Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 22 potx

5. Primary source:
Secondary
source
:
6. Primary source:
Secondary
source
:
7. Prir1lCuy SUUfctl:
Secondary source:
B. Primary source:
Secondary source:
9. Pri
mary
source:
&tcondary source:
'0
.
P
rimasy
source:
Secondary source:
•
Get
organized
SYNTHESIZING
1
41
Advertising products
abroad
The marlleling

plan
lor
Toyota in the United States
The theory of
flow
A
HaNard
University
study
on
flow
The impact
01
a large meteor on Earth
The
disappearance
of
dinosaurs
after the
meteor
Nuclear
power
plant
s
afe
dangerous.
Nu
clear
power
Is

a
good
source
of
energy.
Qualitative research designs in the social sciences
The Hawthorne effect as a limiting factor In qualitative research
The size, price, and power
of
earty computers
The
si
ze
, price,
and
power
of
modem
computers
Use
11'10
skills that
yo
u h
avo
alnHIdy
Ionmod
to
got
Qr9llnizod

boloro
you bogin
your
synthesis.
Arsl
, read the directions f
or
your
assignmeol
Of
the question for your lest. Ask yourself these
quest
ions:
1. What
Is
the primary source?
2.
What
is
the
secondary
source?
3.
What
is
the task? Extension
or
contrast?
4.
What

is
the
specffic
relationship between the primary and secondary sources?
I'1w:ncE
kllhn:U
Read
the
dirllClions lor a
synlhasis
ul
Ultl r
eadi
ny
a
nod
16t.1Ullf
bttlow.
Then
prepare
to
responod
by
asking
the lour questions you have learned to use:
1. What is the primary source?
2.
What
Is the secondary source?
3.

What
is
the task? Extension
or
oontrast?
4. What is the specific relationship between the primary and secondary sources?
The
answers
are
printed in Chapter 7 on pages
53t-532
.
gt
bas
1161
matenala
.
_2
ACADEMIC
SKIUS
Di
rect
i
on
s:
Summarize the points In the reading, explaining how the lecture supports them.
_I.,
Marsupials are a group of mammals that are
born
alive after a very shott gestation period,

Since
a marsupial appears quite earty in its life cycle, it must complete its embryonic develop-
ment while nursing.
In
order to survive, the young underdeveloped marsupial must crawl from
the exit of the reproductive tract over its mother's body to attach itself
to
a nipple inside a fold
of skin
called the marsupium
bot
better known
as
8 pouch, During embryonic development,
which
can be weeks or months, depending on the species, a marsupial nurses and grows
inside
the
pouch.
Most marsupials do
not
form family groups.
It
is the female marsupial that
cares for
the offspring.
The
young marsupial may stay with the mother for more than a year,
climbing
in and out of the pouch to nurse or

sleep.
Although marsupials once ranged throughout North and South America,
8S
well as in
Antarctica,
only a few species
now
live outside of New Zealand and Australia where more than
250 species are still found. There
Is
Quite
e diversity
of
marsupials within these species. and
they have adapted to a number
01
different habitats; however,
some
ch81acterlstics are univer-
sal
among them. Auditory and olfactory senses are
very
Important to marsupials because lhey
are nocturnal creatures that depend on their ears and eyes
to
locate their
food
8t
night
Some

marsupials prefer plants, although others eat Insects or meal. Uke other mammals, marsupi·
als are covered with hair. Unlike their placenlaJ cousins, however, marsupials have additiorlal
bones that
project from the peMs, a support that may strengthen
the
wall of the abdomen to
reinforce the pouch that
is their unique adaptation .

li
st
en to part of a lecture In a biology class.
()
Activity
34
, CD 3, Tl'lIck 2
SELECT
INFORMAnON
FROM
BOTH
SOURCU
Strateg
ies
to
Use
~ Summarize the primary source
~ Use transition sentences
~ Include the secondary source

Summarize

the
primary
soiree
You
will often be asked to summarize the main points in the primary source and then relate the
secondary source to It. Even If you are not asked to summarize the primary source, you should
still begin
by
using your notes from the primary
source
.
igt
b$skyltet
matenale
SYNTHESIZING 1
43
Atter you have taken notes
on
both sources, direct
your
anention to the notes
tOt
the
primary
source. If
the
directions tor
your
assignment or
the

question for your test instruct you
to
sum·
marize the primary source,
begin
with a summary, using
your
notes.
PtlAerICE
At:n~m
as
U
sing
the
notes from the primary source, write a summary.
In
this case, the primary source is
the reading in
Aclivity 34.
Do
not use
the
notes from the secondary source in the summary.
Compare
your SlJmmary with the example summary print
ed
In
Chapter 7
on
page 532.

No
tes
lor
Reading
-
Primary
Source
•
marsupials",
mammal
s
• shaft gestation
completes embryo
nic
developmenl nursing
reproductive tract -+ m8lSupiumJpouch wlnipple
•
no
family groups
mother I
yr
+
•
once
NA
, SA, Anta
rc
now
few outside
NZ

+ AuSl 250 specieS+
•
diversity habitats
• universal characteristics
nocturnal
smell, hearing important
hair
add~ional
bones
pro
ject
pelvis, relnfOtce pouch
Notes
for
Lecture-Secondary
Source
• koala = marsupial,O
bear
• gestation 3S d
•
pinklno
fur
• 19
mm
• birth canal

pouch/I
of
2 nipples
•

6-7
mo
devaloplexplore
•
8
mo
100
big for pouch
•
4+
mo
rides back/stomach
• I yr Independent
•
T
eddy
Bear _ size, fur, round aarsJIarge nose
•
keen hearing, smell
• sleeps trees
day
• combs eucalyptus
leaves
night

Use
transition
sentences
Transition sentences are very useful in a synthesis.
They

can be used
to
connect information
from the primary source with information from the secondary source.
Tr
ans~ion
sentences
show
the specific relationship between
the
two sources.
144
ACADEtoIlC
SKILLS
Learning some patterns for forming transitional sentences can
be
helpful. T
he
charts below
are examples for you to study.
Extension/Agreement
Primary
Source
A research study
on'
__
_
Secondary
SoUral
Research S

tudy
was carried out
__
_
According to
__
_
A
research study
on
flow was carried out at
Harvard
University. According to the study,

.
Definition
EXlmple
An example
01
__
_
"'

According to
__
_
An
example
01
a familiar opera is "Carmen." Aooording to the lecturer, "Carmen

•
ea

.
tudy
Concept
__
_ is a case study
01
According to
__
The
Toyota company·s campaign in the United Stales is a case study of advertising products
abroad. According to the lecturer, Toyota
•
Ceu
se
• ffoc'
___
may have caused
According to
__
_
T
he
Impact of a large meteor on Earth may have caused the disappearance of dinosaurs.
According to the leclur
&r
, the meteor

Solution
Problem
___
may oller a solution
lo
r According to
__
_
European noise ordinances
may
oller a solution for the problem
01
noise pollution in a techno-
logical
society. According to the lecturer,

.
bas tlet mat
na
SYN'THESIZING 145
Opinion
Opposing OpInion
___
,
However
, a case
may
be
made
fOf

the opposing
view.
According
to,
__
_
·

the
view that nuclear power
plants
are dangerous. However. a case may
be
made
IOf
the
opposing
view
. According
to
the lechner,

Advantages
Disadvantages
___
.
On
the other
hand
, several disadvantages were

menllol18d'
__
_
•
•.
is also
an
advantage of cooperative learning.
On
the
other
hand
, several disadvantages
were
mentioned in the lecture. First,

Compari
son
___
• In comparison,
According
to,
__
_
·

theoretical linguistics.
In
comparison. applied linguistics answers practical questions.
According

to
the reading,
an
applied linguist

,
Include
Ute
secolflary
saurea
A synthesis is not complete unless inlormation from the secondary source Is
Included.
Proofread your synthesis. Look
IOf
information
lrom
both
the
primary source
and
the
sec·
ondary source.
I'IAcra
.,m"
36
Use the
in
formation about the primary source
and

the secondary source
to
write transition
sen-
tences that
will
connect
them. Compare your answers
with
the example answers printed In
Chapter
7 on page 532. Your
anSW8f"S
may
be
slightly different.
but
you should
see
the
same
patterns that you lind
in
the examples.
Primary source: Reading
The advantage
01
observation is the natural setting.
Secondary
source

: Lecture
The disadvantage of observation
Is
the
potenliallOf the researcher
10
be
biased.
Transition sentence
to
connect
advantages with disadvantages.
1
46
ACADEMIC
SKIUS
The advantage of observation is the natural setting.
On
the
other hand, several disadvantages
were mentioned in
the lecture.
Am,
there Is the potential for the researcher
to
be biased.
1. Primary source: Reading
A
biogeographic realm is a land mass.
Secondary source: Lecture

A biome is a major regional ecosystem.
Transition sentence to connect one concept with another concept in a comparison.
2. Primary source: Reading
Innovations in industrial production in the 19th century
Secondary source: Lecture
Henry Ford's
assembly line
Transition sentence
to
connect a concept with an example.
3. Primary source: Lecture
Advantages of stone
for sculpture
Secondary source: Reading
Disadvantages of stone for sculpture
Transition
sentence
to
connect the advantages with the disadvantages,
4. Primary source: Reading
Horticultural societies
grow
crops using hand tools.
Secondary source: Lecture
Agrarian societies
cultivate crops with draft animals and plows.
Transition sentence to connect one concept with another in a contrast.
5. Primary source: Reading
Changes in the climate
of

the
North American
coaSUlne.
Secondary source:
LechJ
re
EI
Nino
Transition sen
te
nce to connect a cause (EI Nino)
with
an
effect (changes in Climate).
6. Primary source: Reading
Franchises
Secondary source: Lecture
Kentucky Fried Chicken chain
Transition sentence to
connect a business concept with a case study of a restaurant
franchise.
7. Primary source: Reading
Risks for heart problems
Secondary source:
Lecture
Research on Type A and Type B personalities
Transition sentence to connect a concept with a research study.
91
bas
yllet

matcr<a~
8. Primary source:
lecture
The United States should coovert
to
metrics.
Secondary source: Reading
The United States should retaln the English sys
te
m.
SYNTHESIZING
'47
Transition sentence
to
connect
one
opinion with
an
opposing opinion.
9. Primary source: Reading
Sou
th
Africa's natural resources
Secondary source: Lecture
Gok:I
mining
Transition
sentence
to
connect

a ooocept with
an
example.
10. Primary source: Reading
Commuting
to
work
Secondary source:
lecture
Home offices
Transition sentence
to
coonect a problem (commuting) with a solution (home offices
).
FOUOWA
PUll
Sb

'"
tI
UII
, Memorize a procedure
, Work within time limits
, Practice
using the procedure
,
Memorize
a
procedure
In

order to accomplish a complex task, it helps
10
have a prcx:edure. The first Slep in using a
new
procedure is putting the sleps in order anclleaming !hem.
Pw:ncA.L
Slumy
Te
ll yourself whal you are going to do
to
cr
eale a synthesis
of
two
sources. Read the following
steps until you can recite them withoullooking
alth
is
page.
Read the assignment or test question.
1. Identify
the
primary source.
2.
Identify
the
seoondary
sour
ce
.

3.
Decide
Whether
the
task Is extension or cootrasl.
4.
Determine the specffic relationship between the primary and secondary sources.
Read
the passage and lake notes.
I.isten
to
the lecture and take not
es
.
Plan and write 8 synthesis.
5. Summarize the primary source.
6. Create a transition
sentence to OOfIflect the primary source with
the
secondary source.
7. Summarize
the
secondary source while making references to the primary source.