Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 69 ppsx

506 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS
FOR
ACTIVITIES, OUIZZES, AND MODEL
TE
STS
5.
T
wo
types 01 weathering
win
break down r
ock
masses
In
lo smaller
partiCles
,
Interaction between
sur/ace
()(
ground water and chemicals
causes chemical weathering.
Mechanical
wealhering
occurs
when
100:&
and
pressure grind

With

Increased preclpilalion
or
lemperature.
chemicals lend
10
break down las!e
r.
The weathering
01
feldspar
In
granite
can
be
caused
by
a 'eaclicn
to
acids
In
ra
in.
A common example
Is
the
wea
ri
ng
away 01 granite
lacades

on
buildings.
Pressure from f
ree
zing
and
thawing causes rocks
to
expand and contract
When
a rock Is broken
in
two
by physical loroos, it
Is
more vulnerable
to
wealhafing.
1. There
are
two
IY:Pil!I
01
mixturas-
hetefOgElnaou
s and homogeneous. Classification
2.
As
a f
ASul

!, the litmus
paper
turns blue
when
the
sotutiOn
Is
a base, Cause and Effecl
3. In cont
rast.
a coontercullure
exhibHs
behavior that
Is
contrary to the domlnan! cultu
re
, Contrast
4. The first
~
01
sleep produces alpha
wa

es.
Sequence
5. The main
IXOOftrljes
01
SOil
include color, texture, and structure. Description and Exampl6

6. Community sefVice
sh0Ud
be
a requirement lor graduation from the College of Education, Persua·
Sion and
Eva
luation
7. E
O(
ex.a
mDie
. the
Na

ajo create sacred Images
in
colored
sand
in
o
rder
to restore
the
Spiritual
and
physical health
01
the sick. Description
and
ElCBmple

8. The maximum amount of water that
alr
can
hold al a given temperah;re
and
pressure
is
known
as
saturat
ion
. Definition
9.
Whe
reas an objective
is
specific and measurable, a goal
is
broader and
is
usuaJly
nol time
specifiC
.
ComparisOfl and
Con
trast
10
. Dutch explorers In the earty
SftVftnteeoth

century
called
the wasl coast
of
Australia "New Holland," a
name that was used to describe the continent untit the beginning
01
the
nlnA
leenlh century.
S6q""",,,
n Activity 7, CD 2,
Track
6.
Uslen
to
t
he
beginning 01 a lecture in a linguistics
class
.
Good morning. Well.
we
haVtl a
lot
to do today.
so
leI's get going. II
you
'

re
caught
up
with
your

yollr
reacflO9
assignments, you've already
read
lhe article
on
the
!hree types ot
language
, but belore
we
go on
with
!he discussion,
I,
uh
, want 10 take a
faw
miouIes
to
compare them.
Okay,
standard
language l

irst.
Thai
's
language that's comprehended, used,
and
oonsidered,
uh,
acceptable by most speakers, 1
mean
,
native
speakers. So definitions 0/
WOI"OS
end
phrases
In
standard
language
•
they'
re
!ound
In
the
dicti0-
nary.
They
can
be
used

in
both lorm
al
and
In
tormal,
uh
. situatioos

, settings, And
!hIs
Is
Importanl-
standard language
Is
appropriale In both
speech
and
writing
. I'd say
that
all
011hase characteristics
c0m-
bine
to
make slandard language, well. let's just
say
!hat i
I'

s !he permanent core
ot
alangllage,
That
brings
us
to
colloquial tanguage. which
Is

is
•••
uh
, inctudad
in
dictionaries but,
uh,
collo-
qu
ial
language is marked, and usually it's a colloquial idiom. So these patterns of colloquial language
are
understood
and
used and acc&pled In informal exchanges and in,
well
people
usa
them
in

Intormal
slluatlon.s.
butlhey
'
re
not really considered approplale In formal settings. D
id
I
say
thaI colloquial lan-
)pynqhlOO
maier II
ANSWERS
ANO
AUOIO SCRIPTS
FOR
PRACTICE ACTIVITIES
IN
CHAPTER 3 507
9lJl198 is
more
prevllleniin
S4lB
B :::tIlhan In writing? Thai's important and the kay point in the article
was
that colloquial language becomes
so
much a part
of
the culture that

al
some poinl, it often

uh

evolves

into standard Language. SO you can compare an e!ll1ier dicti008ry with a recent dietionary
and
that will . . .
you
can
$00
how
some phrases thai are
mar1o:ed
as colloquial
language
lose
that
desig·
nation
in
Later
editions
of
the
same
dictionary.
Okay,

so
you
can
see
that
colloquial
idioms
last
a
long
time, eilher
uh

urn
re
maining
popular
in
colloquial speech Of,
as
I
sakl
, it
can
evolve into siandard language and become a permanent part
of
the
language.
But
that's ve!}, 4ilferent from

slang
expressions because
•.•
and this is the
key
point
.••
slang
is usually a temporary phenomenon. It's used by
some
speal<ers
Of
groups In inlonnal situatiOns and
they're
much
more
common
In
speech
Itlan they are in
writing.
Sometimes they're included In a dicti0-
nary
but, u
h,
they're always clearty
rnar1ted
as
slang, and when you check
Later

editions
of
lhe dictionafy,
quite often,
the
•
the
slang
lIXpfessioo
is
no longer included because it's out
01
style.
Now
,
lel's
oonsider the three types
of
language together and uh
•.•
I
want
you to think
of
them
on
a
oontinuum from most to least formal.
So
. if

we
do that, colloquial Language woukl have
to
go
between
standard
and
slang
.
So
the
slang
is often relegated
to
a temporary fad, and staOOard language oontalns
the stable elements
01
the language and colloquial language has the
potenlialto
become
a permanent
part
of
a language, bul •
.•
it might
not.
I lhink it's Interes1ing that most nalive speakers
will
use

allthr"
IypIitS 01 language and
theyll
use
them all appropriately
without
\hinJdng about it. In fact, only a lew speakers will
be
able
to
analyze their
speech
and writing
USing
the labels that the author identified in the article.
That sakl, let's get out the article for today's discussion
and

Not
"
Detntion
+
comparison
., three typeS
01
Language
Standard u
sage
' Permanent
core

Colloquial Language
'Often evolves
into standard
Slang
exprassions
'T
ernpomry phenomenon
definitions
of
words •
ptvases
found
in
dictionary
'u
sed IonnaI + inlom'lal Situations
appropriate speech + writing
Inctuded
in dlctionafy marked as colloquial
idioms
understood +
used
in inlormal situations, nol Iormal
more common In
spsech
sometimes
in dictionary marked
as
slang
used

by
some
speallars In informal silualions
ffIOIlI
oommon In speech
(J
Activity
8, CO 2, TrIICk 7.
Uslan
10
the beginnIng
of
a lecture a sociology class es
you
read
the transcript. The prolessor
is
discussing status and roles.
Status refers
10
,
uh
, a position in sociely
or

or in a group.
Bullhere
are really
two
typeS

01
Stalus-
ascribed
status
and achieved
status
.
Okay
, In
ascribed
status.
the
status
is
automa
tic
50
you
don'
have
a choice. In other words, it's an involuntary status. And some examples that come
to
mind are status
because 01 race
Of
sex
. Not
muc:h
you can
do

about !tIal.
On
the other hand, achieved
stalUS
requires
some effort,
and there's a choice involved. F
Of
Instance, a
marriage
partner, or the type
01
education,
or
,
for
that matter, uh, the length
of
time In school.
WeD,
these are choices, un, achievements. and
so
they
la
ll under the category 01 achieved status.
So
, that brings
us
to the status
set

A status set Is the comb!-
nalion
01
all statuses that an Individual
has
. Me,
Iorexample
.
I'm
a prolessor, but I
'm
also a husband and
a lather, and, uh, 00, a
son
, since
my
mother is still living.
ngh
a r
ANSWERS AND

UDIO SCRIPTS FOR PRACTICE ACTIVITIES IN CHAP
TER
3 509
11w:nt:E
A,,,",,
9
n
Activity
9, CD 2,

Tr.ck
8. Listen
to
some sentences from college lectures. Take notes
as
quickly as you can.
1.
The
Nineteenth Amendment
to
the U.S. Constitution gave women
lhe
righllO
VOle,
beginning with
the elections
of
1920
.
19

women
YOIe"
920
2. In a suspension bridge, thMe
BrB
two
tOW
8fS with
one

or
more
Ile~ible
cables IIrmly attached at each
end. •
suspension,.
2 lowers
wnlB~
cables @ ends
3. A
perennial
is
any
plMt
that cootinues
10
grow
for more than
two
years, as lor e)(8mple, trees and
shrubs.
perennial . plant
2.
yrs
e~
.
trees. shrubs
4.
Famous
lor

Innovations In punctuation. typography,
and
language. Edward Estlln Cummings,
known to us as e.e. cummings. published his collected IXlBms in 1954.
ee. cummings
-+
innovations punclualion, typo, language 1954lXlBms
5. Absolute zero,
the
temperature
at
which all substances have zero thermal energy, and thus the low-
est possible temperatures,
Is
unaltalnatlle In practice.
atlsolute zero '" temp. all substances 0 thermal energy
-+
lowest temps
6.
Because Columbus, OhIo, Is considered a typical metropolitan area, it
Is
otten used for market
research
to
test new products.
CoJumbus, 0 • typical metro
-+
market research new products
7.
The

cacao bean was cultivated by the
A%tecs
not only to drink but also es currency in their society.
cocao
bean
f
A%tecs
'"
currercy
8.
The
blue whale is the lafgesl known animal. reaching a length
of
more
than
one
hUndred leet, whlelt
is
live times its
size
al
birth.
blue whale '" largest anlmal !
OO'
'"
5)(
birth
si
ze
9. Ontario

Is
the heartland
of
Canada. both geographically, and, I would say, hlstOtical1y as well.
Ontario . heartland
Canada
geograph + hist
10.
Nuclear particles
called
hadrons,
which
inclucte the proton and neutron, are made from quarl(s-
very
odd
particles that have a slight electrical charge but that cannot exist alone in nalure.
nuclear
panicles",
hadrons = proton • neutron
t-
qualt!;s = panicles slight electric
charge/!
nature
()
Actlvlty
10, CD 2,
Track
9.
Uslen
to

some sentences
from
college lectures. Take notes
by
drawing diagrams.
N

t. A
fiJamenrls
the
stalk 01 a stamen.
filament . stalk (stamen
2. There are three factors that determine whether a credit applicant
Is
a good
risk-character,
capac-
ity,
and capital.
Credit risk
T
-
character capacity capital
,
lYngh
maier I
51
2 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTIVITIE
S.
QUIZZES.

ANO
MODEL TESTS
8. Du
ring
periods
01
stress or excitement. the heart
rate
goes
up
and airways
to
the lungs become
dilated.
9. Theories ot prehistory and earty humans
81e
constantly changing as
we
lake jnw arroyn! the
new
evidence from archeological finds.
t
o.
Dreams may have
been
the
Ins
piration lor the Surrealists
to
CO!T!fI

up wjth their
WOfks
01
art.
PRA&T1t:E
AcT1V1TY
13
o Activi
ty
13
, CO 2, Track
11
ADJEC
TI
VES
, .
The
temperature In many desert regions
Is
001
bot
at
night.
2. Facial expressions may
DOl
be
unique across cultures.
3 . Obsidian is
001
dull because

~
cools too quickly for aystals
to
form.
4. Not
manY
mu
sical
Ins
truments play louder than 1
00
decibels
or
softer than
20
decibels.
5. The people who have adapted to
I~e
at
very h
igh
altitudes
are
usually
OQIlalL
NOUNS
I.
In many citieS.
OOQp!e
whq

are I
rying
IQ Sftlilhejr
!Xl!"V!s
must have a license
to
sat
up
their booths in
publiC
areas.
2.
Studies show that small
an
imals lhal Ijva 1od0Q!'$ ate a positlva Innuence In elderty people's lives.
3. Staircases
were
an
important feature
01
the palaMS where
the
arislQCracv
lived
constructed during
the
Baroque period.
4. Global wind patterns
are
afteded

by
Ihe way
tha
I
!he
Eaah turns.
5.
Educaljon I.
ha!
includes!wQ
!a~uages
is
more
common
in regions where language minortties
live
.
VERBS
1. Unlike cast Iron, pure wrought iron
!las.
no carbon.
2.
HypnoSis
causes a heightened state
01
suggestibility In a
will
i
ng
participant.

3. Productivity increases when lewer employees
are
requi
red
to
W
the
worII.
4. Normally.
the
plasma
in
human
blood m
50-60
percenl 01 the tolal
blood
volume.
5. Three fourths
01
the goods mad.IIln Canada for
elCpOrl
are sold
to
the
United Slates.
CHRONOLOGY
I .
The firsl primilive mammals appeared
In

the
Triassic Period.
2.
Belore
the
lale Middle
Ages.
glass
was
not a major construction
ma
teria
l.
3. Hydrogen was used as a power source for dirigibles before helium.
whiCh
was safe
r.
4. The Europeans arrived In
1791
. long after the Moriori people settled
the
Chatham Islands olf Ihe
coasl
01
New Zealand.
5.
Store your test tubes
and
pipettes in the lab cabinets after
you

ri
nse
them
with
a small amount
01
distilled water.
COORDINATION
1.
NO
I only genes but also vif\lses are
made
of essential
chemiCals
called nucleoprote
ios.
2.
Suc:cessfut
managers
don'
proceed
without a
plan
.
but
they
don'
Ignore opportunities thai arise
eilh
er

.
ANSweRS ANO AUDIO SCRIPTS
fOR
PRACTICE A.CT1VmeS
IN
CHAPTER 3 513
3. T
echnlcaRy
,
both
glass
and
water are considered minerals.
4.
Com
and
winter wheat are
not
na
tive to the Americas.
5. Elhn
lci
ty
Is
usually
based
on race, religion,
and
national
Orig

in
.
CAUSE
1. According to psychologists, workers lnaease productivity because 01 incentives.
2. Anthropologists
lXlfICIude
thai flakes were
used
as
tools
101'
cutt
i
ng
and
scraping
since
many
of
them
have
been
found In excavations 01 Slone
Age
settlements.
3. Plants can
tum
brown
on the edges because
01

too
much water.
4. lnaeaslng the consumption
a/
salt can cause higher
blood
pressure.
5.
Most 01 the
roads
In the interstate highway system linking roads across
the
country need to
be
repaired
because
they
Wflfe
bu
i
~
in the 1930$.
COMPARISON
1.
Viruses
have a struclu
re
that
Is
~

ke
t
hat
of
the first life
forms
that appeared on Earth thousands
a/
'·'
''
''
'
90
.
2. The oxygen concentration
in
the blood is Iowet than that in
the
lungs.
3. The Atlantic Ocean
Is
larger but it
Is
not
deeper than
the
Indian Ocean.
4.
Picasso's
WOtI!s

during
various artistic periods diller quile a Iollrom each oIhef.
5. The waighl
of
one object cannot
be
the same
as
that
of
another because
the
gravitallonal attraction
dillers
from place to place on
the
surface
01
the Earth.
CONCESSlON
1.
Even
though Insulin levels
are
close
to
01'
above normal in type 2 diabetes. target cells cannot
respond adequately.
2. The Idea

01
an engliSh language academy
Is
regularty proposed, but the response nas never
been
very positive.
3. The Jovian planets are grouped logelher: nowever, each one has
had
a vet'( dilleranl evolutionary
h'-
.
4. E
ven
though
young
people enjoy
an
advantage
for
recal in vocabulary studies, otdef people appear
to be better al
word
rea;,gnffion.
5. Although interviews
are
the most common strategy
lor
assessing
job
applicants. they lend to have

low validi
ty
.
NEGATIVE
1. The geyser
known
as Old failhftJl has never failed to erupt on time.
2.
0rWy
standard dialects are
used
as educational
models
In
schools
.
3. There has never
been
such
wide
aocess to news trom so many media.
4. The construction
01
a city on
the
ruins
01
a previous settlement Is common.
5. The
firS!

primitive mammals did
not
develop
untillhe Triassic Period.
PASSlVE
I .
"is
interesting that fewer mental health dlsordefs are ekp8nenced
by
people over the age 01 65.
2.
In the stringed Instruments, !he tones are produced
by
a
bow
when it is
played
actOSS a set
01
$irings
mM
of
wi
re
or
!l

,
3. Gasas in the ionosphere are partly ionized
by

high-treqU8f1CY
radiation from the Sun
and
oIhef
sources.
4. A domed roof can
be
used
try
architects to conse

noor space.
5. Papyrus was
used
by
the Egyptians
to
make
paper. sails, baskets, and clothi
ng
.
righted
a1er
51
ANSWERS
AND
AUDIO
SCRIPTS
FOR
ACT

I
VmeS,
OUIl2ES,
AND
MOOEL TESTS
""""""
Acrrmr
15
1. 0
An
aoimal learns how to
get
lood
by
hitting a
bar
.
2. A
Poe
Is
remembered more lor a
poem
than lor his
ahort
stories.
3. C Everything
in
the universe was
reduced
to pure

energy
in
one
alom.
4. C During lhe winter, the bear's temperature Is normal and its respiration
Is
regular,
but
it
cIoes
not
requirelood.
5.
B The board
wid
assume conltol only if
they
lose confidence in the
CEO.
6. A Fluctuations
in
the alr pressure are a result
01
changes
in
temperature.
7.
C Metabolism
and
ex8fCise are ways

to
stabilize consumption
and
prodoction
01
energy lor a
healthy weight.
8. D The child's Interest
in
playing with language
Is
encouraged
by
the nursery rhyme.
9. B
It
does not matter whe
re
employees work
allhel
r computers.
10. A The Firbolgs
arrived
in
Ireland Irom
the
Mediterranean alter the
Scottish
people had already
settled

there.
hAcncE
Aenmr
16
1. Problem:
Edited
Paraphrase:
The paraphlase Is
too
much like the orig
il'l8l.
Only the subject end complement
have
been
reversed
In
this ahemallve grammatical structure.
Molecules
that function as regulators
In
the transmission
01
substances across cell
walls are
known as
pro
te
ins.
Why
is

this beltar? Because synonyms have
been
substituted
lor
an
the nontechnical vocabulaly
and
the subject and
complemenl
are
reversed
In
an
a/lemallve grammatical structure.
2. Problem:
Edi
ted
Paraphrase:
The paraphrase is no! complete. Inlormation abouIthe lactory system and the
eot-
ton
industry are no! Included.
The
lactory system spread across a large number
01
enterprises
in
addition to eol-
ton
manufacturing

as
a result of the introduction
01
steam
engines.
Why
Is
this better? Because the relationship between cause
and
effect
has
been
retained using
dU-
ferent vocabulary
and
grammar.
3. Problem:
Ed
ited
Paraphrase:
The paraphrase is
not
correct.
The meaning
has
been
changed
.
Small enterprises are trequently using bIoggers to compete effectively

with
large
buSinesses
that
are
still employing more conventional marketing strategies as
weU
as
some
01
the
more
recen1
options.
Why
is
th
is
better? Because lhe meaning
01
the ofigll'l8l sentence
has
been
reta
ined.
4 . Problem:
Edited
Paraphrase:
The paraphrase is
100

much like the original.
Too
many words and phrases
are
the
same,
and
the grammatical structure Is 100
Similar
.
Although
fossilized bones
may
look like stone, minerals
from
sedimentary material
fililhe
spaceS.
Why
Is
this bener? Because synonyms have boon substituted
lor
althe
nontechnical
YOCabulary.
and the
su
bject
and
complement

are
raversed
In
an ahemallve grammatical structure.
,opynqhtoo ma
I
5, Problem;
Ediled
Paraphrase;
ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR PRACTICE ACT1VmES
IN
CHAPTER 3 515
The
paraptvase is Incomplete. The
dales
are important here.
About
3500
B.
C.,
two
thousand years alter wrltten symbols were Introduced In
1500 B
.C
., the lirs! pictographic writing system
appaated
simultaneously In various
regions
0/
the known

WOf1d
.
Why
Is this better? BecalJS8
the
chronology Is not
clear
without a time frame. The date solves this
-~
.
6.
Problem
:
Th
ia
Is
not
a paraphraSl;t.
It
is
copied directly
from
!he
original.
Edited
Paraphrase: In all
like~hood
,
the Earth's
ClJr

rent atmosphere
was
preceded by three earli
er
atmospheres
.
Why
Is
th
is better? Because copying d
irectly
lrom a
source
Is
the worst klnd
of
plagiarism
. Even
when
you
are
in a hurry.
be
sure that you are not
COfl'VWlg
.
7, Problem: This is not a paraphrase. II
is
too genGfal.
Edited

Paraphrase: Alcohol depresses t
he
centr
al
nervous system, but
coHee
l
naeases
neural trans-
m
iSSi
on.
Why
is thIs better? Because details are necessary
lor
a paraphrase
to
be
specifie.

general
stat.
ment
does
1'1()(
include enough Inlormatlon.
8. Problem: This paraphrase changes
the
meaning
01

the original
statement
Edited
Paraphrase: Australia and the
is
lands
of
Oceania comprise the Pacific Basin, an area
!hal
encompasses
about 33 percenl 0/
lne
Earth's surface.
Why
is th
is
better? BecalJS8 this paraphrase retains the original meaning. The area is one third
of
the surface
of
the Earth, not one third
01
the
Pacific
Ocean
.
9. Problem:
The
paraptvase
is

Incomplete. It
does
not Identity the process
as
fresco painting.
Edited
Paraphrase:
The
lime in
wei
plaster
bonds
with the colors
on
tne surface
when
the paints are
mixed
lor
frescos
.
Why
is
thi
s
better'?
Because
the
process
described

in
the
paraphrase
is
identified
as
fresoo
painmg.
10
. Problem:
Edited
The
paraphrase Is too much like the origIl'\8l.
Too
many
words and phrases are
repeated.
Paraphrase:
The
Unl'\8ean chart
used
10
classify
aI
biological
species
was Initially created
10
categorize each specimen In conformity with
Its

resemblance to oIher organisms.
Why
Is
this better? Because the edit
ed
paraphrase retains the meaning 01 the ortgll'\8l. but
the
words
and
phrases
arB
different,
and
the grammatical structure is changed.
I'IArnt:E
At:rmrr
11
1. According
to
the professor. "

stock
Is
equity In B company,
and
, therefore, it represents
owner
·
ship."
righted aler