Report Smart Lighting Control System Of The Building To Save Energy.pdf

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<b>HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY</b>

<b>Instructor:</b> Dinh Thi Lan Anh

<b>Subject:</b> Introduction of Electrical Engineering

<b>Department:</b> Automation

<small> Singnature of Instructor</small>

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<b> HANOI, Jan 2024</b>

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In Europe the amount of electrical energy used in lighting the interiors ofmedium and large buildings is considerable of about 40%. Energy saving actions couldfollow two basic directions: efficiency and effectiveness: efficiency, by new moreperforming equipment (lamps, control gear, etc.) and by utilization of improvedlighting design practices (localized task lighting systems); effectiveness byimprovements in lighting control systems to avoid energy waste and by adopting atechnical building management system (maintenance and metering). By controlling thelighting in such a way that the lighting level is always accurately matched to the actualneed allows to save on the energy costs and to improve human comfort and efficiency.Establishing an integrated lighting control concept is a very important part of thelighting design process. Directly controlling and managing energy consumption it ispossible to reach high effectiveness in energy management.

Keywords: lighting systems; building automation; energy management

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2.4. Centralized switching scheduling...4

2.5. Automatic mode (daylighting, occupancy, luminance control, zoning)...4

2.6. Scenario Mode...5

2.7. Manual Mode (Override)...5

<b>III.LIGHTING CONTROL ARCHITECTURE...7</b>

3.1. Architecture...7

3.2. Control Techniques...7

3.3. Supvervisory System...9

<b>IV.TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS...9</b>

4.1. Building Management System (BMS)...9

4.2. Application BMS In Lighting Control...10

4.3. KNX System In Lighting...11

<b>REFERENCES... 1</b>

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In Europe the amount of the electrical energy used in illuminating the interiors ofmedium and large buildings is considerable of about 40%. In recent years theEuropean Union EU has actively promoted political campaigns toward energyefficiency [1].

The energy (W) spent in illuminating the interior of a building is equal to: W =PN × t [kWh](1

Two strategies are available to reduce energy spent by lighting systems: efficiencyand effectiveness.

The efficiency could be improved by adopting new equipment (lamps, controlgear, etc.) with high performance and by arranging lighting design practices(localized task lighting systems) to guarantee the best illuminance level.

The effectiveness could be improved by adopting lighting automatic controlsystems to avoid energy waste or unoccupied and daylight hours and by adopting aTechnical Building Management System (TBMS). Building Automation and ControlSystems (BACS) allow pursuit of intelligent Building Management System (BMS);they provide complex and integrated energy saving functions based on the actual useof a building, depending on the user’s real needs to avoid unnecessary energy useand they offer data and diagnostic for operation and maintenance. The key to designan integrated lighting system is the electric lighting control strategy. An appropriatelight control system improves the operating efficiency of a building by combiningthe electric lighting with daylighting and real presence of personnel.

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<b>II.CONTROL STRATEGIES2.1. Definitions</b>

An appropriate electric lighting control concept for a daylight-building consists of a group of components coherent and integrated in a certain sequence. The two main components are: the integrated lighting control zones and the control strategy for each zone. This report concentrates on identifying the integrated lighting control strategy in rooms, taking into consideration the available daylight and the actual occupancy of persons in each zone of the classroom, from that the system will be applied for all room of the building.

For a lighting system, we suggest the following definitions:- Control techniques - how the adjustment is made of luminous flux;- Control actions – how the control technique is implemented;- Control modes –how the control action works;

- Control strategies- what purpose it must pursue the control system; The main strategies of the Smart Lighting Control could be classified in:1) zoning: to subdivide the classroom in different zones with different uses (i.e corridor zone, working zone, hardworking zone, etc.) and with different lux values;2) scheduling: to schedule the general on/off switching by a remote controller using time signals;

3) daylighting: to regulate the electric lights according to the real available daylighting in the room;

4) occupancy: to switch on/off automatically the lights according to the real presenceof persons;

5) luminance control: to regulate the electric lights in order to guarantee continuously a prospected illuminance value on the task plane, compensating for light losses due to lumen depreciation.

6) remoting: to monitor and control the lighting system by remote supervisory system;

7) integrating: to integrate the lighting control system with HVAC (heating, ventilation, air conditioned) control and with solar blinds.

8) metering: to meter continuously energy consumptions.Considering the BMS (BACS and TBM), equation (1) becomes:

W =(k<small>p</small>× P<small>N</small>)×(k<small>t</small>× t F × P)= <small>N</small>×t [kWh 2](where:

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k<small>p</small> is a correction factor of time reduction k_t is a correction factor of power reduction F=k_pk_t_{is a global correction factor}

It’s clear that significant energy savings are possible through the adoption ofappropriate and properly designed systems of control and regulation (figure 1). Thepurpose of a lighting control system is to allow the power of intelligent controlsystems and taking into account any gains / benefits from outside to meet the actualneeds of the occupants of the environment by reducing energy consumption to thatminimum.

<b>2.2. Metering by ICT</b>

Directly controlling and managing energy consumption, ICTs can enableeffectiveness in the areas with the highest energy consumption. Recent studies [2]indicate that this capacity can be exploited to reduce up to 17% the energyconsumption of buildings in the EU and to reduce up to 27% carbon emissions intransport logistics. Smart metering by ICT in buildings offer a dual function: - can help increase energy efficiency by reducing the amount of energy needed toprovide a specific service

- can provide the quantitative basis for design, implement and evaluate strategiesfor energy efficiency.

They also offer the opportunity to develop applications and software tools thatallow it to meet the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive [3].

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<b>2.3. Daylighting</b>

Many reasons can be put forward to justify using daylight as a light source in abuilding: energy savings first of all but also the desire to have dynamic naturaldaylight, the quality of the light, view out, etc.

Daylighting control principles have two major lines of actions passive andactive: directing diffuse daylight delivery into interior spaces improving the depth ofthe daylight area (passive measure) and the control of electric lighting output inresponse to the available daylight (active measure). Two indirect but important goalsfor a good daylighting are also: - use fixed architectural elements that requireminimal or not adjustment or special maintenance, - avoid heating and (especially)cooling penalties to either peak or total load conditions. The key to design anintegrated lighting system is the electric lighting control strategy. An appropriatelight control system improves the operating efficiency of a building by combiningthe electric lighting with daylighting and real presence of personnel (figure 1).

<b>2.4. Centralized switching scheduling</b>

The lighting system will be switched on/off in a general way through acommand available to the staff of the building. This command will be made withelectronic key-operated switch inside the room and remotely by supervisory systemin the entrance control room.

<b>2.5. Automatic mode (daylighting, occupancy, luminance control, zoning)</b>

When turned on the lights will be switched in automatic mode. The system willoperate with input signals from sensors placed in the field (luminance and presencesensors). Lights will be:

- Turned on (occupancy strategy) according to the actual presence in the room.The room is divided into different zones (zoning strategy) with different designluminance level. Figure 2 shows a case of an educational classroom with 3 zones:Zone 1 “student zone” is served by three control groups: GC1.1, GC1.2, GC1.3; zone2 “teaching zone” by one control group GC2; zone 3 “corridor zone” by one controlgroup GC3.

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<b>2.6. Scenario Mode</b>

The smart control will offer several scenarios activated by touch screen or manualpushbuttons, for example in case of slides projection. The scenarios could beprogrammed during the startup up process.

<b>2.7. Manual Mode (Override)</b>

The system is completed by pushbuttons to manage manually the lighting system.It is possible:

-To force on or off (override) the status of single lighting groups.

-To manage directly the system in manual mode excluding the automatic mode. The automatic, manual and scenario modes could be enabled by the generalsupervisory system (figure 3).

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Figure 3. Schemes of a smart lighting control concept.

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<b>III.LIGHTING CONTROL ARCHITECTURE3.1. Architecture</b>

The control could be organized according to the HBES standards (EN 50110)adopting a KNX system. HBES systems are with "distributed intelligence" as eachdevice is properly programmed, it has an "address" unique in the whole systemneeded to be recognized as the recipient of the message, scheduled to make anaccurate function, according to an expected mode, with another component of thesystem established by the program.

The system is programmable by a PC software system (ETS mode). Theoperation of the system is independent of the presence of a PC or a supervisorysystem and therefore it ensures high reliability. In fact, each component of thesystem has electronic elements in which contains all information relevant to the veryfunctioning of the device. In this way it is not necessary to have a central (industrialPLC) to coordinate communication between devices and for managing the entireoperation of the system. The lack of a central element is an undoubted advantage forthe continuity of service; any failure on a device only creates the inefficiency of thedevice in question, while the rest of the plant continues to operate normally. The system thus created is expected to support the system for manual control bylocal control (generic buttons) or remote controls (buttons or touch screen) and amanual or automatic programmed scenarios described above.

The system will consist of:

- power supply KNX system and other KNX devices;

- input devices as interfaces of sensors and KNX system and output device(actuators) to switch the luminaries;

- occupancy sensors and daylighting sensors interfaced with the KNX system usingthe input devices.

<b>3.2. Control Techniques</b>

The illuminance level in a room or in a zone of a room can be controlled by oneor a combination of the following control techniques:

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Switching mode - The light output of an installation can be adjusted step-by-stepto the required level. The control could be arranged by switching of singleluminaires, group of luminaires, individual lampsor in a multi-lamp luminaire.Switching individual lamps by remotely interruption of hot conductors (by switch,relays or BUS actuators), could have the consequence to complicate excessively thewiring and the components (Figure 4)

Figure 4. Multilamps luminaires controlled by remote switch, relays or BUSactuators.

Dimming mode - The light output is continuously variable. Present-day dimmersuse phase-control circuits to vary the conducting period of each half-cycle of lampcurrent. Such circuits are virtually free from power losses. Really the power versusflux curves of dimmable ballasts show a nonlinear behavior. Luminaires withdimmable electronic control gear are controlled by:

- 1-10V analogic system that offer a regulation of blocks/rows of luminaires;

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- Addressable BUS systems that offer a single luminaire or single lamp

By the supervisory system it will be possible also control the switching and theregulations.

For each room it will be possible to show in real time: - The real presence of activity;

- The real energy consumed by the lightings;

The supervisory system data will be collected in a web page.

<b>IV.TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS4.1. Building Management System (BMS)</b>

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Building Management System (BMS) is a smart building management technologythat allows you to control, monitor technical equipment, operate electricity, water, airconditioning, ventilation, security, fire protection, ... synchronization of activitiestaking place in the building.

<b>BMS is a system with the following functions:</b>

- Maintain smart devices in the building in an efficient state;

- Ability to control applications on the system by controlling over the networksystem;

- Fire protection systems, security, ... Connected via an extended interface withinternational languages to ensure convenient control;

- Check the condition of the environment and air in the building; - Report, synthesize information related to the building; - Issue timely warnings before incidents occur;

- Support backup, drafting programs and data of the building;

<b>4.2. Application BMS In Lighting Control</b>

In lighting systems, BMS (Building Management System) or also known asbuilding management system, can be used to control and manage lighting fixtures.

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BMS is a total system, integrating various functions in a smart building, includingthe lighting system. Here are some specific applications of BMS in lighting systems: - Overall lighting control: BMS allows users to control all lighting devices in theentire building from a single point. Users can turn on, off or adjust the brightness ofthe lights in different areas of the building through the BMS's interface.

scenarios based on specific events or conditions. For example, you can set up ascenario to turn off all lights when no one is in the room, or automatically adjust thebrightness of the lights based on the time of day or other environmental factors.

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- Energy management: BMS helps optimize energy use in lighting systems. Byintegrating sensors and intelligent controllers, the BMS can adjust the brightness of thelights based on user presence, natural light levels or other energy parameters. Thissaves energy and reduces unnecessary electricity consumption.

lighting system operation. Users can view parameters such as energy consumption,operating status of light devices and other parameters to evaluate performance andoptimize the system.

<b>4.3. KNX System In Lighting</b>

<b>KNX is the global standard for smart building control and is adhered to by many</b>

manufacturers around the world. This means that you can install and combineequipment from different manufacturers, all of which will interact and work togetheraccording to a common standard specified by KNX.

Lighting control is a crucial aspect of smart building automation, and KNX offersvarious types of lighting control solutions to suit different requirements. These typesof lighting control can be integrated into a KNX smart home automation system toenhance the functionality and efficiency of lighting control in buildings. Let's take acloser look at some of the common types of lighting control options that can beimplemented using KNX technology:

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