Nhập môn ngôn ngữ học / Mai Ngọc Chừ cb, [và những người khác....]

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<i>NHAP MON NGON NGO HOC</i>

<i>_•_•</i>

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<small>MAINGOCCHtffChti bien)</small>

<small>NGUYEN THI NGAN HOA-D6 Vl£T HUNG- BUl MINHTOAN</small>

• PHONG

cACH

HOC

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM

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LOI NOI DAU

<small>Tri thCrc ngon ngu hoc luon can thiet cho ta't ca moi nguoi. Da, dangva sc con phai co nhidu cuon sach nua gicri thieu nhung kien thtre co so,co ban vd ngon ngu hoc cho cac doi tuong khac nhau. Doi voi giao trinhnay, doi tuong phuc vu dirge xac dinh rat rd rang, do la sinh vien cactrirung dai hoc Sir pham, Ngoai ngu’, Khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan van thuocnhidu chuyen nganh : Ngir van, Bao chi, Dong phuong, Quoc te, Ngoaingu,...</small>

<small>Dae diem noi bat cua giao trinh nay la bam sat chuong trinh, noidung giang day o cac truong dai hoc, cu the la gioi thieu nhirng van de</small>

<i><small>tong quan </small></i><small>cua ngon ngu hoc, ciing voi nhung bo mon “xuong song” cuano la ngii </small><i><small>dm hoc, tic vifng hoc, ngi7 phdp hoc, phong each hoc va ngi7dung hoc. Cung can noi them ring, cac sach dich ve dan luan, ca so hay</small></i>

<small>nhAp mon ngon ngu hoc truoc day thuong lay cac ngon ngu phuong Taylam doi tuong khao sat. Trong giao trinh nay, ngoai nhung vf du lay tircac ngon ngu quen thuoc nhu tieng Anh, tieng Phap. tieng Nga, tiengDue,... nhung nguoi bien soan, trong mot chimg muc nhat dinh, con cdgang dfln ra ca nhung ngu lieu lay tir cac ngon ngu phuong Dong, dacbiet la nhung ngon ngu thuoc khu vuc Dong Nam A, trong do cotieng Viet.</small>

<small>So voi mot so sach dan luan hay co so ngon ngu hoc truoc day. giaotrinh nay co (hem hai phdn moi la Phong each hoc va Ngt7 dung hoc.'Hieo cac lac gia. truoc khi hoc chuyen luan Phong each hoc tieng \ iet</small>

<i><small>va Ngi7 dung hoc. viec gioi thieu cho sinh vien nhung tri thuc co so ve</small></i>

<small>hai bd mon nay la edn thiet.</small>

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<small>TS. Nguydn Thi Ngan HoaPGS. TS Dd Viet HungGS. TS Mai Ngoc ChitGS. TS Mai Ngoc ChitPGS. TS Dd Viet HiingGS. TS Bui Minh Toan</small>

<i><small>Thay mat cac tac gid</small></i>

<small>Chu bien</small>

<small>GS. TS MAI NGQC CHU*</small>

<small>Trong giao trinh nay, ngoai viec tham khao nhirng cud'n sach co tfnhchat “kinh dien”, cac tac gia cung da cd gang cap nhat thdng tin qua cactai lieu moi. Nhirng tri thiic duqc de cap den trong giao trinh nay, dr mdtsd chuorng muc, co the vita moi me, vita “ddy dp” horn so voi mot sd sachtrucrc day.</small>

<small>Tap the tac gia cua cuon sach la nhirng giao su, pho giao str, tidn si daco qua trinh giang day nhieu nam or Trudmg Dai hoc Khoa hoc xa hoi vanhan van (truoc day la Truong Dai hoc Tdng hop Ha Ndi) vaTruongDai hoc Su pham Ha Ndi.</small>

<small>Viec bien soan duqc phan cong nhu sau :Phan I -TONG LU AN</small>

<small>Phan II - NGU* AM HOCPhdn III - TU* VUNG HOCPhan IV - NGU* PHAP HOCPhan V - PHONG CACH HOCPhan VI - NGU* DUNG HOC</small>

<small>Dii da can trong trong qua trinh bien soan, bien tap va in ah songchdc chdn cuon sach khong tranh khoi thieu sot, so sua't. Nhom tac giava Nha xuat ban rat mong nhan duqc su gop y chan thanh cua ban doc.</small>

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Phan I

TONG LUAN

Ngon ngS vangonng3 hoc

Ban chat va ch3cnang cuangon ngSHe thong, cau true vatinhieungon ng3Nguon goc va su phat trien cua ngon ng3

CacngonngS the gidi vaviec phan loai

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<i>hup chung, lam phuefng tiengiao tiep chung cho mot epng dong</i>

[Nguyen Nhu Y (Chu bien). 1998, 1209]. Noi nhir Lenin “Ngonngu la phiromg tien giao tiep quan trong nhat cua con ngubi.”.

Cac ngon ngu tren the gidi deu cd nhung tu bieu thi khai niem

ngon ngu. chang han, tieng Anh : <i>language,</i> tieng Phap : <i>langue,</i>

tieng Nga : <i>X3biK,</i> tieng Due : <i>Strache,</i> tieng Trung : iSW, tieng

Nhat: <i>nihonggo,</i> tieng Han :<i> eoneo</i> [anno], tieng Arap : <i>loga,</i> tiengThai Lan : <i>phaxd,</i> tieng Malay (ngon ngu qud'c gia cua Malaysia,

Bruney, Indonesia, Singapore):<i> hahasa.</i>

Trong tieng Viet, de chi khai niem ngon ngu, ngoai ban than

thuat ngu <i>ngon ngi7,con</i> co tu<i> tieng.</i> Tuy nhien tir nay thubng duoc

diing de chi mot ngon ngu cu the, vf du tieng Viet, tieng Anh,tieng Nhat. Ve noi dung, <i>tieng</i> hoan toan dong nghia vdi<i> ngon ngi7,</i>

vi vay each noi “ngon ngu tieng Viet” la sai. Chi co the noi “tieng

Viet” hoac “ngon ngu Viet” chir khong the dung to hop “ngon ngu

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tieng Viet” nhu Iren. Ngoai ra, khai nicm ngon ngu con duoc six

dung b dang rut gon la /z^zZcung d6 chi mot ngon ngu cu the, vi du :

Anh ngu, Phap ngu, Nga ngu, Viet ngu.

De hieu sau hon ve khai niem ngon ngu, can phan biet ngonngu - lbi noi - hoat dong lbi noi.

<b>2. Ngon ngu* -lbinoi- hoat donglbinoi</b>

a) Trong mot cube noi chuyen giua hai hoac nhieu ngubi, sb di

nhung ngubi tham gia noi chuyen hieu dune nhau la vi giua ho comot “cai chung”, ngoai nhung yeu to rieng lam nen su khac biet

giua tieng noi cua ngubi nay so vbi tieng n6i cua ngubi khac. “Caichung” ay chinh <i>la ngon ngi7,</i> bao gom cac am, cac tu, cac mbhinh cau tao tir, cum tir, cau, cac quy tec ket hop, bien doi cua tir,...

Tat ca nhung cai do thubng duoc lap di lap lai trong cac l£n giao

tiep khac nhau, b nhieu ngubi khac nhau von cimg sir dung motngon ngu. Nhung yeu to lam nen cai chung ay la mot he thongnhung don vi vat chat va nhung quy tec hoat dong cua chung, duoc

phan anh trong y thiic cua cong dong mot each doc lap vbi nhung

tu tubng, tinh cam va nguyen vong cu the cua con ngubi, nghia la

triru tuong hoa khbi bat ki mot tu tubng, mot cam xue hay mot ubc

muon cu the nao.

b) La cong cu giao tiep cua xa hoi, ngon ngu duoc hien thuc

hoa bang nhung<i> leri noi</i> cu the (dubi dang noi hoac dang viet). Lbinoi, vi vay, la ket qua cua hoat dong noi nang. Lbi noi la mot

chudi cac tin hieu. ngon ngu duoc tao nen theo nhung quy lac nhatdinh de bieu dat nhung noi dung (tu tubng, tinh cam, y chi, camxue, nguyen vong,...) cu the. Co the hieu lbi noi'nhu la mot ngon

ban, ton tai b dang hoat dong, gdn lien vbi nhung noi dung cu the.

Khac vbi lbi noi, ngon ngu ton tai b dang trim tuong, b dang kha

nang tiem tang.

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Moi quan he giua ngon ngu va lbi noi la moi quan he giua

cai chung vbi cai rieng, cai trbu tuqng va cai cu the. Cai chung,cai trim tuqng duqc the hien qua nhung cai rieng, cai cu the.

Vi la cai rieng, cai cu the nen leri noi mang da'u ah ca nhan cua

chu the. Chinh dau an ca nhan ay da giup ta phat hien dune netrieng trong loti noi cua mOi ngubi, phan biet tieng noi cua ngubinay voti tieng n6i cua nguoti khac.

c) Muc dich cua giao tiep ngon ngu la su <i>traodoi thongtin, noi</i>

mot each cu the, do la hoat dong <i>truyen — nhan thong tin.</i> Hoat

dong nay bao gom :

- Hanh vi san sinh ngon ban tir phia nguoti noi, tuc la hanh vinoi ra cua nguoti noi.

- Hanh vi hieu hay tiep thu ngon ban tur phfa nguoti nghe, nguoti

doi thoai, tire ngubi tiep nhan thong tin.

Tu each ngubi noi va ngubi nghe co the luan phien cho nhau :luc nay anh noi, toi nghe ; luc khac toi noi, anh nghe.

Hanh vi noi cua ngubi noi va hanh vi hieu cua ngubi tiep nhan

thong tin duqc goi la <i>hanhvi left noi.</i> He thong cac hanh vi lbi noigoi la <i>hoat dong lai noi [V.B.</i> Kasevich, 1998, 21].

Tom lai, ngon ngu la cai chung, duqc hien thuc hoa, duqc thehien ra bang nhfrng Ibi noi cu the. Su doi lap giua ngon ngu va Ibinoi khong phai la su doi lap tuyet doi giua cai mang tmh chat xahoi va cai mang tmh chat ca nhan, giua cai chu yeu va cai thd yeu.

Lbi noi cung chmh la ngon ngu nhung la ngon ngu dang b danghoat dong, nd vira mang tmh chat xa hoi vira the hien mau sac canhan cua ngubi noi. Tuy nhien can phai nhan manh rang su phan

biet ngon ngu - lbi noi la su phan biet hai mat cua mot van de,

khong nen tach bach mot each cue doan bang mot nhat cat rach rbi.

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II - NGON NGLTHQC

<b>1. Doi tirong va nhiem vu cua ngdn nguf hoc</b>

Ngdn ngu hoc, noi mot each ngan gon, la khoa hoc vd ngon

'ngu. Nhu vay doi tirong nghien cun cua ngon ngu hoc la cac ngon

ngu tren the gidi.

Ngon ngu: hoc the gidi da va dang dat ra rat nhieu nhiem vu cu

the de giai quyet. Mot each khai quat nhat, cd the neu ra ba nhiemvu chu yeu nhu sau :

- Mieu ta cac ngon ngu the gidi a mot trang thai nao do, dac

biet la mieu ta dong dai.

- Xem xet qua trinh phat trien lich su cua cac ngon ngu.

- Tim ra nhung quy luat tac dong thubng xuyen va pho bien

den su phat trien cua cac ngon ngu the gidi.

<small>V .</small>

De thuc hien duoc nhung nhiem vu chu yeu neu tren, nganh

ngon ngu hoc cua mdi quoc gia da phai dua ra nhung ke hoach daihan, trung han va ngdn han nham giai quyet nhung cong viec cu

the cua mdi thdi ki.

<b>2.Cacnganh, cac bo moncua ngon ngufhoc</b>

Theo truyen thong, khi ndi den mot ngon ngu nao do, ngudi tathubng quan tarn den ca ba bo phan cau thanh cua nd, do la ngu^m, tit vung va ngu phap. Tren co so cua ba bo phan nay, cac nha

ngdn ngu hoc the gidi da xay dung nen ba nganh ngon ngu: hoctuomg dng : ngu am hoc, tit vung hoc, ngu phap hoc. Ngoai ra concd hai nganh khoa hoc khac quan tarn den ca ba bo phan neu tren,

• do la phong each hoc va ngu dung hoc.

<i>Ngi7 dm hoc</i> la nganh hoc nghien cuu mat am thanh cua ngon

ngu. Mat am thanh cua ngdn ngu vita mang nhung thuoc tmh tu

nhien lai vita chtta dung nhung gia tri khu biet mang tmh xa hoi.

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Nghien cuu ngu am tir mat tu nhien la xem xel nhung thuoc tmhcau am (nhu vai tro cua day thanh, cua luoi, moi, rang, phoi,...trong viec tao ra am thanh) va nhung thuoc tmh am hoc (nhtr caodo, cuong do, truong do,...) cua no. Nghien cun ngu am tCr mat xa

hoi la xel den nhirng gia tri ma cong dong nguoi sir dung chungmot nson ngir da gan cho cac dac trimg am thanh de thirc hienchuc nang khu biet. Ngu am hoc nghien cuu tat ca cac phuong lienngu &m trong tat ca cac hinh thai va chuc nang cua nd, va moi lien

he giua hinh thuc am thanh va chu viet cua ngon ngu.

<i>-Tic victig hoc </i>la nganh hoc nghien cuu cac lir va nhung don vi

tuong duong vdi tir nhu cum tir co dinh, thanh ngu, quan ngu. Tirvung hoc cd the phan thanh cac phan mon khac nhau de chuyennghien cuu timg mat rieng biet, do la <i>tic dienhoc, danh hoc,tic</i>

<i>nguyenhoc,ngicnghTa hoc.</i>

<i>Ngicphdp hoc </i>la nganh hoc nghien cuu cac quy tac bien doi tir,

ket hop tir va cac kieu cau. Ngu phap hoc chu y den cac each thirc

va phuong tien cau tao tir, cau tao cSu. Nhiem vu nghien curu cau

tao tir thuoc ve phan mon <i>ticphdp hoc, </i>con nghien cuu cum tir vacau thi thuoc vd <i>cu phdphoc.</i>

<i>Phong each hoc</i> la nganh hoc nghien ciru cac phong each chuc

nang va cac phuong tien bi6u cam cua ngon ngu. Phong each hoc

quan tarn den loan bo cac thu phap sir dung phuong tien ngon ngudac trung cho cac nha van, cac tac pham va the loai, quan tarn den

viec lira chon cac phuong tien ngon ngu theo nguyen tdc sac thaitu tir—bieu cam.

<i>Ngic dung hoc</i> la khoa hoc nghien ciru each sir dung ngon ngutrong giao tiep nh^m dat duoc nhung muc tieu nhat dinh nao do.Noi each khac, ngir dung hoc la khoa hoc nghien ciru each sir dung

ngon ngu trong nhung ngu canh cu the, de dat duoc mot muc tieu

cu the.

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Cac nganh hoc tren day la nhung nganh hoc “co ban” cua ngonngu hoc. do do d Viet Nam, chung da tro thanh nhirng mon hoc

chmh thuc duqc giang day cho sinh vien ngu van cua cac truongdai hoc (nhur Dai hoc Khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan van, Dai hoc Sirpham,...) va sinh vien hoc tieng nude ngoai <i>a cac</i> truong Dai hoc

Ngoai ngu. Chmh vi vay giao trinh nay cung “bam sat” theo nhungnoi dung cua cac nganh hoc dang xet.

Tuy nhien, doi vdi ngon ngu hoc, pham vi nghien cuu cua ndkhong chi bo hep trong nhung nganh hoc vua neu tren. Can cu vaonhirng nhiem vu cu the duqc dal ra cho nd, ngon ngu hoc con cdcac linh vuc nghien cuu khac nua. Cd the ke ra o day mot so linh

vuc nghien cuu [Xin xem : Nguy6n Nhu Y (Chu bien), 1998, 1209]:

<i>Ngonngir hoc dai cirang</i> : nghien cuu cac ngon ngu va nhomngon ngu khac nhau nh^m tim ra nhung dac di£m, nhung quy luat

ngon ngu mang tinh pho quat, chung cho nhieu ngon ngu the gidi.

<i>Ngon ngi7hoc dong dai (hay ngon ngi7hoc dtfcfng dai)</i> : nghien

cuu tinh trang duong dai (hien trang) cua mot ngon ngu.

<i>Ngon ngi7hoc lich dai </i>(hay <i>ngon ngi7 hoclich sir) </i>: nghien cuu

qua trinh phat trien lich su cua mot ngon ngu.

<i>Ngon ngi7hocnhan chung</i> : nghien cuu moi quan he giua ngonngu va dan toe, su tuong tac cua cac yeu to ngon ngu hoc va nhan

chung hoc trong hoat dong va phat trien cua ngon ngu.

<i>Ngon ngir hocimg dung</i> : nghien cuu If thuyet ngon ngu hoc

tren co so xem xet nhung nhiem vu thuc ti£n dac biet nhu dichmay, chua cam diec, ngon ngu cong nghe thong tin,...

<i>Ngon ngirhoc xa hoi</i> : nghien cuu moi quan he nhan qua giuangon ngu va cac yeu to xa hoi, su khac biet xa hoi cua ngon ngu.

Va con cd the ke ra mot so khuynh huong nghien cuu khac nuanhu <i>ngon ngir hoc cantrite, ngon ngir hoc niieu td,...</i>

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<i><small>CH If ONG I</small></i>

CUA NGdN NGLf

I - BAN CHAT CUA NGON NGU*

<b>1. Ngon ngula hien tirongxa hoi</b>

a) Khi nhin thay xung quanh ta hinh nhu ai cung “til nhien”biet noi, giong nhu tu nhien biet ngu, biet dau, biet khoc, biet an,biet cudi, biet di,... <i>cd ngucridafitting ngonngu cunggiongnhu</i>

<i>bannangsinh vat cua conngucri. Ki</i> thuc ngon ngu khac han vdi

nhung hien tirong vira neu. Va didu khac biet chmh la o chd ngonngu khong the tach rbi xa hoi, trong khi cac hien tirong thuoc ve

ban nang sinh vat hoan toan cd the ton tai va phat trien ben ngoaixa hoi. Khi sinh ra, neii bi tach khdi xa hoi, diia tie van cd the biet

khoc, biet an, biet dau, biet di,... nhirng chac chan nd khong the

biet noi. Dua tre chi cd the biet noi Jchi nghe dirge, sau do Mt

chudc dirge tieng noi cua nhirng ngudi xung quanh. Noi rong hon,ngon ngir chi cd the phat sinh va phat trien gan lien vdi xa hoi,

trong xa hoi loai ngudi. Ngoai xa hoi, ngon ngu* khong the ton taidugc. Va dieu nay da dugc chdng minh. Trong cac sach ngon ngu

ngued ta thudng dan ra cau chuyen ve hai be gai An Do dugc chd

sdi nuoi duong, van song bmh thudng ciing vdi b£y sdi con nhungtuyet nhien khong biet noi, suot ngay chi phat ra nhung tieng keunhu dong vat hoang da. Rd rang, tach khdi xa hoi loai ngudi, “cac

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be” chi co ban nang sinh vat thudn tuy, khong co ngon ngu, va do

do, khong the goi la “ngudi” theo dung y nghia cua tur nay.

Nhung dieu trinh bay tren day cho thay ro rang <i>ngonngukhongphai Id hientiCcmg sinh vat : Nokhong mangtinhdi truyen. </i>Mdi

ngudi chi co the cd ducrc ngon ngu trong qua trinh hoc hoi, tiepthu tur nhung ngudi xung quanh. Nhtf vay nen nhd ding tre emhoan toan khong phai tu nhien ma biet noi.

Khi noi ngon ngu* khong phai la hien tuqng sinh vat, can phanbiet tieng keu cua dong vat vdi am thanh cua con ngudi. Tieng keu

cua dong vat hoan toan mang tinh bam sinh, cho du chung co chuc

nang trao doi thong tin nhu goi nhau, bao cd ke thu, co thuc an,bieu thi xue cam,... Nhung nhung tieng keu ay chi xuat hien moteach vo thtfc, vd tinh, mang tinh phan xa thuan tuy. Mot so dong

vat nhu cho, chim,... cd the hieu duoc mot so cau noi cua conngudi va tham chi noi duoc mot so tit ma con ngudi day cho. Tuy

nhien, cac nha khoa hoc da chung minh duoc rang do chi la nhung

phan xa khong dieu kien hoac cd dieu kien, thuoc he thong tin

hieu thur nhat. Tieng noi cua con ngudi thi khac han, do la he

thong tin hieu thii hai, von gan lien voi tu duy trim tuqng, voi cac

khai niem va he thong tur ngu.

b) Ngon ngu cd ton tai va phat trien <i>nhung nd khong giong nhumot ca the song von tuan theoquyluat cua tu nhieny</i> nghia la trai

qua cac giai doan : nay sinh, trudng thanh, hung thinh, suy tan,diet vong. Khong rieng gl dong vat, thuc vat ma ngay ca ban than

mdi con ngudi vdi tu each la mot cd the song cung tuan theo caiquy luat tu nhien “khat khe” ay, nghia la quy luat sinh - tu. Nhung

ngon ngu thi khac. Qua thuc la ngon ngu nao cung cd nhung amcu, tur cu, nghia cu ma't di ; am mdi, tur mdi, nghia mdi xuat hien.

Nhung nhin tren dien toan cue thi su phat trien cua ngon ngu luon

mang tinh ke thura, khong cd su huy diet hoan toan, day la chua

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noi den vice tir cu mat di th! ft ma liroiig tir mdi nay sinh lai nhieu

gap boi phan. Tat nhien noi nhu vay khong co nghia la tat ca cacngon ngu deu ton tai mai mai, boi trong thirc te khong phai khong

co nhung ngon ngu da trd thanh tu ngir nhir tieng Phan hay tiengLatin truoc day va mot so ngon ngir cua nhirng toe ngudi thieu so

dang co nguy co bi tieu bien hien nay. Song du co nhirng hien

tircmg nhir vay thi<i> ngonngu vankhongphai Id mot “ca the song”</i>

<i>trongtic nhien va tudntheo quyluqt cua tic nhien.</i>

Ngon ngir ciing khong phai la hien tiromg mang tinh tir nhienthuan tuy, ton tai mot each khach quan, khong le thuoc vao y chichu quan cua con ngudi nhir song thdn, thuy trieu, dong dat, baogio,... Ngon ngir chi sinh ra va phat trien trong xa hoi loai ngudi,

do y muon va nhu cau giao tiep cua con ngudi. Noi khac di, ngon

ngir la hien tircrng xa hoi, la “san pham” mang tinh xa hoi.

c) Ngon ngir khong phai la hien tircrng cua ca nhan. No ton taikhong chi cho rieng toi, rieng anh, ma cho “chung ta”, cho moingudi trong xa hoi. Ngon ngir ton tai la do nhu cau giao tiep, nhu

cau trao doi thong tin giua moi ngudi. Chinh vi ngon ngir la “caichung” cua moi ngudi, “cua chung ta” nen ngirdi nay noi, ngirdikia mdi hieu. Neu nd la “cua rieng” cua mdi ca nhan, do ca nhantao ra chi cho anh ta thi cung chi anh ta biet, “san pham” ca nhan

ay khong the diing lam phirong tien giao tiep chung cho moi ngirdi.Tinh chat xa hoi cua ngon ngir dirge the hien rd o <i>sic quy icdc</i>

<i>cua ti'aigxa hoi. </i>Doi vdi xa hoi Viet, ngirdi ta quy irdc goi con vat

co tieng sua gau gau la “cho”, con vat co tieng keu meo meo la

“meo”, con con vat co tieng keu un in hay eng ec la “Ion”. Doi vdi

xa hoi Anh, ngirdi ta lai quy ode khac : con sua gau g£u dirge goi

la “dog”, con keu meo meo la “cat” con con keu un in, eng ec la“pig”. Con doi vdi xa hoi NhSt Ban, mot each tircmg irng, ba tirdirge ngirdi Nhat sir dung la imc, <i>tieko</i> va <i>bicta.</i> Ro rang mdi xa hoi

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co mot quy udc rieng. Hoc ngoai ngir chmh la hoc “cai sir quy

irdc” a'y cua xa hoi. Trong pham vi hep hon, tmh chat xa hoi cua

ngon ngir cdn dirge the hien d sir quy <i>\x6c</i> cua timg vimg, timg dia

phiromg. Doi vdi vung nay, dia phircmg nay, “xa hoi thu nhd” nay,

<i>con fep</i> la con tom nhd (ma khong bao gio Ion lhanh tom) nhimgddi vori vung kia, dia phuomg kia, “xa hoi thu nhd” kia thi <i>contep</i>

lai duqrc quy udc la con ca nhd (ma khong bao gid lorn thanh cato). Doi vori “xa hoi thu nhd” nay, <i>cao cao</i> la con bang dau, <i>chanchan</i> la con nhon dau nhimg doi vdi “xa hoi thu nhd” kia thi ngiroclai <i>: cao cao la </i>con nhon dau, <i>chan chan </i>mdi la con bang dau.

Nhung cuoc cai va, tranh lu£n giua nhimg ngirdri thuoc cac vungkhac nhau ve sir khong thong nhat trong quy irdc chmh la mot

trong nhimg bieu hien cu the cua tmh chat xa hoi cua ngon ngir.

Tom lai ngon ngir khong phai la hien tirqmg tu nhien va cung

khong phai la hien tuemg ca nhan. Ngon ngir la hien tuemg xa hoi.

<b>2.Ngon ngurla hien tirqmg xa hoi dac biet</b>

Ngon ngir khong chi la hien tirqmg xa hoi ma cdn la hien tirqmgxa hoi<b>_{• •}</b> dac biet.<b>_•</b>

Tmh chat xa hoi dac biet cua ngon ngir so vdi cac hien tirqmg xa

hoi khac duqrc bieu hien d chd : Ngon ngir khong thuoc kien truethirqmg tang.

Hoc thuyet Mac - Lenin phan biet co so ha tang va kien true

thirqmg tang. Co sd ha tang duqrc hieu la nen tang kinh te xa hoibao gdm toan bo quan he san xuat cua xa hoi phu hqrp vdi trinh do

phat then cua luc lirqmg san xuat. Kien true thirqmg tang la toan bo

nhimg quan diem triet hoc, phap luat, ton giao, nghe thuat,... vanhimg to chtfc tircmg umg cua chung.

Nhir chung ta da biet, cor sd ha tang the nao thi kien true thirqmg

tang the ay. Ndi khac di, co sd ha tang quyet dinh kien true thirqmg

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tang. Khi cor so ha tang thay doi thi kien true thuong tang cung bi doitheo. Cor so ha tang cu mat di, co so ha tang moi duoc xac lap thi kientrue thuong tang cu cung bi thu lieu va thay vao do la mot kien true

thuong tang moi. Ngon ngu, khac vdi kien true thuong tang, khong bile thuoc vao co so ha tang, khong do co so ha tang sinh ra va quyet

dinh. Ngon ngu duoc hinh thanh do nhu cau giao tiep xa hoi va phai

trien qua cac thoi dai. Khi co so ha tang cu sup do, ngon ngu khongmat di. Ngon ngu bien doi, phat trien lien tuc. Khi co ha tang moikhong co mot ngon ngu moi xuat hien cung voi no.

Trong xa hoi co giai cap, kien true thuong tang bao gid cungphuc vu loi ich cua mot giai cap nhat dinh. Noi each khac, kien

true thuong tang mang tmh giai cap. Ngon ngu khong phai nhuvay. Ngon ngu khong co tmh giai cap. N6 phuc vu chung loan xa

hoi chu khong phuc vu cho rieng mot giai cap nao, khong “thien

vi” hay “thu ghet” mot giai cap nao. Nd “doi xir” vdi moi nguoi rat

“edng bang”. Ngon ngu giong nhu vu khi, giai cap nao su dung

cung duoc. Trong mot quoc gia, hai giai cap doi khang da'u tranh

voi nhau van dung chung mot ngon ngu.

Ban v€ tmh phi giai cap cua ngon ngu co mot hien tuong canphai lam sang to, do la su ton tai cua nhung tieng long, nhung bietngu giai cap. Trong khi su dung ngon ngu chung lam phuong lien

giao tiep, mot so giai cap da “sang tao” ra nhung tir ngu rieng,duoc goi la tieng long. Thong thuong thi giai cap thong tri tu taova tu nhan ve minh nhung tir ngu ma ho cho la sang trong, doi lap

vdi ngon ngu cua nhung nguoi binh dan. So luong tieng long cothe khong ft nhung do tuyet nhien khong phai la mot ngon ngu

rieng, doc lap vdi ngon ngu toan dan boi chung chi duoc su dung

trong pham vi han che, khong phai la quy udc cua toan xa hoi,

khong tao ra mot he thong co cau true ngu phap rieng. Do vay tir

su ton tai cua nhung tieng long, biet ngu khong the cho la ngonngu co tfnh giai cap duoc.

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II - CHl'rc NANG CUA NGON NGU*

<b>1. Ngdn ngu laphtrang ticngiao tiep quan trong nhat ctiacon ngudi</b>

a) Theo each hieu thong thudng, giao tiep la sir trao doi, tiep

xue vdi nhau. Thuc chat cua giao tiep la sir truyen dal thong tin tu

ngudi nay den ngudi khac nham thirc hien mot muc dich nhat dinh.

Giao tiep trd thanh nhu can thiet yeu cua con ngirdi. Co the noikhong co giao tiep thi xa hoi khong ton tai. Nhu cau giao tiep,

. theo cac nha sinh If va lam If hoc, gSn nhir mang tinh bam sinh cuacon ngirdi. Dac biet trong thdi dai ngay nay — thdi dai “bung nothong tin”, thdi dai “thong tin la vang” - thi giao tiep cang trd nenquan trong.

Cac hinh thuc giao tiep het sue da dang. Do co the la dieu bo,cu chi, la cac loai dau hieu, kf hieu, tin hieu (nhir he thong kf hieu

toan hoc, hoa hoc, sinh hoc, he thong tin hieu thong tin lien lac, he

thong tin hieu den giao thong,...), la cac ban nhac vdi nhieu cungbac am thanh, cac tac pham dieu kh^c, hoi hoa diroc the hien qua

nhirng hinh khoi, mau sac,...

Muc dich cua giao tiep co the chi la sir trao doi thong tin defn

thudn (nhir viec str dung cac kf hieu loan hoc, hoa hoc) ma cung co

the la sir trao doi tir tirong, tinh cam, sir bieu Id cam xue (nhir trongam nhac, hoi hoa).

<small>■ '• *■ ■' -• ■ . ■ ■'</small>

b) Trong so cac hinh thuc giao tiep ma con ngudi su dung thihinh thirc giao tiep bang ngdn ngu la pho bien nhat va quan trongnhat. Noi nhu Lenin, <i>ngdn ngu Id phuong liengiao tiep cpian trongnhatcua con ngudi.</i>

So vdi cac phuemg lien giao tiep khac, ngdn ngu vuot troi hemhan. Ngdn ngu co the bieu thi moi thu ma con ngudi can truyendat, ke ca nhirng nhung gi duoc coi la tinh te nhat, sau kin nhat, da

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dang va phuc tap nhat trong moi “ngoc ngach” cua the gidi tarnhon, tinh cam. Nhd giao tiep qua ngon ngu, con ngudi co the traodoi ttr tuong, tri tue, tinh cam, tri thtfc,... vdi nhau. Nhd ngon ngu,

con ngudi mod hieu biet lan nhau, moi truyen dat duoc nhung kinh

nghiem san xuat va dau tranh, nhung thanh tuu khoa hoc — congnghe tCr noi nay, ngudi nay, the he nay sang noi khac, ngudi khac,

the he khac.

Mot dieu rd rang la cac phuong tien giao tiep khac cd pham vipho bien hep hon va han che hon ngon ngu rat nhieu.

Khac vdi cac thoi ki “mong muoi” trudc day, trong thbi dai

ngay nay, toan hoc da di vao moi Imh vuc cua dbi song. Tre emlop 1 da cd the biet den nhung ki hieu nhu + — ; 1, 2,... Tuy nhiencho du cd pho bien den dau thi pham vi cua chiing cung khong the

“vuot mat” duoc phuong tien ngon ngu ma khong mot ai khong sirdung hang ngay. Mot bieu hien cu the la de giai thich cac ki hieu

do, con ngudi van buoc phai vien den ngon ngu. Trong cuoc songthudng nhat, luong thong tin ma ngon ngu truyen dat, chuyen tai

Ion gap boi phan. Cac ki hieu va dau hieu khac nhu he thong tinhieu giao thong, he thong canh bao dudng thuy,... neu so vdi ngon

ngu, cung han che hon rat nhieu.

Cac linh vuc nghe thuat nhu am nhac, hoi hoa, dieu khac cd uu

the hon cac ki hieu, da'u hieu da neu tren trong viec bieu dat moicung bac cua the gidi tinh cam, cam xuc. Uu the cua chung ratIon. Tuy nhien cac loai hinh nghe thuat nay van bi han che va cd

phan phien dien neu so vdi su bieu dat bang ngon ngu. Mot dieuhien nhien la chung khong the truyen dat khai niem va tu tuong

mot each chinh xac, rd rang nhu ngon ngu. Su tiep nhan thong tintiir cac loai hinh nghe thuat nay phu thuoc rat nhieu vao trinh do

tham mi, nang luc nghe thuat cua mdi ngudi. Du sau nay trinh dothudng thiic nghe thuat cua toan dan cd duoc nang cao den bao

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nhieu di nua thi ngudi ta cung khong the dung cac loai hinh nghe

thuat do lam phuong tien giao tiep thay cho ngon ngu.

Trong ki nguyen tin hoc hoa hien nay, vdi sir hd trg cua cacphirorng tien thong tin hien dai, pham vi giao tiep bang ngon ngu*

cang ngay cang phat trien ca ve be rong lan be sau.

Xet ve pham vi khong gian, neu nhu trade day, pham vi giaotiep chi dirge thuc hien chu yeu “bang mieng”, mot phan bang chu

viet truyen thong trong pham vi hep thi ngay nay vdi su co mat cuacac hinh thde nhtr dien thoai, thu dien tu (email), chat qua manginternet,... pham vi giao tiep da mang tmh toan cau. Khong chi chu

viet (chuyen tai qua email, trang web,...) ma ca am thanh cua con

ngudi cung dugc truyen di khap noi tren trai dat (qua dien thoaiduong dai, qua skype, voice chat,...).

Nhung dieu vira mdi trinh bay tren day cang cd y nghla khang

dinh vai tro so mot cua hinh thuc giao tiep bang ngon ngu va supho bien mang tmh toan cdu cua nd trong xa hoi hien dai.

<b>2.Ngonngur la hien thuc truc tiep cua tu tudng</b>

Chuc nang giao tiep, nhu da phan tfch d tren, la chuc nang hangdau cua ngon ngu. Nhung ngon ngu khong chi cd mot chdc nang

nhu vay. Gan lien vdi chdc nang giao tiep, ngon ngu con cd mot

chdc nang khac nua cung dac biet quan trong, lien quan den tuduy, do la chicc<i> nang phan anh.</i>

a) Tu duy cua con ngudi la su phan anh the gidi khach quanxung quanh. Tu duy con ngudi se khong the thuc hien dugc neukhong co ngon ngu. <i>Ngon ngu chinh la hinh thucton tai, la</i>

<i>phuang tien vat chat de bieudattu duy.</i> Cd the quan niem tu duy

nhu la cai dugc bieu hien con ngon ngu la cai bieu hien cua nd.

Moi suy nghi cua con ngudi deu dugc tien hanh thong qua ngdn

ngu. Con ngudi khong the suy nghi ma khong dung den tir, den

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cau. Khong the cd tu duy “trong rdng” hay “tran trui” khong can

den chai lieu ngon ngu. Luc nghi tham, khong noi ra thanh Ibi,chinh la luc ta sir dung <i>ngon ngi7ben trong </i>[V. B. Kasevich, 1998,

18] de the hien tir duy. Con khi noi ra mieng la luc nhung suy

nghi. tir tirong cua ta. thong qua ngon ngu thanh tieng, da duoc thehien rd rang ra ben ngoai. Noi each khac, nhung ket qua cua sirphan anh the gioi khach quan (tuc tir duy) cua con nguoi can dirqc

thong bao cho nhirng nguoi khac trong cong dong da dirqc the

hien qua phuong lien ngon ngir. Chinh vi vay khi noi ve chuc nang

phan anh cua ngon ngir, Cac Mac cho Hing <i>Hienthifc true tiep cua</i>

<i>tu lifting la ngon ngu</i> [V. B. Kasevich, 1998, 13]. Nhir vay se khongcd mot tir nao, cau nao khong bieu hien khai niem, tir tirong. Trailai. khong cd mot y nghi, mot tir tirong nao ma lai khong ton tai

diroi hinh thuc ngon ngir. Ngon ngir la bieu hien thuc te cua tir tirong.b) Khong chi la phirong lien vat chat de the hien tir duy, <i>ngonngifeonla congcu cuahoatdong tu duy.Ngon ngu truetiep tham</i>

<i>gia vdo qua trinh hinhthanh va phdttrien tif duy.</i>

Nhir chung ta da biet, ban chat cua con ngirbi la luon luonkham pha, tim hieu ve the gidi xung quanh va tham gia vao cachoat dong thuc lien. Cai von tri thuc cd duoc nho nhirng hoat dong

ay cd vai tro rat quan trong trong cac hoat dong cua tu duy. Von <i>trithuc ayduoc ghi lai, duefe tang tru, duoc bao todn trong bp naongifcri chit yen nho ngon ngu;vacung nhd ngon ngu md connguoi'co the truyen datnhreng trithuc, nlufngsif hieu biet aycua minhcho nguoi khac, sang dia phuong khac. </i>Cac nha sinh If hoc than

kinh cao cap cho Hing chinh vice ngon ngir tang tru tri thuc, truydn

dat tri thirc da tao nen <i>nlufngmoilienhe tarn thdi.</i> Nhung moi lienhe tarn thoi nay giup con nguoi cd the biet duoc ft nhi6u ve su vatcho dii ho chua tiep xue true tiep voi nd. Dieu nay giai thi'ch vi sao

cd rat nhieu noi chung ta chua he dat chan den (nhu mot so hanh

tinh chang han) nhung da biet kha rd ve chung nhd von tri thirc do

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cac nha khoa hoc dua lai da_{• • •} duoc “ki” vao de ta. Tir von tri thiicduroc bao ton dudi hinh thuc ngon ngu, nhd hoat dong cua bo nao,con ngudi co the “suy” ra nhieu dieu khac. Cai viec “suy ra” aychi'nh la hoat dong cua tu duy ma trong do ngon ngu la cong cu.

Ro rang ngon ngu da thain gia rat “tich cue” va co hieu qua vaoqua trinh hinh thanh va phat then tu duy cua con ngudi.

c) Ngon ngu va tu duy co moi quan he khang khft, thong nhat.

Khong co ngon ngu thi cung khong co tu duy. Nguqc lai khong cotu duy thi ngon ngu, neu co, cung chi la nhung am thanh trongrdng, v6 nghTa. Tat nhien day chi la mot each ndi chii thuc ra am

thanh trong rdng, vo nghia lam sao co the goi la ngon ngu 1 Vi vay

khong the tach rdi ngon ngu va tu duy.

Ngon ngu va tu duy thong nhat nhung khong dong nhat. Giua

ngon ngu va tu duy co nhieu diem khac nhau.

- Trude het ngon ngu la mot the thong nhat vat chat — tinh than,trong khi tu duy la yeu to tinh than thuan tuy. Tu duy khong cd

nhung thuoc tinh cua vat chat nhu trong luong, khoi luong,... macdii tu duy nay sinh va ton tai trong mot khoi vat chat dac biet, dola nao bo. Ngon ngu thi khac. Ngon ngu ton tai dudi dang amthanh, tat ca cac don vi cua nd nhu tu, cau,... deu cd the “do dem”duqc ve do dai ngan, do cao thap,... Dieu do cd nghTa la ngon ngu

cd cac thuoc tinh vat chat.

- Noi den tu duy la noi den tinh nhan loai, edn ngon ngu thithudc ve mot dan toe, mang tinh dan toe. Quy luat tu duy la quyluat chung cho toan nhan loai nhung cac y nghT, tu tuong lai ducrcbieu hien ra bang nhung each khac nhau trong cac ngon ngu khacnhau. M6i ngon ngu bieu hien tu duy theo each rieng cua minh. Vi

du, cung mot noi dung quan tarn den ngudi khac, ngudi Viet noi

<i>Ong can gi g ?</i> con ngudi Anh lai chon each dien dat <i>Toicd thegiupongdirge khong ?</i> (Can 1 help you ?), ciing noi dung phu

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dinh, ngudi Viet thubng noi : <i>Toi nghT rang anh khong dung ToinghT rang anh sai, </i>nhung ngudi Anh lai noi : <i>Taikhong nghTranganh dung.</i> Rd rang ngon ngu mang dam tmh dan toe.

Cac don vi cua tu duy va cac don vi cua ngon ngu khong trimgnhau. Cac don vi cua logic hoc - khoa hoc nghien cuu cac quy lu£t

tu duy — la khai niem, phan doan, suy If. Cac don vi nay khongtrimg voi cac don vi nhu tir, cau, hmh vi,... cua ngon ngu hoc. Motkhai niem co the bieu hien bang nhieu tir khac nhau. Khai niem“chet” chang han, co the duqc the hien bang cac tir hoac to hop tirnhu <i>ve gid, tit trail, qua d&i, hainammtfexi, tq the, thac,quy tien,</i>

<i>ticgid edi ddi, di, mat, ngoeo, nguvdi giun,...</i> Day la chua ke ciing

mot khai niem nhung trong cac ngon ngu khac nhau thi co nhung

tir bieu thi khac nhau. Trai lai, mot vd ngu am cd the la hinh thirc

chuyen tai cua nhieu khai niem khac nhau nhu cac hien huong da

nghia va dong am von co le cd o tat ca cac ngon ngu the gidi. Rdicd nhung tir khong bieu thi khai niem (nhu dai tir, danh tir rieng,

than tir,...), nhung cau khong bieu thi mot phan doan nao ca (nhucau hoi, cau cau khien).

Tom lai, ngon ngu va tu duy cd moi quan he khang khit, thongnhat nhung khong dong nhat. Ngon ngu khong chi la hinh thuc ton

tai, la phuong tien vat chat de bieu dat tu duy, la cong cu cua hoat

dong tu duy ma con true tiep tham gia vao qua trinh hinh thanh va

phat trien tu duy cua con ngudi.

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<i><small>CH WONG II</small></i>

Hfi th6ng, cautruc

VA TIN HlfiU NGdN NGty

I - HE THONG VA CAU TRIJC CUA NGON NGU*

<b>1. Ve cac khai niem</b><i><b> he</b>thong</i><b> va</b> <i>cau true</i>

a) <i>He thong </i>la mot tur dirge dung kha pho bien trong ngon nguh^ng ngay cung nhu trong cac nganh khoa hoc. Vdri tu each la mot

tir thong thudrng, nhung each noi nhu <i>hethong giaothongvan tai,he thong dan nietic sach, he thongthodtnittic thai, he thong can</i>

<i>dieting,hethong dich vu yte, he thong trtfting hoc,...v&n</i> dugc xa

hoi chap nhan mot each bmh thuong, khong co su “bat be” quakhat khe ve mat thuat ngu.

Vdd tu each la mot thuat ngu khoa hoc, he thong dugc quan

niem la mot the thong nhat cua nhung yeu to co moi quan he qualai va quy dinh lan nhau. Nhu vay de tao nen mot he thong canphai co :

(1) Mot tap hgp cac yeu to.

(2) Cac yeu to trong tap hgp phai co quan he qua lai va quydinh lan nhau.

Noi mot each ro hem, cac yeu to va moi quan he cua cac yeu totrong tap hgp phai tao thanh mot<i> chinhthe.</i> Vori each hieu nhu vay

thl mot doi tugng “trgn ven” nhu mot dong ho, mot gia dinh, motco the song, mot ban cd tuong, mot day den xanh, vang, do o nga

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tir,... deu la nhirng he thong dien hinh. Mot tap hop cac yen to “rdirac” nhir dong da, dong gach, nhom ngirdi dung chd xe buyt,...

khong tao thanh he thong bdi cac yeu to trong do khong co moiquan he va quy dinh lan nhau de tao thanh mot chinh the.

Thuoc ve mot he thong nhat dinh, mdi yeu to cua tap hop chi cogia tri trong he thong do ma thoi. Di ra ngoai he thong, yeu to

khong con gia tri cua he thong ay nira. Ong hieu trirong cua mottrirong dai hoc nao do chang han, chi co “gia tri” khi nam trong

he thong trirong dai hoc cua ong ta, con khi ong di hoc lai xe omot trirong day nghe nao do thi ong khong cdn tu each hieu trirongnira ma lai tro thanh hoc vicn cua cac “bac thay” khac. Cung nhir

vay, khi tro ve vdi dong ho cua minh, cd the ong lai la bac “chauchat” cua khong ft ngirdi vira ft tuoi, vira khong dirqc hoc hanh den

noi den chon. Nhir vay mdi yeu to rieng le co the tham gia vao cac he

thong khac nhau. Vdi y nghia nhir vay thi he thong chinh la “moitnrong” de yeu to ton tai, la cai chinh the de yeu to tham gia vao.

b) Khai niem he thong gdn lien vdi khai niem can <i>true.</i> Hethong nao cung cd cau true ciia nd. Cau true la tong the cac mdiquan he trong he thong, la each thirc, phirong thirc to chirc cua he

thong. Cau true la mot thuoc tmh cua he thong do do cau true

khong nam ngoai ma nam trong he thong. Hieu dirqc to chirc ben

trong cua he thong tire la da nam dirqc cau true cua he thong do.

Trong trirong Dai hoc Y, ngirdi ta trang bi cho sinh vien nhirngkien thirc loan dien vd cac cd quan trong co the ngirdi, mdi quanhe gitra cac co quan va “to chirc” cua nhirng co quan do. Khi da cddirqc nhirng tri thirc a'y tire la cac bac si tirong lai da nam dirqc cautrue cua mot co the song. Tirong tq nhir vay, mot ki sir cau dirong

khong the khong biet cau true cua cay cau do minh phu trach xaydung, mol kien true sir khong the khong hudng dan tirong tan cho

nhirng ngirdi thq xay cau true ciia toa nha do anh ta thiet ke duqc

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the hien (hong qua cac ban ve tong quan va chi tict (bao nhieutang, bao nhieu phong, each bo tn cdu thang, thang may, banedng, each gin ket dim, san, ket cau mai,...). Trong nhung vf duvira neu, co the nguoi, cSy cau, toa nha chinh la cac he thong. Rorang khong cd he thong nao lai khong co cau true cua no.

c) Trong thuc te, ngirdi ta co the bit gap rat nhieu kieu he thongkhac nhau. Tuy nhien doi vdi xa hoi loai ngiroi thi <i>cac he thong</i>

<i>chifc nang giur</i> vai tro trong yeu nhat. Nhir ten goi cua no, trong

cac he thong chuc nang, m6i yeu to deu thuc hien mot chuc nangnhat dinh, va tat ca deu phuc vu cho mot mot tieu chung nao docua loan bo he thong. O he thong den giao thong tren dudng pho

chang han, den do thirc hien chuc nang bao hieu “dung lai”, den

vang bao hieu “chuan bi” con den xanh thi bao hieu “di”. Toanbo ba yeu to cua he thong den giao thong deu hudng vao motmuc tieu chung la dieu khien su di lai cho co trat tu, ne nep. Nhu

vay he thong den giao thong la he thong chuc nang.

Ngon ngu cua loai ngudi cung thuoc ve he thong chuc nang vi,

nhu d chucmg II da noi, ngon ngu thuc hien hai chuc nang trongyeu : chuc nang giao tiep va chuc nang phan anh tu duy.

<b>2.Hethong vacan true cua ngon ngur</b>

a) Theo cac “tieu chuan” cua khai niem he thong da neu d tren,ngon ngu “xdng dang” dune coi la mot he thong dien hinh. Ngonngu bao gdm mot tong the cac yeu to (ma cac nha ngon ngu hoc

goi la cac dofn vi), va cac yeu to do deu co moi quan he chat chevdi nhau theo nhieu kieu dang khac nhau.

Ngon ngu cung co cau true tu than, co mot to chirc ben trong

vdi su da dang cua cac quan he ngang doc (xin xem d cac trang

sau), tao thanh mot chinh the.

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b) Dubi day la sir tim hieu sau hem ve he thong ngon ngu vdi

cac dem vi (yeu to) va nhumg moi quan he da dang cua chung.

bl. <i>Cac dem vi</i> cua ngon ngu ph<in biet nhau vd vi tri, chide nangtrong he thong cung nhir ve cau tao cua chung.

Bang cac thao tac phan tich ngon ngu hoc, cac nha khoa hoc dadua ra ducrc bon loai dom vi chu yeu cua ngon ngu, do la am vi,

hinh vi, tur va cSu.

am vi /c/, /i/, /n/, /t/, /a/. Toan bo cac am vi cua mot ngon ngtt la

nhung yeu to co so de tur do xay nen toa lau dai ngon ngu ay.

Ngoai chuc nang cau tao, am vi edn co chide nang khu biet (phanbiet). Nhd am vi /n/, ngued Viet co the phan biet duoc vd am thanhcua nhung cap tu nhu <i>na—ta, nem—dem, nung — hung,nang -cd ng, nang - tang,...</i>

<i>— Hinh vi</i>

Hinh vi la dem vi nhd nhat <i>co</i> y nghia - co the la y nghia tur

vung hoac y nghia ngu phap, vi du : trong <i>love-ly (dang</i> yeu),

<i>work-ed </i>(da lam viec) cua tieng <i>Anh, love- va work-</i> la nhung hinhvi mang y nghia tiir vung, con <i>-ly, -ed</i> la nhumg hinh vi mang y

nghia ngu phap. Ngoai chide nang bieu hien nghia, hinh vi con co

chide nang cau tao va bien doi tid. Hinh vi <i>qudc</i> va hinh vi <i>gia </i><small>c</small>S<small>lu</small>

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tao nen tir <i>quoc gia</i> trong tieng Viet ; cac hinh vi a, y,<i> e</i> lam biendoi tir <i>nayKa</i> trong tieng Nga (thanh <i>uayKy,nayKe).</i>

Tir la mot chudi ket hop cac hinh vi, thuc hien chirc nang dinhdanh (goi ten) va, tat nhien, ca chirc nang bieu hien nghia, vi du :

<i>to quoc,quoc gia, dieting sa,...</i> cua tieng Viet; <i>He — studies— very—</i>

<i>well.</i> (No hoc rat tot.) cua tieng Anh. Cung co khi tir ton tai diroi

hinh thirc mot hinh vi, vf du : <i>mat,tai, rang </i>cua tieng Viet; jalan

<i>(con dubng), kamu</i> (ong, anh) cua tieng Malay.

cua tieng Khmer.

b2. Nhung phan tich chi tiet tren day cho thay cac don vi cua hethong ngon ngu (am vi, hinh vi, tir, cau) khdng thuoc ve cung motloai. Trong mot he thong Idn, he thong chung la ngon ngu, mdi

loai don vi lai lam thanh mot he thong con, hay con goi la tieu he

thong. Mdi mot he thong con nhu vay tao thanh mot cap do.

Tuong irng vdi bon loai don vi da mieu ta o tren, co the noi ve boncap do ngon ngu : Theo thir tu tir thap len cao, do la : cap do am vi,

cap do hinh vi, cap do tir, cap do cau.

b3. Cac don vi cua he thong ngon ngu co rat nhieu quart he

phirc tap, chang chit. Khdng phai ngau nhidn ma o nhieu nude da

cd khdng ft nhung cuon sach chi de mieu ta cac quart he ngu phapthubng gap o mot ngon ngu. Tuy nhien, mot each khai quat, cd the

noi ve ba kieu quan he pho quat xuat hien o tat ca cac ngon ngu

the gidi va chi pho'i toan bo co che hoat dong cua chung.

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<i>—Quan he ngtt doan</i> (syntagmatical relation). Cung co the goi

quan he nay la quan he ngang hay quan he tuyen tfnh vi cor so cua

nd la tfnh hinh tuyen cua ngon ngu.

Trong qua trinh hien thuc hoa, cac yeu to cua ngon ngu xua't

hien lan luot cai no sau cai kia tao thanh chuoi. D6 la tfnh hinhtuyen. Tfnh hinh tuyen cua ngon ngu cho phep tao ra quan he noiket cac don vi ngon ngu lheo trinh tu then gian, tiic la theo quan hengang. Quan he ngang, do vay, da tao ra nhung ket hop ma cac

nha ngon ngu hoc thudng goi la ngu doan. Tuy nhien quan he ngu

doan (hay quan he ngang, quan he tuyen tfnh) khong chi tao ra caigoi la ngu doan hieu theo nghTa la nhung cum ttr kieu nhu <i>cai nha</i>

<i>nay, cai nha naybang gd, sedi lam, hoclotlam,... </i>Quan he ngu

doan of day mang nghTa rong hon. Quan he ngu doan cho phep <i>lien</i>

<i>ket cac yeu to dong loai de taoranhung dan vi lan han.</i> Theo each

hieu nay, do cd the la su ket hop am vi vdi am vi de tao thanh hinh

vi, giua hinh vi voi hinh vi de tao nen tir, giua tu vdi tu de tao nen c£u.Nhu vay quan he ngu doan la quan he giua cac yeu to, cac donvi ngon ngu noi tiep nhau tren true ngang, theo tuyen tfnh. Tren

true ay chi cd nhung don vi dong loai (cung cap do) mdi cd thetrue tiep ket hop vdi nhau. Dieu do cd nghTa la se khong cd su kethop giua am vi vdi hinh vi, giua hinh vi vdi tir, giua tir vdi cau, hay

giua am vi vdi tir, giua hinh vi vdi cau,...

<i>- Quan he lientudng</i> (associative relation). Quan he nay con

duoc biet den vdi nhung ten goi khac nhu quan he he hinh, quanhe doi vi (paradigmatical relation).

Quan he ngu doan, nhu tren da noi, la quan he ngang, quan he

tuyen tfnh, dua vao su noi tiep nhau cua nhieu yeu to' ngon ngit.Quan he lien tudng, trai lai, la quan he doc. Ta cd the hinh dung

hai kieu quan he vira neu qua hai vf du cu the nhu sau :

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<i>Toi - thi'ch - cd ay. Nd — an - phd.</i>

<i>yen cam</i>

<i><small>f•• $ • ••</small></i>

Voi vi du 1, d vao vi tn cua thich, co the co cac yeu to ddng

loai nhu <i>men,quy, yeu,... Vdi vi</i> du 2, <i>cf</i> vao vi tn cua <i>phd co the</i>

co cac yeu to dong loai nhir <i>cam, bun rieu, banh cudn,... Ve</i>

nguyen tdc, nhung yeu to dong loai khi can thiet co the thay thecho nhau trong ciing mot vi tn. Nhirng yeu to nhir vay dirge coi la

<i>ndm trongquanhe lien Mang</i> ddi vdi nhau, va day nhirng yeu todugc xac lap nhd quan he lien tudng dugc goi la day lien tirdnghay he ddi vi (paradigme). Theo mot each khac, cd the goi do la

<i>true doc </i>hay <i>truelien taring.</i>

Quan he lien tudng cho phep ngudi noi, ngudi tao van ban, lienhe den mot loat yeu to “ain” dung dang sau yeu to dang hien dien.Cd the hinh dung no giong nhu cac cau thu “du bi” san sang ra san

khi huan luyen vien quyet dinh thay ngudi. Cac yeu to “an” trongddu ngudi noi giong nhu hinh anh cac cau thu du bi trong dau dehuan luyen vien.

Tuy nhien tir kha nang tiem an den viec chmh thuc lua chon

dugc mot yeu to nao do la ca mot qua trinh suy ngam cua ngudi

tao lap van ban. Ngudi viet van, lam thcr thudng phai “Iran trd”khi co tim cho ra trong dau de minh mot tir thich hop. Do chmh la

qua trinh van dung quan he lien tudng. Va thuc te da cho thaynhidu khi quan he nay da dugc van dung den muc hoan hao, nghtala ngudi dgc khong the tim dugc mot yeu khac tot hon thay thecho yeu to ma tac gia da chon lua. De thu nghiem xin ban doc hay

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van dung 6c lien tudng cua minh de tim yeu to thay the cho yeu toin nghieng trong may cau ca dao dudi day cua tac gia dan gian :

Ngudi xinh cai <i>non</i> cung xinh

„ Ngudi gion cai tinh <i>tinh tinh</i> cung gion

<i><small>(Ca dao)</small></i>

Dang corn lira tat com soi

Lon keu, con khdc, chong doi tom <i>tern.</i>

<i><small>(Ca dao)</small></i>

Qua la khong dd !

Nhu vay la quan he lien tudng cho phep ngudi noi duoc quyen

lua chon yeu to thich hop trong day lien tudng de tao lap van ban.

Tuy nhien su lua chon nay con phai tuy thuoc vao kha nang to hopcac yeu to duoc lua chon de tao ra ngu doan. Dieu do cung conghla la mdi mot ket hop, mot phat ngon, mot van ban duoc hinh

thanh deu la ket qua cua su van dung ca hai quan he : quan he lien

tudng va quan he ngu doan.

<i>— Quan he thic bac (hierarchical relation). </i>Quan he nay bieu

hien tinh ton ti, thii bac cua cac cap do ngon ngu. Co ngudi goi laquan he bao ham, quan he cap he hay quan he cap b£c. Quan he

thu bac duoc the hien o chd : Don vi thuoc cap do cao hon bao gib

cung bao ham don vi thuoc cap do thap hon. Trai lai, don vi thuoccap do thap hon bao gib cung nam trong don vi thuoc cap do caohon, la thanh to cau tao don vi thuoc cap do cao hon.

Theo mdi quan he nay thl cau bao ham tit, tir bao ham hinh vi,

hinh vi bao ham am vi. Trai lai, am vi nam trong hinh vi, hinh vinam trong tir va tir nam trong cau. Tren li thuyet (va ca trong thuc

te cung dung nhu vay), mdi don vi thuoc cap cao hon bao gib cunggdm it nhat mot don vi thuoc cap thap hon. Ngoai mot vai dan

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chung da neu <i>a</i> cac trang trade, co the liet ke them dr day may vidu khac nua de cho van dd dune sang to hon.

- Cau gom mot tir: - <i>Can than !</i>

- Tir gom mot hinh vi <i>: saya (loi),hari</i> (ngay), <i>ini</i> (nay) trongtieng Malay ; <i>chan,lay, mat, miii, an, ngu,...</i> trong tieng Viet.

- Hinh vi gom mot am vi : thing-s (cac thu), <i>says </i>(nd noi)trong tieng Anh.

Nhu vay moi quan he am vi - hinh vi - tir - cau la quan he giua

nhung don vi khong dong loai, khong ciing cap do. Do rd rang la

quan he thur bac. Trong quan he thu* bac, cac don vi ngon ngu vira

neu khac nhau ca ve pham chat l£n chirc nang ma chung dam nhantrong he thong ngon rigu.

c) Tir su xem xet cac don vi (yeu to) va cac quan he pho quatchi phoi co che hoat dong cua ngon nga cd the noi Hing <i>ngon ngucd mot can true phuc tap, bao gomnhungdemvikhongdong loai</i>

<i>co quanhe qualai.</i> Noi nhu A. Reformatxki, day co the coi la mot

<i>dqc diem dienhinh </i>cua ngon ngu.

Nhu vay la trong he thong ngon ngu cd nhieu tieu he thong,

nhieu bo phan khac nhau. Didu do If giai vi sao trong mot nganhhoc chung la ngon ngu hoc lai phai cd nhieu khoa hoc chuyennganh de xem xet cac tieu he thong, cac bo phan khac nhau cua

ngon ngu : ngu am hoc, ngu phap hoc, tir vung hoc ; ngon ngu hoc

xa hoi, ngon ngu hoc tarn If,... rdi ngu nghTa, hoc, tir nguyen hoc,danhhoc,...

Tinh chat phuc tap cua cau true ngon ngu con la d chd doi khi

mot su kien, mot hien tuqng ngon ngu co the’ tham gia vao khongphai mot ma nhieu tieu he thong, vdi nhieu tu each khac nhau,tham chi tao ra su <i>tiling cap.</i> Trong ngon ngu khong phai khongco nhung yeu to vira la hinh vi, vira la tir, tham chf vira la cau. Yeu

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to u [i] trong tieng Nga chang han, co the la mot hinh vi nhu trong

<i>pyK -u,</i> co the la tir<i> u </i>voi nghia la “va”. Roi cai goi la hinh tiettrong tieng Viet, tieng Han cd the coi nhtr mot sir trimg cap dien

hinh : am tiet - hinh vi - tCr. Thue te tren dat ra van de la phai xem

xet mdi yen to trong he thong cua no. Trong tieng Nga, <i>u</i> [i] vditir each la hinh vi can duoc dat vao he thong, ching han, <i>pyKU -pyKa-pyKy- pynye,</i> com <i>u </i>vdi tur each la tir thi dat vao he

thong <i>u — <small>ho</small>—He,...</i>

Tro len la nhung khao sat chung ve ngon ngu voi tir each la mdt

he thong can true thong thuong. Nhirng phan tiep theo duoi day se

xem xet no tir goc do mot<i> hethongtin hieu.</i>

II - TIN HIEU<b>_{• •}</b> VA HE THONG TIN HIEU<b>_•</b> NGON NGU* - .

<b>1. Tin hieu la gi?</b>

Trong cuoc song h&ng ngay, chung ta gap rat nhieu tin hieu,chinh vi vay da co han mot nganh khoa hoc rieng nghien cun vend : nganh tin hieu hoc (semiology).

Vay tin hieu la gl ?

- Theo nghTa thong thuong, tin hieu duoc hieu la dau hieu quyuoc de truyen dat thong tin. Do la mot sir vat, mot hien tuong kfchthich vao giac quan cua ta, lam cho ta tri giac duoc, If giai va nghi

tdi mot cai gl do ngoai sir vat, hien tuong ay. Vf du, tieng keng baotrong doanh trai quan doi la mot tin hieu vi am thanh cua nd tac

dong den tai ta, lam ta nhd den gid an com hay gid tap the due

chang han ; mau vang cua he thong den giao thong tac dong vao

mat ta, lam ta lien he den viec chuan bi di hoac chuan bi dimg lai.Nhtr vay mot sir vat se duoc coi la mot tin hieu khi:

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+ Nd la v^t chat, kich thfch den giac quan cua con ngubi va conngubi nhan biet duoc, cam nhan duoc. Vat chat o day la nhung thu’

cu the nhu mau sdc, anh sang, hinh ve, vat the, am thanh,... tire lanhung cai con ngubi nhan biet dirge qua giac quan.

+ No dai dien cho mot cai gi do, mang mot y nghTa nao do.Den vang the hien y nghTa “chuan bi”, den xanh the hien y nghTa

“di”. Giua den vang, den xanh va noi dung ma cac vat ay the hienkhong trung nhau.

Tat nhien moi quan he giua su vat va y nghTa ma no the hien

phai duoc con ngubi nhan there, tuc la con ngubi phai biet moi lien

he ay, thi su vat moi duoc coi la tin hieu.

Noi each khac, <i>tinhieu cdhai mat : mat bleu hien (matvat</i>

<i>chat) va mat ditcrc bieuhien (y nghTa).</i>

- Moi quan he giua mat bieu hien (co ngubi goi la cai bieu

hien) va mat duoc bieu hien (co ngubi goi la cai duoc bieu hien) laco <i>tinh vd dodn. Moi</i> quan he giua mau do va y nghla “cam di”,

giua mau vang va y nghTa “chuan bi”, giua mau xanh va y nghTa

“di” cua he thong den giao thong la do su quy uoc, mang tmh vo

doan. Doi vbi ngon ngu, giua hinh thue ngu am va khai niem ma

no bieu thi cung hoan toan do su quy uoc mang tmh chat xa hoi,

khong co moi tuong quan ben trong bdt buoc nao ca. Chmh vi vay

de bieu thi ciing mot khai niem, moi ngon ngu da su dung mot

hinh' thirc ngu am “cua rieng” minh, chang han, <i>ban</i> trong tieng

Viet, <i>table </i>trong tieng Anh, <i>meja</i> trong tieng Malay,... Noi eachkhac, moi quan he giua mat bieu hien va mat duoc bieu hien cuatin hieu ngon ngu la quan he khong If do, khong cd su quy dinhl&n nhau.

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<i>— Su vat duac coiId tinhieu phdi nam trong mot he thongtin</i>

<i>hieu nhat dinh.</i> Gia tri tin hieu, tu each tin hieu cua sir vat chi dirgexac dinh trong moi lien he vdi cac tin hieu khac cua he thong. Denvang phai diroc dat trong he thong ciing vdi den xanh va den do thino moi co y nghia “chuan bi”, tuc la moi co tu each mot tin hieu.Chi mot minh den vang, tu than khong tro thanh tin hieu giao

thong dugc. Theo mot each dien dat khac, tin hieu phai co <i>gid trikhu biet.</i> Mau vang, mau xanh, mau do trong he thong den giao

thong la de phan biet ba y nghia vira neu : chuan bi, di, cam di.

<b>2. He thongtin hieu ngon ngur</b>

Mot tin hieu, nhu tren da noi, phai co hai mat : mat bieu hien(mat vat chat) va mat dugc bieu hien. Trong ngon ngu, mat bieu

hien la hmh thuc am thanh (ngu am) edn mat dugc bieu hien lakhai niem hay doi tugng bieu thi. Theo tieu chuan nay thi hinh viva tir ro rang la nhung tin hieu. Hinh vi la don vi nhd nhat co y

nghia (y nghia tir vung hoac y nghia ngu phap, hay “co gia tri vemat ngu phap”), tire co “mat dugc bieu hien”, vi du, cac hinh vi

<i>learn, er, ing,ed</i> trong cac tir learn, learner, learning, learned cua

tieng Anh ; cac hinh vi <i>gia, qudc, ki</i> trong cac tir <i>qudc gia, qudcki</i>

cua tieng Viet. Tir cung la tin hieu co hai mat : mat am thanh vamat y nghia, vi du, ban, <i>ghe,nhd,dep, beo,...Va phatngonId motchuoi cac tinhieu ngon ngu.</i>

Nhu vay<i> ngonngu mang ban chat tin hieu. Ban thanngon nguId mot he thong tinhieu dien hinh.</i>

<i>- He thong ngon ngu khacvdi nhitng he thong vat chat khackhong phdi latin hieu,</i> chang han, mot co the song, mot toa nha,mot cai cay,...

Doi vdi nhung he thong vat chat khong phai tin hieu, cac yeu tocua nd cd gia tri doi vdi he thong nhd nhung thuoc tinh vat chat tu

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nhien cua.chung. Vi du, nhung yeu to cua co the ngudi (nhir tim,

phoi, da day,...) co gia tri trong.“he thong co the ngirdi” la nhd

nhung thuoc tinh vat chat tu nhien cua ban than co the con ngirdi.

Doi vdi he thong tin hieu, trong do co he thong tin hieu ngon ngu,cac yeu to cua no co gia tri doi vdi he thong khong phai nhd

. nhung thuoc tinh vat chat tu nhien cua chung ma nhd nhung thuoctinh duoc con ngirdi trao cho, gan cho de chi ra nhung khai niemhay tu tirong nao do. Co the thay ro dieu nay qua vi du da neu tren

vd he thong den giao thong.

- Khong chi la he thong tin hieu, ngon ngu con la mot <i>he thong</i>

<i>tin hieudac hiet.</i> Tinh chat dac biet cua he thong ngon ngu so vdi

cac he thong tin hieu khac diroc the hien o nhung diem dirdi day :

+ Ngon ngir la mot he thong phirc tap, bao gdm cac yeu to dong

loai va khong dong loai (xem chi tiet o cac phan trade), vdi soluong khong xac dinh. Nhung he thong tin hieu khac nhir he thongden giao thong trong thanh pho, he thong bien bao tren song mrdc,

he thong quan ham, quan hieu,... chi bao gom mot so luong huu

han nhung yeu to dong loai. He thong tin hieu ngon ngir khong

phai nhir vay. Trong he thong ngon ngir, hinh vi, tir, cau thuoc vecac bac khac nhau (khong dong loai). So lirong hinh vi cd the hanche nhimg so lirong tir trong mdi ngon ngir thi vd cimg Idn, concac phat ngon cu the thi cd the coi la vo han.

+ Trong he thong tin hieu ngon ngir co nhieu tieu he thong,

chang han, he thong am vi, he thong hinh vi, he thong tu vung,...

+ Trong he thong ngon ngir, tin hieu cd the mang tinh da tri.

Thong thuong, doi vdi mot he thong tin hieu binh thuong, moi

quan he giua cai bieu hien va cai duqc bieu hien cd tinh don tri,

tuc la giua cai bieu hien va cai duoc bieu hien cd su tuong ung 1-1.

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Trong he thong tin hieu ngon ngu, trai lai, khong hiem nhung

trubng hop mot cai.bieu hien ttrong ung vdi nhieu cai dupe bieuhien khac nhau. Vi du dien hinh cho trubng hop nay la nhung titda nghia va nhung tur dong am von rat pho bien d tat ca cac ngonngu the gidi. Trong tieng Viet chdng han, to hop ngu dm <i>dtfdng-kinh</i> la cai bieu hien cua hai cai dupe bieu hien : “dubng tMng dean da dupe tinh che thanh tinh the” va “doan thang noi hai diemcua dubng trbn va di qua tarn cua nd”. Rdi lai cung cd trubng hop

mot cai dupe bieu hien tucmg ung vdi nhieu cai bieu hien. Khai

niem (cai dupe bieu hien) “chet” chang han, cd the tuong umg vdi

mot so cai bieu hien : <i>thac, ve gia, haindm mifcri, di, tich,...</i> Them

nua, khac vdi nhung tin hieu thong thubng von “vo hdn”, tin hieungon ngu con cd kha nang truyen dat ca nhung cung bac khac

nhau trong tinh cam cua con ngubi.

Tom lai, ngon ngu khong phai la mot he thong thong thubng

ma la mot he thong tin hieu, hem nua con la he thong tin hieu dacbiet. Chinh ban chat tin hieu cua he thong ngon ngu vdi su phiictap va da dang ve cau true cua nd da la mot nhan to trung tarn va

tien quyet dam bao cho ngon ngu thuc hien dupe hai chuc qang

trong yeu cua minh : chuc nang giao tiep va chuc nang phan anh.

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<i><small>CHlfONG III</small></i>

NGUdN G(5C VA Stf PHAT TRI^N

I - NGUON GOC CUA NGON NGU* .

Thuoc van de ve nguon goc cua ngon ngu co hai chuyenkhac nhau.

Thii nhat, do la nguon goc cua mot ngon ngu cu the nao do, vidu, nguon goc cua tieng Viet, cua tieng Anh, cua tieng Tay, cua

tieng Meo,... Voi str phat trien cua ngon ngu hoc hien dai, ngay

nay van de nguon goc cua nhieu ngon ngu dang duoc lam sang to.

Tham chi, nguoi ta con tim ra duoc nhung moi quan he ho hanggan xa cua cac ngon ngu the gidi. Cau chuyen ve nguon goc cua

cac ngon ngu cu the nhu v&y se duoc trinh bay trong chuong tieptheo cua giao trinh nay.

Thu hai, do la nguon goc cua ngon ngu loai nguoi noi chung.

Day la van de gin lien vdi <i>nguon goc cua xa hoi loaingicdi.</i> Cho

den nay, noi chung, ngudi ta khong kho khan lim trong viec chapnh£n Hing chua cd ngon ngu thi chua the goi la con nguoi duoc.Noi khac di, nguon goc cua ngon ngu gin chat vdi nguon goc cua

xa hoi loai nguoi. Ma tim hieu ve nguon goc cua xa hoi loai nguoi

thi qua la khong dd. Do v£y day khong chi la nhiem vu cua ngonngu hoc ma cdn cua nhieu khoa hoc khac thuoc Imh vuc xa hoi va

nhAn van nhu su hoc, xa hoi hoc, tarn If hoc, nhan loai hoc,... thamchi ca y hoc, sinh Ii hoc,... Vi la van de phuc tap nhu vay cho nen,

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ve <i>ca</i> ban, nhimg dieu duoc trinh bay dudi day mdi chi dimg lai onhimg gia thuyet ft nhieu dang tin cay chu chira phai la nhimg cur

lieu khoa hoc chuan xac 100%.

Chiromg nay se ban v6 nguon goc cua ngon ngu loai ngudi

<b>1. Lich sir van de</b>

Ngay tir xa xua, van de nguon goc cua xa hoi loai ngudi noichung va cua ngon ngu noi rieng da duoc con ngudi quan tarn.

Nhimg cau hoi dai loai nhu sau da duqc dat ra : <i>To liencon ngititiva ngonngii ciiaconngititi ra ddi ti( dau ? Conngi(&i va ngon ngiixudihien tren trdi ddt nay la nhacdi gi hay nhcrai ?,...</i> Khi ma khoa

hoc chua phat trien, nhieu ngudi cho ding con ngudi va ngon ngttcua ho, cung nhu the gidi muon loai, deu do Thuong De sinh ra.Tuy nhien ve sau nay da co khong fl cac gia thuyet khac nhau venguon goc cua ngon ngu.

— Dua vao su ton tai ciia nhimg than tir nhu <i>a, oi, d,a,aha, di,</i>

<i>aha,... trong </i>tieng Viet, <i>oh, </i><small>mw</small>,<i> god,... trong</i> tieng Anh, <i>ax, ox,...</i>

trong tieng Nga,... mot so ngudi cho ding ngon ngu cua con ngudibdt nguon tir nhimg am thanh dune phat ra khi con ngudi o vaotrang thai xue dong, g£n li£n voi cac trang thai vui, buon, hon,

gian, dau ddn, ngac nhien,... Thuyet nay duoc goi la thuyet camthan va phat trien manh vao cac the ki tir XVIII den XX. Nhimgcai ten tieu bieu nhu Rutso, Humbol, Stangdan,... la dai dien chohoc thuyet nay.

- Trong the gidi bao quanh con ngudi cd rat nhmu am thanhkhac nhau. Cd mot so am thanh cua the gidi da di vao ngon ngu,

tro thanh nhimg tir ma ngay nay cac nha ngon ngu hoc thuong goi

la tir tuong thanh, tir sao phong. chang han, <i>meonieo </i>(tieng keucua meo), <i><small>chocchoc</small></i> (tieng keu cua chim cuoc), <i>ambo</i> (tieng keu

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cua bo), nghe <i>g</i> (tieng keu cua nghe con), <i>boong</i> (tieng keu cua

<i>chuong), buihbich</i> (tieng keu cua xe gan may), <i>coc coc</i> (tieng keucua mo), <i>roc rdch (tieng</i> nude chay),... Dua vao nhung tu nay,

ngudi ta cho rang ngon ngu cua con ngudi la sir bat chudc nhung

am thanh von co trong tu nhien. Day la quan niem cua nhungngudi theo thuyet tuqng thanh — mot thuyet manh nha tu thdi co

dai nhung phat trien kha manh tu the ki XVII den tan ngay nay.Theo thuyet nay, con ngudi su dung bo may phat am cua minh d£mo phdng nhung am thanh do su vat phat ra nhu tieng keu cua suevat, tieng sam set, tieng nude chay, tieng gid thoi, tieng mua roti,...Nha triet hoc noi tieng Platon cho ding noi dung su bat chudc amthanh chmh la dung dac diem cua am thanh de mo phdng dacdiem cua sir vat khach quan.

- Muon sinh ton, con ngudi phai lao dong. Trong qua trinh laodong, con ngudi phat ra nhung tieng thd, tieng keu. Nhung amthanh mang tfnh tu nhien ay sau nay trd thanh ten goi cua cacdong tac lao dong hoac la nhung tieng keu cua bay ngudi nguyenthuy muon ngudi khac den giup sue. Do vay nhung am thanh ay

chmh la nguon goc cua ngon ngu loai ngudi. Day la mot gia

thuyet do cac hoc gia nhu K. Biukher, L. Nuare de nghi - Thuyet

tieng keu trong lao dong.

- Trong cuoc song hang ngay, ngoai ngon ngu thanh tieng,ngon ngu am thanh ra, con ngudi con cd the “giao tiep” vdi nhau.qua anh mat, dieu bo, cu chi,... Thue te cho thay, chi bang may

ngon tay, hai ngudi cam van cd the giao tiep duqc vdi nhau. Cd leday chinh la If do de mot so nha khoa hoc (nhu Vuntor, Marr,...)cho rang khdi nguon cua ngon ngu loai ngudi chinh la ngon ngu

cu chi. Theo ho, luc dau con ngudi chua co ngon ngu thanh tieng,

ngon ngu am thanh, khi do tu the cua than the va vai trd cua cac

ngon tay da dam nhiem chuc nang giao tiep cita ngon ngu. Marr

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