Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 14 ppsx

TAKING
NOTE
S
as
The problem is that most populations of ginseng in
Canada
are too small to survive unless
they
are completely protected from harvesting
by
humans,
Ginseng survive

if
human harvesti
ng
Sometimes it is laster
10
repfesent an Idea with a symbol
or
a diagram
!han
it is
10
write notes
in words. This is especially true
01
relationships.
hA&ra
kiM"
1D

Did you understand?
Now
practice drawing diagrams
to
represent relationships. Rrst listen
to
eaen of the sentences from lectures on different topics.
Then
stop
the
audio
and
draw your dia-
gr
am
. Compare your drawings with
the
drawings in the answer key.
The
first one is completed
to give
you
an
example. Your answer Is correct
if
it
shows the
same
relationship
as

the
draw-
ings in the
answer
key, even
if
the diagram is
not
exactly the same.
The
answers are printed in
Chapter 7
on
pages 509-511 .
The
nervous syst
em
is divided into
two
major parts:
the
central nervous syst
em
and
the
peripheral nervous system.
Nervous system

Central Peripheral
Usten to some sentences

from
college lectures. Take notes
by
drawing diagrams.
Activity
10,
CD
2,
Track
9
1.
2.
3.
PARAPHRASING
87
PARAPHRASING
Paraphrasing means using differeot words to express the same meaning. When you para-
phrase, you express an idea that you have heard
or
read, but you say
or
write it in your
own
words. Because you are including all of the information when you paraphrase, the paraphrase
is
usually about the same length as the original. There are three problems that you will con-
front when you
are
paraphrasl09.
, .

There
Is
a
natural
tendency
to
repeat
the
same
words
Instaad
of
parsphraslng
them
. This means that
you
need to listen and read f
or
meani
ng
Instead
01
focusing on
individual
words
and
grammatical
struc
tures.
2.

Reference
materials
such
as
a
thesaurUI
may
not
be
used
on
the
TOEFL. This
means that you have
10 know synonyms for words and phrases.
3.
Sometimes
It
Is
not
possible
to
think
ot
a
paraphra

This means that you must
learn how to give credit 10 sources when you use them in speaking or writing.
This chapter

will help
you
i
mpr
ove
your paraphrasing sllills.
You
will learn
how
to
•
Choo

synonyms
for
wordl
and
phrases
• Uae
Iitemative
grammatical
Itructurel
•
Cite
expressionl
Ind
ideas
How
will
ttt.M

.trar.g1H
help
you
on
the
TOEFL
7 By learning
10
paraphrase well, you
will achieve a higher score on all four sections of the
TOEFl.
There are questions that require
you to recognize
or
produce paraphrases on the Reading, Ustening, Writing, and Speaking
sections. Paraphrasing is a very important academic sltill
fOf
success in college or university
classes as well. Using someone else's words is called
plagiarizing
. Plagiarizing is a very seri-
ous offense and can result in
your
being expelled from school.
CHODSE
SYNONYMS
FOR
WORDS
AND
PHRASES

Stmql

t


Substitute multiple synonyms

Use phrases

Make an explanation
,
Substitute ",ultlple
synonyms
When you use the strategy Of su
bst
ituting synonyms, you must substitute more Ihan
01"18
word
Of
phrase. An excellent paraphrase will also
be
expressed by a different grammatical struc-
ture. You will1e9m about
using
alternative structures later
in
this chapter.
Paraphrases
with synonyms
must

be
restatements. Substituting only one vocabulary word in a
sentence
is
no
t a restatement. It is
so
close
to
the
original that It is not an acceptable para-
phrase. Here is an example statement and an unacceptable paraphrase:
.JI
bask tlet materlala
86
ACADEMIC
SKIllS
4.
5.
5.
7.
8
9.
10.
ADVISOR'S
OFFICE
This advice from
Dr
. Charles Swindell
is

framed on
the
wall
of
my offICe near
my
computer
so
that I can
see
it every
da
y.
I
am
happy
to
share it with you.
The longer I live, the more I realite the Impact
01
altil1.lde on life. Altitude to me
I;
more important than facts. h is more important then the past, than education, than
money, than circumstances, than failures, than successes, than what other people
think
or
say or do. It
is
more important then appearance, giftedness,
or

skill.
The
remarkable thing
Is,
we
have
a choice every
day
regarding the altitude
we
embrace
lor
that day. We cannot
change
our
past. We cannot change the fact that people
may
act
in a certain way.
We
cannot change the inevitable. The only thing
we
can
do is play
on
the one string
we
have, and that Is
our
attitude. I

am
convinced that
life
is
10 percent what
happens
to
me
and
90
percent
how
I
react
to it.
And
so
It
Is
with you. We are in charge
of
our
attitudes.
Henry Ford
said
It
another way: "" you think you can
or
you think you
can'

, you
are
probably fight."
•
8lI
ACADEMIC
SKILLS
Original Statement:
The
hardest woodwind instrument
to
learn
is
the
oboe.
Unacceptable Paraphrase: The
most
difficult woodwind instrument
to
learn is
the
oboe.
Why
is the lirst paraphrase unacceptable? Did you notice that ooly one word
was
dittersnt
from the original statement? Remember that substituting
01'19
synonym is not a restatement
and

not an acceptable paraphrase.
Now
look
at
an
acceptable paraphrase:
Original Statement:
The
hardest woodwind instrument
to
learn is the
oboe
Acceptable Paraphrase: The most difficult woodwind instrument
10
master is the
oboe
.
Why is the second paraphrase acceptable? Did you notice that more than
one
synonym
was
dif-
f&fent?
The phrase
mos
t difficult
was
substituted for the
word
hardest

and the word
master
was
substituted
for the
word
leam.
But
this paraphrase
Is
still
very
close
10
the original sentence.
This
is
an improvement
In
paraphrasing:
Original
Statement:
The
hardest woodwind instrument to learn
Is
the
oboe.
Excellent Paraphrase:
The
oboe

is the
most
difficult woodwind instrument to master.
Why is this paraphrase consider
ed
excellent?
Uke
the
acceptable paraphrase,
rTlOfe
than
one
synonym
was
different. The
phrase
most
diffICUlt
was
substituted lor the word hardest and
the
word
mssterwas
substituted
lor
the word
/e8m
. Did you also see how the structure
of
the

sen-
tence changed? The subject
of
the
original statement
was
the
hardest woodwind Instrument
and the complement
was
the oboe. In the excellent paraphrase, the
oboewas
the subject
and
the hardest woodwind instrument
was
the complement.
Did you understand? Try
to
rewrite
each
senlence that you
may
see in a lexti:looll
by
substi!Ul-
ing synonyms
lor
the underlined words and phrases. As you have learned, an excellent para-
phrase will also change the structure

of
the
sentence, but in this practice activity, leI's begin
by
writing acceptable paraphrases. Substitute multiple synonyms. The first
one
is
completed
to
give you
an
example. Your
answer
is
correct if
the
wordS
or
phrases you use are synonyms l
or
the underlined words
or
phrases
and
the
meaning
01
the sentence
is
the same. The synonyms

do
not
have
to
be
the ones t
hat
are used
In
the answer key. Example answers are printed
In
Chapter 7
00
page 51 1.
yttet
matcr<a~
,
PARAPHRASING
It

,

"
Original: Thomas Edison was a
YefY
curious
mild,
pedorming his first experiment wtlen
he
was

oojy
three
years
old
Paraphrase:
Thomas
Edison
was
a
very
i
nquisiUye
child,
cooc:IuCling
his
first
experimen
t
a1
the
BQft
of
three.
1. The
coppemead,
8
snake
thai slrikes
withou1
warning, is

OOQsiderad
much
more danger.
o:us
than
the
rattlesnake.
2.
Because
J. P.
Morgan
was
known
as
a
reoutatllA
and
PrUden!
businessman
, he
was
able
10
per1jl.!ade
others
to
remain
In
the
maJ1I.el

even after
the
crash
had
twlun
.
3. Phosphorus
is.u.:oad
in paint
on
highway signs
and
mar1o:ers
because
it
is
~
81
night.
4.
Rain
forests are
otten
located
near
the
equator.
5.
By
the mid-njoeleentt! century, land was so expensjye

in
~
cities that architects began
10
conserve space
by
building
skysaapers.
6. Research slLldjes of vertebrates
SIlI:M:
deye!orvnenl from a very simple heart
in
fish to a
cpmp!ex
lour-chamber
nea
rt
in
humans
.
7.
When
two
products
are
turvlemootaJly
the
same
, advettising
can

iIlflueoc&
the
chojce
lhal
the public
makes
.
8. As a whole,
in
birds, the
male
of the
species
is
mo
re
txilljaolly coIoted.
9. The
IHK:.e.
of gold
on
the
world marXel
is
sybject to several yariables.
including
but not
lim:
dAd
10

supply and
demand
.
10. The
ma
of
a submarine is not CflfOOt. dating
from
the
14ll!l<;
when
Crabbel and
da
Vinci
eke
iIliliaJ
sketches
,
eo
ACADEMIC SKILLS
,
Use
phrases
There is a tendency
to
try to find
one
word to paraphrase.
bu
t phrases can

be
a useful
alternative.
PucncAI
SlUm
y
The English language contains many phrasal verbs thai express the same meaning as a on&-
word verb.
In
general, the phrasal
vernis
used
lor
In
fotmal writing and speaking. and the on&-
word verb
Is
used for
lT1()(e
tormal language.
Some
01
the phrasal verbs lnat are common to
academic language are listed here.
Bring about
""'"
Carl)' on transact; continue
Carl)' out
COfTIPIete;
accomplish

Clear up
oIarily
Come about
-"
Come across
lind
Come by find
accidentally
Come
out with
publish;
produce
Come up with
aeate
Cut clown on
"d"",
Fall through fail
FIgure out
understand
Find out
discover
Give off
.mIt
Go
after follow
Go
b9Ck
retum
Go
before

",,,,,,.
Godown decrease
Go 00
continue; happen
Go
over review
Go
through experience; penetrate
Go'P
Increase
Keep on continue
Keep up remain current
Leave out exclude; omit
Look for
"'"
Look Into investigate
Look
like resemble
Look over examine
Look up
locate information
look
up to
,,"""
Make out understand with diffICUlty
Make up Invent; compose
Pick
out
",1oc1
Point out show; indicate

Put
off
po"",,",
, "
Put
up
with
Rule
Oul
Run across
Run Into
Setup
Show "
Spe
ll
out
Stand
lor
Slid: out
Take I
nto
account
Take over
Take
place
Think through
Throw
away
Touch on
Try

oot
Tum
Into
Tum
out
Tum
up
Wi
nd
up
Wont
out
Write
up
Put:ncE
kiln"
12
tolerate
elimil'l8te
find acc:identally
meet
by
accident
,"-
appear unexpectedly
slate
in
detail
""'

protrude
conslde,
assume control
~,
""""
discard
mention briefty
test
,""""""
"""'-
discover
finish
""'

,-
PARAPHRASING
"
Did
you
undetstand? First read each sentence. Then try to
say
each
sentence using a phrase
instead
01
a one-word verb.
The
first
one
is completed to

give
you an example. Your answer is
correct if the phrases that you use
ate
synonyms
lor
the underlined words
and
the meaning
01
the sentence is the
same
.
The
phrases do not have
10
be
the ones that
are
used in
the
answer
key
. Example answers are recorded
on
Tr
ack 10
01
the audio
and

also printed in
Chap
t
er
7 on
pages 511 512.
PHRASAL
VERBS
Written:
Spoken:
A balance
01
In
ternational payment relers to
the
net
result
01
the business that
a
nation
traDyds
with other nations in a given
periOd
.
A balance of international payment relers to
the
net
result
of

the business that
a nation
canies
00 with other nations In a given
period
.