Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 89 potx

EXPLANATORY
OR
EXAMPLE
AN
S
WER
S
AN
D
AUOIO
SC
RIPTS
FOfl MODEL
TE
S
T~
OOEL
TEST 7
747
rou.·""'"""'!l
/.:;;.~
'-4·~
~-,
~.;-
' . "
"'"

,.

Reflection Is
what

we
see
In
e
mi
r
ror,
so
every reflection
has
a mirror line. A r
eliectiOn
or
the leiter R
Is a mirror
Image
or
a backwards leiter
R.
So
, unlike the rotation around a circle,
this
type
01
symmetry
flips
the object
over
.
TOU.·

_ f
__
"'
,~-"
~,

.
'/
"

••

10

R
lPyrigh ma r I
748 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOA ACTIVITIE
S,
QUIZZES,
ANO
MODEL TESTS
s
tit
uent configu
ration
on opposite
skSes
01
a dividi

ng
line or
plane
or about a center or an axis
."
And
1
1'5
also identified In
the
same
source as
~auty
as a result
of
balance or harmoolous arrangement" So
we
expe
rie
nce
beauty
and
harmony when symmetry
ollorm
Is
ellPressecl
,
and
the
lorm

may
be Interpreted
by
any
01
the
senses as, uh, harmonious.
But
In
this class
we
'
re
going to locus on symmetry
In
the
visual
arts,
and
thaI's symmetry
in
a visual plane.
Let's j
ust
i0oi<
at
some
examples.
In
general. there ate lour types

01
symmetry
In
a plane,
and
a pat·
lern Is symmetrical
if there's
at
least one type of symmetry. So. let
me
show
you
the
fou
r types since
Ir
s
much easier
10
u
nclef"Sland
when
you
see
them.
TO!Fl-""_
::;;.
4-;
-

~
\
-;',-,
. " ,
,-
,,
" .

. _ - "

This Is rota/ion symmetry. F
or
this example, I used t
he
letter R,
bu
t
any
obIect
could have been
used.
And
In the rotation,
the
object, in this example, the lener R, Is
turned
around a
cen
t
er.

In
th
is
case,
there
's
a right
angle.
bu1
any angle could h
ave
been
se
lected.
• l
oe
l
'h
m
~
~
EXPlANATORY
OR
EXAMPlE
ANSWERS
AN
D AUDIO
SCR
IPTS FOR MODEL
TE

STSIMOOEL TEST 7 7
51
Aud
io
13. Identify
the
main periods
of
mass
extinction.
An
swer
A
pernjan
C
Cre
lacoous
Aud
io 14.
Usten
again
10
part of tt\e lecture
and
then answer !he following question.
R
eplay
"You see, it's obvious from
the
fossil r

ecolds
thai
species
e)tiSt during a certain ge0log-
A
udio
-,
Ao
_
•
A
ud
io
".
An
a_
D
Aud
io
16
.
. ,-
•
A
ud
Io 17.
M_
e
ical time period, and then. they disappear, and we have solid
evidence

for
that.
But
why
they disappear Is. well, more speculative

Wtry
does
the
professor
say
this:
'SuI
whylhey
disappear is.
wei
, lOOfe speculative."
The word "speaJ1ativ(l" expresses uncertainly.
What is
the
Impad
hypothesi
s?
The
premise that
an
asteroid
aashed
, bIoddng
the

sunlight
on
Earth
What
is
the
evidence
f
or
the impact hypothesis?
The
clay from
the
Cretaceous Period contains
an
elemenl that Is
fate
on
Earth .
What
can
be
Inferred about the professor's opinion?
He
thinks
tha
i mass extinctions were important
to
ewiution.
Aud

io
Co
n
vefAti
on
Narrator: Usten
to
part
of
a oonversalion between
two
students.
Man
:
Woman:
M.,,,
Woman:
Man
:
Woman:
M
.,,,
Woman:
Hi.
fIijii
CIIif
~Pll'ln~
Rea
lly
weU

.
See
. I told
you
.
I
know
,
but
I was really
OOIVOUS
.
So what
n&ppenecI
?
Well, the T.A. asked for volunteers to
go
fllSt, and I raised
my
hand
right away because
I
wanted to
get
it
ove
r with before I got any more nervous than I already was.
So
you
went

first
.
Yeah. I
UiiiS
.
101:
- I had about twenty slides 00 PowerPoilit.
and
that
really helped
me
to
stay
on
tract
. I mean, I didn't read the slides
to
the class 01 any-
thing, but,
you
know,
some
of
the
titles
kind
of jogged
my
memory

so
I knew what I
wanted
to
say whi
le
each slide was
Shown
.
Man
: That's
the
beauty 01 P0W9rPoInL
~
Woman:
",,"
,
Woman:
Woman:
",,"
,
Woman:
",,"
,
So
you could have
used
the
ovemead
PI

ojettor
as
a
back
up
. Good idea.
And 1 had
most
of
the
stu"
on
handouts
so
they could IoIow along wiIhout spendi
ng
a
lot
of
lime taking notes. That way I could move along faster and
get
more in in
len
minutes.
Yeah.
Ten minutes Isn't very
long
when you're trying to present something
as
complex

as
population density.
That's
lor
sure.
The
maps reaJIy helped.
A picture's
worth
a
thousand
words.
So
!rue
.
USten, I can' remember
whether
you had a group
or
you had
to
present all
by
yourself.
righted aler
EXPLANA.TORY OR EXAMPLE A.NSWERS AND AUDIO SCRlPTS FOfI
MOOEl
TESTSiMOOEl TEST 7 753
Dr.
Jackson:

Bill:
Dr,
Jackson:
~
Bill:
Dr. Jackson:
Bill:
Dr. Jackson:
~
Bill:
Or.
JackSOn
:
Bill:
Sandy:
Dr
. Jackson:
Sandy:
Dr.
Jackson:
Tr
acy:
violence. Over time. a spiril of solidarity
aod
an
attachmenllO a local territory kiod
of
forms.
What's
most interesting, besides the long history of gangs

in
the
United States,
the
In
teresting part

ifs
the fact that not
much
has changed over the years. And,
on
yes,
gang
behavior
seems
pretty slmllar even across cultures.
That
Is
Inte
rest
ing.
Or
. Jackson,
may
I go next? I have
ju
st
a brief comment that seems
to

fit
in
here.
Please,
we
can
~:~~h":;::
gangs actually form In play groups whe
re
children
of
a very young age I
usual games like hide-and-seek
or
klckbaIl,
and
progress as they get oldSf to playing
craps or engaging
In
petty !hell
on
the street.
Now
, back
to
Moore, Bill?
Right. Well , , ,
What
about
Moore's

de
finition of a gang? That relates to
~~,",
,,!,,,,,,,-,,,,,,~
.
see
'MIat . I have that
~~'!!o
",,"
as
participating
in
a crime, either stealing something and bringing it back
to
the
gang,
or
, . ,
Of
elf8n
kJlllng
someone in
an
Initiation.
Dr
. Jackson, IloolIed
up
the
definitions
of

gang members
by
police departments
and
law enforcement agencies.
011,
greal.lel's
hear
II.
Okay.
Well,
aCCOl"dlng
to
the California
Youth
Gang
T
ask
Force,
lor example, a
gang
member
will
be
recogrU:abIe because
of
gang-related tattoos. clothing.
and
paraphema·
lia

like
SC8fV8S
and hats thalldentily a particul8f 98ng and, sometimes
these
are
called
the
colors, so
that
allows
othef
people
10
confirm
that the people
with
the
colors
on

. that
they have a
right
10
be
on
the gang's
tun
.
And

, to
1~1ow
up
on
Tracy's comments
about
the history
01
gangs, it looks
like
these
criteria
have
been
in
place
for
a long, long
~me.
Good job.
So
far,
what I
'm
hearing though, what I'm hearing refers to gang membership
in general.
So
now
let's talk
&bout

the ages a/ gang members. Typically, who belongs
to
a gang?
Well, this was
an
eya-opene
r.
There seem
to
be
•
or
maybe
not
,
but
al
C8tegor1es
of
gang I
they start writing
ijral1it1
on or their
notebooks,
and they look
up
10
the
gang
memb&~

who
are
about
14-20
.
So
the
little
kids
are
'Peew
efl;"
and
the
teenagers are called "Gang Bangers.' But the members who
are
20-25
years old.
They'
re
the
"Hardcofes,"
and
most of the gangs that I
read
about
didn~
have very many
members over
25

years old.
So
I would
say
that,
In
general, gang membership
Is
lor
young
men.
Dr.
Jackson:
Thanks
loryour assessment
01
membership
by
age.
And
I would certainly
agree
with
you.
But
what
about
females?
Did
anyone find

any
research
on
their
role
in gang
activity?
754 ANSWERS AND AUDIO
SC
RIPTS FOR ACTlYITIES, OUIZZES, AND MODEL TESTS
Bill:
Sandy:
Bill:
Sandy;
Audio
23.
Answer
A
Aud
io
24
.
Answer
D
Audio
25.
Answer
B
Audio
26.

Aeplay
AudiO
Ae
play
An
s_
r B
Au
dio
28,
Th

:;;';;;
'
k;;;;r;;;;:.
And anolher interesting thing. Maybe this is naI
ve,
boll
sort of
imagined thai gang activity was always , , , always criminal activity, But, uh, according
to a sludy
by
• , •
II
was James Lasley , , • he looked at gangs In Los Angeles abouIlen
years ago , , . and anyway,
he
round that they
&pent
a lot of time hanging out, listening

to
musiC,
drinking beef, and
/Ust
partying with their glrtlriends. And he made another
good
point.
Since they
don~
have spending money, to go places
~ka
tha movies or bali
games
, the neighborhood
Is
thalr , . , entertainment.
Yeah. I read
th.al
stl.ldy. Oidn,
he
say thai some
01
the criminal actMty was
lor
fun

not really lor financial gain?
Exactly,
~
~

,or
course
, there ara
Ins
tances
01
crimes
for
revenge
or
honor
to
maintain the
reputation 01 the gang, bot a lot
oi
the
time,
crimes
si
mply occur while
gang
membef5
are looking lor something
to
do
,
How
does the prolessor organize the discussion?
By definlng gang
activity, using inlormation from articles

What
was surprising about Thrasher's study?
TI'Ie
lact Ihat gang activity
haS
oeen
prevalenl
for
$0
long
According to the study by Moore, what causes gang activity?
Normalleellngs
01
Insecurity in
teen.
Usten again
to
part
oItha
discussion and then answer tha following question.
"And
one
other Ihing, Moore emphasized that the
gang
had
to
define
Itsel1as
a gang,
you know, with

some
kind
01
criteria lor membership that would
be
recognl1:ed
by
all
01
the gang members,"
"Such
as
?"
Why does the prolassor
say
this:
"Such as?"
To encourage the student to give an example
What
Is
the role
01
women in gangs?
They are a support system for the gangs.
In
lhe discussion, the students identity aspects
01
gang activity. Indicate whether each
of the folloWing is one of the aspects. Click in the corract box
for

each phrase,
y"
No
A A replacement for high school cliques ~
B A group socialized on the streets
~
C A peer group thai is
14-20
years old
~
o Young people who have dropped out of school
~
E A group thai makes care
fu
l plans
~
EXPlANATORY
OR
EXAMPlE ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR MOOEL TESTSPAODEL TEST 7 759
Audio
38.
An_
C
What does
the
pro/essor
SuggeSI?
Immediata withdrawal
from
one

oIlhe
courses
What can
we
Inter about the situation?
Audio
39.
An
a_
A The student
will
probably talk with his adVisor belore registration next term .
LAn J 8 "
hrr:HtlLlJlJr
CI us"
AudiO Lec:t\lre
Narrator: Usten to part of a lecture in a psychology class.
~''''
Healih has
seen-di:!!ng
some
Int8lesti~
research
on
chemica s in lhe
,
by
looIIing al brain images,
and
.

•.
alleasl
50JTKl
ot Iha rll58<1rdl has
shown
that the bfaln circuits responsible lor sleep, appetite, concentration, and.
Uh
,

. and mood

!hey are
aHered
durtng depressad states. So, basically,
we

e concluded that depfession Is caused
by
chemical Imbalances In the bfaln. But we'
re
still unclear about what triggers
those
Imbalances
In
the first
""~
.
Some types of depression appear to be genetically inherited, but olten there's no family hi
stOl'y
of

depression.
or,
conversely, a person with a family history
may
never develop a depressive disorder.
So

II
'
,al
i called
brain
responds
the secretion
01
a
become suicidal.
mty
cause
,Supposedly,
there's an area
althe
the retina of the eye. so this area
oJ
the
called melatonin.
[0
iiiiIti
a!!;m.!!Q!Y.
short:

the more
~
\he
Ies!i
Is
SAO.
We
dlffii11
be
6 '!!!}'
severe and'
exlreme cases,
II
'S lile·threatening when patients
So anyway. as
you
can approctate. the winter here
Is
vlIIY dark, cold. and gray.
By
spring, almost
It\IlIIf}'Orl8ls IIrlKl
01
the
gloom,
bul
lOf some
peoopte
,
those

sufferlog with seasonal atlectlve di
SOJder
.1I
can be a serious problem. People
with
seasonal affective disorder experience deep and prolonged
depression ttvoughout
\he winter months, with what looks like a spontaneous alleviation
of
the condition
• . . when spring arrives. Before the disorder was
IdentifJed
.
It
was rath9f a myslery for friends and fam-
11y"~";".,;,.,
~~
c
""'".
",
~
,
,,,,
.
'm~" ~
retum later.
apart
tong
,
dar1t

days
course, these heredity and stresS.
What
are the symptoms? Well. the usual speclrum of problems associated with depressl
on-
anxiety. lack
01
ooocentration, a tendency
to
sleep more and eat more, cravings lor food
with
a high
sugar conlent. This may be accompanied
by
weight gain.
On
the oth9f hand, some people act\Ially
lose
their appetites
and
lend to lose a significant amount
of
weig
h\.
We
also
see
lower energy levels
and
lor

some
people, a
dun
headache may accompany the problem.
J}'ngllt maier
762 ANSWERS
ANO
AUDIO SCRIPTS FOfI ACTIVmE
S,
aUIZZES,
ANO
MODEL TESTS
Professor Blake:
Wen
, Jim, lhe choice
isn'
that clear, Um,
not
at
all.
There are a lot
of
scienllsts
in
between,
and
by
thai
I mean lhat they see
the

lheory
01
everythi
ng
In
a
lTlOfe
Nmit
ed
way, They Ihlnk that string theory, and
understand thai Siring theory
is inCorporated Into the theory
01
everything , , • um, that string theory
can
eKplaln
all
of
the
properties
01
the
forces
that
cause the particles
to
interact and Influence
each
other.
Yes,

Ellen
, Did
yoo
have a commenl?
Ellen
:
Well, a questlon, feally. Would
n'
it
be
In.Ie
that il
you
understand everythi
ng
about
the
, , , I think
yoo
called it
the
fundamental characteristics
01
the universe

so
II
you
understand that,
don'

yoo
under-
stand everything?
Jim:
Walt a minute.
So
that would mean that
we
know
~
all flaoN
and
t
he
re
Isn'
anything else to discover,
right? Because.
uh
, everything
Is
physics _ . _ everything
Is
Just a reaction between vibrating slrings.
Ellen:
I see your
polnt, but
you
could,

you might look
at
it
as
a . , .
as
a . , , starting place 10,
uh
,
to
build our
knowledge,
Dr
, Blake,
you
said that
i1'd
be
a structura,
didn'
you? So we'd have
to
linin a
lot
of infor-
mation
but
, , • we'd have e s\ruclure to start with. In my math elliS!
we
wera talk

ing
alloul string theory
because
soma
01
the
recant advances
In
mathemallcs have been possible because
01
string theory.
Professor Blake:
T
rue
enough. And, string theory
isn'
finished
by
any maans.
It
's
evolved from
the
beg
inni
ng
when
we
first started
to th

ink
about
it and,
uh
,
the
aally models that included both
open
slrings and
the
closed
strings that I just described
to
you
- the
ones
that look lika a thin rubber banet
And
!here
's
a lot
01
discussion allout vibration or rather
variOus
types
01
vibration, Then there's
the
possibility
01

branes-
b-r-a-n-e-s-whlc:h are kind
01
like closed strings with a membrane over them,
Jim:
But
all
of
th
is
Is
theoretical, right? Because
we
don' havelhe technology
10
obselYe strings-closed or
open- and
we
certainly
can'
verily
that thera
are
branes out !here.
El
len
:
Sure, But there
are
some very complex

and
. , , and , , , persuasive,
uh,
mathematicallormulas, and
they're presented In support
01
the theorie
S.
It
Isn'
like someone's jusl dreaming
th
is
up without
caJcula
-
"""
.
Jim:
But I don' see why
we
should accept calculations when some of
those
calculations require us
to
think
beyond what
we
can
obselYe.

Professor
Blake:
And
many physicists would agree with
you,
Jim. Siring theory
's
unverified. Richard Feynman wrote 8
very interesting book, The Character
01
Physical Law, and
to
Feynman, to hi
m,
the
test ot any scienlific
theory
has
to
be
whether
the
coosequences agree with the measurements
we
take in
e~periments
,
01
course, that assumes that
the

experiment was performed correctly
and
,
uh
, that
the
calculetions were
done without error, but anyway, I think
you
see
the
point.
)pyrightoo maier