tai nguyen, dd chinh la bao ve cho chinh nguon thu nhap va ddi sd'ng ciia hg.

<i>Phat trien dia phitdng </i>

<i>Td khi Cil Lao Cham - Hdi An dUdc </i>

UNESCO cdng nhan la khu dii tru: sinh quyen the' gidi vao nam 2009 thi gia tri du lich cua KBT nay da gia tang manh. Bang chiing la lUOng du khach do ve Cu Lao Cham gia tang dot bie'n va ludn cd xu hudng tang dan ke tii sau nam 2009. 0 Cii Lao Cham hidn nay, gia trj 16n cua tai nguyen thien nhien khong nam d nguon

ldi rUng hay ngudn ldi hai san bien raa la gia tri kinh te ve canh quan du Ijch. Khi

<i>danh gia vi hieu qua quan ly MPA Cii </i>

Lao Cham da cho tha'y 57% so' ngUdi dan dja phUdng dUdc phdng va'n cho rang thanh cdng chinh ciia viec thanh lap MPA Cii Lao Cham la mdt ddng ldi ich ve gia tri du lich gia tang. Theo thd'ng ke cua Ban quan ly du lich xa Tan Hiep, lUdng khach du Ijch dd'n Cii Lao Cham nhiing nara g^n day vao khoang tren dudi 400 ngan Iupt khach/nam. LUdng khach du lich dn dinh hang nam da dem lai ngudn tai chinh ben viing cho cdng tac quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien Cii Lao Cham, ddng thdi ddng gdp mot khoan khdng nhd cho ngan sach cua tinh Quang Nara. Canh quan Cii Lao Cham khdng chi co y nghia thu hiit du khach cho rieng ndi day raa nd da trd thanh diem kd't nd'i du lich vdi cac dia diem nhU thanh phd' Hdi An, ciia tinh Quang Nam, va thanh phd'Da Nang.

<i>3.2 Nhdng han che </i>

Su xua't hien cua ddng quan ly dii kien se dan de'n viec quan ly phii hdp, hieu qua va cdng bang hdn. Trong trUdng hdp MPA Cii Lao Cham, ket qua ddng quan ly da cho tha'y hieu qua quan ly tai nguyen thdng qua sii tham gia theo doi, phd'i hdp bao cao cac vi pham quy dinh quy che bao tdn cua ngudi dan dja phUdng. Tuy vay, vln cd mot ty Id nhd ngiidi dan khdng bao gid bao cao hoac khi cd khi khong khi hg bat gap cac trUdng hdp vi pham quy dinh quy che bao tdn do ngai va chara vdi ngudi trong lang va nhUng ngu dan khai thac tli dia phUdng khac tdi; khdng nhan dUdc sii ling hd ciia nhUng ngUdi cd trach nhiem khi bao cao vi pham (bao cao

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<i>nhUng khdng xd ly) hoac cam tha'y khong </i>

cdng bang trong hd trd cai thien sinh ke cho cac hg gia dinh va viec x^ ly vi pham ciia liic lUpng giam sat thiic thi.

Dong quan ly dupc danh gia cao nha't v^ chiic nang cua minh trong viec giai quye't xung dot giUa ngUdi s-^ dung tai nguyen va chinh phu. Trong trUdng hdp cua MPA Cii Lao Cham, xung dot giiia nhiing ngUdi sii dung tai nguyen dia phUOng va chinh quyen, giUa nhiing ngUdi sif dung tai nguyen dia phUdng cd giam di nhUng xung dot giu:a ngUdi sif dung tai nguyen dja phUdng va nhiing

<i>ngUdi sii dung tai nguyen d nhiing dia </i>

phUdng lien ke lai cd xu hUdng tang hdn bdi viing bien Cu Lao Cham dUdc bao ve, do vay thiiy san dUdc phuc hoi va dieu dd thu hlit ngu dan d cac dja phUdng lien ke dd'n khai thac ngay cang nhieu trong khi ngU dan dia phUdng tham gia bao ve va phai cha'p hanh quy dinh quy che'bao tdn. Liic Iupng giam sat thiic thi d MPA Cii Lao Cham deu dupc tuyen dung tU nhiing ngUdi dan dia phUdng. Mac du dieu nay cd the tao thuan ldi trong viec giam sat thiic thi khi hp la ngUdi nam ro tinh hinh ve tai nguyen, mdi trUdng va dan cu dja phUdng nhUng ciing la khd khan khi viec giam sat thiic thi bi phu len bdi cac md'i quan he dia phUdng (quan he gia dinh, ddng hp, lang xdm) khie'n viec dd cd the trd nen thie'u khach quan. Ngay ca viec phd'i hdp theo doi, hd trd giam sat thiic thi ciia ngudi dan ciing bi phu len bdi nhiing md'i quan he dia phUdng bdi vi Cii Lao Cham la hdn dao nhd, each biet vdi da't lien, cac hd gia dinh trong xa dUdng nhu deu biet nhau.

Mpt he thd'ng ddng quan ly dUdc coi la

hoan chinh ne'u ta't ca cac chiic nang quan ly dUdc thUc hien chung giiia chinh

<i>phii va cdng ddng. Tuy nhien, 6 MPA Cii </i>

Lao Chara, cdng ddng la dd'i tac ddng quan ly ciia chinh quyen nhUng hg khdng cd tham quyen tham gia xil phat, ddng thdi ciing khdng dUdc giam gia

<i>giam sat viec xii phat cac dd'i tUdng vi </i>

pham quy dinh hao tdn. Thanh phan trong Ban quan ly cdng ddng bao tdn hien hau he't la nhUng lanh dao thdn va cac td chiic, doan the nha nUdc d ca'p thon, do dd cd the coi hp la canh tay nd'i dai cua chinh quyen dja phUdng de thiic hien quan ly va giam sat viec thuc thi cac quy dinh hdn la nhiing dai dien thiic sii ciia ngUdi dan de trd thanh dd'i tac binh dang dd'i vdi chinh quyen.

4. Mot so' bai hoc kinh nghiem Tli nhUng phan tich ve tie'n trinh va ke't qua thiic hien ddng quan ly tai nguyen, mdi trUdng va thiic day sii tham gia ciia ngUdi dan dia phUdng trong quan ly bao tdn tai nguyen d MPA Cii Lao Cham cho tha'y, de viec iing dung hinh thiic ddng quan ly tai nguyen, mdi trUdng va sii tham gia cua ngUdi dan hieu qua hdn thi nhiing va'n de quan trgng nen luu y dd la:

<i>Tha nhat, to chdc dao tao, nang cao nang ldc tham gia cho ngddi dan thdng qua nhieu hinh thdc da dang, trac quan, di hieu phU hdp vdi khi nang va trinh dp cda ngddi dan dia phuang </i>

Khi MPA Cii Lao Cham dUdc thanh lap, trinh dp hpc va'n cua ngUdi dan dia phUdng nhin chung ra't tha'p. Do dd, viec td chiic td't nhUng hoat ddng nang cao nang lUc vdi cac hinh thiic da dang va phUdng phap triic quan, dl hieu phii hgp

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vdi kha nang cua ngUdi dan dia phUdng thi hp da dUdc tiep can va hieu ro ve bao tdn bien cung nhU nhiing each thiic tham gia. Chinh tii nhiing hieu biet dd, ngUdi dan ngay cang chii ddng hdn trong viec tham gia quan ly tai nguyen, mdi trUdng cung vdi MPA Cu Lao Cham. Trong bd'i canh hieu bie't eua ngUdi dan da dUdc nang cao dan len thi nhiing ngUdi quan ly MPA cung can cd nhiing cai thien ve ndi dung, hinh thiic truydn thdng, dao tao mdi phii hdp vdi bdi canh mdi de thiic day sU tham gia hdn nHa.

<i>Tha hai, sd chia se quyen ra quyet dinh phu hdp la dpng ldc quan trgng thuc day sd tham gia cua ngddi dan dia phddng </i>

5 MPA Cu Lao Chara, tuy khdng phai la ngudi quye't djnh cud'i ciing nhUng ngUdi dan dia phUdng dUdc thara gia thao luan tich cue trong eac quye't dinh quan ly tai nguyen quan trpng anh hudng tdi ddi sd'ng eua hp nhU: phan vung bao tdn, xay dUng quy che bao tdn, xay diing ke' hoach quan ly bao tdn va cud'i cung la cung tham gia quan ly. Thdng qua nhieu cude hpp thao luan, ngUdi dan thudng bay td y kie'n, ddi khi de xua't nhufng va'n de mdi va hg cho rang y kie'n ciia hg dUdc MPA lang nghe va sii dung tich ciic, do do hg cam thay y kie'n cua minh duge tdn trgng. NhU vay, sU chia se quyen ra quyet dinh giiia Nha nUde va eac tac nhan ben ngoai vdi ngudi dan dia phUdng la ye'u td' quan trgng tao nen sii ddng thuan trong viec thUe hidn cac hoat dgng quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen.

<i>Thii ba, cac khuyih khich tai chinh va </i>

<i>chddng trinh hd trd cai thien sinh ki'la dpng hie quan trgng thuc day sd tham gia va thiic Men cam ket cua ngddi dan dia phddng </i>

Cac khuye'n khich tai ehinh ban dau cua nha tai trd cho ngudi dan trong eac eudc hgp tuy nhd nhUng la mdt dgng liic thiic day ngUdi dan tham gia tich ciic vao cac eudc hpp thao luan phan vung bao tdn, xay diing quy che bao tdn, ke hoach quan ly,... Cac chUdng trinh cai thien sinh keda dang diia tren y kie'n thao luan eiia ngUdi dan tuy chUa dupc coi la thanh cdng ldn nhUng ciing da giiip cai thien sinh ke' cac hd gia dinh dang ke, tif dd giam sii phu thugc vao tai nguyen hien, ddng thdi tang cUdng cac cam ket tuan thii quy dinh quy che bao tdn khi tham gia cac chUdng trinh sinh ke' cua ngUdi dan. ChUdng trinh cai thien sinh ke eua MPA Cii Lao Cham dUdc phan ldn ngUdi dan dia phUdng danh gia td't nhUng van cd mot so' ngUdi cho rang ed sii thie'u edng bang trong viec hd trd cho cac hd gia dinh, va do chinh la nguyen nhan din de'n su tham gia thieu nhiet tinh cua hg. Do dd, viec dara bao sii cdng

<i>bang tUdng dd'i ciing la mot va'n di nen </i>

dUdc lUu y trong vide to chiic hd trd cai thien sinh ke' cho ngUdi dan dia phUdng.

<i>Tha ta, sa tddng tac tich ciic cua nhang ngddi quan ly MPA vdi ngddi dan td't tao nen mdi quan he chat che va dam bao luong thong tin hai chieu liin tuc </i>

Thdng qua tUdng tac tich ciic vdi ngUdi dan va viec s^ dung cac tie'p can cd sii tham gia ciia cac chuyen vien tiep can edng ddng cua MPA Cii Lao Chara vdi nhieu hinh thiic dien giai da dang, triic quan giiip ngudi dan dd hieu va tich ciic tham gia thao luan trong cac budi hgp thao luan, hgi thao khoa hgc thuc dia, cac Idp tap hua'n bao tdn va truyen thdng mdi trUdng,... Tuf dd kie'n thiic, nhan thUc ve bao tdn tai nguyen, radi trudng va long tin

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vao nhiing ngUdi quan ly MPA cua ngUdi dan tang len dang k^. Dieu do thiic day sii tham gia tich ciic cua ngUdi dan trong cac hoat dgng quan ly bao ton tai nguyen, mdi trUdng bien. NhUng ngUdi quan ly bao tdn nhanh ehdng nam bat dUdc cac va'n de xay ra d dia phUdng ciing nhU ngudn tai nguyen ma hp quan ly, cdn ngUdi dan ciing nhanh chdng nam dUdc cac thdng tin ve quan ly bao tdn tai nguyen, mdi trUdng lien quan de'n cuoc sd'ng cua hp.

<i>Thdnam, chu ddng xay ddng va thdchiin ki' hoach tai chinh ben vOng la mot trong nhdng diem mau chdi cho sd thanh cdng </i>

6 MPA Cil Lao Cham, sU khdi ddng quan ly bat dau d ben ngoai cdng ddng vdi sii tai trd cua dii an DANDIDA va hd trd cua Chinh phu Viet Nam. Hinh thUe khdi xUdng tii ben ngoai thudng bj danh gia la kem ben viing hdn so vdi khdi xUdng tii ben trong, bdi vi ddng quan ly ed the bi ngUng khi du an tai trd k§'t thiic hoac tinh khdng ddng bg ciia eac thda thuan ddng quan ly do yeu clu cua nha trai trd. Tuy nhien, do'i vdi MPA Cu Lao Cham, sau khi tai trd ke't thiic vao thang 10/2011, tie'n trinh ddng quan ly van tie'p tuc dUdc duy tri bang ngudn tai chinh tii phi tham quan du Ijch de'n Cii Lao Cham. V6i lUdng khach dn dinh hang nam vao khoang tren dudi 400 nghin lUpt da cung ea'p rapt ngudn tai chinh tUdng dd'i dn dinh cho edng tac quan ly MPA. Dieu dd cho tha'y ddng quan ly khdi xUdng tii hen ngoai cd the ben viing neu nha quan ly chu dgng xay dilng va thiic hien ke hoach tai chinh ben viing sau khi ke't thiic tai trO.

<i>Tha sau, phat huy vai trd quan ly, dieu phdi cua cac cap chinh quySn de nang cao hiiu qua dong quan ly </i>

Tai nguyen bien la mdt dang tai nguyen chung, ed tinh md va khdng cd gidi han ro rang. Do do, de dong quan ly hieu qua thi sii tham gia cua ngUdi dan dja phUdng la chUa du ma cdn can han che cac tac ddng cd hai de'n tai nguyen bien den tii ben ngoai, trong dd cac tac ddng tiem nang eao la cac vi pham trong khai thac thiiy san cua nhiing ngU dan de'n tii hen ngoai, cac cha't d nhilm va t r i m tich tii eae hoat dgng dan sinh -kinh te - xa hgi vilng bd va thUdng ngudn cac lUu viic sdng. Dieu nay ddi hdi sii phd'i hdp quan ly d ca'p cao hdn de dieu phd'i cac mo'i quan he trong khai thac, sii dung tai nguyen bien.

Ket l u a n

Dong quan ly dUdc coi la phUdng thiic quan ly nham ke't hdp ldi the ciia cac ben lien quan, dac biet la cdng ddng va chinh quyen trong tie'n trinh quan ly, nhd dd viec quan ly tai nguyen, mdi trUdng hieu qua hdn; xung dot giiia chinh quyen va ngUdi sif dung tai nguyen, giiia nhiing ngUdi sii dung tai nguyen dUdc giam di. Tuy nhien, viec ap dung ddng quan ly thudng khac nhau trong cac bd'i canh, va do dd hieu qua ddng quan ly ciing khac nhau.

Trong trudng hdp MPA Cu Lao Chara, viec van dung md hinh ddng quan ly trong bd'i canh the chd'Viet Nam dUdc coi la thanh cdng bdi vi sau khi tai trd ke't thiic md hinh vln tie'p tuc dupe van hanh va cd them mot bUdc tie'n khi ddng quan ly dUdc thiia nhan chinh thiic (dii ehi d 1 thdn) thdng qua mot van ban phap ly ca'p tinh, ddng thdi sii tham gia eua ngUdi dan dia phUdng trong viec cha'p hanh cac quy dinh, phd'i hdp theo ddi bao cao vi pham quy che bao tdn rd't td't. Viec iing dung

<b><small>NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q </small></b>

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thanh cdng ddng quan ly va sii thara gia cua ngUdi dan dia phUdng trong quan ly tai nguyen, mdi trUdng d MPA Cil Lao Cham la tdng hda cua nhieu yeu to': (1) Td chiic dao tao, nang cao nang liic tham gia cho ngudi dan thdng qua nhieu hinh thiic da dang, triic quan, de hieu phii hdp vdi kha nang va trinh do ciia ngudi dan dia phUdng; (2) Su chia se quy^n ra quye't dinh phii hdp ciia chinh quyen dia phUdng vdi ngUdi dan dia phUdng; (3) Cae khuyen khich tai chinh va hd trd cai thien sinh ke kip thdi cho ngudi dan cua nha tai trd va ehinh quyen dia phUdng; (4) Su tUdng tac tich ciic giiia nha quan ly MPA va ngudi dan dia phUdng; (5) Chu dgng xay dung va thiic hien ke' hoach tai chinh ben vUng.

TAX LIEU THAM KHAO

<i>1. Carlsson, L & Berkes, F (2005), </i>

<i>Co-management: concepts and methodological implications, Journal of Environmental </i>

Management, vol. 75, no. 1.

<i>2. Chu Manh Trinh (2012), Xay diing </i>

<i>md hinh dong quan ly tai nguyen mdi tritdng tai khu bio ton Cu Lao Cham tinh Quang Nam, Luan an tie'n si tai trudng </i>

Dai hgc Khoa hge xa hdi va Nhan van -DHQG Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.

3. Bui Thi Thu Hien et al (2014),

<i>Vietnam Marine Protected Area Management Effectiveness Evaluation. </i>

Gland, Switzerland: lUCN, 86pp.

<i>4. Hara, M & Nielsen, JR (2003), </i>

<i>Experiences with fisheries co-management in Africa, in D Wilson, J </i>

Nielsen & P Degnbol (eds), The fisheries co-management experience:

Accomplishments, challenges and prospects Kluwer Academic Publishers.

5. Nguyen Thi Trang Nhung (2010),

<i>Effectiveness Evaluation of a marine protected area in Vietnam: The Cu Lao </i>

<i>Cham MPA case study, Master Thesis in </i>

Fisheries and Aquacalture Management and Economics, The Norwegian College of Fisheries Science University of Tromso, Norway and Nha Trang University, Vietnam.

<i>6. PhUdng Thao (2018), "Ki't qua giam </i>

<i>sat hi sinh thai ran san hd tai Khu Bio ton bien Cu Lao Cham", Website ciia MPA </i>

Cu Lao Cham. Truy cap ngay 6.9.2018.

<i>7. Pinkerton, E (1989b), introduction: </i>

<i>Attaining better fisheries management through co-management Propects, problems and propositions, in E Pinkerton </i>

(ed.), Co-operative Management of local fisheries: New directions for improved management and community development, University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

8. Uy ban nhan dan xa Tan Hiep

<i>(2017), Bao cao tinh hinh KT-XH, QPAN </i>

<i>nam 2017 va phaang hddng, nhiem vu nam 2018. </i>

<i>9. Vii Thj Nggc (2016), "Biin doi sinh </i>

<i>ki'hp gia dinh do phat trien du lich sinh thai d ca Lao Cham, Quing Nam", De tai </i>

khoa hgc ca'p ed sd Vien Khoa hpc xa hgi vung Trung Bg.

<i>10. Vii Thi Nggc (2018), "Nghiin cdu </i>

<i>sii tham gia cua ngitdi dan dia phddng trong hoat dpng quin ly bio ton cac he sinh thai ran san hd d khu bio ton bien ca Lao Cham, Quing Nam", De tai khoa </i>

hpc cap cd sd Vien Khoa hpe xa hpi vung Trung Bg.

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