Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 70 potx

516 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS
FOR
ACTlVmES, QUIZZES, AND MODEL TESTS
2. Accordi
ng
to the professor, "The desalination
of
the ocean
is
going
to
be
a crucial
aspect
of water
management."
3, Accordi
ng
to t
he
professor, "The theme of a world-wide
IIood
is found
in
the mythology of many cul-
tures."
4. According to the professor, "Psychology focuses
on
the individual. whereas sociology locuses
on
social groups

."
5. According
to
the l)fofessor, "The ethics
of
science
wi.
become more important
In
this decade."
6. Accordi
ng
to the professor, her idea
Is
called "the simplification principle."
7. Accordi
ng
to the professor, "The thre&domain systam
Is
supeoor
to
the IivlKiomaln system
of
das-
sllicatlon
in
biology."
8. Accordi
ng
to t

he
professor, "The term relief describes any printing method
with
a raised image."
9.
Accord
i
ng
to
the protessor, "Training programs
must
address
the
Issue
of
technology
In
the
work-
place
."
10. According to t
he
professor, "Quasars are difficult
to
study because they are so
far
away."
I'ucncE Acnmr
18

(")
Acti
vity
18,
CD
2, T
I1IC
k 12
1. Written:
Spoken:
2. Written:
Spoken:
3. Written:
Spoken:
4, Written:
Spoken:
5. Written:
Spoken:
6.
Written:
Spoken:
7.
Written:
Spoken:
8, Written;
SpoIIen:
According
to
a study by Professor Carter, "patients
can

lower their blood pressure by
losing Wilight
and
decreasing their intake of salt."
According to a study by Professor Carter,
and
I quote, "patients
can
lower their blood
pressure by losing weight and decreasing theif Intake
01
salt."
End
quote.
According to
ProfBSSOf
Jones, 'oyer fourteen billion Euros were introduced Into
the
world economy
In
January,
2002
According to
ProfeSSOf
Jones, and I
am
quoting here, "over fourteen billion eoros
Wil
fe
introduced

into the
WOfId
economy io January. 2002,"
End
quote.
To
quote a study
In
the
Journal
of
Psychology, "many people who have achieved their
career ambitions by midlife
are
afflicted by depression,"
To quote a study in
the
Journal
of
Psychology, "many
people
who have achieved their
career ambitions
by
midlife
are
afflicted by depression,"
End
quote,
According to the te:dbook,

"an
organ is a group of tissues capable of performing
some
special
function."
According to the textbook.
and
I
am
quoting here,
'an
organ
Is
a
group
of
tissues capa-
ble
of
performing some special function.'
End
quote.
According to Professor Stephens, "John Philip Sousa
was
the greatest composer of
marches for
bands.'
According
to
Profassor Stephens,

and
t
QUote
, 'John Philip Sousa was
!he
greatest
composer of
marches
for
bands."
End
OoOIe
.
In
Prof8SSO(
Davison's opinion,
"Ben
Johnson
may
be
the author
01
several plays attrib-
uted 10 Witllam Shakespeare."
In
Professor
DaYison
'sopinion.
and
I quote, "Ben Johnson

may
be
the author of
seYefat
plays attributed to William Shakespeare,"
End
quote,
Professor Davis
said that, 'statistical data
can
be
very
diffICult
to interprat because
COf·
relations are not causes."
Professor
Davis
saki
that. and I
am
quoting
here,
"statistical data
can
be
very difficult
to
Interpret because correlations are
no

t causes."
End
quote.
As
Professor Gray
puts
it. "the prima minister serves
at
!he
pleasure
01
the parliament."
As
Professor Gray
puts
it. and I quote, "the prime minister serves
at
the
pleasure of the
parliament."
End
qllOle.
518 ANSWERS AND AUDIO
SC
R
IP
TS
FOR
ACTIVmES. aUIZZES.
AN

D MODEL TESTS
5. Margare! Mead did her first fieldWofk
in
Samoa
In
1925. Mead's
book
, Coming
of
Ag6
in
Samoa
.
was a best sell
er
that w
as
trans!a
ted
into
many
languages. Sbe is st
il!
one
of the most well·koown
anthropolog
is
ts
In
the world.

Mead
believed that people
in
simple societies could provide valuable
le
ssons f
or
the
Industrlalizecl world.
6.
Loonardo
da
Yincj was the
qU
intessent
ia
l
Ren
aissance man. A brilli
an
t painter. da
)£inr;i,
was per·
haps
best remembered lor h
is
art
.
&.11
be

was
also intarested
in
mechaniCs
, and
hi
s understandi
ng
01
mathematics 15 clear
In
h
is
use 01 perspective.
7. Author peter Drucker wrote Milnagemenf ChlI/langes
for
lhe
21s/
CenlU/)'.
In
this
booII:,
Orucker
proposed live trans
form
ing
lorces.
I:I.B.
predicted that these trends will have major Implications l
or

the Iong·term stra
teg
ies 01 companies.
8. Erajdrich Mobs devised a
scala
of hardness for
ten
minerals.
By
assigni
ng
10 to diamond. the hard·
est
known
miner
al
.
MI:IIlS
was able to attribute relative values to
all
the
other minerals.
I::Ii:i
scale is
still uselul
in
t
he
study of
mineral$;

today.
9.
Marla Montessori proposed an educational model that has become known as the M
on
te
ssori
method. Montessori Insisted that education shou
ld
not
be
merely the transmission
01
knowledge
bu
t
the freedom to
cievelop
as a person. Sbe lell her great
es
t success
wa
s achieved when a ch
ild
beg!\fl
wot1dng
independently.
to
. In collaboration with
lools
Leaky.

Jane
Gopdall spent years living with chimpanzees
00
the Gombe
ReSOMl
. Gopdali
lm
itated their behaviors and discovered that chimpanzees IMId within a complex
sodal
org
aniza
tion
.
.5be.
was
tho
first
to
document chimpanzees
mak
i
ng
and using tools. and
she
also identified twenty different
SOIJndS
thai we
re
part of a co
mmun

ication system.
1. llading
Step 1: Examplea
Deleted
Although
speech
is the most advanced form of communication, there are
many
ways of communi·
catJng
without u
Sing
speech.
Signals,
Signs
. and symbols
may
be
lOIlnd
in
every known culture.
The
basiC
function
01
a signal
is
to impinge upon the envirorvnenl
in
such

a way
thaI
it allracts attention.
Unlike
signals, wh
ich
are
coded
10
refer to speech, signs co
nta
in
meaning in
and
01 themselves. Finally,
gestures
are actions, which
are
more
diff~1t
10
cieSCribe
because 01 their relationship
with
cultur
al
per·
",,_
.
Step 2: Paraphrased Summery

Found
in
every culture, sig
nal
s, signs, and symbols
are
exemples 01 al'ernatives to
speech
commu·
nication. A sig
nal
,
wh
ic
h is referenced to
speech,
intrudes upon the environment
so
that it
is
noticed.
In
contrast, a sign ooes
no
' refer to
speech
because
It
displays a general message.
La

st, gestures.
wh
iCh
are
cultlJralty defined, consist
01
actiOtls.
2.
uchn
n Acti
vity
21 , CD
2,
TntCk 14. Listen to
par1
of a lecture
in
a botany
dass
.
The A
cacia
Is
a genus
of
tree
s and Shrubs 0' the Mimosa lamlly tha! originated
In
Australia a
nd

has
long
been used
in
bu
i
ld
ing simple mud
a~
stick structures there. The acacia
Is
called a wartle
in
Au
stralia,
and
the structures are
made
01 wattle stuck together
with
d
au
b, which is a kind
01
mud adobe.
Now
this
is inter
esting-
the acacia

Is
rela
ted
t
l)
the f
emlty
0'
plants known
as
legumes,
end
I'm sure
you
r
em
em·
ber that legumes include peas. beans. lentils, peanut
s.
and pods with
beanJike
seeds. Some acacias
)pynghted
rr -
'1
1
ANSWERS
AND
AUDIO
SCRIPTS

FOR
PRACTICE
ACT1VmES
IN
CHAPTER
3
S21
2.
Ur<m.
()
Actlvlty
23.
CD
1.
Track 15. USlen
10
paIt
ola
lecture In a chemistry class.
Although
the
purpose
and
techniques were ofIen magical. alchemy was, in many ways, the predecessor
01
the
modem
science
01
chemistry. The rundamental premise

01
alchemy derived from the best
phi~
sophical
dogma
and
scientific practice
01
the time,
and
the majority
01
educated persons between 1400
and 1600 believed that alchemy
had
great merit.
The
earlies1
authentic
works
on European alchemy are
those
01 the English monk Roger Bacon and
!he
German
ph
ilOsophe
r
81.
A1bert1Js

Magnus
.
In
their
treatises.
they
maintained
thai
gold
was
lhe
per-
fed
metal
and
that
Wiferior
metals
such
as
lead
and
mercury
were
removed by
various
degrees
of
mper-
ledion from gold.

They
rurlhe!' asserted that these base metals could
be
transmuted to gold by blending
them
with
a substance more perfect than gold. This elusive !Wbstanoe was
rel8fTed
10
as the "Philoso-
pher's
Stone:
The
process was
called
transmutation.
Most
of the early alchemists were artisans who were accustomed to keeping trade seaets and
ohen resorted
to
cryptic terminology to record the progress of their
wotII
. The term Sun was used for
gold,
Moon
for silver. and the rille known planels lor the base metals. This oonventlon
01
substituting
symbolic l
anguage

attracted
some
mys
lieaJ
philosophers
who
compared
the
search
lor
the perfect
metal with the stnJggle of humankind lor the perfectiOn of the soul. The philosophers began 10 use the
artisan's terms
Wi
the
myslieaJ
literature
thatlhey
produced. Th
us
,
by
the
fourteenth
century, alchemy
had developed
two
distinct groups 01 practitioners-the Ialloratory alchemist and
the
literary alchemist

Both groups olalchemlsls contioued
10
wor1t
throughout the history 01 alchemy.
bu
t. of course, it was the
literary
alchemist
who
was
more likely to produce a written record: therefore. much of
wtlatis
known
about
the
science
of
alchemy
Is
derived Irom philosophets rather than from the alchemists who labored
In
laboratories.
Despite centuries
01
experimentation. laboratory alchemists failed to produce gold from mher mate-
rials.
However,
they gained wide knowledge
01
chemiCal !Wbslances, discovered chemiCal properties.

and
invented many
01
the toots and techniques thai are used by chemists today. Many laboratory
chemists earnestly
devoled themselves to the
SCientifiC
discovefy of
new
compounds
and
reactions
and
, therefore. must
be
considered the legitimate lorefathers of
modem
chemlslry.
They
continued to
call themselVes alchemists, but they wefe becoming true chemists.
Sa
T
Laboratory alchemists lailed
\0
refine base metals to produce gold.
but
they discovered
chemical
substances

, properties,
compounds
,
reactions
, tools. and
techniqoes
thaI
helped
to
establish
lhe
rreld
Of
modem chemistry.
1.
".,,1,.,
Cnoloe A
Is
a major point because the paragraph thatlotlows includes details about each section.
Choice
B
Is
a detait thaI deSCribes
one
01 the types
01
mouth parts.
It
refers
10

the major poinl about
now
insect! are dassl!ied.
Choice
C
is
a
clataP
that describes one
01
the
adaptations of mouth parts.
II
refers
\0
the major point
about
now
Insects
are
classified.
righted aler
~22
ANsweRS
ANO
AUOIO
SCRIPTS
FOA
ACTlVmes
, OUlZZes,

ANO
MODEL TeSTS
Choice 0 is a major point
because
several
typeS
of
mouth parts
are
explained
in
reterence
to
this
poinl.
ChoicG E illlTuO
but
it
ill
not
monlionod
in
thll
palllla9ll.
Choice
F
is
a detail that defines the term
proboscis
. It refers

to
the major point about
how
Insects
are
classified.
Choice
G is a detail thai refers
to
one
01
the body
partS
in the majot poInl
about
the three-section

Choice H
is
8 detail that explalns the purpose
of
one
of
the adaptetions
of
mouth parts. It refers
to
the major point about
how
Insects are classified.

2.
l.Bf:trt,.
n A
ctlvlty
24,
CD
2, Tfllck 1
8.
Uslen
to part
of
a lecture in
an
English class.
Few
have
influenced the development
of
American English
to
the extent that Noah Webster did. After a
short career In law.
he
turned to teaching. but
he
discovered
how
Inadequate the available
schooIbooI<s
were for the children

of
a
new
and Indapendeol nation.
In
response 10
the
need lor lruly American textbooks, Webster published A Grammatical Insfflute
of
the English Language, a three-volume work that consisted
ola
speller, a
grammar
,
and
a reader. The
first vofume.
which
was geoefally koown as
The
American
Spei!ing
Book, was so popular that eventu-
ally
II
sold
more
than eighty minion
ccp!es
and provided h

im
with
a considerable income for the rest
of
his
Nle
.
can
you
imagine that?
Anyway,
in 1807. Noah
Webster
began
his
greatest
WCH1t,
An American
DIctionary
o/the
English
Language. In preparing the maouscripl.
he
devoted l
en
years
to
the study
of
English

and
its relationship
to other languages,
and
seven
more
years
10
the
writing
itself.
Published
In
two
volumes in 1828, An
American Diction8ty
o( the
Eng/ish
Language has become the
recognized
authority for u
sage
in
the
United Slates. Websler's purpose
In
wrhlng II was
10
demonstrate that the American language was
developing

distinct meanings, pronunciations,
and
spellings from
those
01
British English.
He
Is respon·
sible
lor advancing
many
01
the simplirl8d spelling
lorms
that distinguish
American
Eng
li
sh
from
BrItIsh.
Webster
was the first euthor
to
llain copyright protection in the United States
by
being awarded a
wpyright
for
ThtJ

American Spelling
Book
and
he
continued
10
lobby
over
!he
nex! fifty )'fIars
lor
the pro-
lection
01
intellectual properties, that is. for author's rights. By the time
that
Webster brought out the sec-
ond edition
01
his djctlonary,
mlch
incl
uded 70,000 entries instead 01 the origInal 38,000,
the
name
Webster
had
become synonymous wIth American diclionarles. It was this
second
edition that served as

the basls
lor
the
many
revisions !hat have
been
produced
by olhel$, irOnically, under
!he
uncopyrighted
Websler name.
$«u
lN
A' ".
The
American
Spelling
Book,
Webster
's first suocessfut textbook, alforded him
an
Inoome while
he
was writing h
is
diCtionary.
An
American
DictIonary
of

!lie
Engl
ish
Language was written
to
demonslJate
the
uniq
ue
usage
of
English in
the
United States. Although he
had
a copyright for The Americ8n
Spelling
Book.
ironically, Webster
did
not have a copyright for the original dlctlonary and subseQUent
editions that
be
ar his
name
.
Choice A
is
a detell that refers 10 Webster's fife before
he

began
to
write.
Choice B
Is
a major poInl because the spelling
book
allowed Webster to
continue
his writing career.
)pynghled rna n 11
•
ANsweRS
ANO AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR PRACTICE
ACTMTlES
IN CHAPTER 3
S2:3
Choice
C is a major point
because
severalaxamples
ref
er
to the IJIjque
usage
,
Choice 0 is a detail
beca
use the revisions rafar to
the

ma;or
point about copyrights,
Choice
E Is probably trua
but
ills
not me"liolled In the lecture,
Choice F
is
a major
pOOl
beca" se
about
one
lhirdof the lecture
Is
on
the topic
of
oopyrighI
p!otectioI,.
ChoIce G Is a detaJlthat
rN
t
es
to Webst
er'
s early lile.
1.
1IatII.,

Both
Oil
pa
ints
and
canvas
were
artistic improvements
In
troduced
In
the fifteenth
century
.
Canvas
was
superior
to
the
wood
panels
that
pr
edated
iI
because
it
could
be
stretched

to
acoommodale the
huge works that
were
then popular,
and
!hen
rolled up
to
ship. When
It
arrived,
It
was
light
enough
to
be
easily framed
and
hung
and
, unlike wood,
it
didn'
crack.
Oil
paints were preferable
because
they dried

sIoWty
, allowing the artisl to
reworIt
on
lop
of
a previously
painled
section,
Furthermore
,
it
was
possible
to
mill
the
Oils
to
either
a thin
or
thiCk
consIS
lency
from a glaZa
to
a pasta.
2

n Activity 25,
CD
2,
Treck 17. Uslen
to
part
of
a lectura ln
an
~ng
dass.
The question
has
otten
been
posed: Why
were
the
Wright
brothers
able
to
succeed
i'I
an
effort
al
wt1ic:tl
so
many

others I\ad failed? Well,
many
explanations
have
been
mentioned, but, uh. three
reasons
are
most
otten
ciled,
and
f
iend
10
agree
with
them. rrst, the Wright brothers
wete
a
leam
.
Both
men
worked
COIIgelIialIy
and
coopeIalively,
read
the

same
books
, located
and
shared
inlormatiorl, talked i
ncessantly
aboul!he
possibility
of
manned
flight,
and
, uh, .

and
S8tY8d
as
consistent sources
of
lnspItatiorl
and
,
un
, and encouragement
to
each other,
So
,
to

put
it
quite
sWnpIy
,
two
geniuses
are
beller
than
onegenlus
.
Second,
both
!he
brollwlrs
were
glider plals.
So
,
un
~
ke
some
other engineers who experimented
with the
theories
of
Right, Orville
and

Wilbur
Wright
experienc:ed
the
practical aspectS
01
aeroclynarnics
by
building
and
flying gliders,
and
th
is may surprise you, they even
new
in kiles.
Now
,
each
creft
they
built
was
sllghity superior
10
!he
last
because
they
Incorporated

the
knowledge
thai
they
had
gained
from
previous failures to
ad
j
ust
the neld design. They had
reahed
fairly early
on
from
thEW
experknents
that
!he
most
serious
challenge
In
manned
night would
be
stabilizing
and
maneuvering

!he
aifcratt
once
it
was
airoome.
So
, urn, while
others
concentrated their efforts on
the
problem
of
achieving
li
ft
lor take-
off
, the Wright brothers
were
focusing
on
developing a
1t.88-axis
control
tor
guidi
ng
their
aircraft.

By
the
lime
thai
!he
broIhers started
to
build
an aI.pene, they were already
among
\he
woncI
's
best
glider pilots
and
they
knew
about
!he
problems
01
riding
!he
air firslhand.
In
addition
, the
Wright
bioChe

,s
had
designed
more elfective
wings
l
or
their airplane
than
anyone
else
I\ad
been
able
to
eng
i
neer
. USing a
wind
1111'11181
,
!hey
tested
more
Ihan
two
hundred
different
wing

OBSigns, recording the effects
of
slight variations in
shape
on
\he pressure
01
air
on
\he wings.
The
data
from
these
axperiments
al
lowed
the
Wrighl
brothers
to construc1 a superior wing lor their
ai
rcraft.
But
,
you
know
, In spite
01
these

advantages,
!he
Wright brothers stil might not
have
succeeded
If
they
l\adn'
been
born at precisely the right ti
me
In h
is
tory
. Attempts to achieve
manned
flight
In the earty
nineteenth
century
were
ctoornect
beca
use
the
steam
engines that pow81'ed the alrcrafts
we
re
just

too
heavy
in Ploportion to the
power
thai
they
produced
, But
by
the
end
01
the
nineleenth
century
, when the
biathers
were experimenting
with
enginee
ring options, a relatively I
lghl
ln
lemal
combustlon
eng
i
ne
had
already

been
Invented,
and
they
wafe
able to bring the ratio 01
weight
to
power
within
acceptable l
im
its
for
flighl
524
ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTtVmES, OUIZZES, AND MODEL
TE
S
TS
$II"","",
The Wright brothers were successlul In echieving
the
first manneclllighl
because
they
worked coIlabo-
ralively; they were bolh glider pilots who recognized
the
lm!X1f1.8nce

01 stabilization
and
conlrol
in
an
air·
aah
; lhey
W8fe
able
10
design, lesl, and engineer the best
wings
lor
the
plane;
and
lhey were able to
take
advantage
Of
the
relatively fighl inlemal
combustiOn
engine.
P1fAcTICE
Acnmr 26
1, Radlng
I. B
The

first
opera
in Italy
2. C The growth 01 opera Ihroughoul Europe
3. A Three types of musical pieces
In
opera
2. Lntum
n AcUvlty 26, CO 2,
Tr1Ic
k
18
. Llstan 10 part
of
a
lec1ure
in
a biology class.
The
protozoans, minuta aquatic creatures,
each
of
which
consiSIS
01
a
Single
celt
of
protoplasm, consti-

tule e classification
01
the
most
primitive forms
01
animal life.
The
vl3f)'
name
protozoan Indicates the scl-
entific understanding of the animals. Proia
means
"first"
Of
"primitive'
and
zoa
refers 10
the
animal.
They
are
fantastically diverse,
but
three
majOr
groups
may
be

identified
on
the
basiS
of
their motiU
ty
.
The
Mastigophofa
have
one
or
more long
ta
ils thai
they
use to propel themselves
IOIWard
. The Ciliata,
whiCh
use
the
same
basic means for locomotion
as
the Mastigophora,
hava
a l
!I1ger

number
of
short
tails. The Sarcodina. which Include amoebae, float or
row
themselves aboul
on
their crusted bodies.
In
additioo to their form of movement, several oth8f features discriminate
among
the
three groups
of
protozoans.
For
eKampte,
at
laastlwo nuclei
per
cell have
been
identified in the Ciliata, usually a large
nucleus
that regulates growth
but
decomposes during'reproductlon,
and
a smaller one thai contains
\he

genetic code necessary
to
generate Ihe large nucleus.
So
all
of
this seems very straightforward
to
this point. bul flOW
we
are going to complicate the pic·
ture
. Chlorophyll,
which
Is
\he
green substance
in
plants.
Is
also
l
ound
In \he bodi
es
of
some
proto-
zoans, enabling
them

to
make
atleasl
some
of
their
own
food
from
water
and
calban dioxide. Sounds
like photosynthesis,
doesn1~?
But
protozoans are animals, right? And plants are the lile forms thai
use
photosynthesis. Okay.
Well
protozoans lIIe
nOi
considered plants because,
unl
ike pigmented plants 10
wh
ic
h some protozoans
are
otherwise almostidenlical. they
do

not
live
on
simple olganic compounds.
The
ir
ce
lls demonstrate
allot
the
major characteristics of \he celts
of
higher animals. such as
eaOng
,
breathi
ng,
and
reprodu
Cing.
NOW
many species
01
protozoans collect
int
o colonies. physically connected
10
one
anothef
and

r
esponding
urVIormy
to
outside
stmu~
.
Current
r
esearch
~to
1m
phenomenon
along
with
investigalioos
carried
out
with
advanced
~
may
necessitate
a
redelin~
of
what constiMes
protozoans.
even
calling

into question
\he
basic
premiSe
"\ha
t !hey
have
only one
cell.
N
8'o
ertheless,
with
the
current
data
avall-
able,
almost
40,000
species
of
protoZoans
have
been
identified.
No
doubt.
as lechllology
~

meth-
ods
of
obsefva1iOn
. better
models
of
classification
of
these
simple
single
caDs
wiI
be
proposed.
1. 0 A definition of protozoans
-Si
ngle cell
2. A A method of classilicalion
fOl'"
protozoans-the throe typeS motilily
3. C Similarity
to
plants- make load
Irom
waler +
CO:2:
4. E Consid8fed animals- eating, breathi
ng,

reproducing
5.
B Current research-questions, redefinitions
lpynghtcd ma
r I
ANSWERS
ANO
AUOIO
SCR
I
PTS
FOfI PRACTICE ACTIVInES IN CHAPTER 3 525
PIAtrIcE
AcrwtTY
27
t.
"'Hill,
, . A
2 . •
3 . •
4. A
5.
C
6 . •
7 . •
8.
C
Ssmn.,
The author's main purpose
In

the passage
is
to
describe the nature
01
sunspots. Sunspots
are
solar
particles that
are
hurled into space
by
disturbances
01
wind
on
the
Sun
. Matter
lrom
the
Sun
that enters
the Earth's atmosphere
affects changes
in
the weather patterns
on
Earth. Most sunspots appear as a
shadow encircled

by
bright and dark lines
elClending
out li
ke
spokes
in
a wheel. Sunspots usually occur
In
a configurallon
of
two
spots. The ooIof of sunspots could
be
affected
by
their lemperah.lre. Sunspots
may
be
related
to
magne~c
fields that follow Iongiludinal lines
on
the
Sun
. The sunspot theory
is
subject
to debate. however.

2.
ut:ture
n Activity 27,
CD
2,
Track
19. Uslen
to
part of a lectllre
In
an
anthropology class.
The
development
of
the horse
has
been
recorded from the beginning, through
all
of its
evollJliOnary
stages,
10
t
he
modern
form
. It
is

, perhaps.
one
of the most complele and well-cloc\lmented chapters
01
palflonloiogicll.1 hislory. Fos!ullinds provide
liS
IVlt only wilh
oolll.i11!d
inlormAlion
~boullhA
Ivlrl;a
ilsall
bot also with valli able
in
sights Inlo the mlgralion of herds
and
even
evidence lor the speculation about
ItIe
climatic conditions that could have instigated their migratory behavior.
Now
geologists
believe
that
the
first hofses appeared
on
Earth about sb:ty
mmion
years ago as com·

pared
with
only
two
' million years ago for Iha appearance
01
human beings. There
is
evidence
of
early
horses
on
both
the
American
and
Ellropean conlinenlS, but it
has
been documented thai, almost twelve
million
years ago
at
the beginning
01
the Pliocene Age, a horse about midway through its evoMionary
development
crossed a land bridge whora
the
Bering Strait is

now
located.
It
traveled l
rom
Alaska Into
the
grasslands of Asia and all the way
to
Ellrope.
So
, this early horse was a hipparion, about t
he
size
of
a modem-day pony with
th
ree toes and specialized cheek teeth
lOf
grazing.
In
Europe, the hipparion
encountared enother less advanoed norsa called the enchitheres, wtlich
had
previously Invaded Europe
by
the
same route, probably during the Miocene Period. l ess developed
and
smaller than

the
hlpparion.
the anctIltheres was eventually compfetely replaced by
it.
By
the
end
01
ItIe
Ple
istocene Age. both the anctIitheres and
the
hlpparion had become
e~tinct
in
North America where they originated, as fossil evidence dearty demonstrates.
In
Europe,
they
evolved
Into
the larger
and
stronger anima! that
Is
V61Y
similar
to
the
horse

as
we
know it today. For many years,
th
is
horse
wa
s probably hunted
for
food
by
early tribes 01 human beings. T
hen
the qualities
01
the
horse
that would have made
It
a good servant were recognized-mainly its slreng\h
and
speed
. It was time l
or
the
horse
to
be
tamed. used as a dralt animal
at

the
dawni
ng
01
agriCulture
. and
then
ridden as need lor
transportation i
nc
reased. It was the descendant
01
this domesticated horse that w
as
brought back
across
the
ocean to lhe
AmericaS
by
European colonists.
,
iroqhrnr
l