Giáo trình hệ thống thông tin quản lý / Phạm Thị Thanh Hồng.

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GVC. TS. PHAM THI THANH HONG

n ■

ifrg dungthong tinUnix

Doi tcic \kinhdoanh *Diem ban

May banh^ng

InternetTruyen thong

khong day

Bl/A 10764

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GVC. TS. PHAM THI THANH HONG

GBAO TRBNH

HE THONG THONG TDM QUAN LY

(Tai ban lan thir ba, c6 stra chira)

MGC NG AN HANGTIP. HO CMU MBNH

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Ban quyen thupc veNXB Bach Khoa —Ha Npi.

Moi hinh thuc xuat ban, sao chep ma khong co sir cho phep bang van ban cua

NXB la vi pham phap lu£t.

Ma so: 964- 2012/CXB/56- 42/BKHN

Bien muc tren xuat ban pham cua Thir vien Quoc gia Viet Nam

Pham Thi Thanh H6ng

Giao trinh hd thong thdng tin quan ty I Pham Thi Thanh H6ng. - H. : Bach khoa

Ha N6i, 2012. - 283tr.: hinh ve, bang ; 24cm

Thirmuc: tr. 263-264ISBN 9786049112256

1. H6 thtfng thOng tin quan If 2. Doanh nghifip 3. Giao trinh658.00285 - dcl4

BKH0013p-CIP

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L6’i noi dau

Nhung nam gan day, vai tro cua cac he thong thong tin trong doanh nghiep da

ngay cang lorn manh. Tir cho chi dupe su dung de ho trp mpt so hoat dpng trong vanphong, he thong thong tin da tro nen c6 vai tro chien lupc trong doanh nghiep. Dac

bipt, nhung thanh tun ve cong nghe thong tin vaung dung cua chung trong cac ITnh vuc

da dang khac nhau cua doanh nghiep da khien cho doanh nghiep ngay cang chu y nhieuhorn toi vipc ap dung nhung thanh tuu cong nghp thong tinvao cong viec nham gia tanguru the canh tranh v& tao co hoi cho minh. Hipn nay, trao luu ung dung thanh tuu cong

nghp thong tin khong chi gioi han o cac doanh nghiep 1dm tam co da quoc gia ma danglan rpng trong tat ca cac dang doanh nghiep, ke cac doanh nghiep vira va nhd o cac

nude dang phat trien.

Tuy nhien, viec ung dung thanh tuu cong nghe thong tin khong phai don gian

ngay ca doi voi cac doanh nghiep tam co da quoc gia doi dao ca ve kinh nghiem, nguon

tai luc va nhan luc. Hon nua, mpt ung dung thanh cong trong doanh nghiep nay chuachac da co the dem lai thanh cong tuong tu cho mot doanh nghiep khac. Cuon Giaotrinh He thong thong tin quan ly dupe viet nhSm cung cap nhungkien thuc coban chosinh vien bac dai hoc trong qua trinh tiep can voi kha nang ung dung cac thanh tuu ve

cong nghe thong tin trong nhung linhvuc kinh doanh khac nhau.Cau true cua giao trinh nhu sau:

Chuong 1: Gioi thipu ve hp thong thong tin quan ly.

Chuong 2: Co so ha tang cong nghp cua hp thong thong tin.Chuong 3: Quan ly nguon du lieu.

Chuong 4: Xay dpng va phat trien he thong thong tinquan ly.

Chuong 5: Cac hp thong thong tin npi bp cua doanh nghiep.

Chuong 6: Cac he thong thong tin tich hop.

Chuong 7: Quan ly ung dpng cong nghe thong tin trong doanh nghiep.

Tac gia xin tran trpng cam on c£c thay co giao cua Vien Kinh te & Quan ly, cacepng tac vien, ban be dong nghipp vacac hpc vien da gop yva lamviec tich cue dd cho

giao trinh dupe ramatban dpc.

Tuy da co rat nhieu co gang, cuon giao trinh van khong tranh khdi nhung han

che v& thieu s6t, mong ban dpc thu loi. Mpi y kien gop y xin gui ve Bp mon Quan trikinh doanh, Vipn Kinh te va Quan ly, Dai hpc Bach khoaHa Npi, so 1 Dai Co Vipt, Ha

Npi; dipn thoai 04. 38692301; email: hongptt—fem@ mail.hut. edu.vn.

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MUC

■ ■

LUC

LC5INOI DAU...3

CHUUNG 1. GIOI THlEU VE HE TH6NG THONG TIN QUAN LY...9

1.1. Thai dai thong tin... 9

1.1.1. Nhicng dac trung ctia then dai thong tin ... 10

1.1.2. Dae diem cua nen kinh te trong thai dai thong tin ... 12

1.2. He thong thong tin quan ly... ...13

1.2.1. The nao la mot he thong... ...13

1.2.2. He thong thong tin quan ly...13

1.2.3. Cac thanh phan co ban cua hp thong thong tin quan ly...15

1.3. Vai trd vatac dong cua he thong thong tin trong doanh nghiep... 16

1.4. Xu huong phat trien cua cong ngh? thong tin va truyen thong... ... 20

CHlTONG 2. CO SO HA TANG CONG NGHfi CtlA HE TH6NG THONG TIN.. 29

2.1. Phan cung...29

2.1.1. CPU va Bo nhoso cap...'....30

2.1.2. Bp vi xu ly va cong sudt xu ly...32

2.1.3. Lira trie va truy xuat du lipu... 33

2.1.4. Thiet bi vao va thiet bi ra...35

2.1.5. Cac dang may tinh... 38

2.1.6. Lua chon phan cung...39

2.2. Hethongtruyen thong...39

2.2.1. D}nh nghta he thong truyen thong...40

2.2.2. Cac cau true lien ket mang... 45

2.2.3. Mang theo pham vi... ...48

2.2.4. Dich vu mang va cong nghp bang thong rpng...50

2.3. Phan mem...52

2.3.1. Phan mem hp thong...52

2.3.2. Phan mem ungdung...59

CHlTONG 3. QUAN LY DU* LIEU... ...63

3.1. Dir lieu va thong tin... 63

3.2. Thong tin trong doanh nghiep... 64

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3.2.1. Cac dang thong tin trong doanh nghipp...64

3.3.1. Nguon thong tin ben ngoai...- 70

3.4.2. Mo hinh thicc hien — mo hinh co so die lieu quan h$ 72

3.5.1. Xdc djnh thuc the va cac thupc tinh cua thuc the...77

3.7. Cong nghe, quan ly, va nguoi su dyng co so du lieu ...84

CHlTONG 4. XAY Dl/NG VA PHAT TRIEN HE THONG THONG TIN

4.1.2. Thiet ke hp thong... 102

4.2. Cac phuong phap xay d\mg va phat trien h? thong thong tin 109

4.3. Cac phuong phap quan ly xay dimg va phattriin he thong thong tin 114

4.3.2. Thue ngoai

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4.3.3. Mua phan mem dung san...117

4.3.4. Ngicdri diing ticxay dyng phan mem... ...121

4.3.5. Thue dich vu icng dung...124

4.4. Nguyen nhan thanh cong va that bai trong xay dymg va phat tricn he thongthong tin...125

4.4.1. Vai tro cua ngicdri sic dung1254.4.2. Miic dp ho trpr cua nha quan ly... ...126

4.4.3. Mice dp rid ro va dp phicc tqp cua dy an... 126

4.4.4. Chat hepmg quan ly qua trinh thicc hipn... 127

CHVONG 5. CAC HE TH6NG THONG TIN N()I BQ CUA DOANH NGHlEP.. 129

5.1. Phan loai theo muc dichphuc vu cuathong tin dau ra...129

5.1.1. He thong thong tin xic ly gido dich... 130

5.1.2. Hp thong thong tin ty dpng hoa vanphong... 131

5.1.3. He chuyen gia... ...139

5.1.4. He thong thong tin phuc vu quan ly...139

5.1.5. Hp thong thong tin ho trprra quyet dinh...140

5.1.6. He thong thong tin ho trpr dieu hanh...140

5.1.7. Moi quan he giica cac he thong noi Iren... 141

5.2. Phan loai he thong thong tin theo chuc nSng nghipp vu... 142

5.2.1. He thong thong tin marketing...142

5.2.2. He thong thong tin quan ly san xudt...146

5.2.3. He thong thong tin nhan lyc...148

5.2.4. He thong thong tin ke loan va tai chinh...150

5.3. He thong thong tin ho trg ra quyet dinh...154

5.3.1. Vai tro cua nha quan ly trong cac doanh nghipp...154

5.3.2. Cac dang quyet dinh trong doanh nghipp...157

5.3.3. Qua trinh ra quyet dinh...158

5.3.4. Khai nipm hp thong thong tin ho trpr ra quyet dinh...159

5.3.5. Cac yeu to cdu thanh cua hp thong thong tin ho trpr quyet dinh...160

5.3.6. Hp thong thong tin hd trprra quyet dinh theo nhom... ...161

CHLfOiNG 6. CAC HE TH6NG THONG TIN TICK HQP...165

6.1. Khai niem ve tich hop cdc chuc nang va quy trinh nghipp vy...165

6.2. He thong hoach dinh nguon luc doanhnghipp...167

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6.2.1. Lgi ich va thach thuc cua he thong hoach dinh nguon luc doanh nghiep. 168

6.2.2. Cac chu the lien quan den viec trien khai ERP...170

6.3. He thong quan ly chuoi cung ung... 172

6.3.1. Vai tro cua he thong quan ly chuoi cung ung...173

6.3.2. Yeu cau doi voi he thong quan trj chuoi cung ung cho cac doanh nghiepsan xuat...173

6.4. He thong quan ly quan h? khach hang... 175

6.4.1. Chuc nang cua CRM.6.4.2. Mot so giai phap CRM cd uy tin tren the giai... ...178

6.5. He thong thong tin cung cap tri thuc... 178

6.5.1. Cong viec cung cap thong tin va tri thuc la gi?... 179

6.5.2. Mot so dqc diem trong quan ly tri thuc... 180

6.5.3. Vai tro cua he thong tin cung cap tri thuc trong cac to chuc...182

6.5.4. Cacyeu cau doi vai he thong thong tin cung cap tri thuc... 183

6.6. Thuomg mai dien tu...184

6.6.1. Sir dung he thong thong tin tao uu the canh tranh... 184

6.6.2. Thuomg mai dien tic: mot mo hinh kinh doanh med... 186

6.6.3. Cac dang hoat dong thuomg mai dien tu...188

6.6.4. Su khac biet giica thuomg mai dien tu va thuomg mai theo truyen thong. 189CHlTONG 7. QUAN LY UNG DUNG CONG NGHE THONG TIN TRONGDOANH NGHIfiP______________________________________________1997.1. Thach thuc doi voi cac doanhnghiep...199

7.1.1. Thiet lap va tich hap cac he thong...199

7.1.2. D}nh gid... 201

7.1.3. Thu hut khach hang...202

7.1.4. Cac van de ve quan ly va quyet dinh... 203

7.2. Ke hoach ung dung cong nghe thong tin... 205

7.3. Co soha tang cong nghe thongtin trong thdi dg.i thong tin...208

7.3.1. Mang doanh nghiep va mqng ma rpng...208

7.3.2. Chuan hda, ket noi va tich hap...209

7.4. Quan ly h$ thong thong tin trong hoat dpng kinh doanh toancau...212

7.4.1. Cac van de cd lien quan tai vung, mien, quoc gia...212

7.4.2. Chuan hda va tich hpp cac hp thong thong tin toan cau...213

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7.4.3. Quan ly nguon nhan hcc do... ...214

PHV LVC A. HU*6NG DAN THtfC HANH ACCESS...220

BAI 1. Gldl THIEU V£ CSDL TRONG MOITRUING ACCESS 2007...220

BAI 2. GlOlTHTEUVtCSDL TRONGMOITRUING ACCESS 2007(TIEP) .227BAI 3. TAO BAO CAO VAMENU LI/A CHQN VOl MS ACCESS 2003.235BAI 4. QUERIES VA THONGMENU CHQN...238

PHQ LVC B. SU* DVNG EXCEL TRONG H6 TRQ RA QUYET DINH...249

B.l. Phan tich do nhayva phan tich hoi quy...249

B.1.1. Phan tich do nhay mot chieu...249

B.l.2. Phan tich dp nhpy hai chieu... 250

B.l.3. Phan tich hoi quy...1...251

B.2. SCENARIO, GOAL SEEK, SOLVER...251

B.2.1. Bai toan phan tich tlnh huong... 251

B.2.2. Bai toan tim diem hda von bang Goal Seek...254

B.2.3. Bai toan quy hoach tuyen tinh (Linear Programming) ... 255

B.2.4. Dura cong cu Solver vao trong Data...258

Bai tap phan tich kinh doanh tren EXCEL...259

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO...263

MQT S6 THUAT NGU* CHUYEN NGANH... ...265

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GIO’l THIEU VE

■

Npi dung chinh

—Thdi dai thong tin.

— Cac khai niem co ban lien quan tai he thong thong tin.— Tai sao phai quan ly he thong thong tin?

—He thong thong tin la gi?

— Cac dang he thong thong tin trong doanh nghiep.

— Xu huong phat trienung dung cong nghe thong tintrong quan ly doanh nghiep.

1.1. Thai dai thong tin

Trong nhung nam gan day, the gioi da nhanh chong thay doi; sir ra doi ciia cac

cong ty da quoc gia, str hpi nhap cua cac cong ty nhd va vua de tao thanh cac con rongkhong 16 trong the gioi kinh doanh, su chuyen bien cua nen kinh te chung toan cau tu

kinh te cong nghiep theo cac nganh nghe thanh mot nen kinh te dich vu dua tren co soki£n thuc va thong tin da tao ra nhung co hpi cung nhu nhung thach thuc moi cho moidoanh nghiep va viec quan ly chung. Mot trong nhung nguyen nhan quan trong tao nennhung thay doi nay chinh la sir bung no cuoc each mang khoa hoc cong nghe ma di daula sir bung no va xam nhap cua Cong nghe thong tin (CNTT) vao moi matcua doi songchinh tri, kinh te, xa hoi. Chinh di6u nay da tao ranen kinh te tri thuc voi sir chuyen dich

quan trong ve vai tro cua cac nguon lire coban tao nen cua cai vat chatcho xahoi. Thong

tin va tri thuc tro thanh mot nguon lire quan trong, mot sue manh to Ion, cung vdri nam

nguon lyre truycn thong (con nguoi, phong each quan ly, tai chinh, quy trinh va nguyen

vat li?u san xuat) tao nen sue manh cho moi doanh nghiep. Trong moi truong kinh te tri

thuc do, cac doanh nghiep, hon bao gio het, can nam vung cac thong tin ve moi truongkinh doanh; cu the hon la nhung thong tin ve doi thu canh tranh, ve khach hang, ve cac

doi tac kinh doanh vd edeh phoi hpp hogtdpng cua nhung bp phan chuc nang khac nhautrong doanh nghiep nham tao ra uu the c$mh tranh, cung c6 vi tri cua doanh nghiep, vad?t dupe nhung mpc tieu ma doanh nghiep da xac djnh trong phuemg huong hoat dongcuaminh. Noi edeh khde, thong tin va tri thuc dan tro thanhnhan to tac dong sau sic d6nspr phat trien cua todn nhan lopi noi chung vd cua m6i quoc gia noi rieng.

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Nhan thuc dirge tarn quan trpng cua thong tin, tren the gicSri cung nhu o VietNam, cdc doanh nghiep dang co xu huong day m?nh ung dung cong nghp thong tin.

Cac hp thong may tinh da tro thanh mpt cong cu khong the thieu trong cong tac quan lyd mpi co quan khac nhau, tir cac co quan hanh chfnh su nghiep, toi cac co quan truetiep tham gia vao qua trinh san xuat, kinh doanh, tao ra cua cai vat chat cho toan xa hpi.Cac doanh nghiep da cam nhan dupe het tatca nhung Ipi ich cua vipc su dyng may tinhtrong hoat dong san xuat, kinh doanh va luu tru, khai thac, xu ly nhung thong tin san

co trong doanh nghiep.

1.1.1. Nh&ng dac trirng cua th&i dai thong tin

Trong khoang vai ndm tro lai day, khong chi cd cdc he thong may tinh cue bplen ngoi ma tren toan bp thi truong da bat dauxuathien cai gpi lahp thong mang thong

tin quoc te — Internet. Viec su dung Internet da giup cac doanh nghiep tang kha nangkinh doanh len gap bpi va do la mot trongnhung nguyen nhan chfnh thuc day cac nuoc

con lac hau ve trang thiet bi va ky thuat nhu nuoc ta dau tu vao phat trien he thongtruyen tin qua mang Internet nay.

Mot cau hoi dat ra o day la, bang each nao ma mang Internet co the giup cac

doanh nghiep tang kha nang kinh doanh cua minh. Trude het, do la do kha nang trao

doi nhanh chong thong tin tir nori naytoi nori khac, giup cho cac doanh nghiep, ddc biptlacac cong ty da quoc gia cd the thiet lap he thong lien lac va trao doi nhung ke hoachhanh dong mpt each nhanh chong va dung luc. Thong qua Internet, cac doanh nghiep cd

the thiet lap mpt moi trirdmg lam viec do — cdc doi tac, nhung nhom lam viec each xa

nhau ve mat dia ly van cd the lien lac dupe vori nhau mpt each de dang, nhanh chong, vakip then.

Ben canh kha nang tao ra moi truong lam vice ao, Internet con lampt mang luoitiep thi tot nhat ma ngay nay cac doanh nghiep cd the su dung de tiep can cac khachhang cua minh or moi noi tren the gioi — kha nang giao tiep true tiep. Su ra doi va Ionmanh cua Internet da tao co hpi cho vipc truyen thong giua cac vung tren toan the gioiva cung voi nd la viec thiet lap cac quyet dinh trong moi mpt doanh nghiep nhu eachthuc chuyen hang hda cho khdeh hang, thiet lap muc gid bdn cua mpt loai hdng hda ndodo, su thay doi chicn luge khuyen mai de dat dupe hipu qua khi cd mpt su kipn bat ngo

xay ra,... chi dien ra trong vong 24 gid, doi khi con cd the nhanh hon the. Hom nua,

ngay nay, cung thong qua Intermet, khdeh hang cd thd ticn hdnh cdc thuong vy mua

bdn o khdp noi tren the gioi va ndm vung ve su thay doi gid ca cua hang hda het suenhanh chong, ngay khi viec thay doi do moi vira dupe thuc hipn o mpt noi edeh dd

hangngan km.

Mpt xu huong nua ma ngay nay cung dang dupe cdc doanh nghipp het sue chu ytdi la xu hudng tu dpng hda cdc qud trinh san xuat vd quan ly trong doanh nghipp. Sytieu chuan hda qua trinh quan vdi tieu chuan quoc td ISO 9000, dd tro thanh mptthach thuc doi vdi cac doanh nghiep nhd, ddc bipt la cdc doanh nghipp dang phdt trien

trong mpt nen kinh te chuyen ddi nhu nen kinh te Vipt Nam.

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Cac day chuyen sin xuat hien nay dang dirge dp dung d hau het cdc nha may, canhitng ncri san xuat tyr dpng hoan toan vdi khoi lupng Ion tori nhung nod san xuat ban tudung vdi khoi lupng nhd, deu dupe dieu khidn bing nhung he thong may moc da dupelap trinh sin. Day d6, ngudi ta nhan thay cd nhung robot hoat dpng tu dpng cung 1dm

vipc trong mpt day chuyen san xuat vdri nhung ngudi cong nhan chuyen nghiep.

Neu trong nhung day chuyen san xuat nhu vay, su truyen thong tin tu mpt bp

phan nay qua mpt bp phan khde khong lien tyc va chinh xac hay he thong thong tin npibp trong cac doanh nghiep do hoat dong khong hieu qua, thi viec quan ly qua trinh san

xuatsc trd nen het sue kho khan.

Tatca nhung van de do co y nghiavo cung quan trong doi vdi cac doanh nghiepva doi hoi cac doanh nghiep phai chu trpng hem nua tdi cong nghe thong tin va viec to

chuc mang ludi thong tin trong doanh nghiep mpt each hieu qua nhat. N6i each khac,

cac doanh nghiep can tim each nam vung nhung thay doi ve cong nghe vd kha nang ungdung cong nghe thong tin truyen thong trong doanhnghiep, kham phanhung Ipi ich mdima thdidai thong tin — thdi dai ma tri thuc trd thanh sue manh —co the dem lai.

Bang 1.1. Nhung diem khac biet cua thdi dai thong tinso vdi mpt so cac thdi dai khac

Thori dai nong nghiep Thdi dai cong nghiep Thdi dai thong tin

Khoang thdi gian Trude nhung

1800 tdi 1957 1957 tod nay

Nhan congchinh Nong dan Cong nhan trongnha may

Nhan congtri thuc

Quan hp Con ngudi vd Con ngudi va Con ngudi va

Cong cy chu yeu Cong cy cam tay May moc Cong nghe thong tinNhin chung, thdi dai thong tin dupe danh daubdi nam dac didm quan trpng:

— Thdi dai thong tin xuat hien do su xuat hien cua cac hoat dpng xa hpi dua tren

nen tang thong tin. Trong thdi gian gan day, nhieu hoat dpng cua xa hpi da su dyng

cong nghp thong tin truyen thong vA phat huy dupe nhung mat tich cue cua nd.

— Kinh doanh trong thdi dpi thong tin phy thupc vao cong nghp thong tin dupe

su dyng de thyc hipn cong vipc kinh doanh.

- Trong thdi dai thong tin, nang suat lao dpng tang len nhanh chong.

- Hipu qua su dyng cong nghp thong tin xdc dinh su thanh cong trong thdi daithong tin.

— Trong thdi dai thong tin, cong nghp thong tin co mat trong mpi san pham va

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1.1.2. Dac diem cua nenkinh tetrong thdi daithong tin

Trong then dai thong tin, d khap nori tren the gidi, nen kinh te bat dau xuat hi?n

mpt hinh thai moi gpi la nen kinh te dich vu va thong tin, mpt nen kinh to khac han sovoi nen kinh te cong nong nghiep truoc day. So nguoi lam vi?c trong cac van phong

khai thac thong tin de tao ra cac hipu qua kinh te da tang len cimg voi s\r suy giam cua

so nguoi true tiep dung hai ban tay de tao ra san pham. Mqt str chuyen bicn ro ret daxay ra d khip moi nori tren the gidi. Trongdo, cSn phai ke tdi bon yeu to sau:

Trude het, la su dich chuyen cac trung tam san xuat hang hoa ve cac nude thupcthe gidi thu bava cac nude dangphat trien. Vao cung thdi diem do, cac nude phat trienbat dau dich chuyen danve xu huong dichvu. Cdc san pham det va thep dang thdi duocsan xuat chu yeu d cac nude chau A, trong khi Bic My va cac nude chau Au trd thanhnguon cung cap cac dich vu va sanpham ky thuat cao haycacphan mem may tinh.

Thu hai, daco mot suphat trien nhanh chong cac san pham va dich vu thong tin

va tri thuc. Cac san pham thong tin va tri thuc la cdc san pham doi hoi phai hoc v^ co

nhieu tri thuc ve each thuc san xuat. Muc su dung tri thuc trong cac san pham hien taicung tang len dang ke so vdi cac san pham truyen thong. Xu hudng nay co the thay ronhat trong nganh san xuat oto nod ma ca thiet ke v& san xuat deu chu yeu dura vao congnghe thong tin cung cap tri thuc. Trong thap ky qua, cac nha san xuat oto da tang

cuong thue cac chuyen gia may tinh, ky su va nhung nha thiet ke trong khi giam socong nhan true tiep san xuat. Hang loat cac cong ty lam viec thuan tuy dua tren thong

tin va tri thuc cung da ra ddi va phat trien nhu CompuServe, Dow Jones News Serviceva Lexis. So nhan cong lam viec trong cac cong ty nay hien nay da len tdi con so hang

trieu nguoi.

Thu ba, da xuat hien su thay the cac cong nhan san xuat bang sue lao dpng bdi

cac nhan cong thong tin va tri thuc trong lihh vuc san xuat hang hoa. Nhung nguoi van

hanh may moc thiet bi da bi thay the bdi nhung nhan vien ky thuat dieu khien cac cong

cu dieu khien may mdc thong qua may tinh.

Thu tu, nhung dang moi cua cac to chuc van hanh tren co so tri thuc va thongtin da xuat hien va tham gia vao tat ca cac qua trinh san xuat kinh doanh nhu san xuat,

xuly va phan phoi thongtin.

Su chuydn bien ro ret do da khien cho cong ngh? va he thong thong tin tim dugc

vi tri & trung tam dau nao cua cdc doanh nghiep. Nguyen nhan la do he thong thong tin

co lien quan tdi viec phoi hop va sudung cac nguon luc quan trpng cua to chuc— thongtin, cong nghe thong tin va con nguoi. Gido trinh nay se tiep tuc lam ro nhung eachthuc ma he thong thong tin quan ty vuot qua gidi han ve cong ngh?, cd the giup cdc tochuc, cac doanh nghiep xu ly, dieu khien va kiem soat cac luong thong tin ma nd cd,

dong thdi tudo tao ra nhunggid tri gia tang mdicho x2 hqi.

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Thuatngu cong ngh$ thong tin h£ thong thong tin la hai thuat ngu ho&n toankhac bigt. C6ng ngh? thong tin (CNTT) bao gom nhung san pham, phat minh, phuomgphap v& chuan ky thuat dirge su dyng de tao ra thong tin. H? thong thong tin (HTTT) lasy ket hgp cua phan cumg, phan mem, co so dir lieu, cdc quy trinh va nguoi sur dung de

tao rathong tin.

1.2. He thong thong tin quan ly

1.2.1.The nao lamot he thong

Khai niem ve h<? thong cung cap mgt thuat ngir co ban de hieu ro lam the nao

doanh nghigp co the cung cap gia tri cho khach hang va lam the nao de cac doanh

nghiep cd the hoat dgng hieu qui.

He thong la mpt tap cac thanh phan dupe dieu hanh cung nhau nham dat dupecling mot muc dich nao do. Khai ni?m ve hg thong kha quen thugc voi chung ta trongdoi song xa hgi: hg thong giao thong, hg thong truyen thong,... Trong giao trinh nay,chung ta tap trung vao cac he thong co sur dung cong nghe thong tin de thuc hien mothoat dong cua doanh nghiep hoac cua cac to chuc chinh phu.

He thong con ban than nd cung la mot h? thong nhung la mot thanh phan cuamot he thong khac. Nhung he thong ma chung ta xem xet thuc chat deu la cac he thongcon nam trong mot hg thong khac va dong thoi cung chua cac he thong con khac thirchien nhirng phan nhiem vu khac nhau cua cong viec. Viec hieu dirge bat cur mot he

thong dac bigt nao do thurdmg doi hoi chung ta phai cd dirge mot so kien thirc ve he

thong Ion ma nd phuc vu.

Nhirng yeu to co ban cua mot he thong baogom:

— Muc dich: ly do he thong ton tai va la mgt tieu chi dirge sur dung khi danh giamure dg thanh cong cua he thong.

— Pham vi: pham vi cua hg thong nham xac dinh nhirng gi nim trong he thongva nhung gi nam ngoai he thong.

- Moi trirfrng: bao gom tat ca nhirng yeu to nim ngoai hg thong.

— Dau v^o: la nhirng ddi tugng va thong tin tir moi tnrdmg ben ngoai hg thongdugc duavao hg thong.

— Dau ra: la nhung doi tugng hoSc nhirng thong tin dugcdua tir he thong ra moitruimgben ngo&i.

1.2.2.He thong thong tin quan ly

Hg thong thong tin quan ly la mgthg thong chuc nang thyc hien viec thu thap,xur ly, luu trtt va cung cap thong tin ho trg vige ra quyet dinh, dieu khien, phan tich cacvan de va hien thj cac van de phuc tap trong mgt td chuc.

Xet tren quan diem he thong, myc tieu tontai cua hg thong thong tin la nham taora nhttng thong tin cd y nghia doi voi nguoi su dyng. Cung chinh tir myc dich do, cd

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the de dang xdc dinh, dau v&o cua hp thong thong tin 1& cac dir lipu tho cd dirge tirnhirng boat dpng thudmg nhat cua mpt to chuc, doanh nghipp, hoSc nhurng dir lipu thuthap dugc ve m6i tnxdmg canh tranh cua doanh nghiep. Yeu to dau ra cua hp thongthong tin la cac bao cao cung cap nhirng thong tin cd y nghTa cho chu doanh nghiep.

Pham vi cua mot hp thong thong tin dirge xac dinh voi nhirng gi giup th\rc hipn nhirnghoat dong chu yeu cua he thong thong tin. Moi truomg cua hp thong thong tin quan ly

bao gom cac tac nhan cd kha nang anh hudmg, sirdpng va nhap thong tin vao hp thong

(thong thudmg bao gom khach hang, nha cung cap, doi thu canh tranh, cac co quan

chinh phu — hinh 1.1).

Hinh 1.1. Cac chipc nang chinh cua he thong thong tin(Nguon: Chinh sua ttrLaudon & Laudon, 2012)

Ve chuc nang, he thong thong tin quan ly thudmg cd nhirng chuc nang chu yeu

nhu sau:

— Nhap dir lipu: hoat dong thu thap va nhan du lieu tir trong mgt doanh nghiep

hoac tir moi trudmg ben ngoai de xu ly trong mot he thong thong tin.

— Xir ly thong tin: qua trinh chuyen doi tir nhirng du lieu hon hgp ben ngoai

thanh dang cd y nghTa doi vori nguoi su dung.

— Xuat dir lieu: suphan phoi cac thong tin da dugc xu ly tod nhurng nguoi hoacnhirng hoat dong can su dung nhurng thong tin do.

— Liru trir thong tin: Cac thong tin khong chi dugc xu ly de su dpng ngay taithen diem doanh nghiep thu nhan dugc nd, ma hon the, trong tuomg lai, khi tien hanh

phan ti'ch de xay dung cac kd hoach moi hoSc dua ra cac quyet dinh cd tinh hp thong,cac thong tin nay van can de su dpng. Vi vay, vipc luu tru thong tin cung la mgt trong

cac hoat dpng quan trpng cua he thong thong tin. Cac thong tin dugc luu trir thudmgdugc to chuc duoi dang cac trudmg, cac file, cdc bdo cao va cdc co so du* lieu.

— Thong tin phan hoi: hp thong thong tin thudmg dugc dieu khidn thdng qua cac

thong tin phan hoi. Thdng tin phan hoi la nhurng dG lipu xuat, giup cho ban than nhOmg

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ngudi dieu hAnh mang lirdi thong tin c6 the dAnh giA lai vA hoAn thien qua trinh thuthap vA xii ly du lipu mA hp dang thuc hipn.

Dong thai nhung chuc nang chinh cua he thong thong tin tren cung giup ta xacdinh r3 moi trudmg cua he thong thong tin se bao gom nhung hoat dpng cua khach

hAng, nhA cung cap, cAc co quan kiem soAt, doi thu canh tranh vA cAc nhA dau tu.

Luu y, he thong thong tin khong nhat thiet phAi can den mAy tinh—mac du ngAynay cong nghe thong tin giup van hAnh cAc hp thong thong tin hieu qua horn nhieu. Hethong thong tin thu cong cd the su dpng giay vA but, van dugc su dung rong rai trongcAc doanh nghipp Viet Nam hipn nay. He thong thong tin vi tinh (Computer BasedInformation System) dua vAo cong nghpphAn cung vA phan mem may tinh de xu ly va

pho bien thong tin. Trong giAo trinh nAy, khi su dung cum tir he thong thong tin, chiing

ta chi nhactoi he thong thong tin vi tinh.

Mac du he thong thong tin vi tinh su dung cong nghp thong tin de xu ly du lieu

tho thAnh thong tin co y nghTa, can phan bipt ro may tinh va chicong trinh vi tinh vaih?thong thong tin. CAc mAy tinh dien tu vA cac chuomg trinh phan mem 1A nen tAng ky

thuat, cong cu vA nguyen lieu cho hp thong thong tin hien dai. May tinh 1A thiet bi luu

tru vA xu ly thong tin. Cac chuomg trinh vi tinh, hay phan mem, 1A tap hop cac chi thi

nham huong dan vA dieu khien xu ly mAy tinh. Tim hieu hoat dong cua may tinh vA cac

chuomg trinh dong vai tro rat quan trpng trong viec thiet ke giai phap cho cac van decua doanh nghiep, nhung mAy tinh chi 1A mot phan cua he thong thong tin.

MAy tinh vA cAc chuomg trinh 1A nhung yeu to khong the thieu cua he thong

thong tin vi tinh, nhung chi bAn than chung khong the tao duoc thong tin ma doanhnghipp can. De tim hieu ve hp thong thong tin, ta can phAi nam duprc cac van de can

giAi quyet, cac quy trinh thiet ke vA trien khai xay dung hp thong thong tin va ca cacphuomg thuc ung dung he thong thong tin trong cac doanh nghipp. Cac nha quan lyhipn dai phAi biet phoi hprp nhung hieu biet ve may tinh vai kien thuc ve he thongthongtin.

1.2.3. Cac thanh phan ctyban cuahe thong thong tin quan ly

Hp thong thong tin dugc hinh thAnh vai nAm thAnh phan ca bAn: (1) ca sa hatang (phan cung vA hp thong truyen thong), (2) phan mem, (3) ca sa du lipu, (4) quytrinh, (5) nhan s\r (xem hinh 1.2). Nam thAnh phan ca bAn nAy xuat hien vai tat ca cac

dang hp thong thong tin bao gom ca hp thong thong tin don giAn nhat toi he thfing

thong tin phuc tap nhat. Vi dp, khi su dpng may tinh de viet bai t^p lorn, ta can phAi su

dpng phan cung (may tinh vai cac thiet bj di kern nhu man hinh, bAn phim, 6 dia

cung,..), phan mem (Microsoft Word), du lieu (tir ngu, cau van vA doan van trong bAit$p), cAc quy trinh (phuomg phAp khai dpng mAy tinh, ma phan mem so^in thao, nhap

vAn ban, in vAn bAn, luu gift bAi tap I(5m vAo dia cung hoac USB) vA nhan su (chinh 1A

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Hinh 1.2. Cac thanh phan chinh cua he thong thong tin

Doi vai mot he thong phuc tap nhu he thong dat ve may bay, ta cung thay day

du cac thanh phan co ban nay. Phan cung bao gom nhieu may tinh ket noi mang vdinhau. Phan mem bao gom nhieu dang phan mem: phan mem quan ly thong tin dat vemay bay, phan mem ho trq truyen thong trong mang,... He thong nay chac chan phailuu tru mot khdi hrorag du lieu cue Ion ve cac chuyen bay, gib bay, hanh trinh bay,

thong tin lien quan tai khach hang dat cho va hang loat cac thong tin cd lien quan khac.

Cudi cung, hang tram tham chi hang ngan nguai co lien quan tod he thong nay, khongchi la nhung nhan vien cua cac phong ve cua cac hang hang khong, ma con gom cakhach hang va nhung ky thuatvien xay dang va dam bao cho he thong lam viec tot.

Dieu quan trong a day la do ca nam thanh phan noi tren deu cd lien quan tai tatca cac dang he thong thong tin tu he thong phuc tap nhat den he thong don gian nhat,

nen khi nghien cun va xay dung mot he thong thong tin, ta can xem xet va nghien cuuca nam thanh phan nay. Giao trinh se lan luot gioi thieu ve ca nam thanh phan cua he

thong thong tin trong cac chuong tiep theo.

1.3. Vai tro va tac dong cua he thong thong tin trong doanhnghiep

Khac vai thai ky nhung nam 1950, khi cac doanh nghiep chu yeu su dung h?thong thong tin dd giam chi phi cho cac cong viec giay ta thong thuang, hien nay, he

thong thong tin cd thd dong mpt vai tro chien Iuqc trong mpt to chuc. Doanh nghiep sudung he thong thong tin d moi cap quan ly trong doanh nghiep. Khong nhung chi dong

vai tro la nguai cung cap bao cdo lien tuc va chinh xdc, ma han the nua, cdc he thong

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thong tin da thyc sir tro thdnh mpt cong cp, mpt vu khi chien luge de c&c doanh nghippdanh dirge iru the canh tranh tren thj tnrdmg va duy tri nhung the manh san co.

Cd the ke ra day mpt so nhung anh huorng quan trgng cua hp thong thong tin

quan ly giup edc doanh nghiep cd dirge nhung iru the canh tranh mA hp mong muon:1) Dau tu vao cong nghp thong tin se giup hogt dgng dieu hanh doanh nghieptrot nen hieu qua horn. Thong qua do, doanh nghiep cd kha nang cat giam chi phi, tang

chat Iirgng san pham va hodn thien qua trinh phan phoi san pham va dich vu cua minh.

Hien nay, nhieu nha may san xuat 6 to da sir dung cong nghe san xuat cd ho trg cuamay tinh de dieu khien qua trinh san xuat va kiem tra chat Iirgng san pham. Viec phanphoi xe 6 to va cac phu tung thay the, cung nhir viec chi tra cua khach hang, thong tin

ve ban hang hay ve tinh hinh tai chinhgiua cac vung khac nhaudeu sir dung mang vien

thong. Nhd phirong thuc do, doanh nghiep da hoat dong hieu qua hom rat nhieu va

dong thcri cung giam dugc chi phi a mire Idn nhat cd the. Nhin chung, phirong thuc sir

dung hp thong thong tin trong quan ly phii hgp voi cac doanh nghiep cd chien luge

giam chi phi.

2) Xay dung he thong thong tin se giup cac doanh nghiep co dirqrc iru the canhtranh bang each xay dung moi quan he chat che v&i ngircri mua hang va cac nha cungcap. Phan Idn cac cong ty vien thong deu rdt chu trong hoat dong nay. Ho khuyen khich

khachhang qua viec mua ban va cungcap cac dich vu thong tin nhanh nhatcd the.

3) Mpt tac dung khac cua he thong thong tin la khuyen khich cac hoat dongsang tao trong doanh nghiep. Do la qua trinh phat trien san pham moi, dich vu moi vacac qua trinh san xuat hoac hoat dong moi trong doanh nghiep. Viec nay cd the tao ra

cac co hpi kinh doanh hoac cac thi tnrdmg moi cho doanh nghiep.

4) Mot trong nhung van de can nhan manh o day la viec tao thanh cac chi phichuyen doi trong moi quan hp giua doanh nghipp voi khach hang hoac nguoi cung capcua nd. Dieu do cd nghTa la, khach hang hoac nguoi cung cap hang bi gin chat vao cacthay doi cong nghe ben trong doanh nghipp va hg se phai chiu nhung chi phi dang kd

ve thcri gian, tien bac, cung nhu sir khong thuan tien neu hp chuyen sang su dung hoaccung cap sdn pham cho mot doanh nghipp khac. Viec cac hang hang khong dau tu xay

dpmg he thong thong tin tronghang mpt each hoan hao do do trg giup cho he thong datvd t\r dpng cua minh chinh la mptbieu hipn cua vipc dau tu vao he thong tin da dem lai

uu the canh tranh cho cdc hang nay.

5) Dau tu vdo cong nghp thong tin con cd kha nang tao ra mpt so dang hoat dongmdi cua doanh nghipp.

— To chirc do: Cac to chuc kieu nay khong th\rc s\r ton tpi a dpng vat chat.

Chung dugc t^io thdnh dga tren s\r thoa thuan giua cac doi tac khde nhau. Mpt nhdm ca

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nhan se sir dung cac bang tin trcn may tinh de truyen dat thong tin, trao doi cac y kicn

vdi nhau. Dang hoat dong nay thubng hay ton tai trong cac to chuc khoa hoc. Cac

thanh vien co the to chuc hoi thao thudng ky vdi cac thoa thuan dune trao doi thong

qua he thong thu dipn tu.

— To chore theo thoa thuan: Co mot so to chuc dupe hinh thanh thong qua cacthoa thupn vaviec truyen thong dien tu. Trong do, cac to chuc su dung he thong truyen

thong tin de tao ra nhung kho hang ao dung cho viec luu tru hang hoa. Nho do, mptdoanh nghiep cung cap hoa tuoi nhu dich vu chuyen hoa cua buu dien co the cung cap

hoa tuori cho khach hang dbat cu noi nao va vao bat cir thcri diem nao.

— Cac td chare theo truyen thong vdi cac bp phan can thanh dien til" Dang to

chuc nay rat quen thupc vdi cac doanh nghiep. No chi thay the mot so phong ban cua

doanh nghiep bang co cau truyen thong dien tu. Su dung cac thiet bi truyen thong dientu ho tip cho cac to chuc theo truyen thong doi hoi nguoi quan ly luon phai dat ra cauhoi lieu cong nghp thong tin cd kha nang thay the hoan toan cho thanh phan do cua to

chuc hay khong.

— Lien ket to chore: Day la dang to chuc dupe thanh lap giua cac khach hang va

nhung nha cung cap. Cac khach hang Ion thuong giri don dat hang theo lich trinh kinhdoanh cua ho va doi hoi cac nha cung cap nhd phai cung cap cho ho nhu the do la motthanh vien cua mot to chuc me. Cac doanh nghiep san xuat 6 td/xe may thuong hay

thiet lap nhung moi quan he nhu vay.

Khi xem xet viec ung dung cong nghe thong tin va cdc anh huong cua he thong

thong tin doi vdri mpt doanh nghiep, Ray Trygstad (2003) da phan loai cac giai doan ung

dung cong nghe thong tin trong cacdoanh nghiep thanh nam giai doan (xcm hinh 1.3).

+ Giai doan — Ke toan. Giai doan nay bat dau tu nhung nam 1950 va keo daisang khoang giua nhung nam 1960. Trong giai doan nay, cac doanh nghiep chu yeu sirdung he thong thong tin o dang xu ly nhom, giup thuc hien vice tinh toan vdi khoilupng Ion va giai phong con nguoi khoi nhung cong viec tinh toan nham chan, co tinh

lap lai don dieu. Dong thdi, viec sir dung he thong thong tin ho trp cho cac hoat dong

ke toan nay cung khien cho ket qua tinh toan tro nen chinh xac horn.

+ Giai doan 2 — Tac nghiep. Giai doan nay bat dau tu khoang giua nhung nam1960 va kdt thuc vao cuoi nhung nam 1970. Thai ky nay, he thong thong tin bit dau

dupe su dung de ho trp cho nhicu nghiep vu da dang trong doanh nghiep (bao gom cak6 toan, quan ly nhan su, diGu hanh san xuat,..). Khac vdi giai doan truoc, trong giai doan

nay, nha quan ly bit diu tham gia vao vipc sir dung hp thong thong tin. Viec ra ddi cuanhung dong may tinh than thien hon chinh la mpt nguyen nhan chu yeu dan tdi vipc thamgia cua cac nha quan ly vao he thong thong tin vdi tueach la nhung nguoi sir dung.

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Thoddai Vai trd chinfa CJog dung quan trongK6 todn

50s — giOa 60s

Chuyfin gia CNTT nSmvai trd chu dao

th6ng xu ly nhdm

Tac nghiepTi> giua 1960s

Sy tham gia cua nhaquan ly

Hg thong true tuyen

Lanh dao boi cdc nhdquan ly c£p cao

Cdc ung dung trang mang

Hinh 1.3. Cac giai doan Crng dung cong nghg thong tin trong cac doanh nghiep(Nguon: Ray Trigstad, 2003)

+ Giai dogn 3 — Thong tin. Khoang cudi nhung nam 1970 sang giua nhung nam

1980, nguoi sir dung he thong thong tin da bao gom ca nhung nhan vien tac nghiep tai

cac chuc nang san xuat, ke toan, nhan su,.. trong cac doanh nghiep. Ho co the true tiepsir dung he thong thong tin giup cac hoat dong trong doanh nghiep tro nen chi'nh xachem, cd the thuc hien dugc viec truyen du lieu tir mot bo phan nay sang mot bo phankhac, giua chi nhanh nay sang chi nhanh khac va dam bao tinh thong nhat trong viec sudung cac thong tin tong hop bao cao trong doanh nghiep.

+ Giai dogn 4 — Mang. Bat dau tir giua nhung nam 1980, cac nha quan ly bat

dau coi trgng horn vice sir dung cac dang he thong thong tin trong cac doanh nghiep.

Khai ni?m he thong thong tin chien luge ra doi trong nhung nam nay la mot minhchung cu the cho viec coi trong su dung cac he thong thong tin trong doanh nghiep.

Dong then, cac he thong thong tin trong giai doan nay cung da dem lai kha nang canh

tranh thyrc su cho cac doanh nghi?p bang each ho trg cac doanh nghiep tao nen ludngthong tin dong bo trong toan doanh nghiep.

+ Giai dogn 5 — Internet. Tu giuanhung nam 1990, Internet bit diu dugc chu ysu dung trong cac doanh nghiep, tao co hgi gui va nhan thong tin giua doanh nghiep

vdi cdc doi tac, khach hang, tir d6 tao ra nhung lien minh chien luge thuc su hieu quacho cac doanh nghiep. Quan trong horn, thoi ky nay, cac doanh nghiep bit diu tan dungthe manh cua Internet tao dicu kicn cho nhan vien cua minh co the co thong tin, du lieumoi nori, moi luc, tao kha nang h6 trg cao nhit cho cac hoat dong cua nhan vien a moinai, tren moi thi truong va nho vay don bit nhanh nhat mgi co hgi kinh doanh d£n voidoanh nghiep.

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Cua so thong tin 1.1.Hyundai Motor America

Hyundai Motor America, trp so kinh doanh chinh dat t?i thung lung

Fountain, California, hien dang gap khd khan. D^i dien ban hang cua cong tythucrng phai true tiep bay tori van phong tai moi dia phuomg voi mpt cap giay to baogom nhung don dat hang vira gui den cho cong ty. Sau do, hp mat kha nhieu thoigian de gpi dipn cho van phong dia phuong cua hp. CAc dai dipn cung mat kha

nhieu thoi gian de lam so sAch. Vipc nay doi khi lam cham tien dp giao hang cua

cong ty cho khach hang cua hp.

De giai quyet tinh trang nay, Hyundai quyet dinh trang bj dong loat maytinh hieu Compaq LTE 286 cho toan bp 60 dai dien. Moi chiec may tinh dupe lAp

mot so phan mSm chuyen dung nhAm tang hieu qua cong viec cho cAc dai dien ban

hang. Cac phan mem bao gom cac bang tinh va do hpa Lotus 1—2—3, chuomg trinh

soan thao van ban IBM’s Displaywrite IV, chuong trinh quan ly du lieu Microrim's

Rbase, cung he thong cung cap dich vp gui thu dien tu PS/PC vA mot so dich vp

truyenthong khac.

Ket qua that tuyet voi. Hyundai giam dupe so nguoi lam viec hanh chinh tai

ca bon vung kinh doanh, giam thoi gian bay di bay lai cua cAc dai dien tu cAc chinhAnh tori tham du cAc cupc hop va giAm dupe khA nhieu tien dien thoai nho sudung he thong thu dien tu. Ban than cAc dai dien bAn hang cung tiet kiem dupe thoi

gian hpi hop vi hp co the su dung ngay mot thong tin nao do tren cAc bang tinh thay

vi phai luc tim no giua mot ma giay to. Hp cung co nhieu thoi gian horn de ban bac

voi cAc nha cung cap. Vao cuoi thoi gian thu nghiem su dpng mAy tinh, cAc nhaquan ly o cAc vung hoat dpng chinh da phAt bieu voi ban dieu hanh tong cong ty

rang: "Chung toi se epe luc phan doi neu bi thu hoi mAy tinh. Chung toi da hoantoan le thupc vao no mat roi."

a. Tai sao cAc dai dien bAn hang cua Hyundai lai php thupc vao he thong tin

tren mAy tinh nhu vay?

b. Viec su dpng hp thong thong tin con co the dem lai nhung Ipi ich gi khAccho cong viec kinh doanh?

Nhin chung, nghien cuu cAc giai doan phAt trien cua vice ung dung cong nghp

thong tin trong cAc doanh nghiep, cd the thay noi bat len dac diem hp thong thong tin

ngay cang dupe hoan thien, lien tuc morrpng, dAp ung dupe cAcnhu cau da dang cua viec

xu ly thong tin va su dung thongtin trong cAcdoanhnghipp d mpi linh vuc khAc nhau.

1.4. Xu hu’O’ng phat trien cua cong nghe thong tin va truyenthong

Trong so nhung thay doi dang dien ra ngay cang nhanh, manh trong moi tnrdmgkinh doanh, nhung phAt minh vc cong nghp va kha nAng ung dung cong nghp thong tin

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vA truyen thong trong cAc hoat dpng da dang cua doanh nghiep 1A mpt yeu to quan

trpng tAc dpng tai su thay doi dang dien ra trong cAc doanh nghiep. Theo Alter (2002),

c6 bon xu hudmg phat trien cua cong nghp thong tin vA truyen thong nhu sau:

— Phan cirng ngay cang nhanh horn, nhd horn va re horn. Hien nay, cAc hang

may tinh dang canh tranh ngay cang gay gAt, lien tuc cho ra doi nhung san pham moi,

nhieu uu the han, co cau hinh va toe dp xu ly nhanh han gap nhieu Ian tham chi hangtr3m lAn trong motkhoang thdi gian rat ngAn (xem Bang 1.2). Ben canh do, gia thAnh cua

cac san pham cong nghe thong tin cung ngay cang re han, cac thiet bi nhd gon hem, tao

dieu kicn choviec sudung pho bien va de dang cho mpi doi tugng xa hpi khac nhau.Vipc phat trien nang lyre cua may tinh dugc coi la tuan theo mpt quy luat noitieng dugc ggi vdi cai ten Quy luat Moore (Moore’s Law). Theo quy luat nay, cu 18

thang mot lan so cac transistor tren mpt inch vuong cua mpt chip dien tu se tang lengap doi. Doi khi, ngudi ta con hieu quy luatnay cd nghTa la toe dp cac chip dien tu setang len gap doi cu moi 18 thang. Day khong phAi lanhung gi ma Moore daphat bieu,

tuy nhien nd rat gan nghTa vdi nhung gi dugc de cap trong quy luat Moore. Dieu nay

cung khien cho ty so gia tren toe dp cua may tinh giam nhanh mot each dang ke.

— Phan mem dan dupe chuan hoa va tich hap, de sir dung va than thien horn,

Phan mem hien nay ngay cang da dang va phong phu, de su dung han, mang tinh ungdung cao han rat nhieu vai cac hd trg do hpa. Hien nay, cac goi phan mem doanhnghiep tong hgp da va dang dugc su dung ngay cang nhieu khong chi trong cac doanhnghiep lan tai My va mot so quoc gia phat trien mA con ca trong cac doanh nghiep vira

vA nhd tai nhieu quoc gia tren khAp the giai. Cac goi phan mem nay hau het dugcchuan hoa theo timg nganh. Dong thdi, cAc goi phan mem dung san ngay nay vai cacmodun tich hgp cho phep chuyen doi du lieu gitta cac nhom lam vipc, cac phong ban

vAgiua cAc chi nhAnh a nhieu quoc gia tren ca sa “thdi gian thuc”.

Phan mem “thdi gian thuc” 1A phan mem cho phep giAm sat/phan tich/dieu khientren ca sa cAc thong tin co dugc tircAc sukien trong the giai th\rc ngaykhi nd xay ra.

Bang 1.2. Ljch slf cac thu’O’ng hipu cho dong chip cua Intel

4004 1971 0.06 Bp vi xu ly dau tien dugc phAt trien cho mAy tinhde bAn

8080 1974 0.06 Chay cho mAy tinh cA nhan dau tien

8086/8088 1978 0.3 Bp vi xu ly cho cAc mAy tinh ca nhan dau tien cuaIBM ch^iy tren nen DOS

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Bp vixir lyNamMIPSYnghia

286 1982 0.9 Cho phep ch^y nhung version dau tien cua

Microsoft Windows

386 1985 5 Chay cac version sau cua Microsoft Windows

Pentium 1993 100 Sii dung cho cac may tfnh de ban va may tinh

xach tay

1995 200 Xur ly totcac du lipu multimedia cho cac may tinh

chuyen dung; sii dung cho cac may chu va cacmay tram dung vi xu ly

Pentium II 1997 300 Duoc thiet ke de xu ly video, audio va du lieu do

Pentium HI 1999 500 - 1000 Ho trg tot horn cho vipc bieu dien anh, 3D, video

va audio va cac ung dung nhan dien gipng noiPentium IV 2000 > 1500 Xu ly manh cac bieu dien do hpa3D, video va

Itanium 2000 2000 Danh cho thi trudmg may chu

Centrino 2003 >2000 Danh cho may tinh xach tay, gioi thieukhai niemhoan toan moi ve motnen tang may tinh tich hpp

vai hipu suathoatdong manh me, ket noi khongday v& thoi gian sii dungpin lau.

Pentium M 2004 2130 Tich hpp san kh& nSng ket noi WifiItanium 2 2005 6000 Danh cho thi truong may chu

Core 2 Duo 2006 >2300 Danh cho may tinh de ban

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Bang 1.2. Lich sipc£c th iron g hl?u cho dong chip cua Intel (tiep theo)

Centrino Pro 2007 >4000 Bao dam khac phyc sy co nhanh, chi phi thap vatdng cuong bao mat.

Core i3 2010 > 2,66GHz Co hieu nang do hpa cai thien va tieu thu it nang

lupng horn. Cac chip nay co the phat lai video vdri

dp net Full HD 1080p va giai ma phim Blu-ray.Core i5 2010 > 2,66GHz Cho phep nguai sir dung tang toe dp xu ly he

thong khi xu ly cung luc nhieu cong viec.

Core i7 2011 > 2,66GHz Cong nghp mdri nhat cua Intel, duorctoi uu cho cachoat dpng chai game, xu ly video,...

— Mang may tinh ngay cang nhanh hem, cd do rgng bang thong lorn va phattrien cac xu hir&ng mang khong day va mang tich hop. Ket noi mang la mot trong

nhirng nhu cau quan trong trong cac to chiic nham tao su thuan tien choviec truyen dir

lipu va nha do tao kha nang hop tac lam viec tai nhieu vi tri cua cungmot to churc hoac

giua cac to churc vdri nhau. Bat dau la nhirng ket noi mang npi bp (mang LAN), sau do la

m^ng rpng (WAN) roi mang Internet, cac doanh nghiep va cac to chirc ngay cang chii

trpng horn vao viec xay dung va khai thac cac he thongmang cho moi hoat dong da dang.Vao dau nhirng nam 1990, cung vdri xu hudmg thong nhat hoa cac qua trinh

truyen dir lieu tren cac mang rpng, nh§m tao co hoi phat trien cac he thdng mang manh

horn va hudmg tori nhirng khai thac co gia tri he thong mang toan cau, cac nha cung capdich vy vien thong bat dau thyc hipn vipc chuan hoacac trinh duyet trang mang vagiao

thuc Internet (TCP/IP). Cung voi vipc nay, cac duang truyen cap quang cung bit diu

dupe su dyng nhieu horn giup nang cao kha nang truy cap Internet cho cac ca nhan, gia

dinh va to chiic. Den dau nhirng nam 2000, hau het cdc cong ty da co the kdt n6iInternet mpt each de dang va pho bien. Cho den nay, ngudri diing ca nhanngay tai Viet

Nam da co the truy cap vao Internet qua duong dipn thoai (dial-up), qua he thong

mang bang thong rpng (ADSL) hodc qua he thong mang khong day (Wifi hay congngh?3G).

Kha nang ket noi manh horn nay mpt phan chinh la nha viec tich hpp cac dang

mang may tinh vdri mang truydn thong. Day cung la co hpi de cac doanh nghiep ma

rpng pham vi hoat dpng, tao moi truong lam vipc ao, tao co hpi giao tiep true tiep giUa

doanh nghipp vdri khach hdng, giua cac doanh nghiep vdri nhau va ngay giua cac canhan vdri nhau. Tir do, hinhthanh moi truemgxa hpi so moi c6 dnh huangkhong chi tai

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c£c hoat dpng cua cac doanh nghiep, cdc to chuc, cdn anh huong tdi cd cuqc song

cua moi ca nhan.

— Sir dung cac thong tin so hoa va da phiromg tign. Thong tin ve coban ton taidurari nam dang: vdn ban, so, hinh anh, am thanh, vd video. M6i dang thong tin nay d6u

co the dupe so hoa, dua vao luu tru va khai thac trong cdc he thong thong tin, ho trpcho cac boat dpng da dang khac nhau cua doanh nghiep. Hipn tai, voi syr phat trien

nhanh chong cua cac thiet bi phdn cung mdy tfnh, viyc su dung cung luc mot khoiluorag 1dm du lieu vd thong tin da trcrthanh hien thyrc. Dieu nay da giup giai quyet dupe

mot trong nhung kho khdn trong viec hien thi du lieu vd thong tin theo dang than thienhem voi ngubi su dung — cho phep bieu dien thong tin dang da phuemg tien. Thong tin

dang da phuemg tien la viec bieu diSn cung luc nhieu dang du lieu nhu van ban, so,

hinh anh, am thanh va video tren cung mot chuomg trinh ung dung. Cac doanh nghiepngay cang sudung cac thong tin duori dang da phuemg tien nay mot each tich cyrc nhamtao ca hoi lam viec hieu qua hem va truyen dat thong tin tot hem cho nhung doi tactrong va ngoai doanh nghiep.

Bang 1.3. Cac cong ngh? chien lup’c theo dy> bao cua Gartner

Nam dur baoTop 10 edng nghe chien lirgrcdtirpc dir bao ciia tirng nam

2010 1. Dien toan dam may

5. Ung dung di dong

6. Cac giai phap phan tich DOANH NGHIeP

7. Phin mem xahoi (Social Software)

8. Tang bo nho flash9. Bao mat

10. Trung tarn du lieu2011 1. Dien toan di dpng

2. Di£n toan dam may

3. Video

4. Truyen thong xa hpi va hgp tac

5. Phan tich ung dung trong xa hpi6. Dien toan nhan biet hoan canh

7. Cong nghp LTE

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Cua so thong tin 1.2. ,

8. Thiet bj hru tru

9. Dien todn hoa xa hpi

10. Co so ha tang va may tinh theo tang

r . ’

1. May tinh bang tro thanh phuomg tien truyen thong vahorn the nua2. Cac ung dung va giao dicn di dpng

3. Trai nghiem ngudd diing theo ngu canh va xa hpi

4. Cac kho ung dpng va thi trudmg5. Internet cua tat ca moi thdr6. Cdc phan tich the he tiep theo

7. Dir lieu 1dm

8. Dien toan bo nhor trong

9. Cac may chu nang lupng cue thap

10. Dien toan dam may

k ' ...

Dien todn dam may khong con la xu hirdmg

Chi vAi nam, tir khi xuat hien, dien toan dam may da tier thanh xu the congnghp khong the dao ngupc. So cong ty theo duoi dien toan dam may ngay mot

nhieu, so dich vu cung ngay mptphong phu.

Ong Tran Viet Huan, Kien true su trudmg Trung tarn Dien toan dam may khu

vuc ASEAN cuaCong ty IBM, chia se ve nhung Icri ich cua cong nghe mod nay.

Dign to£n dam may (DTDM) da dupe hien thuc hoa vol mot so nha cungcap dich vu, trong do co IBM. Ong co the phan tich ky hou qua trinh chuyendoi tir xu huorng sang thuc te?

Ke tir khi chung toi bit dau dp an “Blue Cloud” vao nam 2007 den nay, cac

moi trudmg DTDM dang gianh dupe sp chu y cua so dong doanh nghiep va ngaycang tro nen dai chung. Trong nghien cuu cua IBM vdd cac CIO toan cau vao namngoai (IBM Global CIO Study), khi dupe hoi ve cac sang kien chien lucre quantrpng nhat cua cong ty hp, hornmptphan ba CIO dupe hoi da noi den DTDM.

DTDM that sir la gi?

Nd bao gom ca mpt trai nghiem cua ngudd dung va mpt mo hinh kinh doanh

(nghiep vp) mod trong do cac ung dpng, du lieu va cac tai nguyen CNTT khac dupecung cap cho ngudd diing nhu la cac dich vp tren moi trudmg mang. DTDM con la

mpt phuomg phap quan ly ha tang CNTT nhim quan ly mpt so lupng 1dm cac tai

nguyen do hoa nhu la mpt kho tai nguyen duy nhatdd cung cap cacdich vp theo nhucau cua ngudd dung.

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Ben canh nhieu Ipri ich ma mpt moi trubng DTDM cd the mang lai nhSm nitngan thori gian cung cap dich vp va gia tSng tinh hipu qua cung ti'nh linh hopt ciiaCNTT, nhtrng ket qua va kinh nghiem d^t dirge la dpng lure quan trpng cho cackhachhang khac cua IBM xay d\mg va trien khai chien lupc DTDM.

Them vao do, co nhieu mo hinh cung cap DTDM khac nhau nhir: dam may

rieng (private) trong pham vi mang intranet cua mpt doanh nghipp; dim may cong

cong (public cloud) tren nen Internet; dam may cho mpt nhom doanh nghipp(community cloud), vi du trong cac khu cong nghipp; hoac sir ket hop cac mo hinh

nay veri nhau, cho phep doanh nghipp cd nhieu l\ra chpn trong vipc ung dpng

Vi sao doanh nghipp phai quan tarn den DTDM? IBM da co nhirng giaiphap cong nghp nio de ngirfri dung tiep can vol DTDM?

Theo kit qua ciia mot nghien cuu khac ciia chiing toi vdri hem 1.000 lanh dao

doanh nghiep va lanh dao CNTT toan cau, dpng lire chii yeu de cac doanh nghippung dung DTDM la tiet kiem chi phi va nit ngan thai gian tao gia tri. Tiet kiem chiphi bao gom nang cao hieu qua sur dung tai nguyen va giam chi phi van hanh cungnhir quan tri he thong CNTT. Cac yeu to nit ngln thori gian tao gia tri bao gom giam

bat ap lire len tai nguyen npi bp, dom gian hda vipc cap nhat hoac nang cap he thong

va kha nang ma rpng tai nguyen CNTT mpt each linh boat theo yeu cau kinh doanh.Cac doanh nghiep con quan tarn den DTDM do kha nang cai thien tinh san sang va

dp tin cay ciia he thong CNTT.

Vai cac doanh nghiep quan tarn den ung dpng DTDM rieng, IBM cung cap

giai phap tich hprp va dong goi sin “IBM Cloudburst” giiip hp de dang va nhanhchong trien khai mpt du an DTDM. IBM cung cung cap giai phap phan mem chophep “dam may h6a” cac tai nguyen sin co cua doanh nghiep. Cac doanh nghiepquan tam den dich vu DTDM cong epng cd the su dung dich vp email va epng tac

LotusLive, dich vu cung cap moi truang phat trien va kiem thu phan mem ciia IBM

tren pham vi toan cau. IBM cung hap tac va chuyen giao cong nghp cho cac nhacung cap dich vu dia phuong nham dap ung cac nhu cau khac nhau ciia doanh

nghiep a mdi quoc gia nhu vai Cong ty Co phan Cong nghe va Truyen thong Vipt

Nam (VNTT) va Cong vien Phan mem Quang Trung a Vipt Nam.

Nhirng ung dung cua DTDM gin voi thuc te thj trirfrng Viet Nam thenao, nhirng linh vuc nao se la thj truerng tiem nang cua cong nghp moi nay?

Phan Ion doanh nghiep Viet Nam thupc nhdm doanh nghipp vira va nhd vdi

rat it hoac hlu nhu khong cd ky nang ve CNTT. Day la mpt thj truang tilm nangcho cac cong ty vien thong cung cap cac dich vp gia trj gia tang cho doanh nghippben canh cac dich vu vien thong truyen thong (ADSL, leased lines). Vi du, djeh vp

email LotusLive ma IBM vira gioi thipu tai thj truang Viet Nam da nhgn dugc sp

quan tam ciia nhieu doanh nghipp trong nuac va chiing toi da cd nhifrig khach hang

dau tien.

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Mpt vi du khdc lien quan den chinh sdch khuyen khfch phdt trien cac phanmem ung dyng ma nguon md cua Chinh phu nham giup cac doanh nghiep nhd tietkiemchi phi trong vipc ung dung CNTT. Cac phan mem nay neu dirge cung cap nhirla djeh vy DTDM sc giai quyet dirge trd ngai chinh cua chinh sach nay trong thirc te

la thieu ky nang CNTT di trien khai phan mem ma nguon ma.

Cac thi truorng tiem nang khac cd the ke den la chinh phu dien tu, giao due, y

te va cac khu cong nghiep. Cac cong ty vien thong khong nhat thiet phai tur minhxay dung cac dich vu DTDM ma hp co the hgp tac vai cac cong ty phan mem decung cap cac dich vy ung dyng nghiep vy nhu ke toan, quan tri doanh nghiep trennen tang hp tang san cd cua minh.

Doanh nghiep ngay nay can quan tam den DTDM vi: khung hoang nanglugng, khong lau nua cac trung tam du lieu se tieu ton tien dau tu cho nang lugngtuang duang dau tu vao phan cung; biing nd thong tin: cac thong tin y te chiem tori

30% du lieu luu tru toan cau vao nam 2010; cac dieu kien ve kinh te toan cau dang

gay sue ep len cac cong ty khien ho phai tim each van hanh hieu qua han; cac nenkinh te mai noi dang tang toe (Nguon: IBM Viet Nam).

Nguon: PCWorld, truy cap 12/2/2012.

Cau hoi on tap va thao luan

1. Thai dai thong tin la gi? Thai dai thong tin cd nhung dac trung nhu the nao? Thai

dai thong tin cd gi giong va kMc so vai cac thcri dai truac?

2. Internet cd the lam thay doi moi truang kinh doanh nhu the nao?

3. Hp thong la gi? He thong cd nhung dac trung nao? Hay dung cac dac trung ciia hethong de md ta truang hpc cua anh/chi.

4. The nao la hp thong thong tin?

5. Hay liet ke nam thanh phan chinh cua he thdng thong tin va cho vi du ve mdithanh phan.

6. Mot hp thong thong tin cd nhat thiet phai su dung may tinh hay khong? He thong

thdng tin vi tinh la gi?

7. Hay neu ba ly do giai thich vipc phai su dyng he thong thdng tin trong cacdoanh nghipp.

8. Hp thong thdng tin quan ly cd lam giam so nguai quan ly a cac cap khong?

9. Doanh nghipp sd phai doi dau vai nhung kho khan gi ma hp thdng thdng tin quan

ly vA s\r phat tridn cong nghp thdng tin dan tori?

10. Hp thong thdng tin quan ly cd thd dem lai nhttng Igi ich gi cho doanh nghipp?

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11. Cdc doanh nghiep co the dp dung c6ng nghp thong tin de dyt dirge nhung myc tieu

kinh doanh ma hp dat ra nhir thd nao?

12. Trong tuong lai, cac doanh nghipp co the ap dung cac thanh tyru cua cong nghethong tin vd truyen thong trong nhirng Imh vyc ndo?

13. Co ngucri cho ring, phan lorn nhung kho khan ma chung ta gap voi hp thong thongtin quan ly se bien mat khi mdy tinh tro nen nhanh horn va re hem. Anh/chi co

thong nhat voi y kien do khong?

14. Hay mo ta nhung xu huong thay d6i chinh trong cong nghe thong tin vd

truyen thong.

15. Cong nghe thong tin thay doi cd the anh huomg tori cong viec vd cupc song cuaanh/chi nhu the nao?

16. Hay liet ke nam chu de quan trpng nhat ma anh/chi cho rang can dupe de cap toi

trong mon hpc nay.

17. Gia su anh/chi dang tim viec va anh/chi muon luu lai cac thong tin ve cac cong ty,

dia chi lien he vangucri can lien he taimoi cong ty nay.

a) Hay tao mot bang tinh vdri cac cpt co tieu de: Ten cong ty, Website, Thanhpho,Ngay lien lac, Ngucri lien lac, Email, So DT, Ghi chu.

b) Hay cho mpt vai du lieu mang tinh vi dy vao bang tinh do.

c) Hay mo ta nam thanh phan cua he thong thong tin giup luu du lieu ve cac congty tren.

d) Neu anh/chi muon chia se bang du lieu nay cho mpt so sinhvienkhde, anh/chican he thong thong tin voi 5 thanhphan co ban nhu the nao?

e) Su khac biettrong cau tra lai cho phan c vd d Id gi? Anh/chi cd ket luan gi vlkhac biet do?

1. Hay liet ke nhung each thuc ma doanh nghiep co the su dyng cong nghp thong tin

dl tao uu the canh tranh. Cho vi dy mpt doanh nghiep su dungcong nghp thong tin

de tao uu the canh tranh theo moi edeh ma nhdm da xac dinh.

2. Hay tim hidu vd trinh bay ve cac cong nghp dugc Gartner de cap den trong cac dubdo vexu huong congnghe trong nhirng nam gan day.

3. Co ngucri cho ring mang x§ hpi la mpt trong nhung mo hlnh kinh doanh mdri vd sy

phd bidn cua mang xa hpi cd kha nang anh huong tdi mpi hoat dong kinh doanh

trong doanh nghiep o mpi nganh. Hay binh luan quan didm tren.

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Chirong 2

CO SO HA TANG CONG NGHE

Noi dung chinh

— Phdn cung: bo xu ly trung tarn, bp nhd so cap, bo nhd thu cap, thiet bi vao,thiet bi ra, thiet bi lien lac.

— He thong truyen thong: cacthanh phan coban.

— Phan mem: phan mem hp thong va phan mem ung dung.

Nhu da gioi thieu trong chirong 1, hp thong thong tin dupe hinh thanh voi nam

thanh phan co ban: (1) phan cung va hp thong truyen thong, (2) cac chuong trinh phan

mem, (3) cac co so du lieu, (4) quy trinh, (5) nhan sir. Chuong nay se di sau phan tich

hai thanh phan tao nen co so ha tang cong nghe cua he thong thong tin bao gom phan

cung va hp thong truyen thong va phan mem. Mac du su dung thong tin la van de quan

tarn chinh cua doanh nghiep hoac/va cac to chuc, tuy nhien, neu khong hieu ro ve co soha tang cong nghp thong tin, nam vung nhung co hpi ma co so ha tang cong nghethong tin va truyen thong co the dem lai thi doanh nghiep khong the khai thac va su

dung thong tin mot each hieu qua. Chinh vi vay, chuong nay se tap trung nghien cuu

nhung thanh phan chinh tao nen co so ha tang cong nghe cua he thong thong tin bao

gom phan cung va hp thong truyen thong va phan mem.

2.1. Phan cirng

Mdy tinh la mpt thiet bj nhap du lieu dau vao, chuyen doi nhung du lieu nay

thco cac chi lenh va huong dan cd sin va xuat ra thongtin dadupe xu ly. Mothe thong

may tinh hien dai thudng bao gom: mpt bp xu ly trung tarn (CPU), bp nhd so cap, bp

nhd thu cap, cac thiet bi vao, thiet bi ra va thiet bi lien lac (xem hinh 2.1).

Bp xu ly trung tarn co nhiem vu xu ly du lieu tho thanh dang cd ich horn ddng

thoi dieu khien cac bp phan khac cua hp thong may tinh. Bp nhd so cap luu tru tarnthdi d£t lieu vd cdc chi Ipnh trong qud trinh xu ly, edn cac phuomg tien luu tru thu cap(dTa tu, dia quang, bang tir) luu tru dtt lipu va chuong trinh khi chua dupe dung tditrong qua trinh xu ly. Thiet bj vao, nhuban phim hoi)c con chupt, chuydn ddi du lieu vd

cdc chi Ipnh thanh d?ng dipn tu de lam dau vao cho may tinh. Thiet bi ra, nhu may in

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vd thiet bi hien thj video, bien doi du lipu dipn tu lay tir hp thong may tfnh vd hien thj

chung duoi dang con ngubi cd the hieu dirge. Thiet bi lien lac cung cap cac ket noi

giuamay tinh vd cac mang lien Ipc.

Be thong tin cd the luan chuycn trong hp thong mdy tinh vd trd thanh d^ng thich

hgp de xu ly, tat ca cac bieu tugng, hinh anh hodc tir ngU phai dirge rut ggn thanh mgt

chudi cac ky tir nhi phan. Mgt ky tir nhi phan dirge ggi la mgt bit vd the hipn bang so 0hodc so 1. Vi du: trong may tinh, s\r hien dipn cua mgt tin hieu tir hodc dien tu cd nghTa

la so 1, su vang mat cua tin hipu do sS hien thj 0. May tinh thirc hipn thao tac true tiepvoi cac ky tu nhi phan, ca rbi rac lan ket chudi vd tao thanh cdc byte. Moi byte la mgt

chudi 8 bit lien ke nhau, tao thanh don vi du lipuco so cua may tinh cd nhan. Moi bytecd the dugc dung de Iiru tru mot so thap phan, mot bieu tugng, mgt ky tu, hay mpt

phanhinh anh. Vi du: 01000001 la mptbyte the hien chu A.

Hinh 2.1. Cac thanh phan cuampt hp thong may tfnh2.1.1. CPU vaBpnh&so> cap

Bp xu ly trung tarn (CPU — Central Processing Unit) Id mot phan cua he thongmay tinh, giup xu ly cac bidu tugng, chu so, chit edi, dong thoi dieu khien cac bp phan

khac cua hp thong. Ndm gan CPU Id bp nho so cap noi cdt giu tam thoi du* lipu vd cdcchi Ipnh trong qud trinh xu ly. Cdc tuyen cung cap dudng truyen du lipu vd tin hipu giuaCPU, bp nho so cap vd cac thiet bi khac cua hpthong mdy tinh. Cdc ddc tinh cua CPU vdbp nhd so cap ratquan trpng trong vipc xdc djnh toe dp vd nang lye cua mdy tinh.

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CPU chiia mpt bp xur ly todn hoc v£ mot dan vj dieu khien. Bp xw ly todn hpc

(ALU — Algorithm/Logistics Unit) thuc hipn cac phep tinh so hoc vA logic ca ban cua

may tinh nhu cpng, trir, nhan, chia de xac dinh mot so la diromg, am hay bang 0. Ben

canh thurc hipn cac phurang trinh so hpc, mpt ALU phai quyet dinh khi ndo mpt lupng

Ion han, nhd han hoac bang mpt lupng khdc. ALU co the thurc hien cac phep tinh logictren ca chu cai va chu so. Bp dieu khien (control unit) phoi hpp va dieu khien cac

thanh phan khac cua hp thong may tinh. Bp dieu khien chiia cac chi lenh chirang trinh

va phat tin hieu de thuc hien chung. Nhung chuoi thao tac can thiet de xur ly mpt chilenh dan cua may dupe gpi la chu trinh may.

Bp nhd sa cap cd ba chiic nang. Thur nhat, nd chiia mpt phan hoac toan bp

chuang trinh phan mem can thiet. Thur hai, nd liru cac churomg trinh he dieu hanh quan

ly hoat dpng cua may tinh. Dong thai, bp nha sa cap con chiia nhung dir lieu chuangtrinh dang sii dpng. Bp nha sa cap thuang dupe gpi laRAM, hay bp nha truy cap ngaunhien, boi nd cd the truy cap trpe tiep cimg luc vao bat cii dia diem tiiy chpnnao.

Bp nha sa cap dupe chia thanh nhieu don vi ca sa byte. Moi byte cd mpt dia chi

duy nhat, giong nhu mpt hop thu, cho biet vi tri ciia byte do trong RAM. May tinh cdthe nha vi tri cua du lieu a dau trong cac byte bang each giam sat nhung dia chi do. Do

dupe luu tru tuomg duemg mpt ky tunen byte cung la dan vj ca sa de do siic chiia may

tinh. Bang 2.1 liet ke nhung dan vi do siic chiia va toe dp xu ly.

Bp nhd sa cap bao gom cac mieng ban dan, con gpi la cac chip, la nhung bang

mach chiia hang ngdn thpm chi hang tripu dipn tra rat nhd lap rap lai vdi nhau. Cd

Bang 2.1. Cac dan vi do sire chu>a va toe do xu> lyDon vj

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(RAM — Random Accessible Memory) dupe su dung de liru tru tarn thdi du lipu hay

cac chi lenh chuang trinh, no khong gift dupe npi dung khi tat dipn may tinh. Bq nha

chi dpc (ROM — Read Only Memory) la mpt phan cua bp nha so cap, khong the ghi vakhong bi mat npi dung khi tSt mdy tinh. ROM dupe dung de chua nhung chuomg trinhquan trpng hoac thuong dting.

2.1.2.Bo vixCp ly va cong suat x£p ly

Nang luc xu ly cua CPU dong vai tro to Ion trong vipc quyet dinh khoi lupng

cong viec ma may tinh cd the hoan thanh.

CPU hien nay su dung cac chip bin dan gpi la bp vi xu ly. Day la mach tich hpptat ca cac mach bp nho, dieu khien va logic cho toan bp CPU. Toe do va hieu suat cuabp vi xu ly giup xac dinhcong suatxurly cua may tinh. Toe dp va hieu suat do dua tren

so lupmg cacbit co the dupe xurly cung mot luc; so lurpng dur lieu cd the di chuyen giuraCPU,bp nha so cap va cdc thiet bj khac (dp Ion cua bus dirlieu); toe dp quay tinh bang

megahertz (viet tat la MHz va turong durong voi hang trieu vong quaympt giay).

Cd the tang toe dp cua bp vi xur lybang each sudung may tinh dung tap lenh rutgon (RISC) trong thiet ke. Cac chip truyen thong, dua tren cong nghe vi tinh dung tap

lenh phiic tap, cd hang tram chi lenh dupe kiem soat bang mach dien tu va se quaynhieu vong moi cd the thuc hien dupe mpt chi lenh don. Neu triet ticu nhung chi lenh it

dung tdi, cac chi lenh May tinh RISC chi chua nhung chi Ipnh thuong dupe dung nhat.

CPU cua RISC cd the thuc hien moi chi lenh tren mpt vdng quay don va doi khi nhieuchi lenh cung mpt luc.

Xir ly song song

Cd the tang toe dp xur ly bang each ket noi nhieu bp vi xu ly de dong thdi thuchien mpt nhiem vu. Hinh 2.2 so sanh che dp xu ly song song vdi che dp xu ly gian tiep

truyen thong. Trong che dp xu ly song song, cac CPU tach mpt bai toan thanh nhieu

phan va lam viec dong thdi tren chiing. Moi phan viec dupe tdeh thanh cac cau Ipnh rai

rac va moi lenh do mpt CPU thuc hipn xu ly.

Xu ly tuan tu

Day la vi xu ly cd kien true truyen thong von Neuman. Cac menh lenh dupethuc thi hanhmpteach tuan tu tren mpt dorn vj thuc hipn lenh (IEU), lenh nay thpre hipnxong mai ddn lupt lenh khac. Du lieu dupe IEU xu ly thong qua cac thanh ghi vdhuong. Thanh ghi vd huong la thanh ghi tren do chi chua mpt so nguyen hoac mpt sothuc. Thai gian toan bp de thuc hien mpt chuang trinh bing tong thdi gian th\rc thi tat

ca cac lenh. Hieu suat cua kien true nay bi giai han bcri toe dp xung cua CPU.

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XLfty song song

Hinh 2.2. Cac che dp xfrly cua may tinh

2.1.3.Lipu tripva truy xuat dip lieu

Nang lire cua he thong may tinh phu thupc khong chi vao toe dp va nang luc cuaCPU ma con vao toe do, nang lire va thiet ke cua cac cong nghe lira tru, nhap va xuatdu lipu. Cac thiet bi lira tru, nhap va xuat dupe gpi la cac thiet bi ngoai vi bai chiing

nam ben ngoai thanh phan chinh cua he thong maytinh.

Lira trir thir cap

Bo nho thu cap dupe diing de lira tru du lieu tuong doi lau dai ben ngoai CPU.

No khong linh dpng va cd the tiep tuc lira tru du lipu ngay ca khi tat may tinh. Nhung

phuomg tien lira tru thu cap quan trpng nhatla dTa tir, dTaquang, va bang tir.

DTa tii- laphuomg tien lira tru thu cap dupe sir dung rpng rai nhat, cho phep truycap tryrc tiep du lieu tren dia. DTa dupe phu mpt lop vat lieu nhay tin Cac diu tirdpc/ghi di chuyen tren mat dia dang quay dudfi su dieu khien cua d dia, giup tim ranhung thong tin can thiet. DTa tir cd hai loai: dTa mem va dTa cung. Nhung he thong

may tinh lorn va vira deu cd nhieu 6 dTa cung bcri chiing doi hoi sue chua khdng 16 cagigabyte va terabyte. May tinh ca nhan con su dung dTa mem, cd thd thao lip va di

dpng, vdi sire chua va ty le truy cap thap han so vdi dTa cung. Hien nay, cac 6 dTa cdthe thao lap dupe dang tra thanh l\ra chpn chu yeu trong viec lira tru backup du lieucho may tinh ca nhan ratpho bien.

Hipu suat cua 6 dTa cd the dupe tang cuirng nhb su dpng mot cong nghe gpi la

chiim dTa (RAID). RAID la viet tit cua Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (Hethong dia dp phong). Day la hp thong ho?tdpng bing each kdt ndi mot day cac 6 cung

cd chi phi thap lai vdi nhau de hinh tliAnh mpt thiet bj nha dan cd dung lupng Ian hd

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trg hieu qua cao va ddng tin cay horn so vdi cac giai phdp trade day. 0 dTa truyen thong

chuyen dir lieu t£r 6 dTa theo mpt dubng dan don, con RAID cung luc truyen du lipu

qua nhieu dubng dan, cai thicn dp tin cay va thoi gian tray cap. Doi voi hp thongRAID, du lieu tren dia hong co the dugc tu dpng khdi phpc ma khong can phai tat hpthong may tinh. Ban dau, RAID dugc su dung va trien khai thanh phuerng phap luu trutrong doanh nghipp va cac may chu, nhung trong 5 nam sau do RAID da tro nen pho

bien doi vdi moi ngubi dung.

Bang tu la cong nghe luu tru thu cap cu van condugc dungde luu nhung lugng

du lipu Ion can nhanh nhung khong phai la ngay tuc thoi. Bang tu re va tuong doi ondinh. Tuy nhien, nd cat giu du lieu theo tuan tu va kha cham chap so vdri toe dp cua cacphuongtien luu tru thu cap khac.

Thiet bi nhor di dpng. USB Flash (thuong dugc gpi khong chi'nh xac la USB) va

the nho la nhung thiet bi nho di dpngvdi cong nghp tu.

USB Flash la thiet bi luu tru du lieu sudung bp nho flash tich hgp vdi giao tiep

USB (Universal Serial Bus). Chung cd kich thuoc nho, nhe, cd the thao lap va ghi lai

dugc. Dung lugng cua cac 6 USB flash tren thi trabng cd the tu 512MB den tan 64GB

va con cd the len nua trong tuorng lai. USB flash cd nhieu uu diem hon han cac thiet bi

luu tru thao lap khac, dac biet la dTa mem. Chung nho horn, nhanh hem, cd dung lugngIon hornva tin cay hon dia mem, do do ngay nay 6 USB flash da hoan toan thay the cho

cac dia mem trong cac may tfnh ca nhan dugc san xuat trong mpt vai nam gan day.

The nhorla mptdang bp nho mb rpng cua cac thiet bj so cam tay (cac thiet bi socam tay bao gom: pocketPC, smartphone, dien thoai di dpng, thiet bi giai tri so di dpng,may anh so, may quay so...). The nho su dpng cong nghp flash de ghi dir lipu. The nhothuong cd kich thuoc kha nho nen thuong su dung cho cac thiet bi so cam tay. May

tinh chi cd the doc du lieu cua the nho thong qua cac Dau doc the (Card Reader). Da

so cac dau doc the hien nay thubng gin ngo^i m£y tinh vA giao tiep thong qua cdc

cong USB. Mpt so mdy tinh xach tay dugc tich hgp san Dau dpc the. (3 mpt dang

khac, dau dpc the dugc gin sin vAo thiet bj md rpng c&c ngo giao tiep phia tradethung may tinh cung vdi cac giac cam dau ra am thanh, USB, IEEE—1394... (lap tai

khoang gan CD-ROM).

Dia quang, con gpi 1A dTa compact hay dTa quang laser, su dpng cong nghp laser

luu tru dung lugng du lieu Ion duoi dang nen, dung cho ca may tinh ca nhan va may

tinh Ion. DTa quang thong dung nhat la CD-ROM, bp nho chi dpc dang dTa compact.Mpt dTa CD cd thi luu tru den 700 MB du lipu, gap gan 300 Ian sue chua cua dTa mem.

DTa quang thich hgp cho cac ung dpng can luu tru du lieu khong doi cd dung lugng Ion

hoac cac ung dpng phoi hgp van ban, am thanh va hinh anh. Trong khi CD-R cho phepghi du lieumpt lin va dpc nhieu lan, CD-RW cho phep ghi de du lipu len nhieu lan.

DTa ghi hinh ky thuat so (DVD) la nhung dTa quang cd kich thuoc nhu dTa

CD-ROM nhung cd sue chua Idn hon, khoang 4,7 GB du lipu, du cho mpt bp phimchit lugng cao. Ban dau, DVD dugc tao ra vdi mpc dich su dpng de luu phim vA cac

ung dung da phuomg tipn nhung nddang cd xu huong thay the CD-ROM bbi sue chua

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dung krgng 1dm vSn bAn dipn tu, do hga, du lieu hinh vA tieng. NgoAi 6 chi dpc, hien da

cd cac d dia DVD-RW cho phep ghi mgt hoac nhieu lan.

Noi mang luu tru (SAN): De dap ung nhu cau ngay cang tang ve do hpa, giaodich Web va cAc ung dung ky thuat so khac, dung lugng du li?u cac cong ty can luu tru

lien tuc tang gap doi sau 12—18 thang. Cac cong ty dang huang tai cac loai ca sa hatang luu tru moi nhAm giai quyet van de phuc tap vA ton kem cua nhu cau luu tru dang

Cong ngh? ket noi mang luu tru trg giup cong ty quan ly tap trung tdt ca cAc

nguon luu tru bang each dua ra mot ke hoach luu tru tong the cho tat ca cac thiet bi luutru co trong cong ty.

Co nhieu kha nang noi mang luu tru de lua chon. Vai luu tru gan bo true tiep,cac thiet bi luu tru dugc ket noi true tiep vao may chu va co the dugc truy cap thongqua may chu do, do do de gay tic nghen. Luu tru gan bo vai mang (Network AreaStorage —NAS) gan cac thiet bi luu tru RAID toe dp cao vao he thong de cac thiet bitrong mang co the truy cap thong qua mot may chu chuyen dung danh cho cac dich vu

tep tin va luu tru. Noi mang luu tru (Storage Area Network — SAN) tien bo han nha lapdat nhieu thiet bi luu tru vao mpt mang toe do cao rieng biet danh cho muc dich luu

tru. SAN tao ra mot khu vuc luu tru chung cho nhieu may chu khien nguai su dung co

the nhanh chong chia se du lieu qua SAN. Mac du kha ton kem vA khd quan ly, SAN

rat cd ich cho cac cong ty can chia se thong tin. SAN giup cong ty thong nhat cac

nguon luu tru va cung cap kha nang truy cap du lieu nhanh chong cho ngucri su dung anhieu nori.

2.1.4.Thiet bi vao va thiet bj ra

Con nguai tuang tAc vai he thong may tinh chu yeu thong qua cac thiet bi vaovA ra. Thiet bi vao tap trung du lieu va chuyen doi chung thanh dang dien tu de su

dung bang mAy tinh, con thiet bi ra hien thi du lieu sau khi chung da dugc xu ly. Qua

BAng 2.2, ta cd the thay nhung thiet bi vao va ra chinh.

Xu ly 16 vA xu ly true tuyen

He thong thong tin thu thap va xu ly thong tin theo mgt trong hai each: xu ly 16

hoac xu ly true tuyen. Trong xu ly Id, cAc giao dich dugc tich luy va cat giu thanh mot

Id cho tori thoi diem can xu ly. Xu ly Id cd chu yeu trong cac he thdng cu khi nguai sudung chi can bao cao timg dip nhat dinh. Trong xu ly true tuyen, giao dich dugc nhap

true tiep vao he thong may tinh va xu ly tuc thoi. Hi?n nay nguai ta dung xu ly true

tuyen lachu yeu.

Hinh 2.3 so sanh xu ly lo vai xu ly tryrc tuyen. Xu ly lo thuang dung bang lam

phuong tipn luu tru, con xu ly true tuyen dung d dia cho phep truy cap du lieu tuc thai.Trong he thong xu ly lo, cac giao dich dugc don vao mgt tep tin giao dich trong mgt

khoang thai gian nhat dich. Tgp tin nay dugc dung dd cap nhat dinh ky tep tin chu dao.

Them du lipu giao dich vAo tep tin chu d?o hi?n huu se t^o ra mot tep tin chu dao mai.Trong xu ly trgc tuyen, cAc giao dich dugc nhap vAo he thong thdng qua ban phim, contrd vA h? thong sc dap lai ngay lap tuc. Tgp tin chu dao dugc cap nhat lien tgc.

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Xur ly 16 (batch)

Xur ly tryc tuyen (on-line)

Hinh 2.3. Xu* ly 16 va xlp ly tri^c tuyen(Nguon: Laudon va Laudon, 2002)

Cong cu da phuomg tipn tuomg tdc

Nhung cong nghe xu ly, dau vao, daura va lira tru n6i tren co the dirge su dungde tao ra nhung ung dung da phuomg tien co kha nang tfch hop am thanh va hinh anh

dpng va boat hinh vai do hga va van ban. C6ng cp daphuomg tipn dang tro thanh co so

cho dich vu va san pham tieu dung moi, nhu sach bao di?n tu, lop hpc dien tu va cong

nghe thuyet trinh, hoi thao qua mang, cong eg thiet ke do hpa, thu hinh anh va thu

tieng ndi.

Cac trang web tuomg tac chua day do hpa, hinh anh dpng va am thanh da khienda phuomg tien tra nen ph6 bien tren Internet. Vi dp, den tham trang www.vnn.vn cd

thd truy cap nhung tin tuc mdi, hinh anh, ghi am, clip hinh anh vd clip am thanh (su

dung cong nghe chay suot cho phep xu ly du lipu hinh anh va am thanh thanh mptchuoi 6n dinh va lien tuc khi tai xuong tu trang web).

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Bang 2.2. Mot so thiet bi vao va raThiet bi vAoMo ta

Ban phi'm CAch thuc nhap du lieu pho bien hien nay

Chuot vi tinh Thiet bi dinh vi con tro vai chon lenh trinh, noi vdri may tinhbang mot day cap

Man hinh cam ung Cho phep nhap mot lugng du lieu nhat dinh bang each chamngdn tay hoac con tro vao man hinh

Nhan dang ky tu quang Cong cu chuyen doi nhung ky tu, ma so, dau hieu thiet ke

dac biet thanh dang so hoa. Ma vach la ma so quang dugcdung pho bien nhat.

Nhan dang ky tutu tinh

Dung chu yeu trong xu ly sec ngan hang. CAc ky tu dugc inbang loai muc tu dac biet a cudi tarn sec xac dinh ngan hang,tai khoan va so sec. Mot thiet bi doc MICR chuyen doi cac

ky tu do thanh dang so hoa cho may tinh.

May quet hinhky thuat so

Tien hanh so hoa nhung hinh anh hoac van ban. Day la thiet

bi thiet yeu cuahe thong xu ly tranh anh.

Du lieu am thanh vao Thietbi xu ly am thanh thuc hien so hoa lai n6i de xu ly trenmay tinh. (Vi du: micro va may cat-xet).

Cam bien Thiet bi thu thap du lieu true tiep tu moi truong de nhap vao

may tinh. Vi du, nong dan ngay nay co the su dung bo cambien de giam sat dp am cua dat va tudi nude khi can thiet.Xac minh tan so radio Su dung cac the cd gan vi mach de truyen thong tin ve mot

vat va vi tri cua no. Ung dung trong viec giam sat giao

thong, vat nudi...

Man hinh CRT Ong chan khong dung sung dien tu (catdt) phat ra mot chumtia dien tu lam phat quang chat phosphor tren man hinh. Maytinh xAch tay co man hinh phAng, it cong kenh han man hinhCRT.

May in In van ban hoac cac do hinh do may tinh tao ra tren matgiay. Cac loai may in: may in go (vi du: may in kim) va mayin khong go (may in phun, may in laser va may in nhiet).Dau raam thanh Thiet bi am thanh chuyen du lieu sd thanh am thanh. Vi du:

loa noi vai may tinh phat nhac.

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CAc trang web da phuomg tipn cdn dugc su dung de pho bien cAc san phim ky

thuat so. Vi du cAc ban nhac ky thuat so dugc nen nhd chi bAng 1/10 kich thuac thatnhacong nghe MP3, de dang tai xuong tir Internet vA chai tren may tinh.

2.1.5.Cac dangmay tinh

Cac may tinh thucmg bieu dien vA xu ly du lipu theo cung mpt cAch, nhung cd

rat nhieu each phan loai khac nhau. Kroenker vA ctg. (2005) chia cac dang mAy tinhthanh hai loai chinh: (1) may tinh da chuc nang va (2) may tinh chuyen dung. May tinh

da chuc nang la loai may tinh cd the su dung cho nhieu muc dich khac nhau (vira dungde soan thao van ban, truy cap mang Internet, tinh toan vai cac bang tinh, ve,...). Maytinh chuyen dung la dpng mAy tinh chi dung cho mot dang cong vice dan nhat; vi du

may tinh cai dat kem theo xe d to, giup nguai lai xe dinh vi va lua chpn hudrng di hoac

may tinh dugc thiet ke di kem vai cac mAy di dpng, giup luu tru va tim kiem thong tinnhanh chongcung nhu quan ly lich lam viec cua moi cd nhan.

Tuy nhien, pho bien nhat la su dung kich thuac va toe do xu ly cua cac may tinhde phan loai chiing thanh may tinh Ian, may tinh mini, may tinh cA nhan (may vi tinhhay PC) va sieu may tinh.

May tinh Ion (mainframe) la loai may tinh nhieu nguai dung, dugc thiet ke dethoa man cac yeu cau ve dien toan cua mpt to chuc Ian. Ve nguon goc, thuat ngumainframe truac day dung de chi vd hpp kirn loai chua dan vi xu ly trung tarn (CPU)

cua cac may tinh loai xua. Thuat ngu nay da dan dan thay doi y nghia, noi chung dugcdung de chi nhung may tinh trung tarn loai Ion dugc che tao trong nhung nam 1950 va1960, de dap ung cac yeu cau ve ke toan va quan ly thong tin cua nhung to chuc 16m.May tinh loai nay cd 16m nhat co the quan ly hang ngan thiet bi dau cuoi cam va su

dungnhieu gigabyte bp nhd thu cap.

May tinh mini la loai may tinh nhieu nguai su dung, dugc thiet ke de dap ungcac yeu cau cong viec cho motcong ty nho. May tinh mini manh han may tinh ca nhan

nhung khong manh bang may tinh 16m. Noi chung co khoang tir 4 den 100 nguai co thesu dung may tinh mini cung motluc.

May tinh ca nhan (PC — may vi tinh) la mot may tinh cd the dat tren ban lamviec hoac mang tir phong nay qua phong khac. Khi cac may tinh ca nhan — hay gpi la

may vi tinh vi don vi xu ly trung tarn CPU cua nd la mot bp vi xu ly — xuat hipn lan

dau tien vAo cuoi nhung nam 1970, chung da dugc thiet kd theo dang mAy dung cho

mpt nguai.

Sieu may tinh la mpt may tinh cd toe dp cao nhat, manh nhat va thuang la dAt

nhat trong cAc dang may tinh. May tinh nay thuang dugc thiet ke vA che tao cho mpc

dich nghien cuu khoa hoc, nghicn cuu va xu ly cAc bp du lipu khong 16 trong ngAnh

thong ke hoac lam mAy chu cho nhung mang eye 16m.

Tuy nhien viec phan loai mAy tinh ngay nay bit dau tra nen khd khan han do

mat dp mAy tinh dang tang len nhanh chdng tren pham vi toAn the giai. Tu giua nhDmg

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nSm 1980, syrphan bipt giua cdc mdy tfnh mini (vdi nghTa mdy ti'nh nhieu ngudi dung)cac may vi tinh (vdi nghTa may mpt nguai dung) dan dan tra nen khong rd rang.

Nhieu may vi tinh ve thirc chat manh han so vdi cac may tinh Ian mai chi cdch muainSm trade. Mpt so mdy vi tinh manh hien nay cd the chuyen thanh cac mdy mini bangeach trang bj them cho chung cac thiet bj cudi tir xa. Dong thai nhieu may tinh mini

hipn nay cung da su dung cac bp vi xu ly.

Hipn nay, cac doanh nghiep nhd cung bat dau sur dung mdy tinh. Nhung may

tinh hay dupe surdung nhat co dang may vi tinh (PC). Cacdoanh nghiep Ian co theduravao sur dyng nhung he thong may tinh da dang han bao gom ca cac may tinh cd bo

mach cyrc manh, cac may chu dich vy tpp (file server) vacac may chu dich vymang.

2.1.6. Lirachon phan cu>ng

Khi trang bi them mpt thiet bi phan cung (may tinh, may in, may chu,...), can

chu y la cac thiet bi phan cung phai phii hap vai toan bo phan cung da cd san cua

doanh nghiep. Day la yeu to het sue quan trong, vi nd se dam bao cho su dong bp cuatoan bp he thong. Nhung nguyen tic chinh can phai luu y khi mua sam phan cung tinhpcbao gom:

Sw tuong thich: Cac thiet bi mua mai va da cd phai lam viec dupe vai nhau.Viec mua cac thiet bi khong tuong thich cd the se doi hoi doanh nghiep phai trang bithem mpt so phan mem hoac phan cung khac dung cho viec chuyen doi. Ngoai ra, chi

phi bao tri cung cd the se tang them len.

Kha nang md rong vi nang cap: Nhu cau ve nang luc may tinh trong doanh

nghiep tang khong ngirng, de dang vupt qua nang luc hien cd cua cac may mdc dang surdyng. Han nua, cong nghe thong tin lu6n phat trien khong ngirng, thudng xuyen xuat

hipn cac phan cung va phan mem mai tien lai cho cac hoat dong da dang cua doanh

nghiep. Vi vay, khi mua can xem xet kha nang nang cap cuaphan cung may tinh de cd

the tang cuang khi can thiet. Viec nay se giiip cho doanh nghiep cd the tang cuang khanang cua hp thong ma khong nhat thiet phai mua mai hoan toan cac thiet bi.

Do tin cay: Cac phan cung mai thuang hap din nguai mua bai cac tinh nangmai cua nd. Tuy nhien, nha quan ly can luu y rang cac loi ky thuat thuang khong baogio dupe neu trong cac tor quAng cao. Vi vay, nen tham khao cac bai danh gia san phlm

mdi tren cac tap chi chuyen ve cong nghp thong tin nham dam bao cd mot su lua chpn

phu hpp.

2.2. He thong truyen thong

Truyen thong nghTa la truyen nhung thong tin tir nai nay qua noi khac riho

phuang tipn dipn tu. Chung ta dang trong cupc each mang ve truyen thong dupe clutao tir hai hudrng: nhung thay ddi nhanh chong ve cong nghe truyen thong va nhung

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