The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 105 pdf

fallacy affirming the consequent; ambiguous middle;
argument; begging the question; composition and
division, fallacies of; confectionery; definist; equivoca-
tion; four-term; gambler’s; genetic; ignoratio elenchi;
intentional; many questions; masked man; Monte
Carlo; naturalistic; philosophical logic; straw man
fallibilism Dewey; falisifiability; Peirce
false consciousness Marx; Marxist philosophy
falsifiability fallibilism; verifiability
family, ethics and the
family resemblance Wittgenstein
fanon violence, political
fa¯ra¯bi¯, al- Islamic philosophy; Platonism
fascism anti-communism; Gentile; Italian philosophy;
race, theories of; racism; State, the; right, the political
new; totalitarianism
fashion in philosophy American philosophy; English
philosophy; French philosophy; German philosophy;
journals of philosophy; national and regional philoso-
phies; philosophical inquiry: first premisses and prin-
ciples; philosophy; philosophy, history of centres and
departments of
fatalism astrology; Calvinism; destiny; determinism, logical;
many-valued logics; Master Argument; Molina; sea-
battle argument
fear emotion and feeling
feeling see emotion and feeling
feinberg
felicific calculus see hedonic calculus
feminism care, ethics of; Conway; de Beauvoir; episte-
mology, feminist; equality; feminism, radical; feminist

epistemology; feminist ethics; feminist philosophy;
feminist philosophy of science; feminist political
theory; gender; Héloïse complex; Irigaray; Kristeva;
law, feminist philosophy of; Le Dœuff; lesbian femi-
nism; Levinas; love; masculism; Mill, John Stuart; public–
private distinction; Radcliffe Richards; radical philoso-
phy; Schutz; science, feminist philosophy of; sexism;
sexuality, philosophy of; social constructionism; Woll-
stonecraft; women in philosophy
feminism, lesbian see lesbian feminism
feminism, radical feminism; feminist political theory
feminist epistemology see epistemology, feminist; mas-
culism
feminist ethics care, ethics of; feminism; feminist phil-
osophy; feminist political theory; masculism
feminist philosophy care, ethics of; Conway; de Beau-
voir; epistemology, feminist; feminism; feminism, rad-
ical; feminist epistemology; feminist ethics; feminist
philosophy of science; gender; Héloïse complex; Iri-
garay; Kristeva; law, feminist philosophy of; Le Dœuff;
lesbian feminism; Levinas; masculism; Mill, John Stu-
art; public–private; Radcliffe Richards; Schutz; science,
feminist philosophy of; sexism; social constructionism;
Wollstonecraft; women in philosophy
feminist philosophy of law seelaw,feminist philosophy of
feminist philosophy of science see science, feminist phil-
osophy of
feminist political philosophy feminism; feminism, rad-
ical; feminist ethics
ferguson Scottish philosophy

ferrater-mora Spanish philosophy
fertilization in vitro applied ethics; medical ethics; slip-
pery slope
feuerbach German philosophy; Hegelianism; Left Hege-
lians
feyerabend mind, history of the philosophy of; science,
history of the philosophy of; science, problems of phil-
osophy of
fichte German philosophy; idealism, German; idealism,
philosophical; Kantianism; national character;
Romanticism, philosophical; war and philosophy;
Wissenschaftslehre
ficino Italian philosophy; Platonism; Renaissance phil-
osophy
fiction fictional names; literature and philosophy
fictional names names; referring
fideism faith and reason; God and the philosophers
field mathematics, problems of the philosophy of
field theory
figures of the syllogism see syllogism
film, philosophy of
filmer Locke
final causes causality; teleological explanation
fine
fingering slave
finnis law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of
the philosophy of
finnish philosophy Hintikka
fire see bachelard
first cause argument arkhe¯; God, arguments for the

existence of; God, arguments against the existence of;
prime mover
first-person perspective see dualism
five ways Aquinas; God, arguments against the existence
of; God, arguments for the existence of
flaccid designator Kripke; names; possible worlds; rigid
designator
flesh see merleau-ponty
flow of the wind see korean philosophy
flux Heraclitus; process
focal meaning meaning
fodor holism; language of thought hypothesis; unity of
science
fogelin
folk psychology Churchland; eliminativism; neuroscience,
philosophical relevance of; Stich
føllesdal Norwegian philosophy
foot moral philosophy, history of; virtues
footnotes to plato ancient philosophy; Neoplatonism;
philosophy; Platonism; Whitehead
foreknowledge see prediction
forgery lying; plagiarism
forgiveness atonement; hell; moral psychology
for-itself and in-itself bad faith; de Beauvoir; Sartre;
slime
1020 Index and List of Entries
fork, hume’s analytic and synthetic statements; a priori
and a posteriori; contingent and necessary statements;
Hume; reason as slave of the passions
form, logical logic, modern

formal and material mode
formalism Kreisel; logic, history of; mathematics, history
of the philosophy of; mathematics, problems of the
philosophy of; realism and anti-realism
formalism, ethical see ethical formalism
formalization formal language; form, logical
formal language formalization; independence, logical;
logic, modern
formal logic see logic, formal or symbolic
formal semantics, philosophical relevance of seman-
tics
form and matter Aristotle; Forms, Platonic; hylomorph-
ism; matter; Plato; prime matter
form of life culture; linguistic philosophy; Winch; Witt-
genstein
forms, platonic anamnesis; Aristotle; Augustine; cave,
analogy of; idealism, philosophical; ideas; mathemat-
ics, problems of the philosophy of; metaphysics, history
of; phenomena and noumena; philosophy; Plato; Pla-
tonism; Plotinus; Schopenhauer; Socrates; third-man
argument; transcendentalism; universals
formula logic, modern
foucault French philosophy; homosexuality; sexuality,
philosophy of
foundationalism boat, Neurath’s; Chisholm; empiricism;
epistemology; history of; epistemology, problems of;
given; justification, epistemic; knowledge; principle;
religion, problems of philosophy of; Rorty
foundationalism in mathematics Gödel
four freedoms democracy; freedom; liberty

four noble truths see buddhist philosophy
four-term fallacy fallacies
frame problem
frankena
frankfurt
frankfurt school Adorno; Benjamin; continental phil-
osophy; German philosophy; Habermas; ideology;
Marcuse; Marxist philosophy
franklin
fraternity community; friendship
frede
free, freedom see freedom and determinism; freedom,
political
free logics
freedom, academic see academic freedom
freedom, political anarchism; contract, social; democ-
racy; four freedoms; freedom of speech; freedom, polit-
ical; Hegel; liberalism; liberty; Marsilius; Marxist
philosophy; political freedom; political philosophy, his-
tory of; political philosophy, problems of; rights
freedom and determinism Abelard; agent-causation Augus-
tine; autonomy and heteronomy; Calvin; Calvinism;
chance; chaos theory; choosing and deciding; compati-
bilism and incompatibilism; destiny; determinism;
Edwards, J.; embraced and reluctant desires; Epictetus;
fatalism; Frankfurt; freedom and determinism; free-
dom through reason and goodness; Hegel; Hegelian-
ism; Hobbes; Hume; indeterminism; James; Kant;
libertarianism; mechanism; metaphysics, problems of;
mind, history of the philosophy of; Molina; moral

philosophy, problems of; neuroscience, philosophical
relevance of; origination; paradigm case argument;
prediction; quantum theory and philosophy; res-
ponsibility; Sartre; Schopenhauer; Spinoza; spontane-
ity and indifference; Stoicism; Strawson; Thomism;
will.
freedom and liberty liberty
freedom of goodness and reason
Hegel; liberty; Sto-
icism
freedom of speech civil liberties
freedoms, four see four freedoms
free riders
free will see freedom and determinism, origination
frege indexicals; indirect discourse; language, history of
the philosophy of; language, problems of the philoso-
phy of; logically perfect language; logical theory; logic,
history of; logicism; materialism; mathematics; history
of the philosophy of; meaning; names; propositional
calculus; psychologism; quantifier; sense and reference;
tone; saturated and unsaturated expressions
french philosophy Arnauld; Bachelard; Barthes; Bau-
drillard; Bayle; Bergson; Brillat-Savarin; Brunschvicg;
Camus; Cartesianism; Comte; Condillac; Condorcet;
‘continental’ and ‘analytic’; continental philosophy;
Couturat; d’Alembert; de Beauvoir; deconstruction;
Deleuze; Derrida; Descartes; Diderot; différance; dis-
course; Durkheim; élan vital; Encyclopaedists; existen-
tialism; Fanon; Foucault; French philosophy; Gassendi;
Geulincx; Gilson; Héloïse complex; Helvétius; Hol-

bach; Irigaray; Lacan; Lévi-Strauss; Levinas; Lévy-
Bruhl; Lyotard; Maine de Biran; Malebranche; Marcel;
Merleau-Ponty; Meyerson; Montaigne; Montesquieu;
Other; Pascal; philosophes; philosophy, history of
centres and departments of; Port-Royalists; post-
modernism; Renouvier; Ricœur; Rousseau; Saint-
Simon; Sartre; Sorel; structuralism; Voltaire; Weil
french philosophy today ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’
frequency theory see probability
freud counselling, philosophical; Jung; Lacan; pseudo-
science; psychoanalysis, philosophical problems of;
Reich; Ricœur; Sartre; unconscious and subconscious
mind
friendship egoism and altruism; fraternity; loyalty; love
fringe philosophy
function argument; Frege; propositional function;
values
functional explanation see teleological explanation
functionalism Armstrong; Block; Chinese room; con-
sciousness, its irreducibility; Dennett; epiphenomenal-
ism; inverted spectrum; Lycan; Mary, black and white;
mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems
of the philosophy of; mind, syntax, and semantics;
Index and List of Entries 1021
psychology and philosophy; Putnam; realization;
reductionism, mental; Searle; Shoemaker; Turing
machine; unlikely philosophical propositions; variable
realization
future see time
future contingents sea-battle argument

future generations person-affecting principles; popula-
tion
fuzzy logic
gabirol see ibn gabirol
gadamer hermeneutics
galen ancient philosophy
galileo cosmology; new philosophy calls all in doubt;
science, history of the philosophy of; Platonism
gambler’s fallacy fallacy
game theory Braithwaite; decision theory; maximin and
minimax; Neumann
gandhi Indian philosophy
garden, the see epicureanism
gassendi Cartesianism; Descartes; French philosophy
gauthier Canadian philosophy; contractarianism; moral
philosophy, history of
gavagai see translation, indeterminacy of
geach analytical Thomism; identity; Wiggins
GEIST see spirit
gender ethics, feminist; feminism; feminist philosophy;
masculism; sex
generalization universal proposition; law, natural or
scientific; philosophical logic
generalization, rule of predicate calculus
general properties see properties, general
general will political philosophy, history of; Rousseau
generations, justice between development ethics; justice
genetic epistemology see epistemology, genetic
genetic fallacy reliabilism; testimony
genetics and morality bioethics

genius Diderot; great man theory of history; Romanti-
cism, philosophical
gentile Hegelianism; Italian philosophy; politics and the
philosophers
gentzen natural deduction; normalization; proof theory
genus and species categories; definition; determinables
and determinates; infima species, Porphyry
german philosophy Adorno; Albertus Magnus; anthro-
pology, philosophical; Avenarius; Barth; Bauer; Ben-
jamin; Bonhoeffer; Burckhardt; Cassirer; ‘continental’
and ‘analytic’; Dasein; Dilthey; Feuerbach; Fichte;
Frankfurt School; Gadamer; German philosophy;
Goethe; Habermas; Hartmann, E. von; Hartmann, N.;
Heidegger; Hegel; Hegelianism; Herder; hermeneutics;
Humboldt; Husserl; idealism, philosophical; Ingarden;
Jacobi; Jaspers; Kant; Kantian ethics; Kantianism; Kaut-
sky; Kraus; Leibniz; Lessing; Lichtenberg; Lotze;
Luther; Marx; Meinong; Mendelssohn; Naturphiloso-
phie; neo-Kantianism; Nietzsche; nothingness; phenom-
enology; philosophes; philosophy, history of centres
and departments of; Pufendorf; Reichenbach; Scheler;
Schelling; Schiller; Schlegel; Schleiermacher; Schlick;
Schopenhauer; Stirner; Tugendhat; Vaihinger; Verste-
hen; Vienna Circle; Weber; Weltanschauung; Wis-
senschaftslehre; Wolff
german philosophy today ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’
gestalt theory perception; seeing as
gettier counter-example, philosophy by; knowledge
geulincx Cartesianism; Netherlands philosophy
gewirth rights

ghaza¯li¯, al- Islamic philosophy
ghost in the machine Descartes; dualism; ego; mental-
ity; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems
of the philosophy of; Ryle; self; subjectivity
gibbard
giles of rome
gilson neo-Thomism
given, the certainty; incorrigibility; foundationalism; Lewis,
C. I.; myth of the given; neo-Kantianism; perception;
representative theory of perception; scepticism; scepti-
cism, history of; sense-data
globalization, morality, politics and ethics develop-
ment ethics; markets and the public good
glover killing
gnoseology knowledge
gnosticism Platonism
god
analytical Thomism; Anselm; antitheism; Aquinas;
atheism and agnosticism; Bonhoeffer; Boyle; Bright-
man; Buber; Bultmann; Cajetan; Calvinism; causa sui;
Conway; cosmological argument; cosmology and reli-
gious belief; creationism; credo quia absurdum est; credo
ut intelligam; deism; design, argument from; Duns Sco-
tus; evil, the problem of; Feuerbach; first cause argu-
ment; Gilson; God; God and the philosophers; God,
arguments against the existence of; God, arguments for
the existence of; God is dead; godmanhood; hell; holy,
numinous, and sacred; Islamic philosophy; Jansenism;
Jewish philosophy; Laplace; Maimonides; Manichaeism;
neo-Thomism; Nietzsche; Nicholas of Cusa; onto-

logical argument; pantheism; Pascal’s wager; Plantinga;
prime mover; Ra¯ma¯nuja; religion, history of the phil-
osophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy of; reli-
gion, scepticism about; Schelling; Spinoza; Swinburne;
teleological argument for the existence of God; theism;
Thomism; Thomism, analytical; veritatis splendor
god, arguments against the existence of atheism and
agnosticism; God and the philosophers; evil, the prob-
lem of; religion, scepticism about
god, arguments for the existence of Aquinas; cosmo-
logical argument; design; first cause; ontological argu-
ment; religion, history of the philosophy of; religion,
problems of the philosophy of; religion, scepticism
about; religious experience; teleological argument
god and the philosophers atheism and agnosticism;
Berkeley; Feuerbach; hell; Hume; Kant; religion, scep-
ticism about; Spinoza; fideism; Hegel; Nietzsche; reli-
gion, history of the philosophy of; religion, problems of
the philosophy of; Russell; Sartre; theology and phil-
osophy
1022 Index and List of Entries
gödel choice, axiom of; completeness; decidability; Gödel’s
theorem; formalism; incompleteness; logic, history of;
logic, modern; mathematics, history of the philosophy
of; Russell; Wang
gödel’s theorem Gödel; logic, history of; mathematics,
history of philosophy of; mechanism
god is dead Nietzsche; nihilism
godmanhood Solovyov
godwin anarchism

goethe German philosophy; Schopenhauer
goldbach’s conjecture number
golden mean see mean, doctrine of the
golden mountain see meinong
golden rule natural rights; universalizability
goldman knowledge
good aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of;
axiological ethics; good, greatest good, the form of;
good in itself; good will; instrumental value; moral
judgement; moral philosophy, history of; moral
philosophy, problems of; naturalistic fallacy; natural
law; obligation; right action; slave morality; Stoicism;
summum bonum; transvaluation of values; utility;
value; virtues; well-being
good, greatest Buddhist philosophy; moral philosophy,
problems of; Plotinus; summum bonum; utilitarianism
good, the form of transcendence
good-in-itself ends and means; instrumental value;
moral philosophy, problems of
goodman aesthetics, history of; grue; mereology; music
good will Kant; Kantian ethics
gorgias Plato; Sophists
grace
grammar Chomsky; linguistics; structure, deep and sur-
face; statements and sentences
grammar, autonomy of beetle in the box; grammatical
proposition; Wittgenstein
grammatical proposition grammar, autonomy of; Witt-
genstein
gramsci Italian philosophy; Marxist philosophy; politics

and the philosophers
greatest happiness principle Bentham; Mill; happiness;
hedonic calculus; political philosophy, history of;
Priestley; utilitarianism; utility
great man theory of history history, history of the
philosophy of
great-souled man Aristotle
greek philosophy see ancient philosophy; greek phil-
osophy, modern
greek philosophy, modern
green English philosophy; idealism, British; liberalism;
Oxford philosophy
gregory of rimini medieval philosophy
grelling’s paradox heterological and homological; para-
doxes; Weyl’s paradox
grice
implicature; meaning; Lexicon, the Philosophical;
pragmatics
griffin well-being
grossman Meinong
grosseteste
grotius law, history of the philosophy of; libertarianism,
left-; Netherlands philosophy
grue Goodman; induction
grünbaum science, history of the philosophy of
guilt moral psychology; original sin; Pelagius; shame
guru Indian philosophy; Veda¯nta; Tantra
habermas Frankfurt School; law and continental philoso-
phy; Lyotard
habit memory see memory

hacking
haecceity essence; properties; qualities
halevi Jewish philosophy
hallucination illusion
hamilton Scottish philosophy
hamlyn epistemology, history of; metaphysics, history of
hampshire London philosophy
hannay Kierkegaard; Norwegian philosophy
hao wang see wang
happiness Bentham; Epicureanism; eudaimonia; greatest
happiness principle; Hartmann, E. von; hedonic calcu-
lus; Mill, John Stuart; moral philosophy, history of;
pleasure; utilitarianism; well-being
hard determinism see freedom and determinism
hare akrasia; fact–value distinction; moral philosophy,
history of; prescriptivism; universalizability, moral;
neustic and phrastic
harm consequentialism
harman explanationism
harmony, logical natural deduction
harmony, pre-established Leibniz
hart law, history of philosophy of; law, positive; law,
problems of philosophy of; responsibility
hartley associationism
hartmann, eduard von German philosophy
hartmann, nicolai German philosophy
hartshorne process philosophy
harvard philosophy American philosophy; philosophy,
history of centres and departments of
hayek anti-communism; conservatism; political scepti-

cism; progress
heap, paradox of bald man paradox; paradoxes; philo-
sophical logic; vagueness
heaven hell; religion, history of the philosophy of; reli-
gion, problems of philosophy of
hedonic calculus Bentham; hedonism; utilitarianism
hedonism asceticism; Bradley; hedonism, ancient; moral
philosophy, history of; pleasure; self-defeating theories;
utilitarianism
hedonism, ancient Aristippus; Aristotle; Democritus;
Epicurus; Plato; pleasure; utilitarianism
hegel Adorno; aesthetics, history of; civil society; concrete
universal; continental philosophy; epistemology, his-
tory of; dialectic; German philosophy; Hegelianism;
history, history of the philosophy of; idealism, German;
idealism, philosophical; learning paradox; Marx;
master and slave; material contradiction; metaphysics,
Index and List of Entries 1023
history of; moral philosophy, history of; organic
society; Owl of Minerva; Platonism; progress; Roman-
ticism, philosophical; world-soul
hegelianism Bauer; Bradley; Bruno; dialectic; English
philosophy; Feuerbach; Gadamer; German philoso-
phy; God and the philosophers; Green; Hegel;
Kierkegaard; Marx; Marxist philosophy; Owl of Min-
erva; Stirner; world-soul
hegemony imperialism
heidegger Adorno; Angst; authenticity; being in the
world; continental philosophy; existentialism; German
philosophy; Hegelianism; hermeneutics; metaphysics,

history of; nothingness; phenomenology; politics and
the philosophers; Sartre
heisenberg quantum mechanics
hell eschatology; forgiveness; God and the philosophers;
heaven; religion, history of the philosophy of; religion,
problems of the philosophy of; theism
hellenistic philosophy Epicureanism; Master Argument;
Philo Judaeus; Platonism; Roman philosophy; scepti-
cism, history of; Stoicism
héloïse complex Abelard; de Beauvoir; women in phil-
osophy
helvétius
hempel covering-law model; empiricism, logical; explan-
ation; ravens, paradox of; science, problems of the
philosophy of
henry of ghent
heraclitus Cratylus; Pre-Socratic philosophy
herder history, history of the philosophy of; national
character; Romanticism, philosophical
heredity and environment human nature
hermeneutic circle hermeneutics
hermeneutics continental philosophy; German philoso-
phy; German philosophy today; Dilthey; interpret-
ation; Schutz
hermetic corpus wisdom
herzen Russian philosophy
heterological and homological Grelling’s paradox;
paradoxes
heteronomy see autonomy and heteronomy
heuristic education, problems of the philosophy of

higher-order logic logic, modern; types, theory of
hilbert formalism; mathematics, history of the philo-
sophy of; mathematics, problems of the philosophy
of
hindu philosophy Aurobindo; Bhagavadgi¯ta¯; Indian phil-
osophy; karma; Radhakrishnan; Tantra; Upanishads;
Veda¯nta
hintikka Finnish philosophy; Lexicon, the Philosophical
hippocrates
historical determinism see determinism, historical
historical materialism base and superstructure; dialect-
ical materialism; Marx; Marxist philosophy; political
philosophy, history of; Sartre; science, feminist philoso-
phy of
historicism history, history of the philosophy of; social
philosophy; Vico
histories of moral philosophy history, history of the
philosophy of; moral philosophy, history of
HISTORY aesthetic concepts; aesthetics, Islamic; class
struggle; determinism; Enlightenment; great man the-
ory of history; Hegel; Hegelianism; Herder; historical;
historical materialism; historicism; history, history of
the philosophy of; history, problems of the philosophy
of; Marx; Marxist philosophy; stories and explanation;
Vico
history, history of the philosophy of HISTORY
history, problems of the philosophy of HISTORY
hobbes compatibilism and incompatibilism; English phil-
osophy; Leviathan; materialism; moral philosophy,
history of; nasty, brutish, and short; persecution of

philosophers; political philosophy, history of; power;
state of nature
hobhouse liberalism; London philosophy; war and phil-
osophy
hocking
hodgson
hoffding Danish philosophy
holbach Encyclopaedists; French philosophy
holism bootstrapping; Duhem; methodological holism
and individualism
holism, methodological see methodological holism
holy, numinous, and sacred, the God; mysticism; reli-
gion, history of the philosophy of; religious experience;
sublime
homeland, a right to imperialism; international rela-
tions, philosophy of; people
homological see heterological and homological
homosexuality enforcement of morals; human nature;
lesbian feminism; sex; sexual morality
homunculus self
honderich
hook
horizon background; Gadamer; interpretation
hornsby action; agent
horseshoe material implication
horwich
hsün tzü
human, all too human see nietzsche
human beings Darwinism; evolution; Ferguson; human
nature; Marx; nature; needs; personal identity; persons

human nature anthropology, philosophical; conservatism;
education, problems of the philosophy of; evolution;
Hobbes; homosexuality; Hsün Tzuˇ; human beings;
Marx; moral philosophy, history of; national character;
nature; needs; Nietzsche; Plato; Rousseau
human rights liberty, natural rights; rights
humanism Czech philosophy; Epicureanism; Italian phi-
losophy; Mill, John Stuart; Montaigne; Netherlands
philosophy; Renaissance philosophy; Serbian philoso-
phy; Spanish philosophy; Tagore; Valla
humboldt German philosophy; liberalism
hume backgammon; bundle theory of the self; causality;
cement of the universe; constant conjunction; empiri-
cism; English philosophy; epistemology, history of;
1024 Index and List of Entries
explanation; God and the philosophers; Hume’s fork;
induction; laws, natural or scientific; mathematics, his-
tory of the philosophy of; metaphysics, history of; mir-
acles; moral philosophy, history of; moral sense;
naturalism; oar in water; philosopher may preach;
philosophical inquiry; philosophy; philosophy, history
of departments and centres of; philosophy and science;
projectivism; reason as slave of the passions; Reid; reli-
gion, history of the philosophy of; scepticism, history
of; science, problems of the philosophy of; Scottish
philosophy; sincerity; suicide; sympathy; taste
hume’s fork see fork, hume’s
humour comedy; laughter
hungarian philosophy Lukács; Neumann
husserl bracketing; continental philosophy; Føllesdal;

German philosophy; life-world; other; phenomen-
ology
hutcheson Irish philosophy; moral philosophy, history
of; moral sense; Scottish philosophy
hylomorphism form and matter; Ockham
hylozoism see panpsychism
hypothesis hypothetico-deductive method; Peirce; the-
ories
hypothetical imperative see categorical imperative
hypothetico-deductive method Bacon; Cambridge phil-
osophy; hypothesis; Jevons; Popper; Whewell
i and thou Buber; Rosenzweig
ibn gabirol Jewish philosophy
ibn khaldu¯n Islamic philosophy
ibn rushd see averroës
ibn si¯na¯ see avicenna
idealism, british metaphysics, history of
idealism, german metaphysics, history of
idealism, philosophical Absolute; appearance and real-
ity; Berkeley; Blanshard; Bosanquet; Bradley; Bright-
man; Bruno; Buddhist philosophy; English philosophy;
esse est percipi; Fichte; Gentile; German philosophy;
Green; Hegel; Hocking; Husserl; Indian philosophy;
Kant; Lenin; Marx; mathematics, problems of the philos-
ophy of; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics, oppo-
sition to; metaphysics, problems of; monism and
pluralism; Oakeshott; perception; philosophy; Plato;
realism and anti-realism; Reid; relations, nature of; rep-
resentative theory of perception; Rescher; revisionary
metaphysics; Royce; Santayana; Schelling; Schiller;

Schopenhauer; Spinoza; spirit; Sprigge; thing-in-itself;
transcendentalism; Vorstellung; Weltanschauung
ideal observer right action
ideals, moral absolutism, moral;supererogation
ideas associationism; concepts; content; Descartes; epis-
temology, history of; Forms; Hume; ideas of pure rea-
son; innate ideas; language of thought hypothesis;
Locke; meaning; Meinong; perception; phenomenal-
ism; proposition; propositional attitude; representa-
tion; representative theory of perception; thinking;
Vorstellung
ideas, innate see innate ideas
ideas of reason Kant; Kantianism; transcendentalism
identity criterion of identity; equivalence; event; iden-
tity of indiscernibles; identity, the paradox of; Leibniz;
Locke; philosophical logic; sense and reference;
Wiggins
identity, criterion of event; identity; identity of indis-
cernibles
identity,
the paradox of identity; paradoxes; Wittgen-
stein
identity of indiscernibles criterion of identity; identity;
identity, the paradox of; Leibniz
identity theory of mind anomalous monism; Davidson;
dualism; materialism; mental reductionism; mind,
problems of philosophy of; mind–body problem; phys-
icalism in the philosophy of mind; topic-neutral; union
theory; variable realization
ideology base and superstructure; Frankfurt School; his-

torical materialism; idols; lying; Marx; nationalism;
noble lie; utopianism
idiolect language
idols Bacon; ideology; Plotinus
if see conditionals
iff biconditional
ignoratio elenchi fallacy
illocutions see linguistic acts
illusion, arguments from appearance and reality; duck-
rabbit; epistemology, history of; hallucination; jaun-
dice; oar in water; percept; perception; pheno-
menalism; scepticism; sense-data
image eidetic imagery; imagination; memory; represen-
tation; Vorstellung
imagery, eidetic see eidetic imagery
imagination Coleridge; image; aesthetics; Sartre
imagination, aesthetic aesthetic attitude; aesthetics, his-
tory of; aesthetics, problems of; fiction; imagination;
Sartre
immediate inference see inference, immediate
immortality atheism and agnosticism; death; mortalism;
reincarnation; religion, history of the philosophy of;
religion, problems of the philosophy of; soul
imperialism hegemony; international relations, philoso-
phy of; Lenin; Marxist philosophy
implication conditionals; entailment; horseshoe; mater-
ial implication; strict implication
implicature Grice; meaning
impredicative definition mathematics, history of the
philosophy of; vicious circle; reducibility, axiom of;

types, theory of
incommensurability relativism; science, history of the
philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy
of
incommensurability, moral moral philosophy, history
of; moral philosophy, problems of; utilitarianism
incompatibilism see compatibilism
incompleteness arithmetic, foundations of; artificial
intelligence; completeness; consistency proofs; Gödel;
Gödel’s theorem
incomplete symbol description; Russell
Index and List of Entries 1025
incongruent counterparts identity of indiscernibles;
Kant; space
inconsistent triad antilogism; aporia; paradoxes
incontinence see weakness of will
incorrigibility certainty; epistemology, history of; given;
privileged access; scepticism
independence, logical
indeterminacy in law law, history of the philosophy of;
law, problems of the philosophy of; legal positivism
indeterminacy of meaning Chomsky; Quine
indeterminacy of translation see translation, inde-
terminacy of
indeterminism causality; chaos theory; determinism;
determinism, scientific; freedom and determinism; lib-
ertarianism; Peirce; Popper; prediction; quantum the-
ory; Renouvier
indexicals logically proper names; self
indian philosophy Aurobindo; Bhagavadgi¯ta¯; Buddhist

philosophy; detachment; Gandhi; guru; Hindu philoso-
phy; Jainism; karma; Madhva; mantra; Na¯ga¯rjuna; nir-
vana; Radhakrishnan; Ra¯ma¯nuja; reincarnation;
S
´
an˙kara; Tagore; Tantra; Upanishads; Veda¯nta
indifference see spontaneity and indifference; freedom
indifference, principle of see probability
indirect discourse Frege
individualism, moral and political agent-relative moral-
ities; autonomy; general will; liberalism; libertarianism
individualism and anti-individualism externalism; twin
earth
individuation counting; philosophical logic; sortal; Straw-
son; things
indoctrination see teaching and indoctrinating
induction abduction; Bacon, F.; consilience; curve-fitting
problem; Goodman; grue; Hume; inference; Kneale;
method, joint; method of agreement; method of con-
comitant variations; method of difference; method of
residues; Mill, John Stuart; Peirce; philosophical logic;
Popper; prediction; Reichenbach; science, problems of
the philosophy of; scientific method
inequality aristocracy, natural; conservatism; difference
principle; élitism; equality; justice; law, scepticism
about; liberalism; socialism; well-being; Wilt Chamber-
lain argument
inference abduction; deduction; implication; induction;
inference to the best explanation; Mill, John Stuart;
modus ponens; philosophical logic; probability

inference, immediate inversion;logic, traditional
inference to the best explanation abduction; Peirce
INFIMA SPECIES genus and species
infinite, traversal of the see traversal of the infinite
infinite regress third man argument
infinitesimals infinity; mathematics, history of the phil-
osophy of; number
infinitism, epistemological
infinity antinomies; apeiron; Cantor; Cantor’s paradox;
Couturat; infinitesimal; infinity, axiom of; mathemat-
ics, history of the philosophy of; mathematics, prob-
lems of philosophy of; number; set theory; traversal of
the infinite; Zeno
infinity, axiom of set theory
informal logic see logic, informal
ingarden phenomenology; Polish philosophy
in-itself see for-itself and in-itself
innate ideas Chomsky; Descartes; empiricism; ideas; Kant;
Leibniz; Locke; rationalism
innateness of language language history and problems
of philosophy of
inner sense apperception; introspection; Maine de Biran;
mentality
instrumentalism conventionalism; Dewey; Duhem; posi-
tivism; science, history of the philosophy of; science,
problems of the philosophy of; realism and anti-realism
instrumental value ends and means; good in itself
insufficient reason, principle of Keynes
integrity conscience; character
intellectual virtues see virtues; doxastic virtues

intelligence rationality; reason; reasoning
intension see extension and intension
intensionality belief; intentionality; meaning; opacity;
reference; semantics
intention action; agent; Anscombe; double effect; rea-
sons and causes; volition; will
intentional fallacy aesthetics, history of; aesthetics,
problems of; fallacies
intentionality biological naturalism; content; intentional
relation; embodiment; language, history of the philoso-
phy of; language, problems of the philosophy of; mean-
ing; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems
of the philosophy of; physicalism in the philosophy of
mind; propositional attitudes; representation; Searle;
sensation
intentional relation intentionality; phenomenology
intentional stance see dennett
interactionism dualism; epiphenomenalism; identity the-
ory; mental causation; mind–body problem; psy-
chophysical laws; union theory
internal and external relations see relations, inter-
nal and external
international relations,philosophy of hegemony; home-
land, right to a; imperialism; justice; war, just; Machia-
velli; Vitoria
international law justice, international; law
internet, philosophy on the
interpretation Davidson; Gadamer; hermeneutics; hori-
zon; language, problems of the philosophy of; life-
world; novel, the philosophical; Peirce; Ricœur;

scepticism; seeing as; sign and symbol
intersubjective other minds; Pareto optimality; subject-
ivity
intrinsic good see good-in-itself
introspection apperception; awareness, sense; Heracli-
tus; inner sense; mentality; self; self-consciousness
intuition doxa; irrationalism; Kant; moral philosophy,
problems of; Prichard
intuitionism, ethical moral philosophy, history and
problems of philosophy of
1026 Index and List of Entries
intuitionism, mathematical bivalence; Brouwer; con-
structivism; Dummett; intuitionist logic; logic, history
of; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; math-
ematics, problems of the philosophy of
intuitionist logic negation and double negation; logic,
modern; natural deduction
inversion distribution of terms
inverted spectrum functionalism
invisible hand conservatism; liberalism; markets; Smith
inwardness Kierkegaard; religiousness A and B
iqbal Islamic philosophy; knowledge by presence
irigaray feminism; French philosophy
irish philosophy Berkeley; Burke; English philosophy;
Eriugena; Hutcheson; Molyneux; Toland
iron block universe see determinism
irony, romantic Romanticism, philosophical
irony, socratic elenchus; Socrates; Socratic method
irrationalism enthusiasm; intuition; reason; Spanish
philosophy

irwin histories of moral philosophy
is see ‘to be’; being; real; subject and predicate
‘is’ and ‘ought’ fact–value distinction; moral judgement;
moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, prob-
lems of; naturalism, ethical; natural law; naturalistic fal-
lacy; ought
islamic aesthetics Islamic philosophy
islamic ethics Islamic philosophy
islamic philosophy Fa¯ra¯bı¯, al-; Ghaza¯lı¯, al-; Kindı¯, al-;
Averroës; Avicenna; Khaldu¯n, Ibn; Iqbal; Islamic aesthet-
ics; Islamic ethics; Islamic philosophy; Islamic philoso-
phy today; knowledge by presence; Molla¯S
˙
adra¯; mundus
imaginalis; Platonism; Sohravardı¯; Sufism
islamic philosophy today Islamic philosophy
italian philosophy Bobbio; Bruno; Cajetan; Campanella;
Colletti; Croce; Dante; Ficino; Gentile; Gramsci;
Marsilius of Padua; Petrarch; Pico della Mirandola;
Valla; Vattimo; Vico
jackson Mary, black and white
jacobi pietism
jainism atheism and agnosticism; Buddhist philosophy;
Indian philosophy; karma; Tantra
james American philosophy; freedom and determinism;
Harvard philosophy; mind, history of the philosophy
of; neutral monism; pragmatism; pragmatic theory of
truth; relations, nature of; Renouvier; stream of con-
sciousness; tough- and tender-minded; will to believe
james–lange theory emotion and feeling

jansenism Port-Royalists; religion
japanese philosophy Buddhist philosophy; Confucian-
ism; Do¯gen; Ku¯kai; neo-Confucianism; Nishida;
Nishitani; nothingness, absolute; Tanabe; Taoism;
Watsuji; Zen
jaspers existence precedes essence; existentialism; Platonism
jaundice Hume; illusion, arguments from; perception;
oar in water
jefferson democracy
jeffrey Bayesian confirmation theory
jen see confucianism
jevons
jewish philosophy Albo; Alexander; anti-Semitism; Cohen,
H.; Crescas; Gabirol, Ibn; Halevi; Jewish philosophy;
Kabbalah; Levinas; Maimonides; Mendelssohn; Philo
Judaeus; religion, history of the philosophy of; Rosen-
zweig; Saadiah Gaon; Spinoza
johnson, samuel
johnson, william ernest
joint method see method, joint
jorgensen Danish philosophy
journals of philosophy London philosophy; radical phil-
osophy
judaism see jewish philosophy
judgement belief; choosing and deciding; propositional
attitude
jung Bachelard; philosophy: world and underworld; psy-
choanalysis, philosophical problems of
jurisprudence see philosophy of law
justice ableism; affirmative action; benevolence; capital

punishment; corrective justice; difference principle;
economics and morality; justice; equality; fairness; gen-
erations, justice between; inequality; international
relations, philosophy of; justice, international; law,
problems of the philosophy of; law, scepticism about;
Marxist philosophy; Mill, John Stuart; moral judge-
ment; moral philosophy, history of; needs; original
position; Paine; Plato; political philosophy, history of;
political philosophy, problems of; punishment;
Radcliffe Richards; Rawls; revenge; rights; Thrasy-
machus; veil of ignorance; virtues; well-being
justice, international international law; justice
justice and benevolence see benevolence
justification, epistemic epistemology, history of; episte-
mology, problems of; foundationalism; knowledge;
knowledge, the limits of; reliabilism; scepticism; scepti-
cism, history of
just war see war, just
kabbalah Jewish philosophy; Pico della Mirandola; Tarot
kagan consequentialism
kant abandonment; aesthetics, history of; agape¯; analytic
and synthetic statements; animals; antinomies; appear-
ance and reality; apperception; architectonic; auton-
omy; categorical imperative; categories; enlightenment
philosophy; epistemology, history of; German philoso-
phy; God and the philosophers; good will; idealism,
German; idealism, philosophical; ideas of pure reason;
innate ideas; inner sense; intuition; Kantian ethics;
Kantianism; language, history of the philosophy of; law,
history of the philosophy of; liberalism; manifold of

sense; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; meta-
physics, history of; Mill, John Stuart; modernism; moral
law; moral philosophy, history of; necessity, nomic;
neo-Kantianism; obligation; paralogism; pessimism and
optimism; phenomena and noumena; philosophy; phil-
osophy and science; philosophy, realism and anti-
realism; history of departments and centres of; pietism;
Index and List of Entries 1027
practical reason; realism and anti-realism; religion, his-
tory of philosophy of; respect; Romanticism, philosoph-
ical; scepticism, history of; science, history of
philosophy of; self-consciousness; space; sublime;
synthetic a priori judgements; taste; thing-in-itself;
transcendental analytic; transcendental arguments;
transcendental deduction; transcendental idealism;
transcendentalism; war and philosophy
kantian ethics Bradley; categorical imperative; ethical
formalism; good will; histories of moral philosophy;
Kant; Kantianism; Korsgaard; moral law; moral philos-
ophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of;
neo-Kantianism; obligation; O’Neill; right action; uni-
versalizability; voluntarism, ethical
kantianism categorical imperative; categories; Cohen, H.;
epistemology, history of; Fichte; French philosophy;
German philosophy; good will; Grossman; idealism,
philosophical; ideas of pure reason; Kant; Kantian ethics;
Lichtenberg; manifold of sense; moral law; neo-
Kantianism; Peirce; practical reason; Putnam; Strawson;
thing-in-itself; transcendental analytic; transcendental
arguments; transcendentalism; Wittgenstein

kantianism, neo- see neo-kantianism
kaplan referring
karma Buddhist philosophy; Hindu philosophy; Indian
philosophy; Jainism; reincarnation; Veda¯nta
kautsky Marxist philosophy
kelsen law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of
the philosophy of; legal positivism
kenny analytical Thomism; Frege; Wittgensteinians
keynes insufficient reason, principle of; science, problems
of philosophy of
khaldu¯n, ibn see ibn khaldu¯n
kierkegaard Angst; Danish philosophy; despair; double-
mindedness; existentialism; Hegelianism; inwardness;
metaphysics, history of; pseudonyms, philosophical;
religion, history of the philosophy of; religiousness A
and B; subjective truth
killing abortion; autonomy in applied ethics; double
effect; capital punishment; euthanasia; Glover; Singer;
Thomson; war, just
kim events; mind, problems of the philosophy of; mind–
body problem; physicalism and the mind; reduction-
ism, mental; supervenience
kind, natural
kindi¯, al- Islamic philosophy
KINE
¯
SIS
kitcher
klepsydra, the space
kneale induction; probability

knowledge acquaintance and description; a priori and a
posteriori; Ayer; belief; certainty; common sense;
Descartes; doubt; empiricism; epistemology, feminist;
epistemology, history of; epistemology, problems of;
evolutionary epistemology; fallibilism; foundational-
ism; genetic epistemology; Gettier; given; Goldman;
Habermas; Hamlyn; Indian philosophy; inference to the
best explanation; justification, epistemic; knowledge
and science; knowledge by presence; knowledge, limits
of; Lehrer; Locke; Mill, John Stuart; moral realism; nat-
uralism; necessity, epistemic; norms, epistemic; open
and closed thought; Parmenides; perception; phenome-
nology; philosophical inquiry; philosophy; philosophy
and science; Plato; Pyrrhonism; rationalism; relativism,
epistemological; reliabilism; Russell; Santayana; scepti-
cism; scepticism, history of; Schopenhauer; self-
knowledge; social constructionism; sociology of know-
ledge; Sosa; tacit knowledge; testimony
knowledge, the limits of epistemology, history of; epis-
temology, problems of; justification, epistemic; know-
ledge
knowledge, theories of see epistemology, history of;
epistemology, problems of
knowledge and science knowledge; methodology; sci-
ence, feminist philosophy of; science, history of the phi-
losophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of;
scientism
knowledge by presence Islamic philosophy
komensky´ Czech philosophy
korean philosophy Buddhist philosophy; neo-Confucianism;

nothingness, absolute
korn Latin American philosophy
korsgaard
kotarbin´ski Polish philosophy; pragmatism
kraus German philosophy
kreisel mathematics, history of the philosophy of; real-
ism and anti-realism
kripke flaccid designator; language, problems of the phil-
osophy of; logic, history of; logic, modal; names; neces-
sity, metaphysical; possible worlds; rationalism; referring;
rigid designator; rules; synthetic a priori judgements
kristeva feminism
kropotkin anarchism
kuhn revolutions, scientific; science, history of the phil-
osophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of
ku¯kai Japanese philosophy
lacan French philosophy
lakatos Feyerabend; philosophy of science, history of;
philosophy of science, problems of
lamarck culture; determinism; evolution; perfectionism
la mettrie materialism; mechanism
language ambiguity; artificial language; Austin, J. L.;
Bakhtin; Blackburn; Brandom; characteristica univer-
salis; charity, principle of; Chomsky; cognitive mean-
ing; communication; concept; constatives; contextual
definition; contextualism; count noun; Davidson;
deconstruction; definist fallacy; denotation and con-
notation; descriptions, theory of; discourse; egocentric
particulars; emotive and descriptive meaning; Evans;
externalism; fictional names; flaccid designator; focal

meaning; formal and material mode; formal language;
formal semantics, philosophical relevance of; Frege;
grammar; Grice; Herder; hermeneutics; idiolect;
incomplete symbol; indexical signs; individuation;
intensionality; Kaplan; Kraus; language; language-game;
1028 Index and List of Entries
language, history of the philosophy of; language,
problems of the philosophy of; language and parole;
language of thought; linguistic acts; linguistic philoso-
phy; linguistics, formal; linguistics, philosophical rele-
vance of; Logical Positivism; logically proper names;
meaning; metalanguage; metaphor; nonsense; opacity
and transparency; open texture; ostensive definition;
picture theory of meaning; pragmatics; private lan-
guage; Quine; reference; representation; rigid designa-
tor; rules; Russell; Sapir–Whorf hypothesis; Saussure;
Schiffer; Searle; semantic ascent; semantics; semiotic;
sense and reference; sign and symbol; sortal; state-
ments and sentences; subject and predicate; synonymy;
syntactics; tone; translation, indeterminacy of; univer-
sal grammar; vagueness; verification principle; Vienna
Circle; Wittgenstein; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy
language, artificial see artificial language
langauge, conventionality of
language, formal see formal language
language, history of the philosophy of language; defin-
itions, explicit and implicit; implicature; indeterminacy
of meaning; innateness of language; language, know-
ledge of; language, social nature of; language and
parole; Saussure; use and meaning; use and mention;

Williamson
language, knowledge of Chomsky; language, history
and problems of philosophy of
language, logically perfect see logically perfect lan-
guage
language, meta- see meta-language
language, object see object language
language, private see private language
language, problems of philosophy of language; defin-
itions, explicit and implicit, implicature; indeterminacy
of meaning; innateness of language; language, know-
ledge of; language, social nature of; language and
parole; Saussure; Schiffer; use and meaning; use and
mention; Williamson
language, religious see religious language
language, social nature of language, history of the phil-
osophy of; language, problems of the philosophy of;
Wittgenstein
language-game linguistic philosophy; religion, philoso-
phy of; Wittgenstein
language of thought hypothesis cognition; cognitive
science; Fodor; parallel distributed processing; thinking
LANGUE and PAROLE language
lao tzuˇ Chinese philosophy; Taoism
laplace determinism
latin american philosophy Korn; Molina; Romero; Span-
ish philosophy
latitudinarianism
laughter Bergson; comedy; humour
LAW Austin, John; base and superstructure; Bentham;

defeasible; Dworkin; Finnis; Grotius; Hart; indetermin-
acy in law; international law; justice, international;
Kelsen; law and continental philosophy; law and
morals; law, feminist philosophy of; law, history of the
philosophy of; law, indeterminacy in; law, positive;
law, problems of the philosophy of; law, scepticism
about; legal positivism; legal realism; natural law
law, feminist philosophy of feminism; feminist philoso-
phy; feminist political theory; law, history of the
philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; law,
scepticism about; masculism
law, history of the philosophy of LAW
law, indeterminacy in see indeterminacy in law
law, moral see moral law
law,natural seenatural law;laws,natural or scientific
law, positive Austin, John; law, history of the philoso-
phy of; law, problems of the philosophy of
law, problems of the philosophy of LAW
law, rule of see rule of law
law, scepticism about indeterminacy in law; law, history
of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy
of; Marxist philosophy; political obligation
law and continental philosophy continental philoso-
phy; law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of
the philosophy of
law and morals law, history of the philosophy of; law,
problems of the philosophy of; moral scepticism
laws, natural or scientific Cartwright; causality; ceteris
paribus; conditionals; determinism; determinism, sci-
entific; induction; metaphysics, problems of; necessity,

nomic; science, history of the philosophy of; science,
problems of the philosophy of
laws of thought excluded middle; identity; non-
contradiction; psychologism; reasoning
learning anamnesis; education, history of the philoso-
phy of; education, problems of the philosophy of; epis-
temology, genetic; teaching philosophy
learning paradox paradoxes; Plato
LEBENSWEISHEIT see popular philosophy
LEBENSWELT see life and science
le dœuff feminism; French philosophy
left,the alienation; Althusser; anarchism; anti-communism;
Bakunin; bourgeoisie and proletariat; class struggle;
communism; conservatism; desert; dialectical material-
ism; Engels; equality; false consciousness; fraternity; his-
torical materialism; Kautsky; Kropotkin; Lenin; Lukács;
Marcuse; Marx; Marxist philosophy; material contradic-
tions; Paine; Plekhanov; political violence; Proudhon;
radical philosophy; revolution; socialism; structural
violence; Trotsky; well-being
left and right hegelians see hegelianism
legal positivism Austin, John; Bentham; Hart; Kelsen;
law and morals; law, history of the philosophy of;
positivism
legal realism law, history of the philosophy of; law, scept-
icism about
legitimacy authority; political obligation
lehrer
leibniz calculus; deontic logic; German philosophy; har-
mony, pre-established; identity; identity of indis-

cernibles; innate ideas; mathematics, history of the
philosophy of; mechanism; Mendelssohn; metaphysics,
Index and List of Entries 1029