Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 48 ppt

324
MORE
MOOEL
TE
S
TS
14
. Accordi
ng
to the passage, it will be diffIcult to predict weather
<D unless we learn more about chaotic systems
CD
because we don't
ha
ve enough weather stations
<t:>
without more powerful computers
<D
unU1
we understand the physical laws 0 1 atoms
15. The word assumed in the passage is
closest in meaning
to
CD
agreed
CD
supposed
CD
revealed
<D
expressed

16. The word fundamentallY in the passage is closest In meani
ng
to
CD
typically
CD
historically
CO
presently
<D
basically
17. Why does the author mention a car
In
paragraph 27
CD
The car Is
an
example
01
how conditions are used to make predIctions.
CD
The author digresses in order
to
tell a story about a car.
<t:>
The
car
Introduces the concept of computer models.
<D
The mathematical equations

lor
the car are very simple to understand.
Paragraph
21s marXed with an arrow
(-t)
.
18. Why do the predictions disagree for the computer model described in paragraph 4?
CD
The condItions at the beginning were very different.
CD
The model was not accurately programmed.
CD
Computer models cannot predict weather.
<D
Over time modets are less reliable.
Paragraph 4 is
marXed wi
th
an arrow [

).
t9
. Why is
we
ather considered a chaotic system?
CD
Because iI is made
up
01 random leatures
CD

Because
il
ls not yet very well understood
CD
Because
il
ls described by nonlinear equations
$ Because it does not have an orderly structure
M
al
chr
,
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pr/P.''i
MOOEL
TEST
4IREAOING
SECTION
32S
20.
Based
on
infonnation
in
paragraph 6, which
of
the following best explains the
term
"butterfly effect"? .
a>

Slight variatiorls in initial conditions can cause very different results.
CD
A butterfly's wings
can
be
used to predict different conditions In various locations.
tD
The weather
is
as di
ffICUlt
to
predict
as
the
rate of a btrtterfly's wings when it flaps
them.
a> A butterfly flaps its wings
In
one location, which automatically produces a result in
another
place.
Paragraph
6
is
marked with an arrow (
-+
1.
21.
The

phrase
in
which
In
the passage refers to
(!)
the butterfly effect
(J)
chaotic systems
CO
simple systems
CD>
linear equations
22.
Why
does the author
men
tion the economy in paragraph 61
(!)
To contrast a simple system with a chaotic system
(J)
To provide an example of another chaotic system
CD
To
compare nontlnear equations with linear equations
a> To prove that all nonlinear systems are not chaotic
Paragraph 6
is
marked with an arrow
(-+1

.
23
. The word tealures in the passage Is closest in meaning
10
Cl>
problems
(J)
exceptions
CD
characteristics
CD>
benefits
24.
In
paragraph 7, the author suggests that
our
knowledge of chaotic systems
(!)
will never
allow
us to make accurate predictions
(J)
has not improved very much
OVQf
the years
CO
reveals details that can
be
predicted quite accurately
(D)

requires more research
by
the scientific community
Paragraph 7 is merked with an arrow [
1.
25. Look at the lour squares r _ ]
lh
at show where
the
following sentence could
be
inserted
in
the passage.
For
nelrt
week's
weather, the new
model
may
yield
a
slightly
dlffentnl
prediction.
Where could the sentence best
be
added1
Cl
i

ck
on a square
[.
J to insert the sentence in the passage.
'"
,'"
32t1
MORE
MOOEL
TESTS
26.
Directions:
An
intr~uction
for
a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete
the summary by
selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most Important
points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they
express
Ideas that are not Included
In
the passage
or
are
minor points Irom the passage.
This question Is worth 2 points.
Because
weather
Is a

chaotic
system,
It
Is
very
difficult
to
pl'$dlct.
•
•
•
Answer
Choices
[AI
The accuracy
01
weather prediction will
improve
as
we make progress
in
the
appllcatloo
01
computers to equations.
[BJ
It
is
very easy to make predictions about
the location

01
a car when you know
where it is and how last
Ills
QQlng.
!DI
Because weather is chaotic but not ran·
dom, it
may
be
de
scribed by nonlinear
equatioos
that provide lor sensitive Inter·
acHons.
[CJ
A slight variation in Initial conditions will
cause a very different
pred
iction
for
weather over the long term.
lEI
The
economic system demonstrates
chaotic behavior, and it must be repre-
sented by a nonlinear equation.
[E)
Weather
is

predictable only within a time
frame of a few weeks because of the
nature
01
scientific prediction.
Helldlll,3 "BllJldlllf
wItIJ
ArchtJs"
Round
Arch
and
Vault
-+
Although the round arch was used by the ancient peoples
01
Mesopotamia
several centuries before
our
common era, it was most fully developed by the
Romans, who
perlectacl the form in the 2nd century e.
C.E
. The arch has many
virtues.
In addition to being an attractive form, it enables the architect to open
up
la
irly large spaces in a wall without risking the building'S structural sound-
ness. These spaces admit light, reduce the weight
of

the walls, and decrease
the amount
01 material needed. As utilized by the Romans, the arch
Is
a perlect
semicircle, although it
may
seem elongated if it rests
00
columns.
It
Is
con·
structed
from wedge·shaped pieces
of
stone that meet at an angle always per·
pendicular
10
the curve
of
the arch. Because of tensions and compressions
!nhef1iOt:
In
the form, Ihe arch is stable only when it
Is
complete, when the top-
mo
st stone. the
keystone

. has been set
In
place. For this reason an arch under
conslruction must be supported from below, usually by a wooden framework.
Ma1e
ehrancnv a '
rro
pravv
MODEL TEST 4IREAOINQ SECTION
3.27
-+
Among the most elegant and enduring 01 Roman structures based
on
the
arch is
the Pont du
Gard
at Nimes, France, built about
15
C.E. when
the
empire
was
nearing its farthest expansion. At this time, industry, commerce, and agri-
culture
were at their peale Roman engineering was applied to an ambitious
system
01
public-works
projects

, not just in
Italy
but
in
the
ou
tly
ing
areas
as
well.
The
Pont du Gard functioned as an aqueduct, a structure meant to trans-
porl
water,
and
its lower level served as a footbridge across the river. That it
stands today
~
intact after nearty two Ihousand years (
and
is
crossed
by
cyclists on the route of
the
famous Tour
de
France bicycle race) testifies to the
Romans'

brilliant engineering skills. Visually, the Pont du
Gard
exemplifieS the
best qualities of
arCh
construction.
Solid
and heavy, obviouSly durable, it
is
shot
through
with
open
spaces
that make it seem light and its weight-bearing capa-
bilities effortless.
-+
When
the
arch is extended
in
depth-when
it
is
. in realily, many arches
placed nush one behind the ot
her-the
result
is
called a

barre
l
ya
ult. This vault
conslruction makes it possible to create large interior spaces. The Romans
made
great use of the barrel vault, but for its finest expression we
look
ma
ny
hundreds of years later, to the Churches of the Middle Ages.
-+
The
church of Sainte-Foy, in the French
cily
01
Conques, is
an
example of
the style prevalent throughout Western Europe from about 1050 to
1200-a
style known as Romanesque. Romanesque builders adopted the old Roman
forms of round arch
and
barrel vault
so
as
to
add
to their churches.

ntIl
'
the stone barrel vauft, they could
the
QaXjl
of
Sainte-Foy.
Poin
ted
Arch
a
nd
Va
u
lt
,
soaring, majestic space
we
see in
-+
Whi
le
the
round arch and vault of the Romanesque era solved many prob·
lems and
made
many things possi
ble
, they neverlheless had cerlain
dra

w-
backs. For one thing, a round arch. to
be
stable, must
be
a semicircle;
therefore,
the height 01 the
arCh
is
li
mited
by
its width. Two other diffICUlties
were weight
and
darkness. Barrel
va
ults are both
li
terally
and
visually heavy,
calling for
huge masses
01
stone to maintain
1tiiil
structural stability. Also, the
builders

who constructed them
dared
not make lighl-admining openin
gs
in or
around them, for fear the arches
and
vaults would collapse,
and
so the Interiors
of Romanesque buildings tend to
be
dark.
The
Got
h
ic
period in Europe. which
followed
the Romanesque, solved
these
problems with the pointed arch.
[!]
The pointed arch, while seemingly not very
dilterenllrom
the round one,
olters many advantages.
!Ell
Because the sides arc up to a point, weight is
channeled

down to the ground at a steeper angle, and therefore the arch can
be
taller. The vault constructed from such an arch also can
be
much taller than
'01
'"
,'"
328
MORE
MODEL
TESTS
a barrel vault.
!CJ
ArChitec1S
01 the Gothic period found they did not need heavy
masses
01
material throughout the curve 01 the vault, as long as the major
points
ol
lnlersection were relnforcsd.
!DI
Glossary
nave: the long central area in a church with aisles on each side
27. Why
does the author mention
U1e
keystone in paragraph I ?
<D

To
explain the engineering
01
an arch
a:>
To
provide historical background on arches
CO
To
point out one of the virtues of arches
CD)
To suggest
an
alternative to the arch
Paragraph
1 is marked with an arrow
1-+1
.
26. The word inberenl in the passage
Is
closest
In
meaning
to
<D uncertain
a:>
unsatisfactory
CO
expansive
G)

essential
29. The Pont du Gard menti
oned
in
paragraph 2 has all
01
the following characteristics
EXCEPT
<D
It was an aqueduct.
a:>
It is sti
ll
being used.
CO
It was built 2000 years 8g0.
CD)
It was repaired recently.
Paragraph 2
Is
marked wi
th
an
arrow I
-+
J.
30. According
to
paragraph 3, what is the advantage 01 a barrel vault?
c;p It was used in UIS Middle Ages.

a:>
Many arches were joined.
CO
The space was larger.
<J) It was a typical Roman look.
Paragraph
3 is marked with
an
arrow [-+].
31
. The word
vi
rtually in the passage is closest in meaning
to
c;p obviously
a:>
accurately
CO
routinely
G)
practically
M
trial
chraneny
a'
sk~ml
pravv
MODEL
TEST
4IREAOING

SEcnON
32i
32.
What
can
be
inferred
from
paragraph 4 about
Romanesque
architecture?
Q)
Arches
and
birrel vaults
were
used
in
the
designs.
<D
Wood
beams
characterized
the
buildings.
<D
The
structures
were

smaller
than
those of
Roman
style.
aD
The
architecture
was
popular during
the
Roman
occupation.
Paragraph
4 is
marked
with
an
arrow
I~J
.
33
.
Which
of
the
sentences
be
fow
best

expresses
the
Information
in
the
highlighted statement
In
the
passage? The other choices change
the
meaning
or
leave
out
importa
nt
Information.
([)
Architects
wanted
to
build h
ig
her ceilings
In
churches,
but
they were limited because
of
the

fire
hazard
caused
by
wooden
beams
in
the
roofs.
<D
Tho
majority of
tho
churchos prior to
th
is timo w
oro
constructed
with
woodon foofs
thaI
caused a considerable fire
hazard
because of their height.
<D
The
wood
beams
In
the roofs of most

churches
befo
re
this
period
were
a
concern
because of fire
and
the constrainl5 !hey imposed
on
the
height of
the
ceiling.
<lP
The limitations
on
the
architecture of
the
churches
were
a result
of
the
construction
materials
al'ld

the
limi
ted
vis
i
on
01
the
archltects.
34.
The
word
achiBvB
in
the
passage
is
closest
in
meaning
to
Q)
reta
in
CD
accomplish
<D
decorate
(It)
finance

35
. Gothic archi
tect
s
eKtended
th
e height
01
their arches
by
CD
us
ing
barrel
vaults
CD
designing pointed arches
<D
including a
nave
aD adding w
indows
36.
The
word
lhI'I.k
in
the
passage refers to
Q)

masses
CD
builders
CD
sto
ne
aD
vaults
37.
According
to
paragraph
5.
why
are
Romanesque
churches
so
dark?
([)
It
was
a characteristic of construction
with
pointed
arches.
<D
It
was
100

difflCtJlt
to
make windows
in
Ihe heavy materials.
<D
Openings
for
light could have compromised
the
structure.
<lP
Re
in
forcements
covered
the
areas
where
Ughl
could shine
in
.
Paragraph
5
Is
marked
with
an
arrow

I~].
M
Ichr,
:1y
kvr
prtN'v
330
MORE
MOOEL
TEST
S
38. Look at the four squares
,_
) that show where the lollowing sentence could be inserted in
the passage.
These
reinforcements,
called
ribs
, are
visible
In
the
nave
celiing
of
Relms
Cathedral.
Where could the sentence best
be

added?
Click on a square , _ ) to insert the sentence in the passage.
39.
Directions:
Complete the table
by
matching the phrases on the left with the headings on
the right.
Select the appropriate answer choices and drag them to the type of architecture
to which they relate.
TWO
of the answer choices will NOT be used. This quttar/on Is
worth 4 points.
To delete an answer choice, click on it. To see the passage. click on View
Text
.
Answer
Choices
I!l Allowed architects to
create a
taller arch
IS!
Used
in
fortresses so
that
the soldiers could see
out
1CJ
Rapresented the Romanesque

style
of
architecture
~
Similar to arches constructed
in the ancient world
IE!
Popular in
many
structures
01
the Gothic period
IE!
Required special blJilding
materials
for construction
!GJ
Prevalent in churches during
the Middle Ages
!8J
Associated with structures
that
inClude barrel vaults
rn
Permitted openings In
or
around them
lor
light
Round

Arch
•
•
•
•
Pointed
Arch
•
•
•
M
fir
chr,
~y,'
k
prAY\!