The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 107 ppsx

peano logic, history of; mathematics, history of the phil-
osophy of
pears
peirce abduction; aesthetics, history of; American phil-
osophy; architectonic; fallibilism; Harvard philosophy;
pragmaticism; pragmatism; pragmatic theory of truth;
sign and symbol
pelagius
penelope’s wooers philosophy; scientism
people citizenship; democracy; homeland, right to; Lévi-
Bruhl; national character; nationalism; racism; self-
determination
perception apperception; body; Broad; illusion, argu-
ments from; Bacon, R.; blindsight; colours; content,
non-conceptual; duck-rabbit; eidetic imagery; episte-
mology, history of; epistemology, problems of; experi-
ence; Gestalt theory; Gregory of Rimini; Honderich;
Hume; idealism, philosophical; ideas; illusion, argu-
ments from; image; given; idealism, philosophical;
jaundice; Merleau-Ponty; Molyneux problem; naïve
realism; perception; percepts; Plato; primary and
secondary qualities; realism and anti-realism; Reid; rep-
resentative theory of perception; sensation; sense-data;
unlikely philosophical propositions; veil of perception
perception, representative theory of see representa-
tive theory of perception
perception, veil of see veil of perception
percepts illusion, arguments from; perception; sense-data
perfectionism Lamarck; liberalism; political philosophy,
history of
performative utterances see linguistic acts

performing arts, philosophy of the aesthetics, history
and problems of
peripatetics Aristotle; Aristotelianism
perlocutions see linguistic acts
perry Harvard philosophy; New Realism
persecution of philosophers Bakhtin; Berdyaev; Boethius;
Bruno; Crescas; deaths of philosophers; Galileo;
German philosophy; Nicholas of Autrecourt; Ockham;
Pico della Mirandola; Pomponazzi; Rousseau; Russell;
Russian philosophy; Slovene philosophy; Socrates;
Seneca; Soviet philosophy; Spinoza; Vygotsky; Wolff
persistence through time identity; time
person-affecting principles future generations; popula-
tion
personal identity animalism in personal identity; ego;
Glover; Hume; identity; immortality; Locke; meta-
physics, history of; mind, problems of the philosophy
of; Parfit; persons; quasi-memory; reductionism, psy-
chological, in personal identity; thought experiments;
Williams
personalism
persons animalism in personal identity; Buddhist philos-
ophy; human beings; law, problems of the philosophy
of; Locke; mind, problems of the philosophy of; no-
ownership theory; personal identity; sexual morality;
Strawson
perspectivism see nietzsche
persuasive definition see definition
pessimism and optimism Hartmann; Hegel; Johnson, S.;
Leibniz; life, meaning of; metaphysics, history of; reli-

gion, history of the philosophy of; Schopenhauer
peter of spain medieval philosophy
PETITIO PRINCIPII see begging the question
petrarch Italian philosophy; scholasticism
phenomena and noumena appearance and reality; Kant;
metaphysics, history of; perception; Plato; thing-in-itself
phenomenalism Ayer; epistemology, history of; Good-
man; ideas; illusion, arguments from; metaphysics,
problems of; naïve realism; perception; Price, H. H.;
representative theory of perception; sense-data
phenomenology bracketing; Brentano; continental phi-
losophy; existentialism; French philosophy; Hegel;
Husserl; idealism, philosophical; Ingarden; Merleau-
Ponty; Mill, John Stuart; Ricœur; Sartre; Schutz; sci-
ence, feminist philosophy of
philo judaeus Hellenistic philosophy; Jewish philosophy;
Platonism
philo (the dialectician)
philoponus
philosophe Condillac; Diderot; Edwards, P.; Enlighten-
ment; French philosophy; history, history of the philos-
ophy of; philosophy, history of departments and
centres of; philosophy, influence of; Saint-Simon
philosopher-king Czech philosophy; Plato; politics and
the philosophers
philosopher may preach philosophy
philosophers, persecution of see persecution of philo-
sophers
philosophers and god see god and the philosophers
philosopher’s stone

philosophical anthropology see anthropology, philo-
sophical
philosophical dictionaries and encyclopaedias see dic-
tionaries and encyclopaedias
philosophical inquiry: first premisses and principles
analytic philosophy; Descartes; empiricism; epistemol-
ogy, history of; fashion in philosophy; linguistic philos-
ophy; metaphysics, history of; ordinary language and
philosophy; Logical Positivism; phenomenology; prag-
matism; rationalism; Romanticism, philosophical;
scepticism; Socratic method; verification principle
philosophical journals fashion in philosophy; publish-
ing philosophy
philosophical logic abduction; abstraction; affirmative
and negative propositions; agglomeration; ambiguous
middle, fallacy of; analysis; amphiboly; analytic and
synthetic statements; apodeictic; antinomies; a priori
and a posteriori; architectonic; argument; arguments,
types of; assertion; atomism, logical; basic statements;
begging the question; biconditional; bivalence, princi-
ple of; categorical judgement; category mistake; class;
coherence theory of truth; conditionals; confectionery
fallacy; conjunction; contingent and necessary state-
ments; correspondence theory of truth; counterfactu-
als; deduction; definition; deflationary theories of
1040 Index and List of Entries
truth; denotation and connotation; de re and de dicto;
descriptions, theory of; determinables and determi-
nates; dichotomy; dilemma; disjunction; entailment;
enthymeme; excluded middle, law of; exclusive partic-

ularity, fallacy of; existential proposition; extensional-
ity; extension and intension; fallacy; flaccid designator;
formal and material mode; four-term fallacy; Frege;
gambler’s fallacy; generalization; genetic fallacy; het-
erological and homological; heuristic; identity; identity
of indiscernibles; identity, the paradox of; iff; ignoratio
elenchi; implication; inconsistent triad; individuation;
inference; infima species; infinite regress; insufficient
reason, principle of; laws of thought; logical truth; many
questions fallacy; masked man fallacy; material implica-
tion; modality; modus ponens; modus tollens; names;
necessary and sufficient conditions; necessity, logical;
negation and double negation; non-contradiction,
law of; particular proposition; polar concepts; possible
worlds; possibility; pragmatic theory of truth; principle;
proposition; protasis; psychologism; ravens, paradox
of; realism and anti-realism; reasoning; recursion, defi-
nition by; reductio ad absurdum; reductio ad impossibile;
redundancy theory of truth; referring; reflexivity; Rus-
sell; salva veritate; schema; semantic theory of truth;
snow is white; sophism; straw man fallacy; syncate-
gorematic; ‘to be’, the verb; transcendental arguments;
truth; truth-conditions; undistributed middle; univer-
sal proposition; unsaturated expression; vicious circle;
virtuous circle; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy
philosophical novel see novel, philosophical
philosophical practice, ethics of philosophy; pseudo-
philosophy
philosophy American philosophy; analytic philosophy;
ancient philosophy; autobiography, philosophical;

children and philosophy; clip an angel’s wings; concep-
tual analysis; ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’; continental
philosophy; English philosophy; fashion in philosophy;
Islamic philosophy today; linguistic philosophy; lum-
ber of the schools; more things in heaven and earth;
national and regional philosophies; new philosophy
calls all in doubt; philosophical dictionaries and ency-
clopaedias; philosophical inquiry: first premisses and
principles; French philosophy; German philosophy;
metaphilosophy; philosophical journals; philosophy;
philosophical practice, ethics of; philosophy and litera-
ture; philosophy and real life; philosophy and science;
philosophy and the public; philosophy, centres and
departments of; philosophy, influence of; philosophy,
literary; philosophy, value and use of; philosophy:
world and under-world; popular philosophy; post-
analytic philosophy; pseudo-philosophy; publishing
philosophy; Serbian philosophy; transcendence;
unlikely philosophical propositions; world philosophy;
Appendix: Maps of Philosophy; Appendix: Chrono-
logical Table of Philosophy
philosophy, chronology of see Appendix
philosophy, history of centres and departments of
Academy; American philosophy; ancient philosophy;
Aristotelianism; Australian philosophy; Cambridge
philosophy; Canadian philosophy; English philosophy;
Frankfurt School; Garden; Harvard philosophy; Lon-
don philosophy; medieval philosophy; national and
regional philosophies; Oxford philosophy; peripatetics;
Plato; philosophy; teaching philosophy; Vienna Circle

philosophy, influence of American philosophy; Enlighten-
ment; liberalism; Marx; Marxist philosophy; moral
philosophy, history of; philosopher may preach; phil-
osophy; philosophy, value and use of; political philoso-
phy, history of; Thomism
philosophy, literary genres of autobiography, philo-
sophical
philosophy, maps of see Appendix
philosophy, popular see popular philosophy
philosophy, pseudo- see pseudo-philosophy
philosophy, radical see radical philosophy
philosophy, teaching see teaching philosophy
philosophy, value and use of applied ethics; bladders of
philosophy; clip an angel’s wings; divine philosophy;
fingering slave; informal logic; lumber of the schools;
Marxist philosophy; moral philosophy, history of;
philosopher-king; philosophy; philosophy, influence
of; Plato; political philosophy, history of; teaching
philosophy
philosophy, women in see women in philosophy
philosophy and literature see literature and philoso-
phy
philosophy and ordinary language see ordinary lan-
guage and philosophy
philosophy and psychology see psychology and philos-
ophy
philosophy and real life
philosophy and science Le Dœuff; philosophy; science,
history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the
philosophy of; scientism

philosophy and the public popular philosophy
philosophy and theology see theology and philosophy
philosophy and war see war and philosophy
philosophy of education see education, philosophy
of
philosophy of history see history, philosophy of
philosophy of language see language, philosophy of
philosophy of law see law, philosophy of
philosophy of life see life, philosophy of
philosophy of mathematics see mathematics, philoso-
phy of
philosophy of mind see mind, philosophy of
philosophy of religion see religion, philosophy of
philosophy of science see science, philosophy of
philosophy: world and underworld philosophical inquiry:
first principles and premisses; philosophy; popular
philosophy; pseudo-philosophy
phrastic and neustic see neustic and phrastic
PHRONE¯SIS political philosophy, history of; wisdom
physicalism anomalous monism; closure; eliminativism;
Mary, black and white; materialism; matter; meta-
physics, history of; metaphysics, problems of; mind,
Index and List of Entries 1041
history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the
philosophy of; physicalism in the philosophy of mind;
physics, philosophical problems of; Quine
physicalism in the philosophy of mind anomalous monism;
biological naturalism; central-state materialism; elimi-
nativism; emergentism; identity theory; materialism;
mechanism; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind,

problems of philosophy of; mind–body problem;
reductionism; reductionism, mental; supervenience;
union theory
physics, philosophical problems of cat, Schrödinger’s;
chaos theory; determinism; determinism, scientific;
Einstein; Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen paradox;
Heisenberg; indeterminism; Mach; Newton; physical-
ism; Planck; prediction; quantum mechanics; relativity
theory; science, history of the philosophy of; science,
problems of the philosophy of; space-time; uncertainty
principle
pico della mirandola Italian philosophy; Renaissance
philosophy
picture theory of meaning meaning; Wittgenstein
pictures aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of;
representation; representation in art
piecemeal engineering conservatism; pluralism; Popper
pietism Jacobi
pineal gland animal spirits; Descartes; mind– body prob-
lem
placebo
plagiarism forgery; lying
planck determinism; determinism, scientific; quantum
mechanics
plantinga God, arguments for the existence of; religion,
problems of the philosophy of
plato Academy; aesthetics, history of; anamnesis; ancient
philosophy; anima mundi; arete¯; Cambridge Platonists;
cave, analogy of; divine command ethics; education,
history of the philosophy of; epistemology, history of;

eternal recurrence; Euthyphro problem; footnotes to
Plato; form and matter; God and the philosophers;
good, the form of; hedonism, ancient; language, history
of the philosophy of; law, history of the philosophy of;
macrocosm and microcosm; materialism; mathemat-
ics, history of the philosophy of; medieval philosophy;
metaphysics, history of; moral philosophy, history of;
necessary and contingent existence; Neoplatonism;
noble lie; phenomena and noumena; philosopher-king;
philosophy and science; philosophy, history of depart-
ments and centres of; Platonism; political philosophy,
history of; political philosophy, problems of; politics
and the philosophers; prime mover; Protagoras; reli-
gion, history of the philosophy of; scepticism, history
of; Socrates; space; science, history of the philosophy
of; teaching philosophy; third man argument; Thrasy-
machus
platonism Antiochus; arithmetic, foundations of; August-
ine; Boethius; footnotes to Plato; gnosticism; language,
history of the philosophy of; mathematics, history of
the philosophy of; mathematics, problems of the phil-
osophy of; metaphysics, history of; mind, history of the
philosophy of; Murdoch; Roman philosophy
platonism, neo- see neoplatonism
plausibility probability; truth
pleasure happiness; hedonic calculus; hedonism; moral
philosophy, history of; pushpin and poetry; utilitarian-
ism; well-being
plekhanov Marxist philosophy; Soviet philosophy
plenitude, principle of possibility

plotinus ancient philosophy; Neoplatonism; Platonism;
Porphyry; Roman philosophy
pluralism see monism and pluralism
pluralism, political democracy; liberalism; moral plu-
ralism, multiculturalism; piecemeal engineering;
toleration
plurality of causes causality
PNEUMA Galen; Chrysippus; soul
poetry aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of;
enthusiasm; literature and philosophy; mimesis; music;
novel, the philosophical; push-pin and poetry; Schiller
poincaré conventionalism; French philosophy; positivism;
simplicity; vicious-circle principle
polar concepts concept
polish notation appendix on logical symbols;
·ukasie-
wicz; notations, logical
polish philosophy Ajdukiewicz; Ingarden; Kotarbin´ski;
Les´niewski; Polish notation; Tarski; Twardowski
political obligation consent; conservatism; contract, social;
Filmer; law, scepticism about; legitimacy; liberalism
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ableism; academic freedom;
affirmative action; anarchism; alienation; anti-
communism; Arendt; aristocracy, natural; Aristotle;
Arrow; authority; Bakunin; Barry; base and superstruc-
ture; benevolence; Berlin; Bodin; bourgeoisie and pro-
letariat; Burke; capitalism; class struggle; Cohen, G. A.;
civil society; civil liberties; coercion; collective respon-
sibility; communism; communitarianism; community;
consent; conservatism; conservatism and Romanti-

cism; Constant; constitutionalism; contract, contrac-
tarianism; social; convention; corrective justice; de
Maistre; democracy; democracy and capitalism; dialec-
tical materialism; dirty hands; Dühring; élitism;
enforcement of morals; Engels; equality; evil; fairness;
false consciousness; human; Fanon; fascism; feminist
political theory; four freedoms; fraternity; freedom,
political; free riders; freedom of speech; Gauthier; gen-
eral will; Gewirth; globalization, morality and politics;
Godwin; Griffin; Hayek; historical materialism; home-
land, a right to; Hook; human rights; ideology; imperi-
alism; individualism, moral and political; inequality;
international relations, philosophy of; invisible hand;
intersubjective; justice; Kautsky; Keynes; Kropotkin;
law, scepticism about; Left, the; legitimacy; Lenin; lib-
eralism; libertarianism; libertarianism, left-; liberty; lib-
erty and equality; Lukács; Machiavelli; Marcuse;
markets; markets and the public good; Marx; Marxism
after communism; Marxist philosophy; material con-
tradictions; maximin and minimax; meritocracy; mix-
1042 Index and List of Entries
ture of labour; morality in political philosophy;
morality, public; multiculturalism; national character;
nationalism; needs; Nozick; organic society; original
position; Paine; Pareto optimality; partiality and impar-
tiality; paternalism; people; piecemeal engineering;
Plekhanov; Plato; pluralism; political obligation; polit-
ical philosophy, history of; political philosophy, prob-
lems of; political scepticism; political violence; politics
and the philosophers; power; praxis; Price; prisoner’s

dilemma; privatization; progress; property; Proudhon;
punishment; radical philosophy; Rawls; Raz; reflective
equilibrium; reform; Republicanism; revolution; rights;
Right, the political new; rule of law; self-determination;
self-regarding actions; social change, means of; social
Darwinism; social engineering; socialism; social phil-
osophy; society; sovereignity; state of nature; State,
the; structural violence; syndicalism; terrorism; test of
time; toleration; tradition; Trotsky; utopianism; veil of
ignorance; voting paradox; Walzer; Weil; welfarism;
well-being; Wilt Chamberlain argument; Appendix:
Maps of Philosophy
political philosophy, history of POLITICAL PHILOS-
OPHY
political philosophy, problems of POLITICAL PHIL-
OSOPHY
political scepticism conservatism; Oakeshott
political violence see violence, political
politics and determinism conservatism; dialectical mate-
rialism; freedom and determinism; historical determin-
ism; historical materialism; Marxist philosophy
politics and ethics
politics and the philosophers Bentham; Burke; conser-
vatism; Czech philosophy; de Beauvoir; Diderot;
Finnish philosophy; Gandhi; Gentile; Gramsci; Greek
philosophy, modern; Heidegger; Ibn Khaldu¯n; liberal-
ism; Locke; logic of discovery; Lukács; Marx; Masaryk;
Mill, John Stuart; Neurath; Nkrumah; Paine; philoso-
pher-king; Radhakrishnan; Russell; Sartre; Seneca;
Soviet philosophy; Voltaire

pomponazzi libertinism; Renaissance philosophy
PONS ASINORUM
popper anti-communism; conservatism; corroboration;
falsifiability; Hegel; hypothetico-deductive method;
Kuhn; Lakatos; London philosophy; methodology; phi-
losophy and science; piecemeal engineering; science,
history of philosophy of; science, problems of philoso-
phy of; pseudo-science; scientific method; social engi-
neering; verisimilitude
popular philosophy philosophy; philosophy, value and
use of; philosophy and the public; pseudo-philosophy
population future generations; person-affecting principles
pornography sexual morality
porphyry metaphysics, history of; Neoplatonism; Pla-
tonism; Plotinus
port-royalists Arnauld; Cartesianism; French philoso-
phy; Jansenism; logic, history of
posit existence; Quine
positive and negative freedom see liberty
positivism Avenarius; behaviourism; Comte; empiricism;
Italian philosophy; Korn; Latin American philosophy;
Logical Positivism; legal positivism; London philoso-
phy; Mach; Meyerson; naturalism; scientism
positivism, legal see legal positivism
positivism, logical see logical positivism
possibility conceivability; modal logic; necessity; pleni-
tude
possible worlds conditionals; counterfactuals; counter-
part theory; flaccid designator; Kripke; Lewis, D.;
modal logic; mundus imaginalis; necessity, logical;

necessity, metaphysical; possibility; rigid designator;
semantics, possible worlds; Stalnaker; unlikely philo-
sophical propositions
possible worlds semantics seesemantics, possible worlds
POST HOC ERGO PROPTERHOC causality; constant conjunction
post-analytic philosophy analytic philosophy
post-modernism French philosophy; German philosophy
today; Lyotard; modernism
post-structuralism Derrida; French philosophy; struc-
turalism
potentiality capacity; causality; disposition; power; pro-
pensity
POUR SOI see for-itself and in-itself
power authority; causality; capacity; disposition; Machi-
avelli; necessity, nomic; potentiality; propensity
power, will to see will to power
practical reason Aristotle; Kant; Kantian ethics; moral
philosophy, history of; reason
practical syllogism Aristotle
pragmaticism American philosophy; Peirce; pragmatism
pragmatics Austin, J. L.; linguistic acts; semantics; semi-
otics; syntactics
pragmatic theory of truth Dewey; James; language,
history of the philosophy of; philosophical logic; prag-
matism; Peirce; truth
pragmatism American philosophy; ‘continental’and ‘ana-
lytic’; Dewey; Harvard philosophy; Hocking; James;
Lewis, C. I.; Mead; neo-pragmatism; Peirce; Poincaré;
pragmaticism; Ramsey; Rescher; Rorty; Santayana; sci-
entific method; Wright, Chauncey

pragmatism, neo- see neo-pragmatism
praxis Marxist philosophy; political philosophy, history
of; pragmatism; Serbian philosophy; social construc-
tionism
predicate see subject and predicate
predicate calculus Frege; logic, modern; modal logic;
propositional calculus
predicative theories intuitionist logic; mathematics, his-
tory of the philosophy of
prediction determinism; determinism, scientific; New-
comb’s paradox; natural or scientific laws
prediction paradox exam paradox; paradoxes
pre-established harmony see harmony, pre-established
preface paradox paradoxes
prejudice, burkian see burke
prescriptivism descriptivism; ethical formalism; Foot; Hare;
Kantian ethics; meta-ethics; moral judgement; moral
Index and List of Entries 1043
philosophy, history of; neustic and phrastic; non-
cognitivism; open question argument; ought
present see time
presentism existence; time
pre-socratic philosophy Alcmaeon; Anaxagoras; Anaxi-
mander; Anaximenes; ancient philosophy; atomism;
Barnes; Democritus; Eleatics; Empedocles; Heraclitus;
law, history of the philosophy of; Melissus; metaphysics,
history of; Parmenides; philosophy; philosophy, history
of centres and departments of; Pythagoras; religion, his-
tory of the philosophy of; Thales; Xenophanes; Zeno of
Elea

presumption
price h. h. Oxford philosophy
price, r.
prichard moral philosophy, history of
priestley utilitarianism
prima-facie duties duty; moral philosophy, history of;
Ross
primary and secondary qualities Berkeley; colours; Ed-
wards, J.; Locke; moral realism; properties; qualities;
representative theory of perception
prime matter materialism; matter
prime mover Aristotle; Plato
principle arkhe¯; axiom; double effect; insufficient reason;
reflective equilibrium; regulative principle; sufficient
reason
principle of sufficient reason see sufficient reason
principles, regulative see regulative principles
prior
prioritarianism
prisoner’s dilemma
privacy
private language problem language, problems of the
philosophy of; linguistic philosophy; samples, explana-
tion by; solipsism; Wittgenstein
privatization conservatism; socialization
privileged access incorrigible; inner sense; introspection
probabilistic causality causality
probability Bayesian confirmation theory; Bernoulli’s
theorem; Bertrand’s paradox; Carnap; chance; Cohen,
L. J.; conditional probability; corroboration; de Finetti;

Hacking; Keynes; Kneale; laws, natural or scientific;
Monty Hall problem; Peirce; philosophical logic; plau-
sibility; propensity; Ramsey; Reichenbach; science,
problems of the philosophy of; stochastic process
probability, conditional see conditional probability
probability theory and epistemology
problematic
process change; event; process philosophy; Whitehead
process philosophy Hartshorne; process; Whitehead
process theology see theology and philosophy
proclus Neoplatonism
professional ethics business ethics; corporate respon-
sibility
programs of computers artificial intelligence; computers;
mentality; mind, problems of the philosophy of; mind,
syntax, and semantics
progress Burckhardt; Comte; Enlightenment; evolution;
Hegel; histories of moral philosophy; Marx; Marxist
philosophy; pessimism and optimism; Saint-Simon
projectivism primary and secondary properties; quasi-
realism
proletariat see bourgeoisie and proletariat
proletariat, dictatorship of the see dictatorship of
the proletariat
proof theory demonstration; natural deduction
propensity
capacity; causality; disposition; Mellor; poten-
tiality; power
proper names see names
properties accident; aspects; emergent properties; essence;

essentialism; haecceity; non-natural properties; par-
ticulars and non-particulars; properties, individual;
qualities; quiddity; substance and attribute; universals
properties, individual Meinong; metaphysics, problems
of; mode; ontology; particulars and non-particulars;
phenomenology; properties; Stout; tropes
properties, non-natural see non-natural properties
property Brownson; capitalism; communism; conser-
vatism; equality; inequality; liberalism; libertarianism;
Locke; market; Marx; Marxist philosophy; mixture of
labour; Nozick; Proudhon; socialism; well-being
proposition affirmative and negative propositions; logic,
traditional; particulars and non-particulars; philosophi-
cal logic; propositional attitudes; statements and sen-
tences
propositional attitude belief; content; emotion and
feeling; judgement; mind, problems of the philosophy
of; proposition; sensation; translation, indeterminacy
of; thinking causes; truth
propositional calculus Frege; logic, modern; complete-
ness; decision procedure; natural deduction; predicate
calculus; propositional function; quantifier; sentential
calculus; tautology; theorem; truth-function; truth-
table; well-formed formulae
propositional function function; propositional calcu-
lus; quantifier
proprioception see perception
protagoras ancient philosophy; moral philosophy, his-
tory of; relativism, epistemological; Sophists
protasis affirming the antecedent; denying the antecedent;

conditional
protocol sentences basic statements; Carnap; logical
empiricism
proudhon anarchism; property
pseudonyms, philosophical Kierkegaard
pseudo-philosophy Logical Positivism; philosophical prac-
tice, ethics of; philosophy; popular philosophy; verifica-
tion principle
pseudo-science Freud; Popper; psychoanalysis, philoso-
phical problems of; social science, philosophy of; sci-
ence, history of the philosophy of
psyche life; soul; spirit; Thales
psychic research seeesp phenomena,philosophical implica-
tions of
psychoanalysis, philosophical problems of Bachelard;
1044 Index and List of Entries
counselling, philosophical; Deleuze; dreams; Freud;
Grünbaum; Jung; Kristeva; Lacan; Reich; Sartre;
unconscious and subconscious mind; Wollheim
psychologism Frege; mathematics, history of the philos-
ophy of; naturalism; philosophical logic
psychology and philosophy behaviourism; cognitive
science; consciousness, its irreducibility; epistemology
and psychology; esp phenomena; functionalism; Hoffd-
ing; Husserl; James; mind, history of the philosophy of;
mind, problems of the philosophy of; psychology,
philosophical relevance of; unconscious and subcon-
scious mind
psychoneural intimacy identity theory; mind–body prob-
lem; neuroscience, philosophical relevance of; psy-

chophysical laws; union theory
psychophysical laws anomalous monism; Davidson;
determinism; Kim; mental causation; mind, problems
of the philosophy of; mind–body problem; superve-
nience; union theory
public morality enforcement of morality; liberalism; lib-
erty; toleration; public–private distinction
public–private distinction enforcement of morals; fem-
inism; liberalism; public morality
publishing philosophy
pufendorf
punishment Bentham; desert; capital punishment; cor-
rective justice; forgiveness; lex talionis; moral psychol-
ogy; power; responsibility; unlikely philosophical
propositions
punishment, capital see capital punishment
pushpin and poetry Bentham; Mill, John Stuart; plea-
sure; utilitarianism; utility
putnam functionalism; Logical Positivisim; mathemat-
ics, problems of the philosophy of; rationalism; scepti-
cism; science, history of the philosophy of; twin earth;
variable realization
pyrrho ancient philosophy; Pyrrhonism; scepticism; scepti-
cism, history of; Sextus Empiricus
pyrrhonism epistemology, problems of; Pyrrho; scepti-
cism; scepticism, history of; Sextus Empiricus
pythagoras ancient philosophy; Pre-Socratic philosophy;
Pythagoreanism
pythagoreanism Platonism; Pythagoras; Roman philos-
ophy

qualia consciousness; consciousness, its irreducibility;
metaphysics, problems of; mind, problems of the phi-
losophy of; Shoemaker; subjectivity
qualities haecceity; primary and secondary qualities;
properties; properties, individual; universals
quality of life happiness; utility; well-being
quantification logic, modern
quantifier Frege; logical theory; logic, modern; philo-
sophical logic; propositional function; Russell; variable
quantity and quality logic, traditional
quantum logic
quantum mechanics, philosophical problems of action at
a distance; cat, Schrödinger’s; determinism; determinism,
scientific; Einstein; freedom and determinism; field the-
ory; Heisenberg; Neumann; physics, philosophical prob-
lems of; prediction; science, problems of the philosophy of
quantum theory and philosophy determinism; deter-
minism and freedom; Earman; quantum logic; science,
history of the philosophy of
quasi-memory memory; personal identity
quasi-realism Blackburn; moral realism
quasi-virtue see shame
quiddity identity of indiscernibles; haecceity
quietism, philosophical Wittgenstein
quine American philosophy; analytic and synthetic state-
ments; analytic philosophy; charity, principle of; con-
textual definition; existence; Harvard philosophy;
holism; indeterminacy of meaning; language, history of
the philosophy of; language, problems of the philoso-
phy of; Lexicon, the Philosophical; logic, history of;

mathematics, history of the philosophy of; meaning;
metaphysics, problems of; mind, history of the philoso-
phy of; naturalism; philosophy and science; psychol-
ogy, philosophical relevance of; posit; science, history
of the philosophy of; scientism; translation, indetermi-
nacy of
quinton analytic philosophy; English philosophy; lin-
guistic philosophy; philosophical inquiry; philosophy
race, theories of fascism; racism
racism Fanon; fascism; people; race, theories of
radcliffe richards feminism
radhakrishnan Hindu philosophy; Indian philosophy;
Veda¯nta
radical feminism see feminism, radical
radical interpretation and translation see transla-
tion
radical philosophy Left, the
ra¯ma¯nuja Indian philosophy
ramsey deflationary theories of truth; paradoxes, logical;
redundancy theory of truth
rashdall perfectionism; utilitarianism
ratiocination argument; inference; rationality; reason;
reasoning
rational choice theory
rationalism Bolzano; Chomsky; clear and distinct ideas;
conservatism and Romanticism; Descartes; empiri-
cism; epistemology, history of; Leibniz; metaphysics,
history of; metaphysics, problems of; Montaigne;
Oakeshott; philosophical inquiry; reason; Spinoza;
Appendix: Maps of Philosophy

rationality intelligence; moral philosophy, history of;
philosophical logic; prisoner’s dilemma; reason; rea-
soning; satisficing; time preference
ravens, paradox of the Hempel; paradoxes
rawls constructivism in ethics; contractarianism; differ-
ence principle; fairness; general will; justice; liberalism;
original position; perfectionism; political philosophy,
history of; political philosophy, problems of; reflective
equilibrium; resentment; veil of ignorance; well-being
raz
Index and List of Entries 1045
real absolute; appearance and reality; being; Berkeley;
Bradley; Buddhist philosophy; cave, analogy of; Critical
Realism; empiricism; epistemology, history of; exis-
tence; external world; idealism, philosophical; illusion;
Hume; Kant; Kantianism; Locke; materialism; matter;
metaphysics, history of; metaphysics, problems of;
monism and pluralism; naturalism; New Realism;
ontology; Parmenides; perception; phenomena and
noumena; phenomenalism; physicalism; Plato; real;
realism and anti-realism; representative theory of per-
ception; scepticism, history of; Schopenhauer; sense-
data; thing-in-itself; things; ‘to be’, the verb; trans-
cendence; veil of perception
realism, critical see critical realism
realism, direct see naïve realism
realism, legal see legal realism
realism, mathematical see mathematics, problems of
the philosophy of; platonism
realism, moral see moral realism

realism, naïve see naïve realism
realism, new see new realism
realism, quasi- see quasi-realism
realism and anti-realism appearance and reality; being;
coherence theory of truth; correspondence theory of
truth; Dummett; existence; idealism, philosophical;
nominalism; ontology; Parmenides; philosophical
logic; realism in metaphysics; truth; universals; unlikely
philosophical propositions; Wright, Crispin; Appendix:
Maps of Philosophy
realism in metaphysics
reality, levels of metaphysics, history and problems of
realization functionalism; mental reductionism; physi-
calism in the philosophy of mind; reductionism, men-
tal; variable realization
reason Aquinas; Bayle; belief; bladders of philosophy;
emotive theory of ethics; Enlightenment; Hegel;
Hobbes; Hume; ideas of pure reason; intelligence; irra-
tionalism; logos; Luther; Montaigne; New England Tran-
scendentalism; nous; philosophe; philosopher may
preach; Plato; ratiocination; rationalism; rationality; rea-
son as slave of the passions; reasoning; Romanticism,
philosophical; Santayana; Schelling; understanding
reason, practical see practical reason
reason as slave of the passions emotion and feeling;
Hobbes; Hume; Hume’s fork; moral philosophy, his-
tory of; passion; reason; reasoning
reasoning cognition; deduction; demonstration; induc-
tion; laws of thought; logic, modern; logic, traditional;
philosophy, value and use of; ratiocination; rationality;

reasons and causes; reductio ad absurdum; understanding
reasoning, psychology of
reasons, internal and external
reasons and causes belief; Davidson; Hobbes; intention;
mental causation; mind, problems of the philosophy of;
motives and motivation; thinking causes
recurrence see eternal recurrence
recursion, definition by definition; semantic theory of
truth
reducibility, axiom of Russell; types, theory of
reducibility of consciousness see consciousness
, its
irreducibility
REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM natural deduction; philosophical
inquiry; reductio ad impossibile; science, history of the
philosophy of
REDUCTIO AD IMPOSSIBILE reductio ad absurdum
reductionism biology, philosophical problems of; chem-
istry, philosophy of monism; Nagel, E.; reductionism,
mental; science, history of the philosophy of; science,
problems of the philosophy of; unity of science
reductionism, mental central-state materialism; elimi-
nativism; identity theory; materialism; mind–body
problem; reductionism
reductionism, psychological, in personal identity per-
sonal identity
redundancy theory of truth disquotation;Johnson, W. E.;
philosophical logic; Ramsey
rée
reference see sense and reference

referential opacity extensionality; intensionality; masked
man fallacy
referring linguistic acts; sense and reference; subject and
predicate
reflective equilibrium Rawls
reflexivity relation
reform Burke; conservatism; liberalism; revolution
regress, infinite see infinite regress
regulative principles Kant; Peirce; principle
reich psychoanalysis, philosophical problems of
reichenbach science, history of the philosophy of
reid common sense; English philosophy; Scottish philos-
ophy
reincarnation Buddhist philosophy; death; immortal-
ity; karma; soul
relations ancestral relation; equivalence relation; Meinong;
reflexivity; relations, internal and external; relations,
nature of; transitive relation
relations, internal and external relations; relations,
nature of
relations, nature of Meinong; relations; relations, internal
and external
relativism,epistemological incommensurability; science,
problems of the philosophy of
relativism, ethical Harman; incommensurability; incom-
mensurability, moral; moral philosophy, problems of;
moral scepticism; Rée; Sophists; veritatis splendor
relativism, linguistic see problems of metaphysics
relativity theory, philosophical relevance of energy;
physics, philosophical problems of

relevance logic Anderson and Belnap
reliabilism epistemology, problems of; experience; genetic
fallacy; justification, epistemic; knowledge; naturalism
RELIGION analogy; analytical Thomism; antitheism;
atheism and agnosticism; atonement; Ayer; Bauer;
Bonhoeffer; Buber; Buddhism; Bultmann; Cajetan;
Calvin; Calvinism; causa sui; cosmological argument;
cosmology and religious belief; creationism; credo quia
1046 Index and List of Entries
absurdum est; credo ut intelligam; deism; de Maistre;
design, argument from; dogma; divine command
ethics; eschatology; eternity; evil, the problem of; faith
and reason; fideism; first cause argument; forgiveness;
Gilson; God; God and the philosophers; God, argu-
ments against the existence of; God, arguments for the
existence of; God is dead; godmanhood; grace; heaven;
hell; holy, numinous, and sacred; Hume; I and thou;
immortality; Jansenism; Jewish philosophy; libertin-
ism; Luther; Manichaeism; Maritain; Marx; miracles;
moral philosophy, history of; mysticism; natural theol-
ogy; neo-Thomism; Nietzsche; ontological argument;
original sin; pantheism; Pascal’s wager; Pelagius;
pietism; Plantinga; prime mover; reincarnation; reli-
gion and morality; religion, history of the philosophy
of; religion, problems of the philosophy of; religion,
scepticism about; religion and epistemology; religious
experience; religious language; Religiousness A and
B; revelation; science, art, and religion; sin; soul;
Spinoza; Sufism; Swinburne; teleological argument;
theism; theodicy; theology and philosophy; Thomism;

Thomism, analytical; transcendence; Veritatis Splendor;
Voltaire; Weil; Zen; Zoroastrianism
religion, art, and science seescience, art, and religion
religion, history of philosophy of RELIGION
religion, problems of philosophy of RELIGION
religion, scepticism about atheism and agnosticism; God
and the philosophers; Hume; libertinism; religion, his-
tory of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the
philosophy of
religion and epistemology natural theology; revelation
religion and morality divine command ethics; moral
philosophy, history of; philosophy; religion, history of
the philosophy of; slave morality
religious belief and cosmology see cosmology and reli-
gious belief
religious experience, argument for the existence of
god from Alston; holy, numinous, and sacred; James;
mysticism; religion, history of the philosophy of; reli-
gion, problems of the philosophy of; religion, scepti-
cism about
religious language Alston; Logical Positivism; religion,
history of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the
philosophy of
religiousness a and b inwardness; Kierkegaard
remembering see memory
renaissance philosophy Brandom; Byzantine philosophy;
Croatian philosophy; Erasmus; humanism; meta-
physics, history of; philosophy, history of departments
and centres of; Platonism; Polish philosophy; theosophy
renouvier French philosophy

representation intentionality; language, history of the
philosophy of; language, problems of the philosophy
of; meaning; representation in art; Russell; semantics;
sign and symbol; Vorstellung; Walton; Wittgenstein
representation, political
representation in art art; aesthetics, problems of; repre-
sentation; sign and symbol
representative theory of perception idealism, philo-
sophical; ideas; Jackson; Malebranche; naïve realism;
percept; perception; phenomenalism; sense-data; veil
of perception
reproduction and morality
republicanism
rescher American philosophy; Bradley; coherence the-
ory of truth; fallibilism; pragmatism
RES COGITANS Descartes; Heidegger; mind
resentment Strawson
residues, method of see method of residues
respect Kant
responsibility collective responsibility; desert; freedom
and determinism; punishment
responsibility, collective see collective responsibility
retribution see desert
revelation religion and epistemology
revenge lex talionis; punishment
revisionary metaphysics descriptive metaphysics;
metaphysics, history of; metaphysics, problems of;
Strawson
revolution Burke; communism; conservatism; de Maistre;
liberalism; Locke; Marx; Marxist philosophy; Marcuse;

Paine; political philosophy, history of; Sorel; violence,
political
revolutions, scientific Kuhn
rhetoric Aristotle; Gorgias
richard’s paradox paradoxes
ricoeur French philosophy; French philosophy today
right agent-relative moralities; consequentialism; deon-
tology; equality; Euthyphro problem; good; justice;
moral judgement; moral philosophy, history of; moral
philosophy, problems of; ought; right action; utilitari-
anism
right, the political see conservatism
right, the political new conservatism; liberalism; liber-
tarianism, political; markets; Nozick; reform; Scruton
right action agent-relative moralities; absolutism, moral;
consequentialism; consumerist ethics; deontology;
equality; good; Hegelianism; justice; Kant; Kantian
ethics; meta-ethics; moral judgement; moral philoso-
phy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; obliga-
tion; ought; rights; utilitarianism
rights Bentham; civil liberties; Dworkin; freedom, polit-
ical; Grotius; human rights; law, history of the philoso-
phy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; legitimacy;
liberalism; libertarianism; nonsense upon stilts; Noz-
ick; Pufendorf
rights, natural see natural rights
rigid designator flaccid designator; kind, natural; Kripke;
names
RISUS SOPHISTICUS argumentum ad hominem
roman philosophy ancient philosophy; Augustine; Aure-

lius; Boethius; Cicero; Epictetus; Hellenistic philoso-
phy; Lucretius; Sceptics; Seneca; Stoicism
romantic irony see irony, romantic
romanticism, philosophical Coleridge; conservatism and
Romanticism; Fichte; German philosophy; Goethe;
Index and List of Entries 1047
human nature; irony, Romantic; irrationalism; Lessing;
Mill, John Stuart; Naturphilosophie; New England Tran-
scendentalism; philosophy, influence of; Schelling;
Schlegel; Schopenhauer
romanticism and conservatism see conservatism and
romanticism
romero Latin American philosophy
rorty continental philosophy; mind, history of the phi-
losophy of; neo-pragmatism; post-modernism
rosenzweig Jewish philosophy
ross moral philosophy, history of; prima-facie duties;
right action
rousseau education, history of the philosophy of; free-
dom, political; French philosophy; general will; philos-
ophy, influence of; political philosophy, history of
royce Harvard philosophy; Hegelianism; New Realism
rule of law civil disobedience; civil liberties; conser-
vatism; frame problem; law, history of the philosophy
of; law, problems of the philosophy of; liberalism; polit-
ical violence; revolution
rules language, history of the philosophy of; language,
problems of the philosophy of; law, problems of the
philosophy of; logical theory; meaning; philosophical
logic; rationality

russell acquaintance and description; analytic philoso-
phy; atomism, logical; Cambridge philosophy; contex-
tual definition; descriptions, theory of; English
philosophy; epistemology, history of; explanation;
Frege; language, history of the philosophy of; logically
proper names; logic, history of; logical atomism; logi-
cally proper names; logical theory; logicism; mathe-
matics, history of the philosophy of; meaning;
Meinong; metaphysics, history of; moral philosophy,
history of; neutral monism; Peano; persecution of
philosophers; philosophical logic; philosophy and sci-
ence; pragmatism; process philosophy; reducibility,
axiom of; relations, nature of; Russell’s paradox; set the-
ory; ‘to be’, the verb; types; Wang
russell’s paradox arithmetic, foundations of; barber para-
dox; paradoxes; Russell; set theory; types, theory of
russian philosophy Bakhtin; Bakunin; Bogdanov; Herzen;
law, scepticism about; Marxist philosophy; Plekhanov;
Solovyov; Soviet philosophy; Vygotsky
ryle agent; linguistic philosophy; ghost in the machine;
mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of
the philosophy of; Oxford philosophy; polar concepts;
psychology and philosophy; topic-neutral; volition
saadiah gaon Jewish philosophy
sacred see holy, numinous, and sacred
sainsbury paradoxes; Russell
saint-simon French philosophy
salmon
SALVA VERITATE extensionality; Leibniz; referential opacity
s´an˙kara Indian philosophy; Upanishads; Veda¯nta

samples, explanation by ostensive definition; Wittgen-
stein
santayana aesthetics, history of; American philosophy;
Harvard philosophy; pragmatism
sapir–whorf hypothesis language
sartre abandonment; absurd; Angst; bad faith; continen-
tal philosophy; de Beauvoir; existence precedes
essence; existentialism; for-itself and in-itself; French
philosophy; God and the philosophers; Marcel; meta-
physics, problems of; nothingness; politics and the
philosophers; slime
satisfaction happiness; logic, history of; Tarski; utilitari-
anism
satisficing utilitarianism
saturated expression see unsaturated expression
saussure language and parole
saying and showing Wittgenstein
scanlon contractarianism; contractualism
scepticism aporia; Ayer; Berkeley; brain in a vat; Carte-
sianism; certainty; Descartes; epistemology, history of;
epistemology, problems of; evil demon; fallibilism;
foundationalism; given; Hellenistic philosophy; Hume;
illusion, arguments from; incorrigibility; justification,
epistemic; foundationalism; Kant; knowledge; knowl-
edge, limits of; Lichtenberg; moral scepticism; oar in
water; open and closed thought; philosophy; Platon-
ism; Pyrrho; Pyrrhonism; realism and anti-realism;
Sceptics, ancient; scepticism, history of; Sextus Empiri-
cus; Wittgenstein
scepticism, history of scepticism

scepticism, moral see moral scepticism
scepticism about law see law, scepticism about
scepticism about religion see religion,scepticism about
sceptics, ancient ancient philosophy; Arcesilaus; Carneades;
Democritus; epistemology, history of; epoche¯; oar in
water; Parmenides; Pyrrho; Pyrrhonism; Roman
philosophy; scepticism; scepticism, history of; Sextus
Empiricus; Socrates; Xenophanes
schacht Nietzsche
scheler anthropology, philosophical; German philoso-
phy; resentment
schelling German philosophy; idealism, German; Natur-
philosophie; Romanticism, philosophical
schema formula
schiffer
schiller German philosophy; Kantianism
schlegel
schleiermacher
schlick Logical Positivism; Vienna Circle
scholasticism Aquinas; Augustine; Latin American phil-
osophy; Locke; medieval philosophy; metaphysics, his-
tory of; Ockham; Petrarch; religion, history of the
philosophy of; Renaissance philosophy; Scotus
schopenhauer aesthetics, history of; German philoso-
phy; idealism, philosophical; metaphysics, history of;
moral philosophy, history of; pessimism and optimism;
sufficient reason, principle of; vegetarianism; will
schrödinger see cat, schrödinger’
s
schutz life-world

SCIENCE action at a distance; Aristotle; atomism, physi-
cal; Bachelard; Bayseian confirmation theory; Bell’s
1048 Index and List of Entries
theorem; Berkeley; biology, philosophical problems of;
boat, Neurath’s; black box; Bloch; Bohr; Boltzmann;
bootstrapping; Boyle; Braithwaite; Bridgman; Cart-
wright; cat, Schrödinger’s; chaos theory; Clifford;
concomitant variations; Copernicus; conventionalism;
corroboration; cosmology; covering-law model; cru-
cial experiment; Darwinism; determinism, scientific;
Duhem; Earman; Einstein; Einstein, Podolsky, and
Rosen paradox; empirical; energy; entelechy; entropy;
evidence; evolution; experiment; explanation; fallibil-
ism; falsifiability; field theory; Feyerabend; Fichte;
Frankfurt School; Galileo; Grünbaum; Hacking;
Heisenberg; Hempel; hypothesis; hypothetico-
deductive method; incommensurability; indetermin-
ism; induction; instrumentalism; kinesis; Kitcher;
Kneale; knowledge and science; Kuhn; Lakatos; logic of
discovery; Lamarck; La Mettrie; Laplace; laws, natural
or scientific; life and science; Mach; macrocosm and
microcosm; magnitudes; materialism; matter;
Maxwell’s demon; measurement; mechanism; medi-
cine, philosophy of; metaphysics, history of; method of
agreement; method of concomitant variation; method
of difference; method of residue; method, joint;
methodology; Mochus; models; motion; Nagel, E.;
Naturphilosophie; necessity, nomic; Neurath; Newton;
nomic; observation and theory; operationalism; Pap-
ineau; particles and waves; philosophy; philosophy and

science; physicalism; physics, philosophical problems
of; Planck; Poincaré; Popper; prediction; pseudo-
science; quantum mechanics, philosophical problems
of; quantum theory and philosophy; reductionism;
Reichenbach; relativity theory, philosophical signifi-
cance of; revolutions, scientific; science, art, and reli-
gion; science, diversity of; science, feminist philosophy
of; science, history of the philosophy of; science, prob-
lems of the philosophy of; science, social philosophy of;
scientific method; scientism; simplicity; space-
time; stochastic process; theory; theory ladenness;
thought experiments; uncertainty principle; unifor-
mity of nature; unity of science; van Fraassen; verifica-
tionism; verisimilitude; void; Appendix: Maps of
Philosophy
science, diversity of unity of science
science, feminist philosophy of feminism; feminist phi-
losophy; knowledge and science; masculism; science,
social philosophy of
science, philosophy of, history of SCIENCE
science, philosophy of, problems of SCIENCE
science, pseudo- see pseudo-science
science, social philosophy of economics, philosophy of;
methodological holism and individualism
science, unity of see unity of science
science and knowledge see knowledge and science
science and life see life and science
science and philosophy see philosophy and science
science, art, and religion art; RELIGION; SCIENCE;
scientism

scientific determinism see determinism, scientific
scientific method abduction; axiomatic method; hypo-
thetico-deductive method; induction; inference to the
best explanation; methodology; laws, natural or scien-
tific; Mill’s methods; science, history of the philosophy
of; science, problems of the philosophy of; scientism;
theory
scientism knowledge and science; life and science; meta-
physics, history of; Penelope’s wooers; philosophy and
science; science, art, and religion; translation, indeter-
minacy of
scope artificial language; logic, modern; scope fallacies
scope fallacies logic, modern; scope
scottish philosophy Bain; British philosophy today; com-
mon sense; Duns Scotus; English philosophy; Fergu-
son; Hamilton; Hume; Hutcheson; Macmurray; Mair;
Reid; Smith; Sprigge; Stewart
scotus, john duns see duns scotus
scotus eriugena, john see eriugena
sea battle future contingents; ·ukasiewicz; many-valued
logic
sea-battle argument future contingents
searle biological naturalism; Chinese room argument;
mind, syntax, and semantics
secondary qualities see primary and secondary quali-
ties
seeing as duck-rabbit; illusion; Wittgenstein
self bundle theory of the self; Descartes; ego; Fichte; for-
itself and in-itself; ghost in the machine; Heidegger;
homunculus; Hume; Husserl; James; Malebranche;

Marcel; Mead; mind, history of the philosophy of;
mind, problems of the philosophy of; no-ownership
theory; origination; Ortega y Gasset; person; personal
identity; Sartre; self-consciousness; self-control; self-
deception; soul; subject; subjectivity; unconscious and
subconscious mind
self, bundle theory of see bundle theory of self
self-consciousness consciousness; inner sense; introspec-
tion; Sartre; self; unconscious and subconscious mind
self-control akrasia; self
self-deception self; lying; Sartre; unconscious and sub-
conscious mind
self-defeating theories
self-determination, political democracy; hegemony; im-
perialism; international relations, philosophy of;
nationalism; people; Polish philosophy; public and
private; war, just
self-interest see egoism, psychological
self-knowledge
self-love see butler
self-regarding and other-regarding actions liberal-
ism; liberty; Mill, John Stuart
sellars, r. w.
sellars, w.
semantic ascent metalanguage
semantics Brandom; Carnap; denotation and connota-
tion; description; formal semantics; Hintikka; lan-
guage; language, history of the philosophy of;
language, problems of the philosophy of; logically
Index and List of Entries 1049

proper names; meaning; Montague; name; pragmatics;
rigid designator; semantics, possible worlds; semiotics;
sign and symbol; syntactics; truth
semantics, formal see formal semantics
semantics, possible worlds semantics
semantic theory of truth snow is white; Tarski; truth
semiotics Peirce; pragmatics; semantics; sign and sym-
bol; syntactics
sen
seneca Roman philosophy; Stoicism
sensation awareness, sense; experience; manifold of sense;
pain; perception; qualia
sense, manifold of see manifold of sense
sense and reference denotation and connotation; Evans;
Frege; identity, paradox of; indexicals; intentionality;
language, history of the philosophy of; language, prob-
lems of the philosophy of; meaning; philosophical
logic; meaning; realism and anti-realism; semantics
sense awareness see awareness, sense
sense-data Ayer; content of consciousness; epistemol-
ogy, history of; given; imagination; Jackson; Moore;
naïve realism; perception; percepts; phenomenalism;
Price, H. H.; representative theory of perception;
unlikely philosophical propositions
sensibility aesthetics, history of the philosophy of; aesthet-
ics, problems of the philosophy of; aesthetic attitude;
emotions and feelings; moral philosophy, history of; taste
sentences see statements and sentences
sentential calculus logic; propositional calculus
sentential function connective

sentimentalism see moral sense
sentiments emotion and feeling
serbian philosophy Croatian philosophy; Marxist philos-
ophy; political philosophy, history of; praxis; Slovene
philosophy
set theory axiom of choice; Cantor; class; Frege; infinity,
axiom of; Russell; Russell’s paradox; Skolem paradox;
Wang
sex culture; gender; homosexuality; sex, philosophy of;
sexual morality
sex, philosophy of Augustine; desire; feminism; Foucault;
gender; Helvétius; homosexuality; lesbian feminism;
Scruton; sexism; sexual morality
sexism feminism; feminist philosophy; gender; masculism;
sex; women in philosophy
sextus empiricus Montaigne; Pyrrhonism; scepticism, his-
tory of; Sceptics
sexual morality Helvétius; homosexuality; lesbian fem-
inism; love; marriage; pornography; sex; sexism; sexu-
ality, philosophy of
shaftesbury moral philosophy, history of; moral sense
shame emotion and feeling; guilt; moral psychology; ori-
ginal sin
shoemaker self; self-consciousness
sibley see aesthetic concepts
sidgwick histories of moral philosophy; life, the meaning
of; Martineau; utilitarianism
sign and symbol Cassirer; communication; denotation and
connotation; flaccid designator; formal semantics;
indexical signs; language; language, history of the

philosophy of; language, problems of the philosophy
of; logically proper names; meaning; names; Peirce;
representation; rigid designator; semantics; semiotics;
sense and reference
simplicity Ockham’s razor; Poincaré
simulation theory theory of mind
sin Adams, R. M.; guilt; original sin; Pelagius
sin, original
see original sin
sincerity lying; truth and truthfulness
singer animals; applied ethics; Hegel; vegetarianism
SINN see sense and reference
skolem paradox logic, history of; paradoxes; set theory
slave morality master and slave; moral philosophy, his-
tory of; Nietzsche; resentment
slave of the passions see reason as slave of the passions
slingshot arguments
slime Sartre
slippery slope applied philosophy; killing
slovene philosophy Croatian philosophy; Serbian phi-
losophy
smart Australian philosophy; mind, history of the philos-
ophy of; topic-neutral
smith histories of moral philosophy; invisible hand; Scot-
tish philosophy
snow is white formal semantics, philosophical relevance
of; meaning; mind, problems of the philosophy of;
semantic conception of truth; Tarski
social change, means of democracy; terrorism
social constructionism communitarianism; feminism

social contract see contract, social
social darwinism Darwinism; evolution; right, the polit-
ical new; Spencer
social engineering piecemeal engineering; Popper
social epistemology sociology of knowledge; testimony
social facts Durkheim; methodological holism and indi-
vidualism; social philosophy; social science, philosophy of
socialism anti-communism; capitalism; communism; con-
servatism; democracy; equality; exploitation; inequal-
ity; justice; liberalism; liberty and equality; markets;
Marxist philosophy; political philosophy, history of;
political philosophy, problems of; Proudhon; privati-
zation; Saint-Simon; Sellars, R. W.; social engineering;
utopianism; well-being; worker control
social philosophy communitarianism; contract, social;
economics, philosophy of; historicism; methodological
holism and individualism; political philosophy, history
of; political philosophy, problems of; social facts; social
science, philosophy of; society
social science, philosophy of culture; economics, phi-
losophy of; methodological holism and individualism;
Pareto optimality; Schutz; social science, philosophy
of; social facts; social philosophy; society; Taylor, C.;
Vico; Winch
society Burke; community; communitarianism; Comte;
conservatism; Durkheim; Frankfurt School; fraternity;
Mannheim; Marx; Mead; Nietzsche; organic society;
1050 Index and List of Entries
people; Reich; social contract; social philosophy; social
science, philosophy of; social facts; Vattimo

society, organic see organic society
sociobiology see biology, philosophical problems of;
evolutionary ethics
sociolect see idiolect
sociology see adorno; comte; durkheim; mead; spencer;
weber
sociology of knowledge
socrates akrasia; ancient philosophy; irony, Socratic; life,
the good; Plato; scepticism, history of; Socratic
method; Socratic paradox
socratic method elenchus; Plato; Socrates
socratic paradox paradoxes; Plato; Socrates
soft determinism see freedom and determinism
sohravardi Islamic philosophy; knowledge by presence;
mundus imaginalis
solipsism other minds
solovyov godmanhood; Russian philosophy
song of god see Bhagavadgi¯ta¯
sophism fallacies
sophists ancient philosophy; language, history of the phi-
losophy of; moral philosophy, history of; Plato; Pre-
Socratics; pseudo-philosophy; Socrates; truth
sorabji
sorel French philosophy; syndicalism; violence
sorites paradox see heap
sortal counting; count noun; individuation; kind, nat-
ural
sosa metaphysics, problems of
soul anamnesis; animal soul; Aquinas; Buddhist philoso-
phy; immortality; Jainism; mind–body problem; mortal-

ism; origination; Plato; Plotinus; pneuma; reincarnation;
religion, history of the philosophy of; religion, problems
of the philosophy of; self; spirit; Thales
soul, world- see world-soul
south african philosophy
south american philosophy see latin american philoso-
phy
soviet philosophy Bakhtin; communism; dialectical mater-
ialism; Marxist philosophy; Plekhanov; Russian phil-
osophy
sovereignty State, the
space incongruent counterparts; Kant; klepsydra; Leib-
niz; non-Euclidean geometry; Reichenbach; relativity
theory, philosophical relevance of; space-time; time;
void
space-time Einstein; energy; matter; relativity theory,
philosophical relevance of; space; time
spanish philosophy Albo; Ferrater-Mora; Islamic philos-
ophy; Latin American philosophy; Ortega y Gasset;
Spanish philosophy; Suárez; Unamuno
species
see genus and species
speciesism
specious present time
speech acts see linguistic acts
spencer evolution and philosophy; social Darwinism
speusippus Academy; Platonism
spinoza double aspect theory; God and the philosophers;
Jewish philosophy; Lessing; metaphysics, history of;
pantheism; persecution of philosophers; rationalism

spirit Hegel; idealism, philosophical; mind; pneuma; reli-
gion, history of the philosophy of; soul
spontaneity and indifference compatibilism and incom-
patibilism; freedom and determinism; voluntariness;
origination; embraced and reluctant desires
sport
sprigge Bradley; idealism, British; James; Santayana; Spin-
oza
square of opposition logic, traditional; subcontraries
stadium or moving rows paradox dichotomy; motion;
paradoxes; Zeno
stalnaker possible worlds
state, the anarchism; Bosanquet; conservatism; contract,
social; fascism; Hegel; Humboldt; liberalism; libertar-
ianism; liberty; Marxist philosophy; political obligation;
political philosophy, history of; political philosophy,
problems of; political scepticism; social contract; sover-
eignty; structural violence
statements, basic see basic statements
statements and sentences affirmative and negative propo-
sitions; analytic and synthetic statements; assertion;
existential statements; grammar; linguistic acts;
philosophical logic; proposition; subject and predicate
state of nature contract, social; freedom, political; Hobbes;
international relations, philosophy of; Locke; moral
philosophy, history of; nasty, brutish, and short; polit-
ical philosophy, history of; Rousseau
stevenson definition; emotive theory; moral philosophy,
history of
stewart Scottish philosophy

stich folk psychology; truth
stirner anarchism; Hegelianism; Romanticism, philoso-
phical
stochastic process chance; probability
stoicism ancient philosophy; Aurelius; Chrysippus; Cyn-
ics; Epictetus; freedom of goodness and reason; Hel-
lenistic philosophy; language, history of the philosophy
of; logic, history of; metaphysics, history of; moral phil-
osophy, history of; passion and emotion; Petrarch; reli-
gion, history of the philosophy of; Roman philosophy;
Seneca; Zeno of Citium
stories and explanation explanation; history, history of
the philosophy of; history, problems of the philosophy
of
stout journals of philosophy; properties, individual
straw man fallacy fallacies
strawson analysis; analytic and synthetic statements;
deflationary theories of truth; descriptions, theory of;
descriptive metaphysics; Evans; individuation; Kantian-
ism; Logical Positivism; logical theory; metaphysics,
history of; mind, history of the philosophy of; no-
ownership theory; Oxford philosophy; particulars and non-
particulars; persons; philosophical logic; resentment;
revisionary metaphysics; Russell; self-consciousness;
statements and sentences; subject and predicate
Index and List of Entries 1051
stream of consciousness consciousness; Hodgson; James
strict implication implication; material implication
stroud scepticism
structuralism Althusser; continental philosophy; French

philosophy; Lévi-Strauss; Marxist philosophy; math-
ematics, problems of the philosophy of; post-structural-
ism; Ricœur
structural violence violence, political
structure,deep and surface Chomsky; linguistics, philoso-
phical relevance of
suárez law, history of philosophy of; Renaissance philos-
ophy; Spanish philosophy
subaltern logic, traditional
subconscious mind see unconscious and subconscious
mind
subcontraries square of opposition
subject see self
subject and predicate descriptions, theory of; logic, tra-
ditional; Megarics; philosophical logic; Plato; referring;
sentences and statements; substance and attribute
subjective truth double truth; Kierkegaard
subjectivism see objectivism and subjectivism
subjectivity appearance and reality; consciousness; con-
sciousness, its irreducibility; intersubjective; mind, his-
tory of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the
philosophy of; Nagel, T.; self
sublime Burke; holy, numinous, and sacred
substance and attribute Aristotle; Buddhist philosophy;
change; Descartes; harmony, pre-established; Kant;
Leibniz; Locke; matter; metaphysics, history of; meta-
physics, problems of; mode; monads and monadology;
monism and pluralism; ontology; Plato; prime matter;
properties; properties, individual; qualities; Quinton;
self; Spinoza; subject and predicate; things; universals

substratum see substance and attribute
sufficient condition see necessary and sufficient con-
dition
sufficient reason, principle of Leibniz; metaphysics,
history of; Schopenhauer
sufism
suicide euthanasia
SUMMUM BONUM see good, greatest
supererogation duty; ideals, moral; moral philosophy,
problems of
superman Nietzsche; slave morality
superstructure see base and superstructure
supervaluation
supervenience Davidson; Kim; mind, problems of the
philosophy of; other minds; physicalism in the philoso-
phy of mind; psychophysical laws
supposition theory logic, history of
survival see immortality
swedish philosophy
swinburne religion, history of the philosophy of
syllogism antilogism; Barbara, Celarent; inference, imme-
diate; logic, history of; logic, modern; logic, traditional;
undistributed middle
symbol see sign and symbol
symbolic logic see logic, formal or symbolic
symbols, logical seeappendix on logical symbols; nota-
tions, logical
symmetric relation relations
sympathy benevolence; emotion and feeling; Hume; moral
philosophy, history of

syncategorematic term
syndicalism anarchism; Weil; worker control
synonymy language, problems of the philosophy of;
linguistics, philosophical relevance of; meaning; syn-
tactics
syntactics language, history of the philosophy of; prag-
matics; semantics; semiotics
synthetic a priori judgements analytic and synthetic state-
ments; a priori and a posteriori; Kant; Kripke
synthetic statements see analytic and synthetic state-
ments
TABULA RASA empiricism; innate ideas; Locke
tacit knowledge
tagore Indian philosophy
tanabe hajime Japanese philosophy; nothingness, absolute
tantra guru; Indian philosophy; Veda¯nta
TAO see confucianism
taoism Chinese philosophy; Chuang Tzuˇ; histories of
moral philosophy; Korean philosophy; Lao Tzuˇ
tarot Dummett
tarski formal semantics, philosophical relevance of;
logic, history of; meaning; model theory; Polish philos-
ophy; satisfaction; semantic conception of truth; snow
is white; Vienna Circle
tar-water Berkeley
taste aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of; Bril-
lat-Savarin; sensibility
tautology logic, modern; logical truth; propositional
calculus; truth-tables; Wittgenstein
taylor, charles political philosophy, history of

taylor, richard
TE see confucianism
teaching and indoctrinating education, history of the
philosophy of; education, problems of the philosophy
of; ideology; teaching philosophy
teaching philosophy American philosophy; philosophy,
departments and centres of
technology see frankfurt school
teleological argument for the existence of god God,
arguments for the existence of
teleological explanation Anaxagoras; Anselm; Aristo-
tle; base and superstructure; biology, philosophical
problems of; causality; Darwinism; explanation; final
causes; Nagel, E.; Plato; science, history of the philoso-
phy of; science, problems of the philosophy of; teleo-
logical explanation for the existence of God; unlikely
philosophical propositions; why
teleology see teleological explanation; aristotle;
causality; biology, philosophical problems of;
nagel, e.
temperance see self-control
1052 Index and List of Entries
temporal properties and relations see a-series and b-
series
tender- and tough-minded James
tense time
term logic, traditional; syncategorematic
terrorism political philosophy, problems of; political vio-
lence; social change, means of
TERTIUM NON DATUR see excluded middle, law of

testimony genetic fallacy; knowledge; philosophy; trust
test of time aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems
of; conservatism; tradition
thales philosophy, history of departments and centres
of; Pre-Socratic philosophy
theism see god
theodicy evil, problem of; Geach; Hick; religion, history
of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the philoso-
phy of; Stoicism
theology and philosophy atheism and agnosticism; dou-
ble truth; German philosophy; God and the philoso-
phers; religion, history of the philosophy of; religion,
problems of the philosophy of
theophrastus Aristotelianism
theorem axiomatic method; natural deduction; proposi-
tional calculus
theory Boltzmann; Craig’s theorem; hypothetico-deductive
method; model; observation and theory; reductionism;
science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems
of the philosophy of; reductionism; van Fraassen;
verisimilitude
theory-ladenness theory
theory theory of mind simulation
theosophy Renaissance philosophy
thing-in-itself appearance and reality; idealism, philo-
sophical; Jacobi; Kant; Kantianism; metaphysics, his-
tory of; neo-Kantianism; phenomena and noumena;
Schopenhauer
things abstract entities; being; event; existence; existen-
tial proposition; external world; individuation; Leibniz;

matter; mereology; monism and pluralism; ontology;
properties; Quinton; real; substance; ‘to be’, the verb;
vague objects
thinking belief; cognition; concept; critical thinking; deliber-
ation; language of thought; ratiocination; reasoning;
understanding
thinking, critical see critical thinking
thinking causes mental causation; reasons and causes
third man argument Aristotle; Plato
third way, the
thomism Cajetan; Gilson; medieval philosophy; neo-
Thomism; religion, history of the philosophy of; reli-
gion, problems of the philosophy of; Thomism,
analytical
thomism, analytical Geach; Kenny
thomism, neo- see neo-thomism
thomson
thoreau American philosophy; civil disobedience; New
England Transcendentalism
thought see thinking; cognition; language of thought
thought, language of see language of thought
thought, laws of see laws of thought
thought experiments cat, Schrödinger’s; Chinese room;
counter-example, philosophy by; experiment; time-
travel
thrasymachus
threats and offers
time A-Series and B-Series; Bergson; Bonaventure; Buddhist
philosophy; change; endurance and perdurance; eternity;
Heidegger; Husserl; McTaggart; Maxwell’s demon;

medieval philosophy; Mellor; persistence through time;
presentism; Reichenbach; relativity; specious present;
space; space-time; tense; time’s arrow; time-travel
time preference
time’s arrow
causal asymmetry; time
time-travel time
‘to be’, the verb appearance and reality; being; event;
existence; existential proposition; external world;
Kotarbin´ski; Leibniz; matter; ontology; Quinton; real;
things
token Peirce
toland Irish philosophy; pantheism
tolerance, principle of see carnap
toleration liberalism; liberty; pluralism;
tone
topic-neutral
tradition test of time
tragedy aesthetics, history of; Nietzsche
transcendence
transcendental analytic Kant; Kantianism; metaphysics,
history of
transcendental arguments Kant; Kantianism; metaphysics,
history of
transcendential deduction Kant
transcendental idealism Kant
transcendental unity of apperception see apperception
transcendentalism idealism, philosophical; Kant; Kantian-
ism; New England Transcendentalism; metaphysics,
history of; Romanticism, philosophical

transitive relation relations
translation, indeterminacy of Ajdukiewicz; charity, prin-
ciple of; language, problems of the philosophy of;
meaning; Quine
transparency see opacity and transparency
transposition contraposition
transvaluation of values Nietzsche; values
traversal of the infinite infinity
triangulation Davidson
trolley problem acts and omissions
trope properties, individual
trotsky dialectical materialism; Marx; Marxist philosophy
true for me see relativism, epistemological
trust testimony
truth Aquinas; coherence; coherence theory of truth;
correspondence theory of truth; deflationary theories
of truth; disquotation; double truth; fuzzy logic; James;
language, history of the philosophy of; Leibniz; logical
truth; moral realism; necessity, logical; paraconsistent
Index and List of Entries 1053
logic; philosophical logic; plausibility; pragmatic the-
ory of truth; realism and anti-realism; redundancy the-
ory of truth; semantic theory of truth; subjective truth;
truth and truthfulness; truth-conditions; truth-
function; truth-table; truth-value; unlikely philosophi-
cal propositions; Vaihinger; verisimilitude
truth, coherence theory of see coherence theory
truth, correspondence theory of see correspondence
theory
truth, deflationary theories of see deflationary the-

ories
truth, double see double truth
truth, logical see logical truth
truth, pragmatic theory of see pragmatic theory
truth, redundancy theory of see redundancy theory
truth, semantic theory of see semantic theory
truth, subjective see subjective truth
truth and truthfulness
truth conditions logic, modern; language, history of the
philosophy of
truth-function propositional calculus
truth-table propositional calculus; truth-value
truth-value propositional calculus; truth-table
trying action
tugendhat German philosophy
turing computers; mind, history of the philosophy of
turing machine artificial intelligence; complexity theory;
computers; functionalism; mechanism; Turing
twardowski Meinong; Polish philosophy
twin earth individualism and anti-individualism; Put-
nam
two-envelopes paradox
tychism see peirce
type see token
types, theory of higher-order logic; logic, history of; math-
ematics, history of the philosophy of; reducibility,
axiom of; Russell’s paradox; set theory; vicious-circle
principle
ugliness beauty
unamuno Spanish philosophy

uncertainty principle determinism; determinism, sci-
entific; quantum mechanics
unconscious and subconscious mind Freud; Hartmann,
E.; motives and motivation; Nietzsche; pseudo-
philosophy; psychoanalysis, philosophical problems of;
Schelling
undecidability Derrida; mathematics, history of the phi-
losophy of; mathematics, problems of the philosophy of
underdetermination overdetermination
understanding belief; cognition; Gadamer; Kant; meta-
physics, history of; Romanticism, philosophical; rea-
son; reasoning; thinking; verstehen; wisdom
underworld of philosophy see philosophy, world and
underworld
undistributed middle logic, traditional; syllogism
unhappy consciousness see alienation; feuerbach
uniformity of nature causality; induction; laws, natural
or scientific; necessity, nomic; science, history of the
philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of
union theory consciousness, its irreducibility; mind–body
problem; psychophysical laws
unity of science, unified science physics; science, diver-
sity of
unity of virtues virtues
universal grammar Chomsky; grammar
universalizability Hare; universalizability, moral
universalizability, moral categorical imperative; Hare;
golden rule; Kant; Kantian ethics; moral judgement;
moral philosophy, history of; universalizability
universal proposition predicate calculus; traditional logic

universal quantifier see quantifier
universals Aristotle; Armstrong; language, history of the
philosophy of; medieval philosophy; Meinong; meta-
physics, history of; metaphysics, problems of; nominal-
ism; Ockham; one-over-many problem; ontology;
phenomenology; philosophical logic; Plato; properties;
qualities; relations, the nature of; realism and anti-real-
ism; substance and attribute; Wyclif
universals, concrete see concrete universals
unlikely philosophical propositions nothing so absurd;
nothing so extravagant and irrational
unsaturated expression Frege; incomplete symbol
upanishads Hindu philosophy; Indian philosophy; S
´
an˙kara;
Schopenhauer; Veda¯nta; vegetarianism
use and meaning meaning; Wittgenstein
use and mention formal and material mode
utilitarianism agent-relative moralities; benevolence; Ben-
tham; Brandt; capital punishment; consequentialism;
deontological ethics; economics, philosophy of; ends
and means; Godwin; greatest happiness principle;
hedonism; incommensurability, moral; medical ethics;
Mill, John Stuart; moral absolutism; moral philosophy,
history of; moral philosophy, problems of; philosophy;
Priestley; prioritarianism; punishment; Rashdall; right
action; rights; Shaftesbury; Sidgwick; Singer; utility;
well-being
utility Bentham; economics, philosophy of; game the-
ory; Jevons; Mill, John Stuart; moral philosophy, prob-

lems of; utilitarianism
utility, principle of see greatest happiness principle;
utilitarianism
utopianism Marx; Marxist philosophy; political philoso-
phy, history of; Proudhon; social engineering
vagueness language, problems of the philosophy of; lin-
guistics, philosophical relevance of; open texture;
philosophical logic; Sainsbury; vague objects; William-
son
vague objects vagueness
vaihinger as if; German philosophy
validity deduction; logical theory; logic, modern; neces-
sity, logical
valla Italian philosophy; Renaissance
value aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of; axio-
logical ethics; beauty; ends and means; error theory of
1054 Index and List of Entries
value; ethics and aesthetics; fact–value distinction;
good; instrumental value; metaphysics, problems of;
moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, prob-
lems of; nihilism; Perry; Scheler; supervaluations;
transvaluation of values; value aesthetic
value, aesthetic aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, prob-
lems of; beauty; ugliness
value, error theory of see error theory of value
value, instrumental see instrumental value
values, transvaluation of see transvaluation of val-
ues
values and facts see fact–value distinction
van fraassen science, history of the philosophy of

variable logic, modern; quantifier; schema
variable realization functionalism; identity theory; men-
tal reductionism; physicalism in the philosophy of
mind; realization; reductionism, mental
vattimo Italian philosophy
vedanta Bhagavadgi¯ta¯; Hindu philosophy; Indian philos-
ophy; karma; Madhva; mantra; Radhakrishnan;
Ra¯ma¯nuja; S
´
an˙kara; Upanishads
veda, vedic see indian philosophy; veda¯nta
vegetarianism animals
veil of ignorance original appearance; Rawls
veil of perception naïve realism; perception; phenome-
nalism; representative theory of perception; sense-data
vengeance see revenge
verifiability see verification principle
verification principle Ayer; falsifiability; language; Log-
ical Positivism; nonsense; Peirce; philosophical inquiry;
Verification Principle; Vienna Circle
verificationism Logical Positivism, verification principle
verisimilitude Popper; science, problems of the philoso-
phy of
VERITATIS SPLENDOR
VERSTEHEN Dilthey; German philosophy; understanding
vices virtues
vicious circle circularity; vicious-circle principle; virtu-
ous circle
vicious-circle principle begging the question; circular-
ity; impredicative definition; vicious circle

vico history, history of the philosophy of; Italian philoso-
phy; national character
vienna circle Ayer; Carnap; Bergmann; Finnish philoso-
phy; language, history of the philosophy of; Nagel, E.;
Neurath; Logical Positivism; Naess; Polish philosophy;
Popper; Schlick; science, history of the philosophy of;
verification principle
violence, democratic see democratic violence
violence, political anarchism; civil disobedience; demo-
cratic violence; Fanon; Marx; Marxism; political philos-
ophy, history of; political philosophy, problems of;
revolution; Sorel; structural violence; syndicalism; ter-
rorism; war, just
violence, structural see structural violence
virtue, unity of
virtue epistemology virtues
virtues Aristotle; character; Chu Hsi; courage; Foot;
Hume; loyalty; Martineau; mean, doctrine of the;
moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, prob-
lems of; Plato; right action; sexual morality; unity of
virtues; vices; virtues, intellectual
virtues, doxastic belief; belief, ethics of; doxastic volun-
tarism; Renouvier; will to believe
virtues, intellectual virtues
virtuous circle hermeneutic circle; vicious circle
viscous see slime
vitalism entelechy; life; Weltanschauung
vitoria Renaissance philosophy
vlastos
void atomism, physical; Buddhist philosophy; Epicurus;

materialism; metaphysics, history of; Na¯ga¯rjuna; non-
being and nothing; nothingness; space
volition intention; mental causation; reasons and causes;
will
voltaire Enlightenment; philosophe; politics and the
philosophers
voluntariness see compatibilism and incompatibilism;
embraced and reluctant desires; freedom; spontane-
ity and indifference; voluntarism, doxastic
voluntarism, doxastic belief; virtues, doxastic; will to
believe
voluntarism, ethical Kantian ethics
von hartmann see hartmann
von neumann, see neumann
von wright Finnish philosophy; Wittgensteinians
VORSTELLUNG concept; ideas; idealism, philosophical; image;
representation
voting paradox paradoxes
vygotsky Russian philosophy; Soviet philosophy
walton
walzer consent; contract, social; international relations,
philosophy of; justice
wang, hao
wang yang-ming Chinese philosophy
war, just international relations, philosophy of; violence,
political
war and philosophy philosophy; war, just
warnock, g. j. Berkeley
warnock, mary bioethics; moral sense; slippery slope
war of all against all see state of nature

watson behaviourism
watsuji tetsuro¯ Japanese philosophy; nothingness, absolute
weakness of will see akrasia
weber authority; German philosophy;legitimacy
weil
welfarism conservatism; equality; justice; Sen; socialism;
well-being
well-being Aristotle; equality; Griffin; inequality; justice;
moral philosophy, problems of; needs; Pareto optimal-
ity; quality of life; Sen; utilitarianism; utility; welfarism
well-formed formula formal language; propositional cal-
culus
WELTANSCHAUUNG Dilthey; German philosophy
weyl’s paradox Grelling’s paradox; paradoxes
Index and List of Entries 1055