Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 31 pps

204
REVIEW
OF
TOEfl
- 1
ST
SECTIONS
~
Problems
The problems in this revi
ew
represent the types
of
questions that are
most
frequently tested on
the TOEFL. They
will appear randomty after a reading passage. Directions will appear with the
questions. but
il
you already recognize the type
01
problem
In
the question presented. and you
are
familiar with the directions. you will save time. The tess time you have to spend reading
directions. the more time you
will have to read the passages and answer the questions. The
number of points assigned to each problem is based on the evaluation system for the TOEFL.
The frequency level lor each problem is

based
on the average number
01
thirty-nine questions
that are
usually included in a Reading section of three prompts.
Average
1-2
High
3-4
Very high 5+
PRomfll1:
TRUE-FAUE
A
True-Fa/se
problem asks you
10
Identify the true statement.
Choose from four sentences.
Poinls- l
Frequency
level-Average
1.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is
true
about autotrophs?
• They use a chemical process to produce their own lood.
(J)
They require plant matter in oreler to SUNil/e.
<D They need producers to provide them with carbon.

a)
They do not interact with other organ,isms in the food chain.
Paragraph
1 is marked with
an
arrow
[ ]
.
PtItJtJlnI
2: VOC4'lUIfY
A Vocabulary problem
askS
you
to
choose a general synonym.
Choose from foor words
or
phrases,
Point
s-
t
Frequency
Level - Very high
2.
The
word.sc.l£t
in the passage is closest in meaning to
Q;)
mafor
(J)

steady
• only
a)
ideal
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READING
20S
A
Terms
problem asks you to explain a word that is specific
to
the reading passage.
Choose Irom lour definitions.
Polnts-l
Frequency
Level-Average
3. Based on
tM
informalion
in
paragraph I , which of the following basi explains the term
"food web"?
<D
Energy manufactured
by
producer organisms In the food chain

CD
Another term that defines the food chain
_
An interactive system
of
food chains
CD
Primary and secondary consumers
in
the food chain
Paragraph 1 Is marked wi
th
an arrow [
-to
].
An Inference problem asks you to draw a conclusion based on information in the passage.
ChOOse
from four possibiliUes.
PointS- I
Frequency Level - Very High
4.
It may be concluded that human beings are omnivores because
<D
people feed on producers for the most
pan
CD
people afe usually tertiary consumers
_ people generally eat both producers and consumers
CD
most people are the top camivores in the food chain

"".,
fII
5:
I'uIIIWE
A Purpose problem
aSks
you to understand why the author organizes a passage or explains a
concept
In
a specific way.
Choose from four reasons.
Points - l
Frequency
level-Average
5. Why does the autnar mention krill in paragraph 4?
<I>
To
suggest a solution
for
a problem in the food chain
CD
To
provide evidence that contradicts previously stated opinions
<0
To
present an explanation for the killing of krill
_
To
give an example of a complex food web
Paragraph 4

Is
marked with an arrow
1-+].
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208
REVIEW
OF
TOEFL
.
IBT
SEC
T10N
S
1'RaE1I6:
PAIIAIVWE
A Paraphrasa problem asks you
to
choosa the best restatemen
t.
Choose lrom
lour
statements.
PointS-
l
Frequency

level-High
6.
Which
01
the sentences below best expresses the Inlormation
In
the h
ig
hlighted statement
in the passage?
The other choices change the meaning
or
leave out important Information.
<D
Part
of
the one million
tons
of krill harvested annually is used for protein in animal feed.
CD
Both livestock and chiCkens
as
well
as
humans eat krill
as
a main part of their diets.
CD
The principal u
se

01 krill is l
or
animalleed.
although some
01
the one million tons
is
eaten by people.
•
More than one million tons
of
krill is eaten by both animals
and
humans every year.
Ptlia£1I1:
DErAIL
A Detail problem asks you to answer a question about a specific point
In
the passage.
Choose from four possible answer
s.
P
oints-l
Frequency
Level-
Very high
7. According to paragraph 7,
how
much land
Is

used to
grow
crops for animal feed?
<D
80
percent
of
the acreage in Europe
CD
Most of the rain forest in Central
America
• 50 percent
of
the farm laoo In Canada and the United States
GP
Hall
of
the land In North
and
South America
Paragraph 7
is
marked with
an
arrow [-+1.
PRoanI8:
CAlISE
A Gause problem asks you to explain why something In the passage occurred.
Choose
from four reasons.

Points-l
Frequency l evel- Average
8. According to paragraph 7, food webs are IneffICient becau
se
• consumers
in
developed nations prefer animal protein
CD
politicians are not paying attention to the issues
<P there are not enough acres to grow crops efficiently
GP
100
much
of
the
com
and soybean harvests are exported
Paragraph 7 is marked with
an
arrow
[-+1
.
M
131
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."
READING
'lIJ7

"'919:
IlEtfWU
A
Refef8fJC6
problem
asks
you
10
identify a w
or
d
or
ph
rase In the passage
lhal
refers
10
a
pronoun.
Choose from
lour
words or phrases in the passage.
Points-
I
Frequency Level -
High
9. The word others in the passage refers
to
<D
re

sources
• food webs
<D grains
CD>
cycles
An Opinion problem
asks
you
to
recognize the authOr's point
01
view.
Choose from
four
statements.
Points
-I
Frequency Level-Average
10. Which
of
the fOllowing statements most accurately reflects
the
author's opinion about
food issues?
<D
T
oo
much
grain Is
be

i
ng
exported
to
provide
lood
lor developed nations.
CD
Mo
re forested land
needs
to
be
cleared
lor
food
production In devaloping nations .
• F
ood
choices in
developed
nations are very costly in
terms
oltha
environment.
(]I)
Mo
re ani
mal
protein Is needed In

the
diels
of
people In developing nations.
,.,.
91
11:
lusn
An Insert problem
asks
you
to
locale a place In the passage
to
Inser! a sentence.
Choose from four options
rnar1Ied
with
a square.
P
oints-I
Frequency
level
-H
ig
h
I I . Look
al
the four squ
ares

[ _ ] that
show
where the following sentence could
be
inserted in
the
passage.
A tertiary conaurner eatll primary and secondary consumers and Is referred
to
liS
the
'"top carnivore" In
the
food chain.
Where
could the sentence
bes
t
be
added?
1m
Click on a square
[_
J to Inser! t
he
sentence in the passage.
'01
'"
,'"
208

REVIEW
OF
TOEFl- 1
ST
S
ECTIONS
_'2:Ex
cunor
An Exceprion problem asks you to select a statement that Includes Inlormation NOT in the
passage.
Choose Irom lour sentences.
Points-1
Frequency
level-Average
12. According to the passage, all
of
the lollowlng characteristics describe producers EXCEPT
<D Producers serve as lood
lor
consumers.
<D Producers make their
own
lood.
t:D
Producers form the first trophic level.
e Producers include bacteria and fungi.
PRD1U1113
:
Cuss
n

:,m
or
A ClassifICation problem asks you
to
match phrases with the categofY to which they ref9f.
Choose
phrases lor
two
or three categories. Two phrases will not be used.
Points-l-4
points lor seven choices Points- l
-3
points
lor
five choices
1 point
lor
4 correct answers 1 point lor 3 correct answers
2 points for 5 correct answers 2 points for 4
C()(
rect answers
3 points for 6 correct
answers 3 points for 5
correct
answers
4 points
for 7 correct answers
Frequency
level-Average
13. Directi

on
s:
Complete the table by matching the phrases
on
the
lett
with the headings on
the right. Select t
he
appropriate answer choices and drag them to the type
01
organism to
which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This
quuUon
I. worth
4
point
• .
To
delete an answer choice. click on
II.
To
see the passage. click on View T
ex
t.
Answer
Cho
ic
es
Produce

rs
IOJ
Depend upon photosyntheSis to survive
•
IOJ
IBI
Has a weak interaction among species
•
I8J
~
Generally consist
01
animal lile forms
Cons
ume
rs
Illl
I
l"Iclude
both herbivores and carnivores
•
~
lEI
Form the last link
In
the lood chain
•
Illl
lEI
Eat meat as one of lis primal)' food sources

•
lEI
Illl
Feed
on
dead plan
ts
and animals
Decom

I8J
Are always some variety
of
plant lile
•
lEI
rn
Made exclusively
01
inorganic materials
•
Illl
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READING
:zog
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14:

SrnrwRY
A Summary problem asks you to complete a summary of the passage.
Choose three sentences from six choices. Three sentences will not be used.
Points-I-2
1 point
lor
2
correct
answers
2
points for 3 correct answers
Frequency
Level-Average
14.
Directions
: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete
the summary by selecting the THREE answer Choices that mention the most Important
points in the passage. Some sentences
do
not belong in the summary because they
express ideas that afe not included in the passage or are mir'l()( points from the passage.
Th
is question Is worth 2 points.
The
food
web
Is
comprised
of
producers

,
consumers
,
and
decomposers
,
wh
i
ch
Interact
In
endless
cycle
•.
.
~
.
~
•
ICJ
Answer
Choices
!AI
Consumers, primarily animals, feed on
pr
oducers, plants which manufacture
their own food source through
photosyn-
thesis.
!DI

Decomposers digest and recycle dead
plants and
an
imals, releasing inorganic
compounds into the food chain.
(CI
Since more energy
Is
depleted
in
to
the
environment
al
each level in the food
chain,
dietary
choices affect the effi-
ciency of food webs.
(OJ
Among consumers,
human
beings are
considered omnivores because they eat
not
only plants but
alSo
an
imals.
lEI

An example of an unders
ea
food
web
includes phytoplankton, krill, and
fish
as
well as birds, seals, and whales.
{E]
Rain forests are being
cut
down in order
to clear pastureland for
ca
Ule that can
be exported
to countries with last·food
restaurants.
\,\
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,'"
210
REVIEW
OF
TOEFL
-
IBT
SECTIONS
READING
STRATEGIES

In
addition to the academic skills thai you learned
in
Chapter
3.
there are several reading
strategies that will
help you succeed
on
the TOEFL
lind
lifter
the TOEFL.
)0-
Previe
w
Research shows thai it is easier 10 understand what you are reading if you begin with a gen-
eral
idea of what the passage
Is
about. Previewing helps
you
form a generallclea
01
the topic.
To
preview, firsl read the tilie, the headings and subheadings, and any words
In
bold prlnl or
italics.

You
should do this as quickly as possible. Remember, you are reading not for specific
information but for an impression
01
the topic. Next, read the first sentellCe of each paragraph
and the last
sentellCe of the passage. Again, this should take seconds, not minutes. to com-
plele.
This time you are looki
ng
for the main Idea.
o Look at the title and headings
o Read the first sentence of every paragraph
• Read the last sentence of the passage
)0-
Read
faster
To
read faster, read for meanlng_ Try
10
understand sentences
or
even paragraphs, not Indi-
vidual
words.
To
do this, you should read phrases instead of reading word
by
word. Practice
using

the vision that allows you to see on either side of the word you are focusing on with your
eyes. This is
called peripheral
visIon.
When
you
drive a car, you are looIting ahead of you but
you are
really taking in the traffic situation on both sides.
You
are using peripheral vision to
move forward. This is
also important in leaming to read laster. Your mind can lake in more than
one word
al the same time. Just think
~
you Slopped your car every time you wanted to know
what was
go
ing on
In
the next lanel
You
would never gel
to
your destlnallon.
To
read laster,
you have to read for ideas. If you don't know the meaning
01

a word but you understand the
sentence, move on.
Don't stop
to
look
up
Ihe word In your dictionary. Don't stop your car.
o Usc peripheral vision
o Read for meaning
)0-
Use
contexts
Before you can use a context, you must understand what a context is. In English, a context is
the combination of
vocabulary and grammar that surrounds a word. Context can
be
a sen-
tellCe
or a paragraph or a passage. Context helps you make a general prediction about mean-
ing. If you know the general meaning
01
a sentence, you also know the
gel10
ral meaning
ollhe
words In the sentence. Making predictions from contexts is very important when you are read-
i
ng
a foreign language.
In

this way, you can read and understand the meaning of a passage
without slopping
10 look
up
every I10W word in a dictionary. On an examination like Ihe TOEFL,
dictionaries are not
permitted in the room.
Of
course, you have
to
know some of the words
in
order 10 have a context for the words that you don't know.
thai
means that you need to work
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