Giáo trình nhập môn luật học

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TS. VlfiN THE GIANG - IS. BOl I itfU TOAN(Dong clu’i bifin)

<b><small>NHA XUAT BAN CHINH TRI QUOC GIA S J THAT</small></b>

<b><small>B2/A43071</small></b>

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giAo TR1NH

cjejap

<b><small>■</small></b>

monluat

<b><small>• ■</small></b>

hoc

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<b><small>Bienmuc trenxuat ban ph£m</small></b>

<b><small>cuaThir vien Quocgia Viet Nam</small></b>

<small>Vi6n The Giang</small>

<small>Giao trinh Nhap m6n luathoc : Nhirng v£h d£ coban cho hoc tap,nghiencuunganh luat : Sach chuySnkhao / Ch.b.: Vi£n The Giang,</small>

<small>Bui HihiToan.- H.: Chmhtri Qudc gia, 2020. - 428tr.; 21cmISBN 9786045756478</small>

<small>1.Luathoc 2. Giao trinh 3. Sach chuyen khao</small>

<small>340.0711 - dc23</small>

<small>CTK0237p-CIP</small>

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<b><small>TS. VlfeN </small></b>

T

h

£

<b><small> G1ANG - TS. BUI HCU TOAN(Dong chu bien)</small></b>

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<b>Dongchu bien</b>

TS. VIEN THE GIANGTS. Btn HUU to

A

n

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<b>LOl NHAXUAT BAN</b>

<i><small>**'' f '</small></i><b><small> ’ -J - _ -• } _Z- ‘ .1- • . ‘ 4</small></b>

Nhap mon lu&t hoc dtta ra cai nhin tong quan nhat vehien tUdng phap luat giup ngtfdi hoc dinh hinh hien ttfdngphap luat trong ddi song xa hoi, trong moi tUdng quan vdi

cac quy pham xa hoi khac; xac dinh hudng tiep can,

nghien cdu, lu&n giai, lap luAn, van dung khi nghien cdu <i>d</i>

cac linh vile phap luat chuyen nganh; cung cap cac hocthuyet phap luat cd ban, cac khai niem nen tang ma nhd

do, ngiidi hoc co the de dang tiep nhan cac khai niem

mang tinh chuyen sau, ban chat hdn trong cac linh vile

phap luat chuyen nganh.

Nham gop phan cung cap them tai lieu nghien crtu,

tham khao cho giang vien, sinh vien cac tnidng dai hoc,cao dSng, trung cap, Nha xuat ban Chfnh tri quoc gia Silthat xuat ban cuoh sach <i>Giao trinh nhap mon Luat hoc</i>

cua tap the tac gia do TS. Vien The Giang va TS. Bui HriuTo&n dong chu bien.

Cuon sach dtfdc chia thanh 9 chUdng, trinh bay nhiing

van de cd ban nhat cho ngiidi mdi bat dau hoc t&p, nghiencdu linh vrtc lu&t hoc, bao gom: Khai niem, gidi han va eachtiep c&n nhap mon luat hoc trong he thong khoa hoc phap ly;

Cac hoc thuyet cd ban ve phap luat; Nha nude: chu the sang

tao v& bao dam phap luat dttdc thi h&nh; Cd che dieu chinhphap luat: hinh thiic the hien giila nhu cau thiet lap trat trt

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xa hoi cua nha nude va sU tiep nhan cua doi tutdng chiu tacdong cua phap luat; Nguon cua phap luat, hinh thutc va hethong phap luat; Vi pham phap luat va trach nhiem phap ly;Nghe luat: dac diem, ky nang vi quy dinh cua phap luat;

Phutdng phap hoc tap va nghien cutu khoa hoc luat; Tut duy

phap ly, tut duy phan bien trong dao tao cut nhan luat.

Cuon sach cung cap nhutng tri thutc co tmh khai quat,cd ban ve phap luat noi chung; dong thdi din chutng tit cac

luat, bo luat cua Viet Nam noi rieng.

Mac du da co nhieu co' gang trong qua trinh bien soanva bien tap, song day la van de rat phutc tap, luon biendong va thay doi nen cuon sach kho tranh khoi con hanche, thieu sot. Nha xua't ban va cac tac gia rat mong nhan

dutdc y kien dong gop cua ban doc de hoan thien noi dung

cuon sach trong lan xuat ban sau.

Xin gidi thieu cuon sach den ban doc.

<i>Thang3 nam 2020</i>

<small>NHA XUAT BAN CHINHTRI QUOCGIA SU* THAT</small>

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<b>LdlMdDAU<small>• -#</small></b>

-Tim hieu, hoc t&p, nghien cutu hien tutdng phap luat

luon thu hut dutdc sot quan tam cua moi to chute, ca

nhan trong xa hoi. Hieu luM de hanh xut dung luat,

giam thieu rui ro cho ban than cung nhut cho ngutdikhac la nhu cau rat chinh dang. Dong thdi, sut dungphap luat de bao ve quyen, Idi ich hdp phap khi bi xam

pham ddi hoi ngutdi sut dung phap luat can dutdc trang bi

nhuing kien thutc, ky nang can thiet de tut minh co thetim kiem, van dung, giai thich phap luat trong nhuingtrUdng hdp cu the.

Doi vdi cac tan sinh vien, khi rdi ghe trutdng phothong butdc vao moi trutdng giao due dai hoc vdi nhieudieu mdi me ddi hoi ngutdi hoc phai tutng bufde lam quenvdi hoat dong hoc tap theo hutdng chu dong lay tut hoc

lam dieu cot yeu. De co the tut hoc hieu qua, ngutdi hoc

can dutdc trang bi nguon tut lieu de vuta tiep nhan tri

thutc, vuta co the tut tim hieu, md rong, nang cao kienthutc ve linh vutc, nganh, nghe dao tao, cac ky nang laviec lam rat can thiet.

Thutc te cho th£y, hoc t&p, nghien cutu linh vutc phap

luat ddi h6i ngutdi hoc khong chi thuoc, nhd ky cac dieu

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luat trong cac v&n ban quy pham phap lu&t ma con phaihieu ro nguyen ly cua tutng linh vutc phap lu&t. Nhutngnguyen ly nen tang cho m6i linh vutc phap lu&t Chide thehien trong cac hoc thuyet, quan diem, quan niem cua

cac nha tut tutdng. 0 khia canh nay, chung ta dang tiepcan, lam ro van de phap lu&t d <i>goc do</i> ly luan phap lu£t

tut khdi thuy cho den qua trinh phat trien, gin hen vditruyen thong lich sot, van hoa dan toe cua moi quoc gia.

Khi phap luat duttic ban hanh, nha nutdc, to chute, ca

nhan se to chute thutc hien phap luat, nghia la duta cacquy dinh phap luat vao ddi song thutc tien. Thong qua

viec to chute thutc hien phap luat, hien tutting phap lu&t

duttic tiep can, phan tfch, danh gia trong moi quan he vdiddi song xa hoi cua nha nghien cutu, ngutdi lam cong tacthutc tien cung nhut cac to chute, ca nhan trong ddi song

xa hoi. 6 khia canh nay, phap luat la hien tutting xa hoi

mang tfnh lich sut, gan lien vdi hanh vi phap ly cua moi

to chute, ca nhan trong ddi song xa hoi. Noi dung, tfnh

chat cua phap luat (d khia canh ly lu^n lich sut nha nutdc

va phap luat) duttic the hien trong dtii song xa hoi (phuhtip hay khong phu htip, dan chu hay khong dan chu, vicon ngutdi hay la can trd viec thutc hien quyen con ngutdi).

Hien tutting phdp luat duttic danh gia, kiem chutng trong

thutc tien quan ly, van hanh quyen lute nha nutdc; giaiquyet moi quan he giuta nha nutdc va cong dan, ghi nh&n,

bao dam quyen con ngutdi trong thutc tien...

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Do hien tUdng phap luat gan lien vdi ddi song xa hoi,

ngUdi doc, ngUdi hoc tap, nghien cdu, sd dung phap luatcan phai co mot nen tang kien thdc, kinh nghiem song

can thiet. Day la dieu vo cung kho khan doi vcti cac tansinh vien - nhutng ngUdi tre, thien ve cac lUa chon camtfnh. Do do, lUa chon each dat van de, hoc tap nghien ctfuhien tUdng phap luat that dung di, phu hdp vdi dac diemtarn sinh ly Ida tuoi luon la tran trd cua ngUdi lam congtac giang day, nghien cdu linh vUc phap luat.

: La cuoh sach mang tfnh chat nhap mon cho nghiencdu, hoc tap linh vUc phap luat nen muc tieu dau tienla cung cap cac kien thde nen tang, khdi diu cho viec

hoc tap, nghien cdu phap luat. Ben canh do, cuoh sach

edn cung cap them cac kien thtfc, ky nang mang tfnh

chuyen mon giup ngUdi doc co the di sau vao nghien

ettu ttfng linh vUc phap luat cu the. De dat dUdc muc

tieu cung cap kien thUc nen tang, cac tac gia Ilia chon

each dat van de, tiep can khoa hoc nha nude va phapluat thien ve mo ta, cung cap cac kien thUc cd ban tft

viec he thong hoa quan diem, hoc thuyet pho bien venha nUdc va phap luat tren cd sd lam ro cac khai niem,

pham tru cd ban ve nha ntfdc va phap luat den viec chi

dan cac nguon ttf lieu de ngUdi hoc c6 the tra ctiu valam ro them.

De dat dtfdc muc tieu cung cap them cac kien thde,ky nang mang tfnh chuyen sau, cac tac gia tap trung

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lam ro noi dung tu duy phap ly, tu duy phan bien,nghien ctiu khoa hoc lu^t. Ben canh do, cac tac gia contap trung lam ro ban chat cua nghe luat va cac ky nang,

thao tac nghe luat cd ban can dUdc ren luyen va dUa ra

trong chUdng trinh dao tao nghe lu£t de giup cho hoat

dong dao tao nganh luAt gan chat hdn vdi doi hoi cua

thiic ti§n..

Hoc tap, nghien cttu la mot qua trinh lien tuc, trongdo co nhting sai sot do cac nguyen nhan chu quan cungnhu khach quan. Noi dung giao trinh cung khong thetranh khdi nhting diem cdn tranh luan, mang tinh chuquan cua nhting ngtfdi bien soan va khong tranh kh6inhting sai sot. Nhting sai sot do thuoc ve cac tac gia cuacong trinh nay va mong ngUdi doc litdng thtt. Dong thdi,

cac tac gia cung rat mong nhan dtfdc y kien dong gopcua sinh vien, hoc vien, ban doc gan xa de ngay cang

hoan thien noi dung cuon sach, dap ting tot hdn nhucau hoc tap, nghien cttu cua quy doc gia.

Tran trong cam dn!

TAP THE TAC GIA

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<i>Chiffing 1</i>

<b>NHAP</b>_•<b>MONLUAT HOC TRONG</b>_•_•_•<b> HE THONG</b>

Phap luat luon mang tinh pho bien, tfnh xa hoi vathutdng xuyen dUdc set dung1 nen phap luat gan Hen vdiddi song con ngetdi mot each rat tut nhien. Phap luat comoi hen quan chat che tri hanh vi xut set cua con ngutdi

den cac trat tU xa hoi ma Nha nude ky vong thiet laptrong pham vi quoc gia nen phap luat cung la hientutdng thutdng xuyen thay doi cho phu hdp vdi dien tien

nay. Tien trinh thiet lap, thay doi he thong phap luat

hay tutng van ban quy pham phap luat deu co tac dong

trutc tiep den trat ttf xa hoi (do co the la trat ttf tU nhiendang on dinh hay cung co the la set dich chuyen, bien

dong cua trat til xa hoi cho phu hdp vdi quy dinh phaplu£t mdi). Du luon thay doi, song boat dong lap phaphay xay dtfng phap luat luon chiu anh hutdng cua mot

<small>1. Xem Jean-ClaudeRicci: </small><i><small>Nh&p mon luat hoc,</small></i> <small>Nha Phap</small>

<small>luatViet-Phap, Nxb. Van hoa -Thong tin, Ha Noi,2002, tr.3-5.</small>

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hoac mot so*hoc thuyet phap ly co gia tri soi din cho cac

boat dong lap phap. Mot triet ly hay hoc thuyet phapluat tot la nen tang rudng cot cho mot he thong phap

luat tot, on dinh. NgUdc lai mot triet ly, hoc thuyet

phap ly mang tfnh tieu crtc (nhu nhan manh den yeu tobao hie, banh trUdng thong qua dung vu luc...) hay lac

hau khong phu hdp hoac khong theo kip sU bien dong

cua ddi song xa hoi se trd thanh hie can vo cung to Idncho sU phat trien xa hoi. Nghien ciiu linh vUc phap lu^tddi hoi ngUdi thUc hien phai dUdc trang bi nhflng kien

thilc nen tang de co the lam quen va di sau vao tttnglinh vUc phap lu&t chuyen sau hdn.

I. NHAP<b>_•</b>MON LUAT HOC: <b>_{• •}</b>CO Sd CHO DAO TAO,<b>_{• *}</b>

HOC TAP, NGHIEN CUU CHO CLT NHAN LUAT

<b>1.Cung cap cackhai niem khoaIwcphaply</b><i><b> cd</b></i>

<b>ban lam nen tang cho hoc tap, nghien cutuphap</b>

<b>luat chuyennganh</b>

Do phap luM la hien ttfdng xa hoi co lich srt phat

trien lau dai va phtfc tap nen viec nghien eflu hienttfdng phap luat <i>ludn lavan de kho,</i> nhat la dao taoluat theo kieu han lam, tii b|c pho thong len dai hoc

do ngiidi hoc chtta co nhieu kien thutc xa hoi, kinhnghiem song de cam nhan hien ttfdng phap lu^t nenviec trang bi cho ngttdi hoc cac kien thtic cd ban, nen

tang cho viec tiep tuc nghien ciiu sau hdn trong cac 12

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linh vUc phap lu£t chuyen nganh la r£t cSn thiet.

Nhap mon lu&t hoc dita ra <i>cai nhin tong quannhat</i> vehien ttfdng phap luM giup ngUdi hoc dinh hinh hien

tUdng phap lu&t trong ddi song xa hoi (trong moi tUdng

quan vdi cac quy pham xa hoi khac), xac dinh htfdngtiep c&n, nghien cdu, lu^n giai, l&p lu^n, v^n dung khinghien cdu d cac linh vUc phap lu^t chuyen nganh. Tttcai nhin tong quan do, nhap mon lu^Lt hoc <i>thiet lap cacnen tangccfban thong</i> qua viec cung cap cho ngtfdi hoc

cac hoc thuyet phap luat cd ban, <i>cackhai niemnentang</i> ma nhd do, ngUdi hoc co the de dang tiep nhancac khai niem mang tfnh chuyen sau, ban chat hdntrong cac linh vUc phap luat chuyen nganh.

<b>2.Lam quen vdi cac thao tac, kynang nghien</b>

<b>cufu phap luat</b>

Nghien cdu hien ttfdng phap luat khong the khongxem xet va dat hien ttfdng phap luat trong moi ttfdng

quan vdi nha nude, each thde van hanh quyen luc nhanude cung nhu cac thiet che xa hoi, ngtfdi dan cungnhtt tieu chuan quoc te da dtfdc thtta nhan rong rai.Day la cd sd cho viec hinh thanh phap luat thiic dinh -mot he thong cac van ban quy pham phap luat mang

tfnh noi dung, trong do co chda dung quy tac xik stf

chung, co hieu luc bat buoc chung, dUdc ap dung lap dilap lai nhieu l£n doi vdi cd quan, to chtic, ca nhantrong pham vi ca ntfdc hoac ddn vi h&nh chfnh nhat

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dinh, do cd quan nha nutdc, ngtfdi co th^m quyen banhanh va dUdc_•_{• •} Nha nude bao dam thutc hien1.

Cac quy pham phap lu|t do nha nutdc ban hanh vuta

la cong cu, phutdng tien de nha nutdc thiic hien viec quanly xa hoi, vuta la doi tcfdng nghien cutu trong cau truechutdng trinh dao tao cut nhan lu&t. Chfnh vi the, nh&p

mon luat hoc cung cap cho ngutdi hoc<i> cacthao tac, kynangcan thiet de thitc hien viec nghien cutuphap luat</i>

tut sd dang (thong qua viec nhan dien van de phap ly,

hia chon quy pham, de xuat each xut ly, each lap lu&n,

dan d^t, phan tfch giai quyet van de phap ly...) cho denthutc hien cac boat dong nghien cutu khoa hoc mang tfnhhan lam nhut thutc hien de tai nghien cutu khoa hoc sinhvien, hoan thanh khoa luan de dutdc nhan bang tot

nghiep, tiep tuc hoc len bac sau dai hoc, viet cac cong

trinh nghien cutu khoa hoc phap ly. Noi each khac, nhap

mon luat hoc co trach nhiem dat cac “vien gach” dau

tien, mang tfnh nen mong de ngutdi hoc de dang hdntrong viec nghien cutu, hoc t|p chiidng trinh cut nhan

luat vdi ky vpng, cac thao tac ky nang can thiet cho sinh

vien luat, yeu cau ren luyen tU duy phap ly se dtfdc the

hien va sut dung thutdng xuyen trong cac hoc phan phapluat chuyen nganh.

<small>1.Khoan 1 Dieu 3 LuatBan hanh vanban quy pham phap</small>

<small>luat nam2015.</small>

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<b>3. Du nhapkien thufc khoahoc phaply mdi va</b>

<b>yeucau doimdi quan niem, each tiep canvdi cac</b>

<b>van de khoa hoc luat</b>_{• •}

Tien trinh phat trien va hoi nh£p lam cho nhiing

anh hudng cua phap luat niidc ngoai tdi phap lu£t Viet

Nam la tat yeu. Anh Inldng cua he thong phap luat

nay den he thong phap lu&t khac la moi quan he giutahe thong phap luat cua cac quoc gia, trong do da hoac

dang dien ra stt chuyen hoa cua cac yeu to phap luat

cua quoc gia nay vao trong cau true cua phap lu&t quocgia kia. Su anh hutdng co the la tfch erte, hoac tieu cUchay tac dong qua lai. Dong thdi vdi sU anh hudng phap

luAt, thi viec tiep nhan phap luat nUdc ngoai vao Viet

Nam cung dang dien ra manh me. Thuat ngii “tiep

nhan phap luat” diidc hieu la sU chu dong hay bi dong(hoac bi ap dat) thu nap nhieu hay it nhiing “yeu to

' cua phap luat”. Su tiep nhan chiu anh hutdng bdi nhieu

yeu to' nhii sU anh hutdng khach quan cua phap luat

titng miic do, sU sang tao, chon loc nhiing gia tri phu

hdp hay khong phu hdp cua chu the tiep nhan, nhu

cau cua chu the tiep nhan phap luat...1. Su tiep nhan

phap luat nude ngoai, trong boi canh Viet Nam, can co

<small>1. Xem Hosing VanDoan,Mai Van Thing: "Anhhtfdngcuaphap luat phUdng Tay den phap luat NMt Ban tronglichsu£ vanhiing gia trithamkhao doivdi VietNam trong boicanh hien</small>

<small>nay”, Tapchi khoa hoc DaihocQuoc gia Ha Noi,Auatboc t 34</small>

<small>so 3(2018), tr.61.</small>

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sut nghien cutu cong phu, nghiem tuc ctmg nhutng doi

chieu, so sanh, tut do hoc hoi, van dung nhutng gia tri

tien tien nhat, phii hop nhat doi vdi he thong phap

luat va dieu kien cua nutdc nha va cung c£n can trong

de tranh set thieu thong nhat trong viec tiep nhan, xaydutng phap luat khi hoc hoi qua nhieu nen phap luat

khac nhau va can phai biet ket hdp vdi nhGng gia triphap luat truyen thong cua Viet Nam1. Trong giaidoan hien nay, khoa hoc phap ly Viet Nam dang tronggiai doan chuyen doi manh me, ngoai viec “lay chunghia Mac - Lenin va tut tutdng Ho Chi Minh lam nen

tang tut tutdng” (Dieu 4 Hien phap nam 2013) con phaidap utng yeu cau Nha nutdc Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia

Viet Nam la nha nutdc phap quyen xa hoi chu nghiacua Nhan dan, do Nhan dan, vi Nhan dan; do Nhandan lam chu; tat ca quyen lute nha nutdc thuoc ve Nhan

dan ma nen tang la lien minh giuia giai cap cong nhanvdi giai cap nong dan va doi ngu tri thutc (Dieu 2 Hienphap nam 2013) thi viec tiep nhan cac tien bo trong

lich sut tut tutdng nhan loai ve nha nutdc va phap luat lara't can thiet. Dieu nay dat ra doi hoi cac cut nhan luat

tutdng lai phai dutdc trang bi cac kien thutc mang tfnhnen tang ve khoa hoc nha nutdc va phap luat khong chi

<small>1. Xem HoangVan Doan, Mai Van ThAng: “Anh hitdng cua</small>

<small>phap luat phitdng Tay den phap luatNhatBan trong lichsut</small>

<small>nhutng gia trithamkhao doi vdi Viet Nam trong hoi canh hien</small>

<small>nay</small><i><small>”, TIdd,</small></i> <small>tr.68.</small>

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d khfa canh ly luan truyen thong do dac diem the chechinh tri ma cdn phai diidc dat trong moi tutdng quan

vdi he thong tot titdng, quan diem ve nha niidc va phapluat phu hdp vdi tien trinh hoi nhap quoc te. Cu the:

<i>Thuf nhat,</i> he thong hoa cac noi dung cd ban ve nha

nitdc va phap luat dttdc the hien d cac hoc thuyet phobien ve nha nude va phap luat trong tien trinh lich setphat trien tit titdng nhan loai de ngitdi hoc co the nhandien diidc tinh thong nhat cung nhit diem khac biettrong viec luan giai ban chat, nguon goc cua phap luat.Tut noi dung cac hoc thuyet cd ban nay ngitdi hoc co ditdc

cac goc nhin khac nhau de nhan dien, nghien cutu cacvan de khoa hoc ve nha nitdc va phap luat, hitdng tdi cac

kha nang phe phan, lap luan, phan tfch, danh gia tinh

hdp ly, sot gidi han cua cac hoc thuyet ve nha nitdc vaphap luat cung nhit co the de dang tiep nhan cac tri thrtcve nha nitdc va phap luat vdi cac net dac thu:

- Phap luat co ngon ngft rieng ma chiing ra can lamquen, nhat la khi phap luat thitdng dung den nhttng tit

ddi thitdng nhitng mang mot y nghia xa vdi y nghia

thong thudng cua chung1. Khi nghien ciiu va hoc tap

cac mon hoc phap luat chuyen nganh, ngudi hoc phai til

boi ditdng, nang cao n&ng hie ngon ngtfc phap luat. Ngonngfi phap lu£t diidc the hien tritdc het va chu yeu trong

cac van ban quy pham phap luat, sau den la cac phan

<small>1.Xem Jean-Claude Ricci: </small><i><small>Nh&p mon hiAt hoc,Sdd,</small></i><small> tr.5.</small>

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quyet cua toa an, trong cac quyet dinh hanh chinh, cac

van ban quan ly, dieu h£mh cua cd quan hanh chmh

nha nutdc. Ngoai viec gia tang ve ngon ngut phap ly,ngutdi hoc can phai co nhdng hieu biet nhat dinh ve ddisong xa hoi, ve cac quan he kinh te trong cac linh vUc

chuyen sau de tut do, ngutdi hoc luat co the giai thfch cannguyen hay cd<i> s5 </i>cua cac quy dinh phap luat, nghia la

khong co phap luat tut hut vd, moi quy dinh phap luat,

khi dutdc ban hanh, deu co “cai ly” cua no de ton tai

trong ddi song xa hoi. Luan giai can nguyen, nguon gdccua cac quy dinh phap luat trong qua khut cung nhut

hien hanh can phai dutdc duta tren cac nen tang lythuyet phap luat cd ban dutdc chuta dutng trong cac hocthuyet ve nha nutdc va phap luat.

- Phap luat cung la mot bo mon dac biet vi no duta

tren nhutng the loai ma chinh no thiet lAp nen va Idp

luan duta vao nhutng the loai do, tutc la phap luat co

rieng cho minh each phan loai va duta tren each phanloai do de thutc hien cac suy doan vdi each lap ludn va

phan tfch trong nganh luat la rat chinh xac1. Nhiem vutrung tarn cua ngutdi hoc tdp va nghien cutu cac linh vutcphap luat la lay chinh he thong van ban quy pham

phap luat, bao gom phap luat quoc gia, phap luat quoc

te lam doi tutdng nghien cutu dua tren cac dac thu cua

quan he xa hoi thuoc doi tiidng dieu chinh cua tutng linh

<small>1.Xem Jean-Claude Ricci: NhAp</small><i><small> mon lu&t hoc, Sdd,</small></i><small> tr.6.</small>

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vutc phap luat. Su phan chia he thong phap luat thanh

cac nganh, linh vitc phap luat, trong chutng mile nhatdinh chi mang y nghia cho viec nghien cutu, giang daytrong trutdng dai hoc. Khi ap dung phap luat, do tfnhthong nhat, stf dan xen cua cac linh vUc phap luat cung

nhut sut da dang cua quan he xa hoi doi hoi ngutdi ap

dung phap luat phai co sut suy xet, lAp luan, phan tfchva rut ra cac van de phap ly can phai giai quyet, quy

dinh phap luat dutdc dung de giai quyet van de phap lydiidc de cap...

- Theo tac gia Vu Van Mlu, phap luat vuta la mot

khoa hoc, vita la mot nghe thuat. V6i tut each la motkhoa hoc, phap luat phai duta tren sut quan sat khachquan cac sut kien dien ra trong ddi song kinh te - xahoi. Trong qua trinh quan sat, nghien cutu, ap dung

phap luat, cac luat gia thutdng phai giai thich cac quypham phap luat, duta ra each giai quyet van de phap lydiia tren cac quy dinh nay. Dong thdi, ngutdi ap dung

phap luat (luat gia) cung co trach nhiem kien taonhutng quy tac mdi hoan hao hdn, tien tdi gan hdn lytutdng cong bang tuyet doi. Vdi sut kien tao quy tac

phap luat mdi, cac luat gia da hoan tat mot cong trinhtrong do 6c kien tao va nghe thuat gift mot vai trd rat

quan trong1.

<small>1. Xem Vu Vfin Mlu: Phap </small><i><small>lu&t thongkhao,</small></i> <small>chitong trinh</small>

<small>cut nhan luatnam thut nha't, tap - Phap luat khai luan, giang</small>

<small>vandilng rieng cho sinh vien, SAiGon,1974,tr.29, 31.</small>

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<i>Thuf hai,</i> nghien cutu, danh gia dac thu cua tutng

nganh hay link vutc phap luat theo each thutc phan chia

cua khoa hoc phap ly. Thiic tien nghien cutu, giang day

cho thay, moi linh vile phap lu&t co dac triing rieng,phan anh sut khac biet trong doi tutdng dieu chinh cua

cac nganh hay linh viic phap lu&t. Dieu nay dat ra doi

hoi, ngiidi hoc phai phan biet diidc dac thu trong dieuchinh, ap dung, thiic thi phap lu^Lt vdi viec nghien cutu

phap luat nhii da phan tich d tren. De co the nghien

cutu phap luat chuyen nganh tot, ngutdi hoc cAn phai conhiing hieu biet nhat dinh ve kinh te, chinh tri, xa hoi

lien quan den nganh hoac linh vutc phap luat chuyennganh. Chang han, de nghien cutu tot linh vile lu^tngan hang, chutng khoan, bao hiem, ngiidi hoc can phai

co diidc mot so kien thutc kinh te ve boat dong ngan

hang, hoat dong chiing khoan cung nhii hoat dong kinh

doanh bao hiem. Tut dac thu ve kinh te, ngiidi hoc co thede dang luEln giai diidc cac quy dinh kh&t khe ve dieu

kien thanh lap doanh nghiep, kiem soat t&i chinh, yeu

c^u bao dam an toan trong hoat dong ngan hang, chitng

khoan cung nhii kinh doanh bao hiem.

IL HUONG TIEP CAN NHAP MON LUAT HOC

<b>1.Nhap mon luat hqcva khoa hoc phap ly</b>

Thuat <i>ngU </i>khoa hoc luat hay luat hoc diidc dich tutthu^t ngfl “Jurisprudence” bat nguon tut thu4t ngii

<i>20</i>

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Latinh “juris prudentia” c6 nghia la viec nghien cutu,kien thutc, hoac khoa hoc luat (khoa hoc phap ly). 6 My,

thuat ngut nay dttdc hieu theo nghia rong hdn la triet lyhay triet hoc cua phap luat1. 6 Viet Nam, cac nghiencdu lam ro noi ham cua khoa hoc luat khong co nhieu12va thuat ngfl dude st! dung pho bien la khoa hoc phap lyhay luat hoc. Luat hoc dUdc coi la mot trong nhutagkhoa hoc co xUa nha't, co lich srt lau ddi, dude the hientrong cac tU tiidng, hoc thuyet chfnh tri - phap ly cua

<small>- Hoang Thi Kim Que: “Khoa hoc ly luan chungve nhanude</small>

<small>va phap luat:Truyen thong va hien dai, kethiita va doi mdi”,Tapchi</small><i><small> Nha nifdc</small></i> <small>va</small> <i><small>Phapluat, so 8</small></i> <small>(124)/1998,tr.20-25.</small>

<small>- Hoang ThiKim Que: “Mot so' v£n de cd ban ve khoa hoc</small>

<small>phap ty nude nha”,Tap chi </small><i><small>Khoa hoc Phap ly, so</small></i> <small>5 (24)/2004,</small>

<small>- Hoang Thi Kim Que:“Cac khoa hoc ly luan-lich sut ve</small>

<small>Nha nttdc vaPhap luat trong he thong cac khoa hoc phaply vachUdngtrinh daotaoluat hoc dntfdc ta”, Tap chi Nha niXdc va</small>

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nhan loai bao gom he thong toan dien, day du cac trithutc ve nha nutdc va phap luat dutOc the hien tut viectong hop nhfing khai niem, pham tru, quan diem,

nguyen tac; nhutng quy luat ve sit xuat hien, ton tai va

phat trien cua nha nutdc va phap luAt, co tfnh lien

nganh va da nganh cao1. Doi tutOng nghien cutu cuanhAp mon luat hoc bao gom: i) Cac hoc thuyet, quan

diem pho bien ve nha nitdc va phap luat; ii) Thutc tien to

chile va hoat dong cua bo may nha nutdc, la ddi songphap luat hen quan den hoat dong xay dutng, thitc thiphap luat. Nhap mon luat hoc tiep can va lam ro hien

tiiOng nha nitdc va phap luat tut khdi thuy (nguon goc)

cho den hien thitc cua nha mtdc va phap luat nham lamro tfnh tat yeu, xu hiidng phat trien phu hop vdi doi hoi

cua thutc tien xa hoi, diXOc nhin nhan trong dong chaytri thutc cua nhan loai, khong de cap nhieu den yeu to'

giai cap cua khoa hoc nha midc va phap luat.

<b>2. Nhap mon luathoc dutdi goc do lich sut</b>

Ve phitOng dien lich sut, tut trang thai khong co nha

<i>nvtdc va phap</i> luat, trong xa hoi nguyen thuy, moi cong

dong ngUOi nguyen thuy co nhufng quy tac to chute riengbiet. Khi nha niidc xuat hien, con ngitdi tim each lu^n

<small>1. Xem Hoang Thi Kim Que (Chu bien): </small><i><small>GiaotrinhLfludnchung venhanitdc va phap luAt, </small></i><small>Nxb. Daihoc Quoc giaHA Noi,2005, tr. 11-12.</small>

<i>22</i>

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giai ve nguon goc nha nutdc, nen van de nguon goc nha

nutdc luon la chu de noi bat trong cuoc dau trank tuttutdng tren the gidi d moi thdi dai1. Cung v&y, khi xa hoi

phat trien, cac quy tac dao ddc, phong tuc, tap quan

trong xa hoi nguyen thuy khong cdn du sutc de dieuchinh quan he xa hoi da d&n tdi yeu cau phai hinhthanh nen cac quy tac xut sii mdi the hien y chi va baove Idi ich cua giai cap thong tri. Sil xuat hien cua cacquy pham phap luat khong chi thuan tuy tut nhu cau cai

tri cua nha nutdc, khong chi la cong cu bao ve giai capthong tri mac du do la phan chu yeu. Phap luat xuathien con de dap tog nhu c£u dieu chinh cac quan he xahoi cua con ngutdi, cung co', xac lap trat til xa hoi, thieu

trat tut do, khong mot cong dong, mot xa hoi nao co the

ton tai dutdc2. Nhut vay, ve phutdng dien lich sut, chu denguon goc nha nutdc va phap luat la cd sd quan trongcho viec hinh thanh cac hoc thuyet ve nha nutdc va phapluat, tut do nhuitng hoc thuyet nay trd thanh “kim chinam” cho viec xay diing va hien thutc hoa tut tutdng ve

nha nutdc va phap luat vao thuc tien cua cac quoc gia.

Chinh vi vay, luat hoc phan anh cuoc dau tranh ve tuttutdng trong xa hoi de tim ra nhutng “hat nhan hdp ly”trong quan diem, tut tutdng, hoc thuyet ve nha nufdc d

thiic tai cac quoc gia. Cac tranh luan ve nguon goc, ban

<small>1,2. Xem Ho&ng Thi Kim Que(Chu bien): </small><i><small>Giao trinh Ly</small></i>

<i><small>luanchung ve nh& nitic va phap lu&t, Sdd,</small></i><small> tr.61, 271.</small>

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chat cua nha nutdc tao cd sd cho viec thiet l&p mo hinhto chute nha nutdc, cac linh vutc phap luAt...

<b>3. Nhap mon luathoc d?khia canh thutc tien</b>

Nha nutdc va phap lu£t nhting hien tutdng xa hoixuat hien mot each khach quan. Sut hien dien cua nhanutdc va phap luat trong ddi song xa hoi da dan dennhutng phan khang cua ngutdi dan (doi tutdng bi quan

<b><small>* • i</small></b>

ly). He qua cua nhuing cuoc phan khang do la nhutng

dieu chinh ve mo hinh to chute bo may nha nutdc, noi

dung phap luat, cac thiet che thuc thi phap luat... Vi

vay, muc dfch cua luat hoc chinh la <i>di tim tiengnoichung </i>cho sut ton tai cua nha nutdc va phap luat vdi yeucau phat trien cua xa hoi; di tim cd sd khoa hoc cung

nhut tao sut ep buoc cho nhutng ngutdi lanh dao dat nutdcphai dieu chinh mo hinh to chute, noi dung phap luatde phu hdp vdi yeu cau phat trien dat nutdc cung nhutbao ve tot quyen Idi cua ngutdi dan. Do do, nh&p monluat hoc khong chi mang tinh dinh hutdng ma con gopphan luan giai, lam ro nhuing van de ve ban chat, quy

luat hinh thanh va phat trien cua nh& nutdc va phap

luat; cung cap he thong cac khai niem, pham tru,

nguyen co tfnh quy luAt cua nh& nutdc va phap luAt; _Idinh hinh cac xu hutdng phat trien cac linh vutc lu&t

hoc de phat trien tri thutc va ting dung trong thutc tiennghe nghiep.

<b><small>■</small></b>

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III. PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUV

nh

A

<b>_{• •}</b>p MON LUAT HOC<b>_•</b>

Vdi tmh chat nhap mon nen cac v£n de khoa hoc ve

nh& nude va phap luat dat trong tarn vao viec gidithieu, he thong h6a cac khai niem, pham tru, quan

diem, quan niem lam nen tang cho viec nghien ettu cac

linh vUc phap lu&t chuyen nganh. Ve phtfdng phap, noi

dung cua nhap mon luat hoc dUdc tiep can th cac kien

thde cd ban cho den nang cao, gin lien vdi khoa hoc ve

nha ntfdc va phap luat dtfdc phan tlch, danh gia, decap gan lien vdi dac thu cua quan he xa hoi (d rnrtc do

khai quat nhat). Cac linh vUc phap luat chuyen sautrong chUdng trinh dao tao khong dtfdc coi la noi dungchinh. Neu co de cap den cac linh vtfc phap luatchuyen sau thi chi mang tmh minh hoa hdn la viectrinh bay co he thong cac van de luat hoc chuyen sau.De nghien cutu tot linh vtfc nh&p mon luat hoc noi

chung, cac linh vtfc phap luat chuyen nganh noi rieng,

cin suf dung cac phtfdng phap:

<b>1. Phufofngphap tiepcan lien nganh,da nganh</b>

Phap luat la doi ttfdng nghien cdu cua nhieu linh

vtfc khoa hoc xa hoi khac nhau nhtf triet hoc, kinh te

hoc, set hoc... do do, khi nghien cdu hien ttfdng nha

nude va phap luat can phai dat no trong moi quan he

vdi cac linh vtfc khoa hoc xa hoi khac. Khi tiep can lien

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nganh, da nganh, ngtfdi hoc se nhan dien diidc<i> tfnh</i>

<i>chat quyet dinh</i> cua nha niidc va phap lu&t trong viec

<i>thuc day hay can trd sit phat trien xa hoi. </i>Dieu naydttdc ly giai d cho, phap luat co tfnh bat buoc va dinhhtfdng cho sii phat trien cac quan he xa hoi. Mot khiphap luat dttdc ban hanh, cac trat til xa hoi dildc thietlap, thi cac chu the co lien quan tuan theo cac quy

dinh nay lau dan trd thanh thoi quen xd stf. Do vay,

khi ban hanh quy dinh phap luat de dieu chinh hay

thiet lap trat til xa hoi, nha nutdc can can nhic than

trong de co sil hia chon toi Uu. Thiic tien lap phap cho

thay, neii cac quy dinh phap luat khong phu hop vdi xahoi thi muc tieu ky vong thiet lAp trat til khong dat

dtfdc nen chi phi lap phap la vo nghia, tdc la khong datdude muc tieu kinh te (chi phi lap phap) vdi muc dfch

dieu chinh hay thiet lap trat til xa hoi1.

<small>va dao tao</small>_{. .}<small>luat hoc</small>_*<i><small>d Viet</small></i><small> Nam hien nay”,Tap chf</small> <i><small>NhA nitdc</small></i> _,

<i><small>Phaplu&t,</small></i><small> so 5/2018, truycap tai dia chi: ngay 05/07/2019.</small>

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coi nguon cua phap luM, nghia la luan giai dude lichsik hinh thanh va phat trien cua nha nude va phap luatdat trong boi canh quoc gia cung nhu quoc te. Cac yeuto* truyen thong lich sik, dieu kien kinh te - xa hoi, thoi

quen sinh boat, phong tuc tap quan... co anh hutdng

dang ke den viec xay dung, ban hanh va thUc thi phap

luat. Mat khac, phutdng phap nghien cdu lich set giup

ngutdi hoc giai thfch dUdc vi sao trong cac giai doan lichset cua moi quoc gia co sU khac biet ve nhan thutc, eachthutc quy dinh (ky thuat lap phap), sU phong phu ve

noi dung cua phap luat... tut do, ngUdi hoc co the nhanra quy luat hinh thanh va phat trien phap luat gan vdilich sik truyen thong cua moi quoc gia.

<b>3.Phtfctag phapso sanh luatIwc</b>

So sanh luat hoc dUdc nhin nhan khong chi laphutdng phap so sanh phap luat d moi giai doan lich setphat trien cua he thong phap luat quoc gia cho tdi

tutng che dinh cung nhu cac quy dinh cu the, ma edn sosanh phap luat giiia cac quoc gia khac nhau. Diem

tutdng dong, sit khac biet la nhfing can cut khoa hoc chonhutng kien nghi lap phap co sutc thuyet phuc, gopphan bao dam srt h&i hoa giika phap luat quoc gia vdiphap luat quoc te. Dtfdi goc do hoi nhap quoc te,

phUdng phap so sanh luat hoc giup cho nha dau tiiquoc te co diidc lUa chon dau tut toi utu, giam thieu rui27

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ro trong dau tut duta tren viec tim hieu phap lu^t cua

nude tiep nhan dau tut. So sanh luAt hoc cung giup nha

nttdc than trong hOn trong viec ap dung cac bien phaptrutng phat hoac lam dung quyen midn trut quoc gia khixut ly cac van de lien quan den nha dau tut ntfdc ngoai

de tranh cac tranh chip khong cin thiet vdi nha dau

tut nutdc ngoai.

<b>4. Kynang bo trot can thiet</b>

Khoa hoc nha nutdc va phap luat gin Hen vdi hanhvi, each xut sut cua mdi chu the phap luat trong ddi song

xa hoi, luon gin hen vdi cac tinh huong, dieu kien, hoan

canh cu the ma d do ddi hoi cac chu the phap luat phai

co nhutng xut sut phu hdp vdi quy dinh phap luat. De hoc

tap, nghien cutu linh vutc phap luat, ngoai viec hieu dutdc

noi dung, y nghia cua quy dinh phap luat ngutdi hoc con

phai dutdc trang bi nhutng ky nang can thiet de trinhbay, lap luin, phan tfch, hutdng din de bac bo hay baove quan diem cua minh ve mot van de khoa hoc phap lyhay mot vu viec cu the. Cac ky nang cua ngutdi hoc hay

hanh nghe luM khong tut nhien hinh thanh ma can

dtfdc ren luyen lau dai tut tren ghe nha trufdng. Trongpham vi cuon sach nay de c|p den mot so' ky nang canthiet de hoc tap, nghien cutu linh vUc phap luAt hieu

qua, can dtfdc trang bi va thutc hanh thufdng xuyen ft

nhat cho ngutdi hoc:28

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<i>a)Phan tick,danh gia, laplu&n dap ting dong thbi</i>

<i>yeucau giao tiep va viet vanban phap luat, vanban hanh</i>

<i>chinh hoac cac vanban khacg£n vdi thifc hanhnghe luat</i>

Thuyet phuc ngUdi khac la ky nang nghe luat quantrong ma m6i ngUdi hanh nghe luat phai sd dung

thtfdng xuyen. De thuyet phuc ngtfdi khac thi ngiidi hoc

luat phai til ren luyen cho minh thanh thao ky nang

phan tich, danh gia, ls=Lp luan. Neu khong thanh thao ky

nang viet, ngUdi hanh nghe se gap nhieu kho khan

trong cong viec. Ky nang phan tich, danh gia, lap luan

dUdc the hien d cac cap do:

- Ldi noi va yeu cau sd dung ngon tri, cau true ngdphap, cac loai cau phu hdp vdi moi trUdng, cong viec vaddi tUdng tiep nhan thong tin: ThUc chat cua ky nang

lA.p luan d cap do ldi noi lien quan nhieu den boat dong

giao tiep, gan vdi dac thu cua moi trudng didn ra tronghoat dong giao tiep nhu moi trUdng hoc dUdng, moi

trUdng lam viec va dac thu cua ddi tUdng tiep nhanthong tin nhu giang vien, ban cung Idp, ngUdi dan...

- Doan van, lien ket doan va cau true logic cua van

ban: Trong nghien cdu, dao tao phap luat, ky nang vietrat quan trong, vi de the hien dUdc mong muon thiet

lap trat tu xa hoi (cua nha nude) hay tiep nhan, giaiquyet cong viec (cua cong chdc) cung nhu tim kiemkhach hang, bao gdm tiep nhan thong tin, giai quyetyeu c£u khach hang, giao tiep vdi khach hang (ddi vdi to

chdc, ca nhan hanh nghe luat) thi viec thanh thao ky

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nang viet la mot trong nhfing bf quyet gop ph£n th&nhcong cua ngutdi hanh nghe luat (trong tutdng lai) hay co

<small>q *></small>

the dat dutdc diem cao trong cac ky thi hay hoan thanhcac bai luan nhom (khi con d giang dutdng). Ren luyenky nang viet doi hoi ngutdi hoc phai kien tri. Thong qua

ky nang viet, ngutdi hoc biet each sap xep cac luan diem

(de bao ve than chu hay luan diem khoa hoc) theo mottrat tut logic nhat dinh. Tut trat tut logic trong van ban,

ngutdi hoc se cd dutdc trat tut logic trong viec trinh bay

van de phap ly cho nhieu doi tutdng tiep nhan da dang

nhut giang vien, ban hoc, khach hang, ngutdi quan ly...

<i>b)Tim kiemcac nguon cua phapluat, trongdovan</i>

<i>ban phap luat laquan trong nhat</i>

Nhut da de cap d tren, doi tutdng nghien cutu chu yeu

va quan trong nhat cua chutdng trinh dao tao cut nhan

luat la cac van ban quy pham phap luat. Ngutdi hoc phai

biet each tim kiem cac van ban nay cho tutng hoc phan.

Ben canh nguon van ban quy pham phap luat, ngutdihoc cung can doc cac an le dutdc cong bo de hoc each lap

luan va nit ra cac luan diem cua an le; tim kiem cac tap

quan de lam phong phu them tri thutc ve cac nguon luatcung nhut kha nang phan tfch, danh gia, l&p luan.

<i>c)Tim doccac cong trinh chuyenkhao vachuyengiatrong cac linh vrtc phapluat</i>

Moi hoc phan, ngtfdi hoc se dtfdc giang vien cung

cap mot he thong danh muc tai lieu hoc tap kha phongphu, da dang tut cac bai bao (phan anh stf kien), cac bai

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bao khoa hoc (luAn giai mot hoac mot so' van de khoa

hoc phap ly) cho den cac cong trinh chuyen khao (luan

giai mot each co he thong ve mot linh vUc chuyen saucua khoa hoc phap ly). Cac ke't qua ky vong nay se giup

ich cho ngUdi thUc hanh nghe luat trong tUdng lai hieudUdc ngon ngudn cac van de khoa hoc phap ly tut ly luanden thUc tien. ThUc tien boat dong thUc hanh nghe luA.t

ddi hoi ngUdi hanh nghe vuta thanh thao viec tim kiem,set dung van ban phap luat, vuta co kha nang lap luan,phan tfch va van ban hoa cac lap luan, y kie'n.

Thong qua viec doc, tim hieu cac cong trinh nghiencutu chuyen sau se giup ngUdi hoc:

- Tiep can dUdc cac van de khoa hoc phap ly sau sac,ro rang hdn.

- Hoc tap va budc dau thUc hanh vie't cac bai luanng^n theo yeu cau cua giang vien.

- Ren luyen nhan biet van de lien quan den khoa

hoc phap ly tut ddn gian den phutc tap.

- Nhan dien va biet each tiep can, trien khai cac y

tudng khoa hoc, y tudng nghien ciiu.

- Kha nang dien dat van de mot each co he thong,logic.

Ve chuyen gia phap luat, trong moi trUdng hoc

dUdng la cac nha nghien cutu, giang vien cac trUdng dai

hoc, cao dang. Viec dinh hinh chuyen gia nghien cutu

phap luat thudng dUdc xac dinh dUa tren cac cong bo'khoa hoc mik chuyen gia cong bo'. Thong qua viec tim

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hieu cac cong trinh cong bo', ngudi hoc se biet chuyen

gia phap ly co the manh d linh vUc phap lu^t n&o de c6the tim hieu cong trinh nghien cdu, hoc hoi, trao doichuyen mon khi co dieu kien.

<i>d) Tim hieu moi triidng kinhte - xa hoi,nhat lacacban an, quyet dinh cua cd quan nhanvtdc dephat trien</i>

<i>til duy doclap, phatbieu,bao ve quandiem canhan</i>

Xa hoi khong ngtag van dong va phat trien. Quam6i giai doan lich set, hien tUOng nha nUdc va phap luAttheo do ma bien doi cho phu hop. Sil hop ly, cong bang,phu hop cua phap luat dUOc danh gia dua vao noi dung

cac ban an, quyet dinh cua co quan nha nttdc khi giai

quyet cac cong viec cho nhan dan. Noi dung cac ban an,quyet dinh cua co quan nha nude khi giai quyet caccong viec cho nhan dan khong phai la y chi chu quan

cua ngudi co tham quyen ma doi h6i phai phu hop vdi

thUc tien phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cua quoc gia ma <i>d</i>

do, quy pham phap luat chiu tac dong manh me cua cacthiet che van hoa truyen thong lich set, each nghi, 16'i

hanh xut truyen thong, y thiic phap quyen... Thong quaviec doc, tim hieu ban an cua tda an, quyet dinh cua cOquan hanh chfnh nha nude, ngtfoi hoc tutng btfdc nh&ndien, tiep can thUc tien doi song trong moi tUOng quan

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den tfnh hop ly cua phap luat trong doi song xa hoi nen co

nhieu tranh luan lien quan den ban chat cua phap luat.Sd di co nhieu tranh lu^ln ve ban chat cua phap luat la do

viec xac dinh hoac mieu ta ban the hay ban chat cua phaplu&t la mot cong viec rat kho khan1 va thutdng xuyen khdiday nhutng tranh cai, song moi ngiidi deu thuta nhan phap

luat la phutdng tien thay doi xa hoi, la trung tam trong ddisong xa hoi, chfnh tri, dao dutc va kinh te12.

Ngay tut thdi co dai, cac triet gia cung tim each luan

giai, lam ro nguon goc nha nutdc va phap luat, tut do hinh

thanh cac trutdng phai phap luat khac nhau. Cho tdi ng&y

nay, stf anh hutdng cua cac hoc thuyet phap ly doi vdi xahoi dutdng dai van con rat Idn va dang dat ra nhieu van de

<small>1. Jean-Claude Ricci: </small><i><small>Nhap monlu&t hoc, Sdd,</small></i><small> tr.7.</small>

<small>2.Raymond Wacks:</small><i><small> Philosophy ofLaw: A veryshort</small></i>

<i><small>Introduction,</small></i><small> OxfordUniversity Press, 2006,tr.xii,1-17.</small>

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mang tfnh thdi dai cua phap luAt, chang han nhu dieuchinh phap luat trong linh vUc cong nghe cao1, tri tue

nhan tao, cap tU each cong dan cho robot hay giai quyetcac van de hien nay hen quan den bien doi khi h&u vadieu chinh phap luat co trach nhiem vdi tU nhien, moitrUdng hoac nghien ertu quyen cua dong vat1 2, chap nhan

hon nhan cung giefi tfnh hay cac van de phap ly ve ngudi

chuyen gidi... N6i each khac, lusln giai ban chat cua phap

luat khong chi la cd sd cho viec hinh thanh cac quan niem,hoc thuyet khac nhau ve phap luat ma con la nhiing ddi

hoi can dttoc bo sung trong noi dung phap luat cua cac

nUdc trong qua trinh phat trien.

I. LUAN GIAI NGUON GOC PHAP LUAT

LA NGUYEN NHAN HINH THANHCAC HOC _• THUYET VE PHAP LUAT_•

<b>1.Trifotag phai phap luat tuf nhien3</b>

Mo ta hoan hao nhat ve luat tU nhien la viec cung

cap ten goi cho diem gap nhau giuta luat va dao dttc,

<small>1. Xem NguyinThi Que Anh, NgoHuy Ctfdng: </small><i><small>Cach mang</small></i>

<i><small>cong nghiep lan thiitit va nhiing van dedat ra doi vdicai each</small></i>

<i><small>phapluat Viet Nam, </small></i><small>Nxb.Chfnh tri quoc gia, Noi, 2018.</small>

<small>2. Xem Joan E. Schaffner:</small> <i><small>An introductionto Animals andtheLaw, </small></i><small>The Pralgave, 2009, Series Standing Order ISBN 978-</small>

<small>3.Phannay chungtoitham khaotut: Raymond Wacks,</small>

<i><small>PhilosophyofLaw: A veryshort Introduction, Ibid,</small></i> <small>tr.1-17.</small>

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dieu gi von tut nhien nhut the nao thi phai de tut nhien

nhut v&y. Theo quan diem cua John Finnis, nha triet

gia, ludt sut va hoc gia ngutdi Australia, moi lu&n giaive luat chinh la giup chinh ta nhan rd dieu gi la “totdep”. Theo Ciceron, nha triet gia, ly ludn chinh tri LaMa, luat dfch thtfc la ly le dung phu hop vdi til nhien;nd dUdc ap dung cho moi ngutdi, bat bien va vinh cutu.Se la mot cai toi neu cd gang suta doi luat nay, cungnhut khong dutdc phep co" bai bo thanh phan nao cua ndva khong the huy bo nd hoan toan... [ThUdng de] la tacgia cua luat nay, la ngutdi ban hanh va la quan toa

thuc thi nd. Trutdng phai phap luat tut nhien nhan

manh den trach nhiem bao dam cac quyen tut nhiencua con ngutdi. Moi boat dong lap phap, neu xa rdi hoaccan trd viec thutc hien cac quyen tut nhien cua con

ngutdi thi khong dutdc thuta nhan hoac se bi vd hieu. Du

trai qua cac thang tram khac nhau trong lich sut nhanloai, song gia tri va vai tro cua trutdng phai phap luattut nhien dang ngay cang khang dinh lai vi tri cua

minh khi Lien hdp quoc nhan manh den khia canh dao

ly cua cac quan he quoc te, dac biet la trong linh vile

nhan quyen. Dieu nay dutdc the hien trong cac ban

tuyen ngon va cong utdc qudc te da dang va cang luccang duta vao gia dinh khong thanh van cua luat tutnhien rang cd ca mot bo sutu tap nhuing chan ly dao dutcm& neu utng dung kha n£ng ly luan cua chung ta cung

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khong the nhan ra hoac kho co the luAn giai het $

nghia dfch thutc cua nd.

<b>2. Trifcfng phai phap luat thutc chutng1</b>

Y niem ve luat phap nhut mot menh lenh nam dtrung tarn cua thuyet thutc chdng co dien ve phap ly.

Cac hoc gia hien dai cua trutdng phai phap luat thutcchutng chap nhan each tiep can khai niem phap luat

phutc tap hdn nhieu, dong thdi phu nhan moi lien he

vdi luat tut nhien, gifia phap luat vdi cac chuan miledao dutc. Cac hoc gia nay phe phan manh me nhufng

dinh de dutdc rut ra tut tut nhien qua mot qua trinh suy

luan. Cot loi cua hoc thuyet phap luat thutc chutng dutdcthe hien d cho, bat cut luat nao cung co the dutdc truy ra

tut mot nguon co the xac minh mot each khach quan,giohg nhut thuyet thutc chutng ve khoa hoc, nghia laphai co sut phan biet ro rang ve cai “nen” (dieu dutdc

mong Ude ve mat dao dutc) va cai “hien co” (dieu that

sut ton tai). Hau het nhuing ngutdi theo trutdng phai

phap luat thutc chutng deu chi trfch phap luat va denghi bien phap cai each no cho phu hdp vdi thutc tien,

trong do bao ham ca viec phan <i><small>x6t phap luat dutdi </small></i>goc

do dao dutc. Viec yeu cau bat buoc phai tuan thu phapluat (trong trutdng hdp phap luat khong phu hdp hoac

<small>1. XemRaymond Wacks:</small> <i><small>PhilosophyofLaw: A veryshortIntroduction, Ibid,</small></i> <small>tr.18-19.</small>

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xam pham den cac quyen, tUc la luat phap bat cong

hoac trai dao ly) la khong c£n thiet va viec khong tuan

thu cac dao luat bat cong nay la chfnh dang neu no co

the day manh sii thay doi tien tcfi cai tot.

Chu nghia thiic chdng phap ly nhan manh tdi moi

lien he gan ket cua phap lu&t vdi nha nude, ma cu thela phap lu^t diidc quy dinh bdi nha niidc. Viec dtfdcquy dinh bdi nha nttdc dtfdc coi la dau hieu cd ban nhatcua phap luat. Theo do, phap. luat co tfnh bat buoc,nen nguyen tac “chi tuan theo phap luat” la nguyentac boat dong cua cac cd quan, to chdc, bao gom ca toa

an, dong thdi, phap luat phai mang tfnh hinh thiic

phap ly cao. Quan niem cua <i>chu nghiathiic chitng</i>

<i>phap ly cddien</i> khong chu trong nhieu khia canh xahoi cua phap luat ma chu yeu nhan manh den tfnh

hinh thiic, tham chf la tfnh ky thuat cua cac quy phamphap luat. Chfnh vi v&y, trong khi ap dung phap luat,

ngrtdi ta chi quan tam den logic hinh thiic, suy doan y

tti cua nha lam luat tit cau chut, ma ft de y den cac hien

ttfdng xa hoi cd lien quan den quy dinh cua phap luat.Nhil W.Friedmann, mot hoc gia ngutdi My da nhanxet: “Chu nghia hinh thiic la diem mau chot cua chu

nghia thiic chiing phap luat”. GSn lien vdi quan niem

nay la yeu cau ve tfnh the che cua phap luat, the hien

dutdi dang cac che dinh phap luat, cac cd che phap ly,sii ton tai cac quyen chu the dutdc nhh nutdc quy dinh;

<b><small>* •</small></b>

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ft chu y den stf gin ket gifia phap lu£t vdi nen tang

dao <b>_•_•</b>dutc cua n6 vdi tinh thin “luat<b>_•</b> la luat”1.

<b>3. Hoc thuyet Mac - Lenin ve phapluat</b>

Quan diem cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin cho rang,

phap luat ra ddi cung vdi sii ra ddi cua nha niidc. Nhfing

nguyen nhan din tdi sU ra ddi cua nha nude cung chfnhla nguyen nhan dan den set ra ddi cua phap luat, phapluat la cong cu de nha nutfc thuc hien viec quan ly xa hoi.Thong qua nha nude, phap luat hinh thanh bang cac con

ditdng: <i>mot la,</i> nha niidc thita nhan quy tic xut stf co sintrong xa hoi nhtfng phu hdp vdi y chi cua nha nUdc, nang

chung len thanh phap luat; <i>hai la,</i> nha nude thtra nhaneach giai quyet cac vu viec cu the trong thctc te, sit dunglam khuon mau de giai quyet cac vu viec khac co tinhtiidng til; <i>ba la,</i> nha nude dat ra cac quy tic xU sU. Trongsii hinh thanh phap luat, nha nufde nhii “ba dd”, lam cho

phap luat “hien dien” trong ddi song vdi nhfing hinh thfic

xac dinh* 2. Theo Mac va Angghen, phap luit la sti phan

<small>1.Dao TriUc: “Ttf duy ve nha ntfdcvaphap luattrong thdi</small>

<small>daingaynay”, Tap chf</small> <i><small>Nha ntfdc vaPhapluat, so</small></i> <small>7/2017,</small>

<small> truy c£p ngay 19/6/2019.</small>

<small>2.Xem TrtfdngDai hoc Luat Ha Noi: </small><i><small>Giao trinh Lf luan</small></i>

<i><small>chung ve nha mldc </small></i><small>vd</small> <i><small>phap hi&t, </small></i><small>tai ban lin thd hai, Nxb. Tu</small>

<small>phap, Ha Noi, 2018, tr.214-215.</small>

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anh cua mot thtfc tai cao htin va hien htiu htin, the

hien moi ttfting quan lite lifting dac tritng cho mot

phtfting thutc san xuat nhat dinh. Phap luat khong ton

tai nhtf mot thtfc the rieng re ma chi la cai tao nen trtmoi tUting quan hie luting giuta cac giai cap trong xahoi. Khi dau tranh giai cap khong con nQa thi phap

luat cung se bie'n mat trong xa hoi epng san, mot xa

hoi khong co giai cap va khong co nha ntfdc1. Ttf tudngtrung tam cua chu nghia Mac coi phap luat chi la motkien true thifting tang xa hoi, la stf phan anh cua hien

thuc cac cti sd ha tang xa hoi, do do can phai xac dinh

ro nhting yeu to' cua hien thuc nay. Trong hoi canh xahoi ttf san co hai giai cap cti ban la ttf san va vo san thinha ntfdc la cong cu bao ve giai cap ttf san nen phapluat phuc vu cho viec ap btfc cua nha ntfdc ma thuc

chat la cua giai cap ttf san doi vdi giai cap vo san.

Trong nha ntfdc xa hoi chu nghia, phap luat cung cochtfc nang che day tfnh tran ap cua nha ntfdc, nhUngdiem khac biet vdi nha ntfdc ttf san la dtftic chap nhanve mat dao diic vi no la chuyen chinh cua da so' doi vdi

mot nhom nhd nhting ca nhan cd dac quyen2. Day cung

la luan diem m& cac nha khoa hoc phtfting Tay phephan hoc thuye't Mac vi da qua nang ve viec ly giai yeu

<small>1, 2. Xem Jean-ClaudeRicci:</small> <i><small>Nhapmonluat hoc, Sdd,</small></i>

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