Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 115 docx

– disease 1062
– perforation 1103
bracing 689
– adolescent idiopathic scoliosis 640
– infantile and juvenile idiopathic scoliosis 639
– neuromuscular scoliosis 678
bradycardia 384
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 136
broadband ultrasonic attenuation (BUA) 242
Brodie abscess 29
bronchodilating agent 380
bronchogenic cyst 809
Brooks fusion 854
Brown-S´equard syndrome 304, 1005
BTR, see biceps tendon reflex
BUA, see broadband ultrasonic attenuation
Buck’s fusion 748
bulbocavernosus reflex 303
bupivacaine 495
burst fracture 831, 871, 885, 888, 904, 909
buttress plate 78
C type fiber 130
cage
–designs 451
–filling 452
– fusion 462, 466
–insertion 563
– materials 451
calcitonin 525
calcium phosphate 557
calmodulin 626

Calv´e-Perthes disease 767
Canadian C-spine rule 837
cancer cell 953
carbolization 8
cardiac dysfunction 397
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) 293, 323, 332, 333, 444
cartilage endplate 101, 107
– age-related changes 114
cast syndrome 1113
cauda equina
– lesion 323, 482, 491
– syndrome 18, 165, 203, 221, 222, 249, 486, 493, 496, 505,
1071, 1105, 1108
caudal
– block 283
– – indications 267
–epiduralblock
– – complications 268
– – technique 268
– regression 798, 800, 809, 811
cavernous angioma 1005, 1008, 1016
Cavitron ultrasound aspirator (CUSA) 1009
cefazolin 394
cellular senescence 92
central
– cord syndrome 304
– nervous system (CNS) tumor 997
– sensitization 136
– spinal stenosis 515
– venous pressure (CVP) 397

– verticalsacralline(CVSL) 632
CEP, see cortical evoked potential
cerebral palsy 383
cerebrospinal fluid fistula 1112
cervical
– closing wedge osteotomy 1075
– collar 446
– disc herniation
– – spontaneous resorption 445
– disc rupture 831
– discography 273, 275
–disorder
– – non-specific 435
––specific 435
–epiduralblock
––therapeuticefficacy 270
– facet dislocation injury 848
– facet joint block 278
– – complications 277
–injury
––history 834
– – treatment 844
– instability 838
– lordosis 213, 445
– myelopathy 331, 332, 438
– – neurological deficit 291
– nerve root block 263
– – complications 265
– radiculopathy 431
– – differential diagnoses 444

––surgery 448
– spine 294
– – degenerative alterations 430
– – functional testing 216
– – hyperextension 833
––normalanatomy 828
––physicalriskfactors 163
– – radiographs 229
– – surgery 418, 1087
––trauma 839
– spine injury 825
– – imaging studies 836
––neurologicalexamination 894
––physicalfindings 835
– spondylosis 430, 833
– spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) 430, 432, 464
––dynamiccompression 434
– spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR) 430, 449
– tumor 1006
cervicothoracic
–block
– – complications 268
––technique 268
– kyphotic deformity 1075
CHA, see controlled hypotensive anesthesia
Chance fracture 909, 914
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 666, 670, 673
chemonucleolysis 20, 497, 505
Chiari malformation 699, 803, 804
chin-brow to vertical angle (CBVA) 1071

chloroform 6
chondrosarcoma 970
chordoma 957
chronic
– back pain, see there
– obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 1092
– pain, see there
chylothorax 1099
chymopapain 20, 497
circumferential fusion 563, 564
claudication 718, 724, 749, 931
clonus/clonal 463
– expansion theory 956
closing wedge osteotomy 1072
– cervical 1075
Cloward technique 449, 461
CMAP, see compound muscle action potential
coagulopathy 405
Subject Index 1145
Cobb
– angle 9, 632, 635, 649, 679, 680, 682, 698, 709, 782, 788
– measurement 634
– raspatory 344
cocaine 6
Cock-Robin position 835
collagen 96
– fiber 95, 107
– gene polymorphisms 435
color Doppler sonography 247
compartment syndrome 1102

complications, postoperative
– anterior spinal surgery 1089
– approach-related 1095, 1115
– arterial laceration 1100
– bowel perforation 1103
– cardiovascular risk factors 1091
– cerebrospinal fluid leaks 1105
– disc herniation 1089
– embolization 1094
– epidural vein bleeding 1104
– homeostasis-related 1109
– idiopathic scoliosis 1089
– insufficient postoperative respiration 1099
– liver lesion 1100
– lumbar spinal fusion 1090
– malnutrition 1092
– medication 1092
– nerve root injuries 1104, 1110
– neural injuries 1108
– neurological complications 1110
– paraplegia 1095, 1110
– patient positioning 1094
– postoperative bleeding 1109
– postoperative kyphosis 1103
– postoperative venous thrombosis 1112
– preoperative planning 1093
– preventive measures 1090, 1115
– procedure-related complications 1115
– pulmonary embolism 1113
– pulmonary risk factors 1092

– spinal cord compromise 1110
– spinal cord injury 1106
– spinal stenosis 1089
– splenic injury 1100
– unintended durotomy 1105
– ureteral injury 1103
– urinary bladder injury 1103
– urogenital complications 1114
– vascular complications 1112
– vascular risk factors 1091
– vertebral artery injury 1103
– vessel laceration 1096
– wound infection 1110
compound muscle action potential (CMAP) 323
compression
–forces 69
– fracture 831, 905
– maneuver 704
– syndrome 496
– – cervical 295
– – of the spinal cord 295
computed tomography (CT) 8, 256
– artifacts 244
– contraindications 244
– fluoroscopy 241
– imaging protocol 242
–indications 243
– myelography 255, 443
– peripheral quantitative 242
– side effects 244

– spiral CT 241
concomitant non-spinal injury 893
conduction 130
congenital
–myopathy 671
– scoliosis 693
controlled hypotensive anesthesia (CHA) 398, 401
conus medullaris 808
– lesion 323, 482
– syndrome 305
convergent screw trajectory 71
coronal
– balance 630, 632
– imbalance 647
–planecurvature 693
coronary heart disease 378
corpectomy 71, 78, 85, 342, 355, 452, 462, 466, 681, 993
– blood loss 1108
–cervicalregion 78
– single level 78, 79
– three-level 79
cortical evoked potential (CEP) 406
costotransversectomy 964, 1010, 1035
Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation system 562
Cotugno syndrome 16
cranial neuropathy 851
craniocervical junction 345
craniotomy 1112
crankshaft phenomenon 642, 644, 685, 702
Cronbach’s alpha 1135

cross-over sign 220
cryoprecipitate 404
CSM, see cervical spondylotic myelopathy
C-spine rule 844
CSR, see cervical spondylotic radiculopathy
CSVL, see sacral vertical line
CT, see computed tomography
CTS, see carpal tunnel syndrome
curve
– flexibility 685
–progression 638
CVP, see central venous pressure
CVSL, see central vertical sacral line
cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition 142, 421
cytokine 105
– proinflammatory 433, 485, 570
Dallas
– discogram description 272
– pain index 188
data assessment 1134
DCT,seedeepveinthrombosis
DEBIT 248
decompression
– laminectomy 527, 987
– – reoperation 530
– of the subaxial spine 1051
– of the upper cervical spine 1051
– sickness 312
deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 420, 981
deformity surgery 346

degenerating spondylosis 93
degeneration/degenerative 293
–disorder 293
– lumbar spondylosis 539
– motion segment 433
–oftheadjacentsegment 80
– scoliosis 113, 521, 713
– spondylolisthesis 514, 515, 520, 521, 1043
1146 Subject Index
degenerin 129
delayed decompression 905
demineralized bone matrix 557
Denis classification 888
dens fracture 830, 854, 860, 871
densitometry 934
dermal sinus 808
dermatomal sensory loss 520
dermatome 18, 218, 332, 420
dermoid tumor 808
desmopressin 403
desoxypyridinoline 935
detrusor sphincter dyssynergia 303
DEXA, see dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
dexamethasone 985, 1009
diabetes mellitus 418
diabetic peripheral neuropathy 333
diagnostic triage 156
diaphragmatic breathing 609
diastematomyelia 806, 809, 1107
diathermy knife 343, 347

DIC, see disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
diclofenac 591
DICOM 227
diffusion imaging 239
diplomyelia 809
disability 158, 191, 210
– in daily activities 1128
disc
– arthroplasty 80, 85
– bulging 45, 432, 492
– degeneration 161, 162
– – etiology 106
– – genetic predisposition 137
– – grading 232
– extrusion 233
–
herniation 17, 83, 107, 162, 184, 208, 252, 293, 449,
481
– – asymptomatic 489
– – cardinal symptoms 486
– – cervical radiculopathy 432
– – classification 491
– – complications 1089
– – computed tomography 490
––contained 491
– – CT diagnosis 243
– – injection studies 490
––lateral 491
– – lumbar intervertebral 483
– – magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 488

– – natural history 494
– – neurophysiologic studies 490
– – non-contained 491
– – non-operative treatment 493
– – recurrence 500, 504
– – risk factors 483
– – thoracic 487, 502
– – traumatic 483
–intervertebral 44
– microscopic alterations during aging 99
–migration 445
– neovascularization 542
–prolapse 20
– prosthesis 566
– – displacement-controlled protocol 81
– – histocompatibility 81
– – stability 81
– protrusion 17, 18, 233, 330, 431, 483, 489, 515
– space curettement 502
–surgery 18
discectomy 18, 70, 77, 185, 190, 342, 399, 459, 495, 498, 502,
753, 1105
– automated percutaneous 498
– complications 504, 1087
– depression 188
–microscopic 501
– sciatic pain 504
– without fusion 452
discitis 273, 1060, 1066, 1112
discogenic

– back pain, see there
– pain syndrome 546, 548
discography 283, 443, 461
– cervical 273, 275
–lumbar 272
– provocative 271, 551
– thoracic 273, 274
discoligamentous injury 846
discovertebral kyphosis 1059
disinhibition of dorsal horn neurons 137
disorder of the autonomic system 303
displacement 856
disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) 404
dissociated sensory deficit 299
distraction
– compression 77
– injury 869
– segmental 77
distress and risk assessment method (DRAM) 188
DMD, see Duchenne muscular dystrophy
dobutamine stress echocardiography 378
dorsal
– horn cytoarchitecture 130
– pain 125
double major curve 650
Down’s syndrome 376
DRAM, see distress and risk assessment method
drop metastasis 997
dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) 241, 928, 935
– scan 942

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) 376–378, 397, 383,
664, 666, 667, 679, 1092, 1099
Dunn-McCarthy rod 688
duodenojejunostomy 1114
duplex sonography 247
durotomy, unintended 1105
dynamic
– fixation 571
–loading 60
– neutralization system 83
–stabilization 568
Dynesys 83
–stabilization 558
–system 568
dysesthesia 333
dysfunction of the bowel 303
dysphagia 342, 463, 466
dysplasia 737
dysrhythmias 383
early decompression 905
Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus 2, 27
Effendi’s classification 861
eggshell procedure 1072
elastin 111
– fiber 95, 515
electrocoagulation for skin dissection 1111
electromyography (EMG) 319
–indications 321
–technique 321
Subject Index 1147

electrotherapy 448
embolization 1094
EMG, see electromyography
enchondroma 18
endotracheal tube 342
endplate
– calcification 108
– change 236
– – MR imaging 251
–fractures 109
– ossification 108
English swing 12
entrapment syndrome 293, 333
ependymoma 1005, 1007, 1008, 1014
– myxopapillary 1002
– of the filum terminale 997, 1000
epidemiology 153, 167
epidermoid tumor 808
epidural
– bleeding 235
– block 283
–indications 267
– fibrosis 505
– hematoma 897, 1075
– lipomatosis 235
–steroidblock
– – therapeutic efficacy 268
– steroid injection 270, 495
– vein bleeding 1104
epinephrine 626

erector spinae 53
erythropoietin 402
esthesia 304
European myelopathy score 439
EuroQol 5D 1132
Ewing’s sarcoma 966
excisional biopsy 964
excitatory mechanism 133
exhibitory mechanism 124
expansive open-door laminoplasty 459
external oblique muscle 353
extracellular matrix, molecular changes during aging 103
extrapedicular screw trajectory 73
extravasation 955
facet
– arthropathy 80, 280
– asymmetry 46
– block 721
– hypertrophy 742
– infiltration 1048
– joint, see also zygapophyseal joint 41, 46, 73, 109
– – age-related changes 109, 114
– – block 275, 283, 284, 461, 637
– – cervical block 277, 279
– – dislocation 869
– – indications 275
– – injections 247, 552
– – lumbar block 276, 278
––malorientation 109
– – MR imaging 251

– – osteoarthritis (OA) 109, 262, 275, 278, 437, 542, 543,
549, 552, 567, 570
– – spontaneous fusion 544
– – syndrome 275, 544, 546, 570
– – synovial cyst 298
––unloading 84
– osteoarthritis 521
– syndrome 21, 548
facetectomy 56, 527
facioscapulohumeral dystrophy 666
failed back syndrome 504, 812
fear avoidance belief 188
Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) 1134
femoral stretch test 221
FFP, see fresh frozen plasma
fibrolipoma 808
fibula strut allograft 452
filar lipoma 808
filum terminale
– ependymoma 997, 1000, 1010
– fibrolipomatous 809
– hypertrophic 809
–lipoma 807
finger-floor distance 213
finger-to-nose test 302
fistula, epithelium-lined 808
fixateur interne 67, 71, 941
fixation system 30
flaccid paralysis/paresis 306, 833
flag system 588, 589

flat back syndrome 647, 650, 769
flavetomy 499
flexibility 55
flexion-distraction injury 886
fluid doctrine 16, 123
Foley catheter 399
folic acid antagonist 801
foramen magnum tumor 1006
foraminal stenosis 516, 522, 527, 729, 746, 1108
foraminotomy 455, 498
– Frykholm 458
fracture type 913
Frankel score 904, 909
free-body diagram 58
French open-door laminoplasty 459
fresh
– frozen plasma (FFP) 403
– pars defect 742
Friedrich’s ataxia 378
Froin’s syndrome 1008
FSU, see functional spinal unit
functional
– impairment 210
– pain 128
– spinal unit (FSU) 541
fusion surgery 186
– cages 450
F-wave recording 324
GABA, see gamma-aminobutyric acid
gabapentin 390

GAD, see glutamic acid decarboxylase
Gaines procedure 754, 1108
gait disorder 301, 438
Gallie fusion 854
gamma irradiation 556
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 132, 137
Gardner-Wells
–extension 339
– tong 846
gastric distension 385
gastrulation 800
gene polymorphism 465
giant cell tumor of bone 966
gibbus 23
Gill’s procedure 748
Glasgow
– coma scale (GCS) score 827
– Illness Model 158
1148 Subject Index
glioblastoma multiforme 1003
glioma
– intramedullary 1009
– malignant 1003
Glisson swing 12
glutamate 136, 435
glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 137
glycine 132, 137
Gordon sign 300
Gower test 673
Graf ligamentoplasty 83, 558, 568

granuloma 997
graphic rating scale (GRS) 1126
gray matter 294
Grisel syndrome 853
growth factor 105
GTP cyclohydrolase gene 137
HA, see hydroxyapatite
halo
– fixator 74, 847
– traction 707
– vest 848, 853, 856, 866
halo-femoral traction 787
hamstring tightness 783, 784, 791
handicap 210
hangman’s fracture 860, 861, 872
Hannover Functional Ability Questionnaire (HFAQ) 1129
hard herniation 433
Harrington
– compression rod 784
– distraction rod 647
–instrumentation 13
–operation 642
– principle 680
HDS, see histological degeneration score
health
– behavior 187
– condition 605
Health Insurance Experiment (HIE) 1131
heart failure 1091
heel-to-knee test 302

Heister’s cross 12
helical axis of motion 81
hemangioblastoma 998, 1003, 1007, 1008, 1016
hemangioma 962, 965, 967
– benign cavernous 959
hemangiosarcoma 963
hematoma
–epidural 1075
– – with neurological deterioration 1110
– postoperative 1110
– retroperitoneal 1110
–retropharyngeal 851
hematothorax 1099
hemiarthrodesis 703
hemicord syndrome 1005
hemiepiphysiodesis 702, 703
hemilaminectomy 724, 1010, 1012
hemivertebra 695, 701, 703, 708
– cervical 699
– resection 705, 706
hemoglobin concentration 1109
hemorrhage 419
hemorrhagic shock 384
hemothorax 419
Hensen’s node 809
heparin treatment 1102
hereditary motor sensory neuropathy (HMSN) 666
herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) 481
herpes zoster infection 312
hidrosis 303

high-energy trauma 893
hip
– contracture 672
–pathology 220
Hippocratic bench 11
histological degeneration score (HDS) 99
HLA-B27 gene 1060, 1063
HMSN, see hereditary motor sensory neuropathy
HNP, see herniated nucleus pulposus
Hodgson approach 1099
Hoffman’s sign 300, 673
Hohman retractor 347
Horner’s syndrome 341, 342, 1006, 1087, 1098, 1115
host-graft interface 452
H-reflex recording 325
human spine 61
hyaluronan 103
hydrocephalus 804
hydromyelia 803, 818, 999
hydroxyapatite (HA) 557
hyperalgesia 127, 135, 486
hypercapnia 382
hyperextension
– casting 914
– injury 869, 886
hyperglycemia 418
hyperkalemia 405
hyperkyphosis 774
– hamstring tightness 783
– thoracic 765, 783

–thoracolumbar 765
hyperlordosis 670, 677, 751
hypocalcemia 405
hypoglossal nerve 341
– lesion 1097
hypokyphosis 645
hyponatremia 1099
hypotension 894
hypothermia 399
hypovolemia 894
ibuprofen 591
ICF classification 605
idiopathic roundback 774
idiopathic scoliosis, see scoliosis, idiopathic
iliolumbar ligament 735
imaging 8
–acutetrauma 249
– bone scintigraphy 244
– claustrophobia 240
– computed radiology (CR) systems 227
– computed tomography (CT) 241
– contraindications 239
– digital radiography (DR) systems 227
– fat-suppressed 239
– indications 247, 256
– MR protocol 230
– myelography 245
– positron emission tomography 245
–postoperative 251
– short tau inversion-recovery (STIR) sequences 239

– spinal cord lesions 251
– standard radiographs 227
– susceptibility artifacts 240
– ultrasonography 247
– contrast enhanced MR 237
immunodeficiency syndrome 1021
Subject Index 1149
implant
–stability 68
–safetyzone 68
incisional biopsy 964
infantile scoliosis, see scoliosis, infantile
infection of the spine 22, 238, 687, 1021, 1111, 1021
– antituberculous chemotherapy 1031
– biopsy 1028
– debridement 1032
– drainage 1032
– history 1024
– imaging studies 1026
– inflammation markers 1025
– non-operative treatment 1029
– non-specific 1023
– operative treatment 1031
– radionuclide studies 1028
– specific 1023
– spinal instrumentation 1033
inferior laryngeal nerve 341
inflammatory
–disorder 312
– pain 126

– pannus 1043
infrared laser 448
inhibitory mechanism 124, 132
innervation, age-related changes 102
in-situ bone grafting 74
instability syndrome 546, 546, 570
instantaneous axis of rotation 81
instrumentation
–anterior 74
–bisegmenal 71
– posterior 71
instrumented fusion 569
insufficient postoperative respiration 1099
insulin resistance 418
intent-to-treat analysis 503
interbody
–cage 77
– fusion 530, 559, 908, 914
– – adjacent segment degeneration 566
– – anterior lumbar 560
– – cage augmented 562
––device 82
––laparoscopictechniques 565
– – mini-open anterior approach 565
– – patient selection 565
– – posterior lumbar 560
– – revision surgery 565
– – technique 75, 84
interleukin
– -1 (IL-1) 105

–-1 (IL-1 )137
intermittent pneumatic compression (IPS) 381
interspinous
– implant 568
– process distraction technique 83
intervertebral
– disc 5, 44, 61, 95, 101
– – age-related changes 102, 114, 432
––burned-out 102
– – preserve 455
– foramina 21
– ligament 41
intradiscal pressure 79
intradural-extramedullary tumor 999
intradural-intramedullary tumor 1002
intramedullary glioma 1009
intraneural edema 484
intraocular pressure (IOP) 396
intraoperative neuromonitoring 329
intraspinal tumor 234
intravasation 955
in-vivo telemetry 69
ion channel 129
IOP, see intraocular pressure
IPS, see intermittent pneumatic compression
ischemic optic neuropathy 396
iscias nervosa
– antica 16
– postica 16
isthmic spondylolisthesis 516, 521

Jackson table 395
Jefferson fracture 830, 852
Jendrassik maneuver 326
JOA score 439
job
– heaviness 189
– satisfaction 1134
job-related resignation 1134
juvenile kyphosis 13, 765, 776
– classification 771
– complications 790
–correction 788
– definition 771
– genetic predisposition 773
– history 773
– imaging studies 775
– lung function 777
– non-operative treatment 779
– operative treatment 782
Kaneda device 910
Karnofsky performance status 984
Kerrison rongeur 500
ketamine 406, 407, 422, 423
kinesiophobia 617
King classification 627
Klippel-Feil syndrome 699, 809
kyphectomy 686, 687
kyphoplasty 941
kyphoscoliosis 666, 689, 693
– collapsing 667

– neurogenic 676
– neuromuscular 682, 687
kyphosis/kyphotic 3, 12, 79, 184, 397, 434, 452, 670, 675,
688, 899, 912, 1057
– congenital 693, 777
–correction 784
– deformity 681, 688, 896, 914
– discovertebral 1059
–fracture
––functionalbracing 902
––functionaltreatment 902
– laminoplasty 459
– partial correction 916
– postoperative 1103
– post-traumatic 68
– segmental 84
– thoracic 768
– vertebral 1059
laceration
–arterial 1100
– of the lung 1098
– of the thoracic vessels 1098
– venous 1102
lacunae 95
1150 Subject Index
laminectomy 14, 20, 29, 185, 382, 457, 459, 502, 526, 531,
724, 748, 1009, 1010, 1075
– compression 457
– decompressive 29, 987
laminoplasty 466, 1103

– expansive open-door 459
– French open-door 459, 464
– techniques 460
laminotomy 499, 526, 528, 531, 724
– osteoplastic 1009
Langerhans cell histiocytosis 967
laryngoscopy 391, 464
Las`egue sign 184, 220, 487, 488
–reversed 221
laser disectomy 498
late whiplash syndrome 828, 834, 871
lateral
– recess stenosis 515
– swimmer’s view 229
laughing gas 6
LBP, see (lower) back pain
LDUH, see low dose unfractioned heparin
leg
– length discrepancy 629, 698
– pain 266
Lehrlingskyphose 765
Lenke classification 627
leukotaxis 485
leukotriene 135
Lhermitte sign 220, 1045
lidocaine 265, 278, 447
lifting
–forces 59
– technique 59
ligament

– age-related changes 114
–capsular 47
–interspinous 47
–ofthespine 47
ligamentoplasty 82
ligamentotaxis 899, 907
ligamentous injury 830
ligamentum flavum 47, 111, 515, 735
light touch 218
limb asymmetry 629
lipid peroxidation 435
lipoma 806
lipomyelomeningocele 806, 809, 812
lipomyeloschisis 806
liver lesion 1100
LMWH, see low molecular weight heparin
load
–duringlifting 59
– sharing 69, 84
loading 84
–disorder 613
lobar collapse 377
locked-in syndrome 836
lordoplasty 941
lordoscoliosis, congenital 693
lordosis 3, 82
– congenital 693
loss of muscle mass 113
low
– back pain, see back pain

– dose unfractioned heparin (LDUH) 381
– molecular weight heparin (LMWH) 381
lumbar
– arthrodesis
– – posterolateral fusion 559
–block
– – complications 268
––technique 268
–catch 548
– disc herniation
– – conservative and surgical treatment 503
– discectomy 190, 504
–discography 272
– – complications 273
– – diagnostic efficacy 273
–epiduralblock
––therapeuticefficacy 270
– facet joint block 276, 278
–fusion 569
– – mini-open anterior approach 565
– – patient selection 565
– lordosis 519, 645, 716, 735, 768, 769, 776, 791
–multifidus 53
– nerve root block 263
– – complications 265
– postdiscectomy syndrome 505
– puncture 1008
– spinal canal stenosis 331
– – neurological deficit 291
–spinalfusion 24

– – adjacent segment degeneration 566
––complicationrate 1090
– spinal stenosis 513, 942
––surgery 526
–spine
––motion 213
– – standard radiographs 228
––thoracicspine 228
– spondylosis 539
– – complications 569
– – computed tomography 550
––discography 551
– – indications for surgery 554
– – magnetic resonance imaging 549
––painmanagement 553
––physicalexercises 553
– – psychological intervention 553
––spinalfusion 554
– – standard radiographs 549
–stabilization 561
–stenosis 22
– – classification 517
– – congenital 517
– surgery 505
lumberjack fracture-dislocation 886
lumbosacral fusion 726
lumbotomy 643
lung
– cancer 978
– laceration 1098

Luque-Galveston fixation 682, 683
lymphocytopenia 1099
macroscopicdiscalteration 98
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 8, 229, 255
– contrast agents 237
– fat-suppressed images 237
–metastaticlesions 982
– open MR systems 230
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 1060
malignant
– disease
– – of the vertebral column 384
––spinalcord 384
–glioma 1003
Subject Index 1151
malnutrition 1092
Mantoux test 1025
MAP, see mean arterial pressure
Marchetti classification 736
Marfan syndrome 378, 383, 625
mastoidectomy 853
matrix
– degradation 542
– metalloproteinase (MMP) 98, 104
– – tissue inhibitors 104
Mayfield head clamp 342
McNab’s test 216
mean arterial pressure (MAP) 396, 401
mechanical compression 485
median nerve palsy 219

Medical Outcome Study (MOS)
– SF-8 1131
– SF-12 1131
– SF-36 1131
melatonin 626
meningioma 999, 1008
meningocele 804
– anterior sacral 807
– repair 812
Mennel test 215, 220, 1062
metabolic bone disease 927
metamizol 410
metastasis 956, 967, 977
– arteriography 983
–biopsy 983
– classification 984
– history 980
– imaging studies 981
– in the vertebral body 979
– Karnofsky performance status 984
– neurologic examination 980
– non-operative treatment 985
– operative treatment 986
– pain 980
– radiation therapy 985
– radionucleotide bone scan 983
– Tokuhashi scoring system 984
methotrexate 380
methylprednisolone 278, 447, 485, 849, 872
microdiscectomy 20, 373, 498, 500, 502, 506

microglia 137
midazolam 240, 407
Milwaukee brace 12, 781
Minerva
– cast 853, 856, 866
– cervical brace 845
–jacket 74
mini-thoracotomy 649
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) 187
MMD, see myotonic muscular dystrophy
MMP, see matrix metalloproteinase
MMPI, see Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
modic change 549, 570
modulation 130
– nociceptive impulses 132
monitoring
– depth of anesthesia 400
– intraoperative 397
– nerve root 408
– spinal cord 405
monoaminoxidase 380
mononeuropathy 333
monoparesis 299
monosegmental instability 71
morbus Bechterew 27, 1069
morcellized rib 787
motion segment 42, 61, 93
– degeneration 433
– stiffness 48
motion-preserving surgery 566

motor
– deficit 299
– nerve fiber 329
motor-evoked potential (MEP) 319, 328, 391, 444, 523, 722,
842, 1095
– anesthetic effects 407
movement disorder 613
MRC spine stabilization trial 569
MRI, see magnetic resonance imaging
multidimensional short core measure 182
multimodal analgesia 409
multiple myeloma 967, 998
multireceptorial neuron 131
multisegmental
– posterior wedge osteotomy (MPWO) 1073
–stabilization 909
muscle/muscular 62
–activity 52
––extension 54
– – flexion 54
––rotation 54
– age-related changes 114
– atrophy 113, 213, 305, 320
––painless 299
– dystrophy 333
–fiber
––atrophy 113
– – distribution 625
––fasttwitch 112
– – motor unit 112

––slowtwitch 112
–forces 69
–ofthetrunk 48
– relaxant 143, 391
– spasm 211, 220, 383
– spatial distribution 48
– splitting approach 358
–tendonreflex 299
musculoskeletal
–disorder
––psychosocialriskfactors 163
– – total costs 160
–impairment 93
– pain 125
– system, age-related changes 91
– tumor 953
MW fixation 683, 684
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 23, 1025
myelocele 797, 802, 804, 818
myelocystocele 805
myelodysplasia 672
myelography 245, 273, 490
– computed tomogaphy (CT) 443
– MR 246
myelomeningocele 672, 674, 685, 686, 797, 798, 802, 804,
812, 818
–prenataldiagnosis 814
myelon
– compression 1046, 1051
– distension 1007

myelopathic syndrome 436, 465
myelopathy 463, 994
– cervical spondylosis 433, 462
– differential diagnoses 444
– magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 439
1152 Subject Index
– radiography 439
myeloschisis 804
myelotomy 1009, 1013
myocardial infarction 1091
myopathy 673
– congenital 333
– scoliosis 676
myosin 626
myotome 332, 436
myotomy 13
myotonic muscular dystrophy (MMD) 666
Na
+
channel 435
narcotic 6
Nash/Moe method 635
NASS Questionnaire 1129
natural coralline 557
NCS, see nerve conduction study
Neck Disability Index (NDI) 439, 1129
Neck Pain and Disability Questionnaire 439
neck pain, see also pain 157, 430, 461
– acupuncture 448
– clinical assessment 203

– conservative treatment 446
– electrotherapy 448
– individual risk factors 161
– infrared laser therapy 448
– lifetime prevalence 201
– massage 447
– neck and shoulder disorder (NSD) 157
– non-specific 432, 445, 446, 464
– pain source 443
– radiofrequency denervation 448
– spondylosis related 446
– transforaminal injections 447
neoplasm in the vertebra 958
neovascularization 955
nerve
– compression syndrome 1048
– conduction study (NCS) 322, 323
– conduction velocity 523
– entrapment syndrome 333, 436
– growth factor (NGF) 136
– – mechanical deformation 433
–root
– – block 247, 263, 265, 490, 495, 637, 744
– – chemical irritation 433
– – compression 262, 267, 485, 492, 517, 587, 744, 843
– – compromise by mechanical deformation 484
– – dermatome 519
– – infiltration 1048
– – injury 1104, 1110
– – mechanical compression 531

––monitoring 408
––paresis 756
– – pathology 1092
– – tumor 998
– sheath
– – tumor 1000, 1008, 1010
neural
– compression syndrome 933, 980, 1025
– compromise 267
– inflammation 263
–plasticity 124
–tubedefect 818
neurilemoma 1000
neurinoma 997, 1000, 1011
neurodegenerative disorder 312
neuroectodermal appendage 811
neuroenteric cyst 809
neurofibroma 1000, 1011
neurofibromatosis 211, 670, 998
neurofibrome 997
neurogenic
– claudication 513, 517, 519, 531
– – differential diagnosis 524
– – selective decompression 526
– shock 835
– spine deformity 333
neurological
– assessment 218
– deterioration 419
– syndrome 298

neuromonitoring 349, 1095
neuromuscular
– disorder (NMD) 663
– feedback system 545
– relaxant drug (NMB) 397, 408
– scoliosis, see there
neuromyotonia 333
neuron
– multireceptorial 131
– nociceptive-specific 131
– non-nociceptive 131
– wide-dynamic range 131
neuropathic pain 127, 138
– chronic constriction injury (CCI) model 137
– clinical examination 140
– pharmacological tests 140
neuropathy 333
neurophysiologic study 490
neuroplasticity 135, 145
neuropraxia 754
neurosponge 1104, 1106
neurovascular disorder 311
neurulation 800
neutral vertebrae 632
NEXUS study 837, 844
NGF, see nerve growth factor
nicotine 187
nitric oxide (NO) 6, 406
– synthase 133
NMB, see neuromuscular relaxant drug

NMD, see neuromuscular disorder
NMDA antagonist 142
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 133, 422
nociceptive pain 126, 138
nociceptive-specific (NS) neuron 131
nociception 129
non-nociceptive (N-NOC) neuron 131
non-opioid analgesic 421
non-specific low back pain (NSLBP)
–acute 596
– chronic 595, 596
– electrotherapy 592
– exercise therapy 592
– management 590
– medical pain management 591, 594
– psychological intervention 594
– spinal manipulation 592
– subacute 592, 596
– work conditioning programs 594
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) 209, 396,
410, 421
– non-selective 142, 421
norepinephrine 132
nosocomial infection 401
NSAID, see non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
NSD, see neck and shoulder disorder
NSLBP, see non-specific low back pain
Subject Index 1153
nucleoplasty 82
nucleotomy 20, 498

nucleus pulposus 44, 95, 97, 101, 103, 108, 485
– herniated 495
numerical rating scale (NRS) 1127
obesity 162
oblique abdominus 53
obliquity
– infrapelvic 672
– intrapelvic 672
– suprapelvic 672
occipital condyle fracture (OCF) 850
occipitocervical
– fixation 74, 84
– fusion 1051
occupational
–injuryrisk 166
– therapy 609
OCF, see occipital condyle fracture
ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) 396
odontoid fracture 827, 855, 863, 872
– elderly patient 860
– screw fixation 860
oligodendrocyte 435
olisthesis 73
olisthetic vertebra 516, 743
open incisional biopsy 964
opioid 142, 421
OPLL, see ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament
OPP, see ocular perfusion pressure
Oppenheim sign 300
oral antihyperglycemic drug 380

orotracheal tube 391, 392
orthosis 916, 1031
os odontoideum 830
ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL)
432, 435
osteitis 1061
osteoarthritis 93, 109, 461, 544
–ofthefacetjoints 541
– of the hip joint 520
osteoarthrosis 531
osteoblastic lesion 979
osteoblastoma 234, 957, 959
osteocalcin 935
osteochondroma 965
osteochondrosis juvenilis lumbalis 771
osteoconduction 555
osteodensitometry 722
osteogenesis imperfecta 739
osteoidosteoma 209, 952, 957, 959, 966, 970
osteoinduction 556
osteolytic lesion 979
osteomyelitis
– of long bones 1029, 1031
– vertebral 1021, 1025
osteopenia 929
osteophyte 515
osteophytectomy 452, 459, 498
osteophytes 93, 109, 432, 544, 715, 1065
osteoplastic laminotomy 1009
osteoporosis/osteoporotic 110, 450, 926, 929, 942

– compression 925
– dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry 935
– fracture 925
– – imaging studies 933
– mechanical back pain 931
– medical treatment 936
osteosarcoma 967
osteosynthesis 748, 857
osteotomy 568, 687, 688, 1071
– blood loss 1108
– pedicle subtraction 705
– Smith-Peterson 705
– transpedicular reduction 725
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) 182, 188, 503, 564, 907,
1128
outcome assessment 1123
overexertion 163
oxidative stress 92
oxygen saturation 609
PACS 228
pain, see also back/neck pain 261
–acute 126
–affect 1126
– arthritic 125
– assessment 1125
– axial 155, 156, 204, 222
– behavior 188, 189
– behavioral treatments 144
– biopsychosocial model 588
– character 205

– chronic 125, 126
– chronification 554
– classification 126, 144
– clinical assessment 138
– cognitive-behavioral treatments 144
– definition 125
– degenerative cervical disorders 436
– differentiation 204
– disability 157, 190
–discogenic 272
–dorsal 125
– duration 1125
– epidemiology 144
– family reinforcement 189
–functional 128
– generator model 588
–girdle-like 311
– historical background 123
– hypersensitivity 132, 136
– impairment 157
– inflammatory 126
–intensity 208
– lifetime prevalence 156
– management 420
– mechanical loading model 588
– medication 209
– modulation 133, 208
– motor control model 588
– musculoskeletal 125
– neuropathic 127, 138, 140, 333

– neurophysiological model 588
– neuroplasticity 145
– nociceptive 126, 138
– non-pharmacological treatment 143
– of the low back, see back pain
– onset 208
– pathophysiology 204
– pathways 128, 144
– perception 134
– peripheral 588
– persistent 135
– pharmacological treatment 141, 553
–pointprevalence 154
–postoperative 409
––relief 190
–projection 133
1154 Subject Index