Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 12 pot

TAKlNG NOTES
71
A good lecturer will also give
you
ways to anticipate
the
purpose
of a lecture
Of
part
of
a lecture
with verbal cues. Sometimes the lecturer will announce
the
topic in
such
a way that the
pur-
pose
is
directly stated. Other times you will have
to
draw
a oondusion. Although the topic is
stated at
the beginning
of
the
lecture, there
may
be

some
references to previous lectures or
some
classroom
business to
conclude
before
the
topic
Is
8I1Il(HJncad.
When the topic for a
lec-
ture is stated, the lecturer may either pause just belore saying the topic
or
stress the topic
by
raising the
volume
or
using
vary cleat pronunciation.
To
be
a good listener, you should prepare your mind 10 accept
the
information. If you know
whiCh
class
the

lecturer is teaching, you already
know
how
to
focus your attention.
By
hearing
the cue that Identifies the topic,
you
have a context for the rest
of
the lecture.
I'IM:rJcE
k,M"
3
Did you understand? Try to anticipate the
purpose
of
a lecture by
~stening
to the beginning
01
it. Hare are
some
short introductions
to
lectures lor practice. The first
one
is completed 10 give
you an example. The answers are printed in Chapter 7 on page 504.

"Okay than,
leI
's
gel
started. Uh, today
we're
going
to
talk
about the
biosphere
."
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Actl
vlty
3, CD 2,
Track
5
,
DiYld,
the

paper
IIlto
colan'
There are
many
variations
of
column note taking. This style is very simple and effective. Draw
a
line down
your
note paper from
the
top
10
the bottom about two inches from the left margin,
as
shown on
the
next page. This
Is
called two-coIumn notes. When you are taking notes, put
the
topics
or
maln ideas in the left column
and add
details and examples in the right column.
This sys
tem

helps
you take notes more quickty because you don'
have
to identity the main
ideas
and
the
details
Of
examples by writing out words
Of
by using a more complicated outline
72
ACADEMIC SKILLS
format that requires letters and numbers. Placement
to
the left
or
to
the right of the lina sorts
the ideas in
order of importance and shows their relationship.
Draw a
line across the paper from the left to the right about
two
inches from the top. This is 8
space
lor
the main idea. Draw anomer line about two incnes from the bottom, as shoWn.
Th

is
is a space that
you
can use for your thoughts and ideas as you are taking notes.
later,
when
you look
at your notes,
you
will know which ideas are from the textbook
or
lecture and which
are yours,
Main Idea
Major point 1 Examples and details
Major point 2 Examples and details
Major point
3 Examples and details
My
Ideas
Did you understand? Try to put the I
nf
ormation
In
the following son
lo
noo outlino Into two-
column notes. Refer
to
the two-column format above

as
an
example, The answers are printed
In Chapter 7 on page 504,
There are three arguments in support
of
protecting endangered species.
I.
Aesthetic justification states that the various forms of nature inlluence the li
fe
expe-
rience of human beings in a positive way.
A. Many endangered
species
are uniquely beautiful.
B.
They are appreciated universally in art and literature.
C. Some are importa
nt
10
the religious community,
II. Ecological self
-i
nterest assumes that a balance
01
nature ben.efits all species.
A.
All species perform essential functions.
t . For example, an endangered species
may

be the unique carrier of a cure for a
human disease.
B.
In
order to
pr
otect ourselves, we must protect other species.
III. Moral
justification asserts that the creatures themselves have rights.
A.
The United Nations World Charter for Nature declares that all species have the
right to
exisl.
B. H
uman
beings
have
the responsibHity to preserve all species.
yttet
matcr<8~
TAK
I
NG
NOTE
S n
IV. The
prolessor
does not directty promote any argument, but advocacy for
the
protec-

tion
of
endangered species is implied in
the
Iect1Jre
.
,
Separate
the
major
and

lnlN'
points
In
order
to use
two
columns
for
notes,
you
must
be
able
to
classify the ideas into major and
minor
points. There
are

usually three
or
four major points in a short lecture
or
reading pas·
sage. Each
of
the
major
points is supported
by
examples
and
details. The examples and
detalls
are mi
nor
points.
When
you
hear
a
ma
jor point, write it
on
the left.
When
you
hear
a mi

nor
point. write
it
on the
right.
Did
you
understand? Look
at
the
notes under
each
topic. The sentences in the notes refer
to
either the major points
or
the
minor points.
Try
to organize
the
notes under the topic
by
pulling
the
major points
in
the left column and
the
minor points in the right column. Your

answer
is
cor
-
roo
it
the
points
are
placed
corrOOIy
on either
the
left
or
right. The points
do
not have to
be
in
exactly
the
same
order
. The first
one
is completed to give
you
an example.
The

answers
are
printed
in
Chapter
7
on
pages
505-506
.
There are three types of managers in addition to
the
general manager.
The line manager is responsible for production.
F
or
example, a production manager is a line manager.
A
stall
manager is
in
charge of support activities such
as
human resources.
Information systems
is
also
overseen
by
a

stall
manager.
A functiOnal manager is
the
head
01
a department.
A department chair at a college is a functional
manager
.
The manager
01
a sales department
at
a company is also a functional manager.
l
ine
manager
production
stall
manager
support
activities
functional manager
he'"
.,.".
3 managers
production
manager
human resources

information systems
dept chair college
sales
dept
company
14
ACADEMIC
SKillS
" According to Mead, the sell has
two
sides: the "I"
and
the
"me,
"
It
is prediCtable because
SOCial
conlormity Is expected,
This part of the self is
less
predictable because
~
is
unique,
This
part
01
the self is formed through socialization by others.
The "I" represents the individuality of a person.

For instance, a spontaneous reaction might reveal the "I."
The
"me
" represents the expectations and anitudes
01
others.
2. The mystery
01
pulsars was resolved in the t9605.
We
see pulses of light each time the beam sweeps past the Earth.
The pulsar in the Crab Nebula, for example, currently spins about
th
irty times per second,
We also know that pulsars are nol perfectly timed because each revolution
01
a pulsar
takes a
little longer.
We know that pulsars are neutron slar
s,
like lighthouses left by supernova explosions.
It
will probably spin about
hall
as fast two thousand years from now.
Uke
a lighthouse, the neutron star revolves.
3. Britain
transpofted convicts

10
Australia in an effort to
SOlve
the problems of overcrowding
In prisons.
There were
11
ships with
750
prisoners aboard.
Four oompanies of marines sailed with them
as
guards.
They took enough supplies
for
two years.
In 1787, the lirst
lleelleft
for Botany Bay in New South Wales.
Shortly after arriving in 1788, the colony was
moved
to Sydney Cove.
In Sydney,
the water supply and soil were better.
Although Sydney was the
new
sile, for many years it was called Botany Bay.
4. Frederick
Cart Frieseke was
an

American impressionist.
In Normandy, he began
to
paint indoor settings.
fn
1905, Frieseke moved
to
Giverney where he lived untit 1920.
He studied with Whistler in the late 18005.
Born in
Michigan, he went to Paris in 1897,
In his later work,
he
began
to
use a darker palette.
From Whistler,
he learned the academic style
01
the salons.
At
Givemey, Frieseke was influenced by Monet.
Monel was experimenting with the effects of sunlight.
The
style of Monet and his school is known as impressionism.
By 1920, Frieseke had
left Giverney lor Normandy.
5. Two
types of weathering will break down rock masses into smaller particles,
Interaction

between surface or ground water and chemicals causes chemical weathering.
With increased precipitation
or temperature, chemicals tend to break down laster.
Mechanical weathering occurs
when force and pressure grind rocks down.
A common example
is
the wearing away
of
granite facades on buildings.
The
weathering of feldspar in granite can
be
caused by a reaction to acids in rain.
Pressure from
freezing and thawing causes rocks to expand and contract.
When a rock
is
broken in two by physical lorces, it is
fTIOfe
vulnerable to weathering,
••
TAKING
NOTES
75
IDEIlIFY
IMPORTANT
IlfDRMAnDR
Sb.latla
to

Use
~
Pay attention to key words
~ Notice cues
in
speech
and
writing
,.
Pay
Ittelllian
to
klJ'
words
Key words help
~
identify
the
important infonnation in a textbook or a lecture. Certain key
words
appear more often in a reading passage or a lecture with a particular purpose.
The
key words below are
Ustacf
under
the
purpose for

hich they are frequently used. These
k

ey
words are not 100
perren
t accurate, but they
do
give
~
a starting poin
t.
Key words are
espeeially Important in lectures since
the
se
nt
ences that
the
professor uses
In
speech are not
edited like lhe sentences In textbooks,
and
are, therefore,
lTIOfe
difficult to
10110

.
DoIioitlon
Is
known

as
"
""'"
I,
Refers to
M
eans
Description
and Example
Coosists of
Adjective
F
or
example
F
~
"""""
N
~1y
SpocfficaJIy
Thai is
CI
•••
lfleation
Kinds of
Types
01
Classes 01
Groups of
P

a<ts
of
Properties of
Characteristics
01
Varieties
01
Sequence-Chronology
or
Process
Firsl,
second
, third
Next, then, last
Finally
Before
AIle<
AI
the
same time
Mean

hile
Now
As
soon
as
later
Subsequently
Evoolually

Stop
Siage
".,.,.
76
ACADEMIC
SKILLS
Comparison
and
Contrast
Like
Similar to
Differ from
Compared with
In
comparison
Similarly
In
the same way
In
contrasl
Whereas
Adjective
+ -er
Although
B,t
Conversety
In
spite of
Even though
However

Instead
On
the contrary
On the other hand
Despite
I'ucncE
Acmm
6
Cause
and Effect
As a consequence
As a result
Th"
Therefore
"""','"
Because of
Fo
r this reason
Consequenlly
Since
So
Problem
and
Solution
Problem
Persuasion
or
Evaluation
First, seoond, third
Should, must, ought to

Therefore
In
conclusloo,
In
summary
Did
you understand? Try to Identify the key words in the sentences. Underline them. Then
d61:;ide
in which kind
ot
reading passage they might
be
found. Here are some sentences lor
practice. The
first one is completed to give you
an
example. The answers are printed In Chap-
ter 7 on page 506.
Mesopotamia
re
le
rs
to the land between
two
rivers.
Definition
1. There are two types of mixtur
es-heterogeneous
and
homogellElOUS.

2. As a result, the litmus paper turns blue when the solution is a base.
3.
In contrast, a
countercu~ure
e
xh
ibits behavior that is contrary
to
the
dominant culture.
4.
The first stage
ot
sleep produces alpha waves.
5. The main
properties of soil include color, texture, and structure.
6.
Community service should
be
a requirement for graduation from the College of Education.
TAK
I
NG
NOTES
n
7. For example, the Navajo create sacred images In colored sand in order to restore the spir-
itual
and
physical health
of

the sick.
8. The maximum amount
01
water that air
can
hold at a given temperature
and
pressure is
known as saturation.
9. Whereas an objective is specific
and
measurable, a goal is broader
and
is usuaUy not time
specifiC.
10. Dutch
eKPlOrer5
in
the
earty seventeenth century called the west coast
of
Australia "New
Holland," a name that was used to describe
the
continent until
the
beginning
01
the
nine-

teenth century.
~
1Iot1

_In
_.h
Ind
writing
Sometimes professors
will
leU
you that a point is important while
lhey
are presenting their
1ec-
tures.
Some
phrases to Iislen
lor
include the follOwing:
Pay
particular attention
10
Be
sure to
E~~
i
~tis
And
this is impottant

And
this is
the
key
point
Written cues
will
also appear in textbooks. Look
lor
headi
ngs
, bold letters,
and
italics.
Underline
the
information
or
put a star beside it
to
indicate
!ha
l the prolessor has ldentilied
it
as
an importanl point.
I'umt:E
k'M" 7
Did you understand? Usten
10

the beginning 01 a lecture
on
language and try to idenlify
the
important inlormation
in
the
notes.
Unde
rline it
or
put a star beside it. A senleoce
from
the
1ec-
ture is shown here along with a star
beside
the corresponding point in the notes
to
give you an
example.
The answers are printed
in
Chapter 7 on pages
506-507
.
"And this is i
mportant-standard
language is appropriate
in

both
speech
and writing."
Notes:
"8p9lopriate speech

writing
Usten to
the
beginning of a lecture in a linguistics class.