Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 15 potx

92
ACADEMIC
SKIllS
o
Act
IvIty
12, CD 2,
Tr
a
ck
10
1. Because light travels laster than sound, ligh
tn
ing appears to precede thunder.
2. Congress respected Jefferson because
01
his intelligence and creativity.
3. The lower teeth in crocodil
es
protrude when their mouths are closed.
4. Some sponges resemble plants.
5. The first census was
arcomplisbed
In
Great Britain in 1801 .
6. People who have exoerienced a traumatic event
may
have recurring images
01
it.
7. In algebra, letters and other symbols represent numbers.

8. During periods
01
stress
or
excitement, the heart ra
te
Increases and airways
to
the lungs
become dilated.
9. Theories
01
prehistory and earty humans are constantly changing as
we
COt'lslder
the
new
evidence from archeological finds.
10. Dreams may have been
the
inspiration for the Surrealists
to
create their works of art.

Make
an
explanation
Sometimes even native speakers cannot retrieve a word from memory when they are para-
phrasing, especially when they are speaking. When this happens to you, there are several
ways to compensate

for
the word that has slipped your mind. Make
an
explanation.
P1w:ncAL
STRATHY
If it is
an
adjective,
you
can use an opposite adjective
with
tna word not. F
or
example, if a syn-
onym for the adjective
I8rge
slips your mind, you can say, not
small.
The
sum
was
not
small.
If
il
is a verb, you can use a
gene
ral verb Instead
01

a specific synonym. F
or
example, if you
lor
-
get the synonym l
or
the verb rely
on,
you can say,
USB,
which is a very general verb that
includes
many meanings. Earty Itaders
used
barter
in
stead of money
to
exchange goods. If it
is a noun. you can
describe the noun with a descriptive phrase
or
clause. For example,
if
you
forget the synonym for the noun
farme
r
or

if the word farmer slips your mind, you can describe
it by saying,
the
p6fS()(J who engages in
agricul
ture
.
These compensatory strategies are used to get out o
la
problem when you are speaking.
They should
be
used as a last resort instead of Slopping when you are speaking.
besk lIeI
matcr<ale
PARAPHRASING
83
I'IAcnt:E
Aumn
13
Did
you
understand? Try to restate
each
sentence that
you
may
see
in a textbook
by

explain-
ing
the
meaning instead
01
substituting a synonym for the underlined
WOld.
The lirsl
one
is
completed to give you an example. Example answers are recorded on Track
11
01 the audio
and
also printed in Chapter 7
on
page
512.
The
Co
nstitution guarantees that private
homes
will not
be
searched without a warran!.
The ConstiMion guarantees that private
homes
wiI
not
be

searched
without
written authorizaIjoo.
()
Acti
vity
13
,
CD
2.
Track
11
ADJECTIVES
Use an opposite.
The
second movement
01
a symphony is usually
S!a!t
.
The
second movement
01
a symphony is usually
not
last
.
1. The temperature in many desert regions is
CQIs:1
at night.

2. Facial expressions
may
be
COfTVTlOO
across culture
s.
3. Obsidian is
~
because it
cools
too quickly for crystals to form.
4.
£mY.
musical instruments play louder than 100 decibels
Of
softer !han 20 decibels.
5. The
people
who
have adapted to tile at very high altitudes are usually slxld.
NOUNS
Use a phrase.
Skysqaoors
are representative
01
the International Style of architecture.
Tai
l buildings are representative 0I1he International Style
01
architecture.

1. In many cities, vendors must have a license to set up their booths in public places.
2. Studies
show
that small
Qills
are a positive influence in elderly people's lives.
3. Staircases were
an
importa
nt
feature of
the
palaces constructed during the Baroque
periOd.
1M
ACADEMIC
S
KILL
S
4. Global wind patterns are affected by the Earth's rotation.
5.
Bitingual education is more
common
in regions where language minorities live.
VERBS
Use a general vert).
","",
Many managers emoloy teams to accomplish complex
goals
.

Many
managers
J.ISJt
teams
to
accomplish complex goals.
t . Unlike
cast
iron, pure wrought iron contains no
carbon
.
2. Hypnosis achieves a heightel'led state
of
suggestibility in a willing participant.
3. Productivity increases when fewer employees are required to
ar,!";ocnp!isb
the
work.
4.
Normally,
the
plasma in human blood constitutes
50-60
percent
of
the total blood volume.
5.
Three
lourt
hs

01
the
goods
manufactur
ed
in
Ca
nada l
or
export are sold to the United
Slates.
USE
ALTERIlATIVE
GRAMMATICAL
mUCTQIIES
Sb.",I

to
Use

Produce restatements

Read and listen
lor
meaning

Edit problem paraphrases

Produce
restatements

Learning to identify possibilities
!Of
alternative structures will improve your paraphrasing skills.
A restatement
wfttJ
an alternative structure is not a paraphrase
because"
uses
too many
of
the
same
words
and
phrases. Later in
th
is chapter, you will
use
restatements with synonyms
to
prod~
paraphrases.
PIAcnc:AL
STUrny
Study the examples
of
restat
ements
in each
of

the categories below. Learn
to
make
restate-
men
ts
us
ing alternative structures.
When
you can usa both synonyms and alternative stnIC-
hJres.
you will
be
able to paraphrase appropriately. For now, locus
on
alternative structures.
bas
ttet
mat
na
Chronology
Coordination
Cause
Comparison
Conoe""'"
Negatives
Passives
CHRONOLOGY
Original:
Restatement:

COORDINATION
Original:
Restatement:
CAUSE
Original:
Restatement:
COMPARISON
Original:
Restatement:
PARAPHRASING
is
before/after/during
not
only-but alsolneither-nor/not-butlboth-andlas well
as
becauselbecause oflsinoelas a result
simHarnikelthe
sameldiflerfdiffe
ren
tlmorelless
although/even though/despitelln spite oflbut/Whereas
not
+
un
-/not ooceInot
oneJvery
rarelylvety seldom
BE + past participle
After
the M

issou
ri
Compromise
was
abandoned
by
Congress
,
the
Republican party was fooned in 1854, partly
in
opposition to
the
spread
of
slavery in
the
Un~ed
States.
Belore
the Republican party was formed in 1854, in part
10
oppose
the
spread
of slavery In the United States,
the
Missouri Compromise !\ad
already been abandoned
by

Congress.
Byzantine art consisted
not only of oriental style but also of Greek ideas
ItIat
maintained its popularity for more than eleven centuries.
Popular
for more than eleven hundred years, Byzantine art consisted of
boltl oriental style and
Greek
ideas.
In
the classic experiment
in
operant conditioning, Pavlov's
dog
salivated
when
he
hean:I
a bell because he associated the
SOIJnd
with food.
Since Pavlov's dog associated
the
SOIJnd
of a bell with being fed,
he
salivated
when
he

heard it in the classic experiment
in
operant condi-
tioning.
As
a conductor of neat and electricity, aluminum e)(ceoos all metals
e)(cept siiver,
copper
, and gold.
Sitver,
copper
, and
gold
are
better oonductors of heat and electricity
than alumioom
is.
98
ACADEMIC
SKillS
CONCESSION
Original:
Restatement:
N
EG
ATIVE
Original:
Restatement:
P
AS

SI
VE
Original:
Restatement:
I'utTICEEn&ISE14
Despite the great differences
In
size, shape, and function, ali human
celis have the same
lorty-si~
chromosomes.
Although the
lorty-si~
chromosomes are the same in
ali
human celis,
there are
dilf9fe~
in
the
size,
s.hep6,
end function.
It
is
not illeg
al
in some cultures to
be
married to more than one woman at

the
same
time,
but
the monogamous relationship
is
the most common.
In
some cultures, it is legal
to
be married
to
several women
at
once
, but
it
is
more common
to
be married to just one woman.
The
explosive properties
01
nitroglycerin, later one
01
the components
01
dynamite, were discovered by Ascanio Sobrero,
an

Italian chemistry
professor_
Italian
chemistry professof Ascanio Sobrero discovered that nitroglyc-
erin, later used in the production of dynamite, had explosive properties.
Did you understand? Try
to
restate each sentence that you may see
In
a textbook by writing an
atternative grammatical Slructure. Make changes to the grammar bul do
not
make changes in
the meaning
01
the sentence.
The
first one
lor
each structure is completed to give you an
example. Example answers are printed
In
Chapter 7 on pages
5t2
- 513.
CHRONOLOGY
E
XAM
I't.E
Chronology:

Chronology
Restatement:
After
the
death
of
Queen Mary
In
1558,
her
hall-sister Elizabeth
ascended
the throne 01 England.
Before Elizabeth ascended the throne of England
In
1558, her hall-
sister Mary ruled.
t . Not
until the Triassic PeriOd did the first primitive mammals appear.
2. Glass became a major oonstruction material duri
ng
the lale Middle Ages.
yne!
matcr<B~
PARAPHAASING
87
3.
Helium replaced hydrogen as a power source for dirigibles because it was safer.
4. The Moriori people settled the Chatham Islands off the coast of
New

Zealand long before
the Europeans
arrived In 1791.
5. Always rinse your test
tubes
and pipettes with a small amount of distilled water before you
store them
In
the lab
co.bfrlCtS.
COORDIN
A
TION
E

"
Cooruinalion;
Coordination
Restatement;
Belore the intnxluction or the musical staff, =mposan;; presorved their
wor1c
not only by writing
~
down
but
also by teaching it to a younger
musician.
Belore the introduction
01
the musical staff, oomposers preserved their

wor1c
by
teaching it to a younger musician,
not
by writing a book.
1. Both genes and
viruses
are
made of essential chemicals called nucleoprotelns.
2. Successful managers neither proceed without a plan nor Ignore opportunities thai arise.
3. Technically, not only
glass
but
also water are considered minerals.
4 . Neither
com
nor
winter wneat are native to the Americas.
5. Ethilicity is usually based on race and religion
as
we
ll as national origin.
CA
USE
Em

"
Cause:
Cause
Restatement;

T
he
diesel
engine thai runs on oil is more efficient than most other
engines
because
~
converts rrKlfe of the uselul energy stored in the rue!.
T
he
diesel
engine
runs more efficiently
than
most o
ther
engines
because
01
the olt
th.at
CO!"IlIerts
more useful energy.
1. Psychologists suggest that Incentives cause workers to increase productillity.
2. Because many
Makes
have
been found
In
ellcavations

01
Stone Age settlements, anthro-
pologists conclude that
they
were
used as lools
fOf
cutting and
scrapng.
tt61
matenala
"
ACADEMe
SK
ILLS
3. Too
much
water can cause plants to tum brown on the edges.
4.
Blood pressure
can
become elevated as a result 01 increased salt consumption.
5.
Since the interstate highway system linking r
oads
acr
oss
the counlry was buill in the
19305, most
01

the roads in the system
need
to
be repaired.
COMPARISON
""'Pl
E
Comparison:
Comparison
Restatement:
Although
they
are smaller in size, for the most part, chipmunks are like
most other ground squirrels.
Chipmunks
are mostly like other
ground
squirrels e_cept for their
smaller size.
t . Virusas
and
the first life forms that appeared on Earth millions of years
ago
have
a
similar structure.
2.
The
lungs have a higher
olCYgen

concentration than the blood does.
3.
The Indian Ocean is smaller but deeper than the Atlantic Ocean.
4. Picasso's
work
was not the same during various artistic periods.
5.
The difference in the gravitational attraction 01 various places on the Earth's surface is
lhe
reason that the weight of objects is not the same.
CON
C
ESSION
Concession:
Concession
Restatement:
Although oil paint tends
10
yellow with age, tempera colors retain their
vibrancy
lor
centuries.
Oil
palnl
lends
to
yellow
with age, but tempera colors retain their
vibrancy for centuries.
1. Whereas

insulin levels are close to
Of
above normal in type 2 diabetes,
ta
rget cells cannot
respond adequately.
2. Although the idea
01
an
English language academy is regularly proposed, the response
has never
been very positive.