Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 17 pdf

106
ACAOEMW:
SKIlLS
Did
you
understand? Try to quote eacl'! sentence
mat
you
near
in
a lecture
by
an unnamed
professor.
Be
sure to use one
of
the introductory phrases
or
ciauses before you begin your
quotation. The first one is compieted to give
you
an eltsmple. Your answer Is correct
if
you
write any of the introductions and
If
the words in your quotations are eltactly the same as those
of the professor. Example answers are printed in Chaptef 7 on pages 515-516.
WMPl.E
' Communicatlng is the act of transmitting information."

According to the professor. "Communicating Is the act of transmitting Information."
Also
correct:
In
the words of the professor. "Communicating is the act of transmitting information."
To quote the
p!'
ofessor. "Communicating
Is
the act
of
transmitting information.'
As the professor puts
h.
"Communicating is the act of transmitting information."
The professor said.
"Communicating Is the act of transmitting Information."
1. A stock is equity
In
a company. and. therefore. h represents ownership.
2. The desalination of the
ocean
is going to be a crucial aspect
of
wat
er
management.
3. The theme of a worldwide flood is found in the mythology
of
many rultures.

4. PsyChology focuses on the individual. whereas sociology focuses on social groups.
5.
The ethics of science will become more Important
In
this decade.
6.
I call my
Id
ea the simplification principle.
7. The threa-domain system
is
superior
10
the fivtHiomain system of classification in biology.
8.
The
te
rm retia/describes
any
printing method with a raised Image.
9. Training programs must address the Issue of technology
In
the workplace.
10. Quasars are diffictJlt
to
study because they are so far away.
,.
Mark
quotations
In

wrltlnl
and
In
speaking
Quotation marks are used before and after the words that
you
are quoting. This
Is
easy to
see
when you are quoting in the written language. But when you are quoting
In
the spoken Ian·
guage, you need to
hearths
quotation marks. Words and phrases must be used to mark quo-
tations in speaking.
besk ttel
matcr<ale
PARAPHRASING 101
There
are several phrases and clauses that
can
be
used
to mar1l quotatiOns. Let's say that
Professor
Smith
makes
the follOwing statement in a

Iect1Jre:
"Additives
are
chemicals that
manufacturers
add
to food and
other
procllJCls."
You
may
want to
QUOte
this definition.
11
you
use
the
quotation in writing,
you
must use quotation marks before
and
after
the
WOfds
that you
are
quoting.
11
yoo use the quotation

In
speaking, you must use words and phrases in place
of
the quotation marks. l'he
words
In the QUotation must
be
exactly the
same
as
those
in the orig-
inal.
Here
are
several ways to
mark
the beginning
and
ending
of
a quotation
in
speaking:
According
to
Professor
Smith
,
and

I
am
quoting
hers
,
"Additives
are
chemiCals
that
manu-
facturers
add
to food
and
olhef
products." End quote.
According
to
Professor Smith, and I
quote,
"Additives are chemicals that manufacturers
add
to load
and
other products
."
End
quote.
To
quote Professor

Smith,
"Additives are chemicals that
man
ufacturers
add
to food
and
other
products.'
End
quote
.
I'IM:ra
kiMn
18
Did
you
understand?
Try
to
quote
each sentence. First,
put
the quotation marks afOlJnd the
written
quote
.
Be
sure to put them aJxwe the
line

,
not
on the line. Then use I19fbaI quotation
marks
for
a spoken
quote
. The first
one
is completed
to
give you
an
example
. Your
answer
is
correct if you use any
01
the V9fbaI quotation marks
and
it the
words
in your quotation are
exactly the
same
as
those
of the source.
Spoken

answers
are
recorded
on
Track 12
01
the
audio. Example answers
are
printed
in
Chapt8f 7
on
pages
516-517
.
A mirage
is
an
optical iHusion in the atmosphere.
Written
quote
:
Spoken quotes:
According to Professor Brown,
"A
mirage
is
an optical illusion
in

the
atmosphere."
According
to
Professor Brown, and I quote,
"A
mirage
is
an optical illu-
sion in the atmosphefe."
End
quote.
Aocording to Professor
Brown
, and I
am
quoting here,
"A
mirage
is
an
optical illusion in the atmosphere."
End
quote.
To
quote
Professor
Brown
, "A mi
rage

is an optical illusion in the
atmo-
sphere."
End
quote.
108
ACADEMIC
SKIllS
()
Activity
18
,
CD
2,
TrltCk
12
1. According
to
a study
by
Professor
Carter, patients can
lower
their blood pressure
by
los-
ing weight and decreasing their intake
of
salt.
2. According

to
Professor
Jones.
over
fourteen billion Euros were introduced into the
world
economy in January. 2002.
3.
To
quole
a study in the
Journal
of
Psychology.
many
people who have achieved their
ca
reer ambitions
by
midlife are afflicted
by
depression.
4. According
to
the
textbook,
an
OfgM
is
a groop

of
tissues capable
of
perfOfming some spe-
cial function.
5.
According
to
Professor
Stephens.
John
Philip
Sousa
was
th
e
greatest
composer
of
marches for bands.
6.
In Professor Davison's opinion, Ben Johnson
may
be
the author of several plays attributed
to
William Shakespeare.
7. Professor Davis said that statistical
data
can

be
very difficult to interpret because correla-
tions
are
not causes.
8. As Professor
Gray
puts it,
tha
prime minister serves
at
the pleasure
of
the parliament.
9. According
to
the
reading passage. moving water
Is
the
single most Imporlant factOf
In
determining the surface features
Of
the Earth.
10.
In
Professor Russell's opinion.
the
most important quality

fOf
a scientist is the ability
to
make
careful observations.
,
Use
strong
verbs
to
report
Ideas
Sometimes you wilt want
to
refer
to
the
ideas and research
of
others without using a direct
quotation. When
the
ideas
are
specific
to
an
author
or
researcher. it

Is
still
necessary
to
Cite
the
source. Choose verbs thaI
reporl
the
idea and
convey
the
meaning that you wish
10
attach
to
the idea.
You
may
choose
verbs
that express doobt. neutrality,
Of
certainty.
besk tlet
matcr<ale
PARAPHRASING
'"
Doubtful
Neutral

Certal"
"

Indicate
"""""'"
"",""'
Illustrate
"'~
Believe Mention
""'"
Claim
No"
Cond"'"
Imply
"""~
Coof=
Predict Point
out
Demonstrate
p,.".,.
A_
[>""""
Suggest
Say
Roo
S,ppose
Show
Maintaln
&
State Vertfy

I'IM:rItE
Atim"
19
Did you
understand?
Try
10
report each quotation. Choose a
vert>
10
express doubt, neutrality,
or certainty. The first one is completed to give you an example. Your answer is correct
if
you
use any ol the verbs
~sted
under the
oorrect
heading-doubtful
, neutral,
C8f1aJn
. Notice that
both
verbs
in reported language Sfe in the
past
tense. &;ample
answers
are printed in
Chap

ter 7 on page 517.
Quotation:
Certain Report
Also
CO
tr9Ct:
Psychologist Carl Rogers
said
, "Negative
leedback
causes
people
10
develop
a
poor
sell-concept."
Cart
Rogers
argued that negative
feedback
caused
people
10
develop
a
poor
self-concept.
Carl Rogers mainlained that negative
leedback

caused people to
develop a
poor
self-concept.
1. Sociologist
Lee
CIaJ1I:
said,
'When danger
arises
, the
rule
is lor people to help
those
next
10
them before they help themselves." ·Panic: Myth or Reality: Contexts I (Fall
20(2)
, p.
21.
Neutral report:
2. Biological anthropologist
Barry
Bogin
said
, -v.Ie
can
use
the
average height ol any group

ol
people
as
a barometer ol the health
of
their society." "The
Talt
and Short
0111
," Applying
Anthropology:
An
Introductory
RfJ8der,
Mountain
VIeW
, California: Mayfield Publishing
Company, 2001 , p.
54
.
Doobtful report:
1
10
ACADEMIC
SK
I
US
3. Physician Stanley Joel
Re
iser

said,
"Machines direct the attenlion
01
both doctor and
patient
to the measurable
aspect
01
illness, but away Irom the human lactors thai are at
least SQually impol"lani."
Medicine
and
the
Reign
o(
Technology
. New
Yor\(
: Cambridge
University Press, 1978, p. 229.
Certain report:
4.
Educator Harry Wong said, "There is but one correlalion with success. and Ihat is atti-
tude
."
The First Days
of
School:
How
to

Be
an
Effective
Teacher.
Sunnyvale, California:
Harry
K. Wong PublicaliOns, t991. p. 35.
Certain report:
5. Choreographer Martha Graham said, "Technique and training have never been a substi-
tute lor that condition
01
awareness which is talent." Dance
8S
8 Theatre
AIf
, Hightstown,
N
ew
Jersey: Princeton Book Company, 1974, p. 136.
Doubtful report:
6.
Psychologist
Ca
rl
JUIlQ
said, "The collective unconSCious seems
to
be
something like an
unceasing stream

or
perhaps an ocean
01
images and ligures which drift inlo conscious-
ness
in
our dreams." "The Basic Postulales
01
Analytical Psychology
,"
Modem Man in
Search
of
a Soul, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1933.
Doubtful report:
7. Computer entrepreneur
Bill Gates said, "The key for Microsoft"" has always been hiring
very smart
people." Transcript
01
video history interview, National Museum of American
History. January
II ,
2005
.
Neutral report:
8.
Geneticists James Watson and Francis Crick said, "DNA structure has two helical chains
each
COiled

around the same axis'- "A Structure
lor
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
,"
Nature,
Volume
171
(April 2), 1953,
p.
737.
Doubtful report:
beskyttel
mater<ate
PARAPHRASING
111
9. Environmentalist
John
Sinclair said, ' Many politicians are hOstile
to
the environmental
movement because
they
see
it in ronfliel with the
economic
model they support." "The
Legacy of Voluntary Conservationists
.'
1998
Romeo

Lahey Lecture for the National Parks
ASSOCiation
01
Queensland, Australia.
Neutral report:
10. Astrophysicist
Ca
rl
Sagan
said,
'Even
a relatively small nuclear war
may
be
capable of
prOducing a
global climatic catastrophe." Speech before the Commonwealth Club, Febru-
ary 8,1985.
Certain report:
,
Mention
tbe
source
appropriately
You already know how to introduce a source,
but
sometimes
you
need to mention the source
more than one

lime. In that case, there is a pattem that is customarily used
to
mention the
source
appropriately.
When
you
cite the source
the
first time, use the first and last name. The title is optional. When
you site the seoond time, use the last name only.
If
you
die
a third time, use a pronoun, for
ellample,
hfJ
or
she.
After the third citation, you
may
use the pronoon again il the meaning is
clear,
or
you
may repeat the last
name
!of clarity.
In
tho case

01
speakors
01"
writors
who
3ro not nomed,
the
oourcc should still
bo
cited. You
may
be
able to identify and cite the source as a professor, a speaker,
an
author, a writer,
or
a
student,
based
on the context in which
the
inlormation is presented. Use
th
is gefl8ral descrip-
tion the first time that you cite the source. II it is clear that the
person
is a man
or
woman,
you

can use the
correct
pronoon when
you
cite the source a second
or
third time. After the third
dlation,
you
may
use the pronoun agaIn if the meaning
Is
clear,
Of
you
may
r&peat the gefl8ral
description
lor
clarity.
Old
you
understand? T
ry
to report the Information in the notes. Cite the source appropriately.
The lirst report
Is completed to give you an ellample. Ustan
to
the ellample answers on Track
13, and

read
the script printed in Chapt
er
7 on pages 517-518.
Source: Edwin Hubble (
man
) astronomer
• demonstrated Andromeda nebula located outside our galaKY
• established the
islands universe theory. galax:ies exist outside our own
• study resulted in
Hubb
le's oonstant = standard relationshiP/galaxy's distance from Earth
and
speed
r&Ce
ssion
112

CADEMIC
SKilLS
Astronomer Edwin Hubble demonstrated that the Andromeda nebula was located outside our
galaxy. Hubble established the islands universe theory, which states that galaxies eldst outside
our own .
.I:::\e.
published a study that resulted in what is now called Hubble's constant, a stan-
dard relationship between a galaxy's distance from Earth and its
speed
of recession.
()

Activity 20,
CO
2,
Tr.ck
13
1. Souree: Theodore White (man)
BooiI-
The
Making
o(
the
President
• 1960
presidential6ebale-press
conference
•
Nixon proeeeded-pefSOOal debate
• Kennedy spoke directly 10
TV
viewers
•
estimated Kennedy gained 2 m
il
votes
2. Souree: Paul Cezanne (man)
• all forms
In
nature-based
on
geometric shapes

•
cone,
sphere, cylinder primary
• used outlining to emphasize shapes
3. Source: Marie Curie
(woman)
• won Nobel
p physics 1903 wJhusband
-discovery
of radium
• won Nobel p cl"lemistry 191t
-isola
tion pure radium
• 1
st
person 2 Nobel P
4. Source: Erik Erikson (man) psychologisl
• proposed aignt st
&geSlpB
rSOI'l8
I develOpment
• psychological crises/each
stage shaped sense/self
• lifeloog
process
5.
Source: Margaret Mead (woman)
• first fieldwotX in
Samoa
1925

• book Coming
of
Age
in Samoa best seller - translated many languages
• stifl
one/most
wall·known anthropologists
• people/simple
societies provide valuable lessooslindustrialized
6.
Source: Leonardo da Vinci (man)
• quintessential Renaissance
man
• brilliant painter
• Interested in mechanics
•
work
in math clear
in
perspective
yttet
matcr<a~