The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 106 ppt

history of; metaphysics, problems of; Molyneux
problem; monadology; parallelism; persecution of
philosophers; pessimism and optimism; philosophy;
parallelism; possible worlds; psychophysical; space; suffi-
cient reason, principle of; salva veritate; Wolff
leibniz’s law see identity of indiscernibles
lemma
lenin communism; Marx; Marxist philosophy; Plekhanov
lesbian feminism feminism; homosexuality; masculism;
sexual morality
les´niewski ontology; Polish philosophy
lessing Enlightenment; Jacobi
leucippus atomism, physical
leviathan Hobbes; nasty, brutish, and short
levinas French philosophy; French philosophy today;
Jewish philosophy; Other
lévi-strauss structuralism
lévy-brühl
lewis, clarence irving modal logic; phenomenalism;
relevance logic
lewis, david mereology; modal realism; possible worlds;
science, problems of the philosophy of
lexicon, the philosophical Dennett
LEX TALIONIS capital punishment; punishment; revenge
li see confucianism
liar paradox dialetheism; logically perfect language; para-
consistent logic; paradoxes; redundancy theory of truth
liberalism anti-communism; autonomy; Berlin; Bobbio;
civil society; civil liberties; communitarianism; Con-
stant; constitutionalism; democracy and capitalism;
Dworkin; education, problems of the philosophy of;

equality; Feinberg; freedom; Green; Hegel; Hobhouse;
Humboldt; individualism; Kant; Left, the; libertarian-
ism, political; liberty; liberty and equality; Locke; Mill,
John Stuart; paternalism; philosophy, influence of;
pluralism; political philosophy, history of; political phil-
osophy, problems of; public–private distinction; Rawls;
rights; social engineering; unlikely philosophical
propositions
libertarianism freedom and determinism; origination
libertarianism, left-
libertarianism, political liberalism; markets; Nozick;
Right, the political new; Social Darwinism
libertinism Campanella; deism
liberty Berlin;civilliberties; Constant; democracy; enforce-
ment of morals; freedom and liberty; freedom of good-
ness and reason; freedom, political; Herzen; human
rights; liberty and equality; Marsilius; Mill, John Stuart;
Nozick; political philosophy, history of; political phil-
osophy, problems of; Rawls
liberty and equality equality; inequality; liberalism; lib-
erty; political freedom; political philosophy, history of;
political philosophy, problems of; well-being; Wilt
Chamberlain argument
lichtenberg Enlightenment
lie, noble see noble lie
lieh tzu
life evolution; form of life; life, meaning of; life, philoso-
phy of; psyche; quality of life; vitalism
life, form of see form of life
life, meaning of Chinese philosophy; existentialism; Hep-

burn; Hindu philosophy; Indian philosophy; Japanese
philosophy; Marcel; Moore; optimism and pessimism;
religion, history of philosophy of; Sidgwick
life, philosophy of see abandonment; absurd; arendt;
aristippus; buddhist philosophy; chinese philosophy;
existentialism; freedom and determinism; hindu
philosophy; indian philosophy; kierkegaard; life,
meaning of; marcel; marxist philosophy; moral phil-
osophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of;
nirvana; pessimism and optimism; plato; religion
, his-
tory of philosophy of; religion,problems of philoso-
phy of; schopenhauer; spinoza
life, quality of see quality of life
life, the good life and death
life and death death; deaths of philosophers; life, the good
life and science science, problems of the philosophy of;
scientism
life-world background; Frankfurt School; Husserl;
interpretation
light of nature
linguistic acts affirmative and negative propositions;
Austin, J. L.; constatives; Habermas; linguistic
philosophy; pragmatics; referring; Searle; statements
and sentences
linguistic philosophy analytic philosophy; Austin, J. L.;
English philosophy; metaphysics, problems of; Moore;
ordinary language and philosophy; paradigm case argu-
ment; philosophy; Ryle; Wittgenstein
linguistics, formal

linguistics, philosophical relevance of Chomsky; gram-
mar; language, history of the philosophy of; language,
problems of the philosophy of; linguistics, formal;
structure, deep and surface; universal grammar
linguistic turn Wittgenstein
literature and philosophy aestheticism; art criticism;
bladders of philosophy; clip an angel’s wings; comedy;
death-of-the-author thesis; divine philosophy; fiction;
fictional names; film, philosophy of; fingering slave;
imagination, aesthetic; lumber of the schools; more
things in heaven and earth; new philosophy calls all in
doubt; nothing so absurd; nothing so extravagant and
irrational; novel, the philosophical; Nussbaum;
philosopher may preach; plagiarism; poetry; political
philosophy, history of; sensibility; structuralism; taste
locke associationism; clocks; contract; corpuscularian-
ism; definition; English philosophy; epistemology, his-
tory of; epistemology, problems of; freedom, political;
human rights; ideas; innate ideas; inner sense; Irish phil-
osophy; language, history of the philosophy of; latitu-
dinarianism; Leibniz; liberalism; libertarianism, political;
Maine de Biran; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics,
problems of; mixture of labour; Molyneux problem;
Oxford philosophy; personal identity; persons; philo-
sophical inquiry; philosophy, influence of; political
philosophy, history of; politics and the philosophers;
1030 Index and List of Entries
primary and secondary qualities; property; qualities;
scepticism, history of; state of nature; substance; tabula
rasa; trust

locutions see linguistic acts
logic, deontic see deontic logic
LOGIC, FORMAL algorithm; ancestral relation; Ander-
son and Belnap; antilogism; argument; Aristotle;
axiom; axiomatic method; Barbara, Celarent; Barcan
formula; biconditional; Boole; calculus; choice, axiom
of; Church; Church’s thesis; completeness; conjunction
and disjunction; connective; consilience; consistency
proofs; constant; contradiction; contraposition; con-
traries; converse; conversion; corollary; Craig’s the-
orem; dialetheism; decidability; decision procedure;
demonstration; De Morgan’s laws; denial of the
antecedent; deontic logic; distribution of terms;
domain; equipollence; equivalence; excluded middle,
law of; exportation; form, logical; formal language; for-
malization; formula; free logics; function; fuzzy logic;
generalization, rule of; Frege; Gentzen; Gödel;
harmony, logical; higher-order logic; horseshoe; impli-
cation, material; impredicative definition; incomplete-
ness; independence, logical; inference, immediate;
intuitionist logic; Jeffrey; Jevons; Kripke; lemma;
Les´niewski; logical constant; logical theory; logic, his-
tory of; logic, informal; logic, modern; logic, second-
order; logic, traditional; logical laws; logistic method;
·ukasiewicz; Marcus; many-valued logic; metalogic;
modal logic; natural deduction; normalization; nota-
tions, logical; obligationes; operation; paraconsistent
logic; Polish notation; Port-Royalists; predicate calcu-
lus; proof theory; propositional calculus; propositional
function; qualification; quantifier; quantity and quality;

quantum logic; reducibility, axiom of; relevance logic;
Russell; satisfaction; scope; sentential calculus; senten-
tial function; square of opposition; subalterns; subcon-
traries; supposition theory; syllogism; symmetric
relation; Tarski; tautology; term; theorem; transpos-
ition; truth-function; truth-table; unlikely philosophical
propositions; validity; variable; Wang; well-formed for-
mula; Appendix: Logical Symbols; Appendix: Maps of
Philosophy
logic, higher-order see higher-order logic
logic, history of LOGIC, FORMAL
logic, informal arguments, types of; reasoning
logic, intuitionist see intuitionist logic
logic, many-valued see many-valued logic
logic, modal see modal logic
logic, modern LOGIC, FORMAL
logic, philosophical see philosophical logic
logic, relevance see relevance logic
logic, second-order categoricity. higher-order logic, in-
completeness
logic, traditional LOGIC, FORMAL
logic of discovery
logical atomism see atomism, logical
logical constants logic modern
logical determinism see determinism, logical
logical empiricism see empiricism, logical
logical form see form, logical
logical laws
logically perfect language Frege; language; Logical
Positivism

logically proper names descriptions, theory of; index-
icals; Russell
logical notations see notations, logical
logical positivism Ayer; Bayesian confirmation theory;
boo-hoorah theory; Carnap; ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’
emotive theory of ethics; emotive and descriptive
meaning; empiricism; God and the philosophers;
Hume’s fork; journals of philosophy; language,
history of the philosophy of; language, problems of
the philosophy of; logical empiricism; logically
perfect language; logical theory; meaning; moral
philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems
of; Nagel, E.; natural theology; Neurath; Popper;
positivism; protocol sentences; Putnam; Quine;
Reichenbach; religion, history of the philosophy of;
scepticism; Schlick; scientism; synthetic a priori judge-
ments; verification principle; verificationism; Vienna
Circle
logical symbols, see Appendix; notations, logical; Polish
notation
logical theory argument; logical truth; logic, modern;
logic, traditional; logically proper name; metalogic;
necessity, logical; philosophical logic; validity
logical truth conceivability; logical theory; necessity,
logical; philosophical logic
logically proper name Russell
logicism arithmetic, foundations of; Frege; logic, history
of; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; math-
ematics, knowledge of; mathematics, problems of the
philosophy of

logistic method logic, modern; natural deduction
logocentrism deconstruction; Derrida; différance
logos principle; reason
london philosophy Ayer; Bentham; Butler, S.; Clifford;
De Morgan; Hampshire; Hobhouse; Lakatos; Mill,
James; Mill, John Stuart; Oakeshott; Popper
lore, social see social science, philosophy of
lottery paradox paradoxes
lotze
love agape¯; feminist philosophy; friendship; sex; sexual
morality; wisdom
love-feast see agape¯
lovejoy Critical Realism
loyalty friendship; patriotism; trust; virtue
lucretius Epicureanism; Roman philosophy
lukács continental philosophy; Hungarian philosophy;
Kierkegaard; Mannheim; Marx; Marxist philosophy;
politics and the philosophers
łukasiewicz logic, history of; many-valued logic; Polish
notation; Polish philosophy
lumber of the schools philosophy
luther religion, history of the philosophy of
lycan explanationism; functionalism
Index and List of Entries 1031
lying absolutism, moral; noble lie; self-deception; sincerity
lyotard post-modernism
mach empirio-criticism; evolutionary epistemology; sci-
ence, history of the philosophy of
machiavelli dirty hands; ends and means; politics and
the philosophers; Renaissance philosophy

macintyre histories of moral philosophy; narrative; virtue
mackie Australian philosophy; causality; cement of the
universe; conditionals; error theory of value; God,
arguments against the existence of; laws, natural or sci-
entific; moral philosophy, history of; moral scepticism;
religion, history of the philosophy of
macmurray
macrocosm and microcosm
madhva Indian philosophy; Veda¯nta
magnitude measurement; number
maimonides Crescas; Giles of Rome; Jewish philosophy;
religion, history of the philosophy of
maine de biran empiricism; French philosophy
mair Scottish philosophy; Thomism
maistre see de maistre
malcolm mind, history of the philosophy of; Wittgen-
steinians
malebranche Cartesianism; French philosophy; Leibniz;
occasionalism; representative theory of perception
MALIN GÉNIE brain in a vat; Descartes; metaphysics, prob-
lems of; scepticism, history of
mandeville
manichaeism religion, history of the philosophy of
manifold of sense awareness, sense; Kant; Kantianism;
perception; sensation
mannheim Hungarian philosophy
mantra Indian philosophy; Veda¯nta
many questions fallacy fallacies
many-valued logic ·ukasiewicz
MAPS OF PHILOSOPHY see Appendix

marcel existentialism
marcus Barcan formula; contradiction; deduction; modal
logic; propositional calculus
marcuse Frankfurt School; Marxist philosophy; utopianism
maritain neo-Thomism
markets capitalism; communism; conservatism; Con-
stant; invisible hand; international relations, philoso-
phy of; justice; Left, the political new; liberalism;
libertarianism; Marxist philosophy; political philoso-
phy, history of; socialism
markets and the public good
marriage love; sex; sexual morality
marsilius Italian philosophy
martin Australian philosophy
martineau virtue
marx Marxism after communism; Marxist philosophy
marxism after communism Marx, Marxism
marxist philosophy alienation; Althusser; anti-communism;
base and superstructure; bourgeoisie and proletariat;
capitalism; class struggle; Cohen, G. A.; communism;
dialectical materialism; Elster; Engels; false conscious-
ness; Frankfurt School; French philosophy; German
philosophy; Gramsci; historical materialism; histories
of moral philosophy; history, history of the philosophy
of; history, problems of the philosophy of; ideology;
Kautsky´; Kropotkin; law, scepticism about; Lenin;
Lukács; Marcuse; Marx; Marxist philosophy; material
contradiction; Neurath; Plekhanov; political philoso-
phy, history of; political philosophy, problems of;
power; pragmatism; praxis; radical philosophy; Sartre;

Serbian philosophy; socialism; Soviet philosophy; Trot-
sky; utopianism
mary, black and white Jackson
masaryk Czech Philosophy
masculism epistemology, feminist; ethics, feminist; femi-
nism; feminist philosophy; law, feminist philosophy of
masked man fallacy fallacies; referential opacity
master and slave Hegel; Nietzsche; slave morality
master argument Philo the dialectician
master of those who know see aristotelianism
material constitution
material contradictions dialectical materialism; Hegel;
historical materialism; Marx; Marxist philosophy
material implication conditionals; horseshoe; implica-
tion; logic, modern; Philo the dialectician; relevance
logic; unlikely philosophical propositions
materialism atomism; behaviourism; central state mater-
ialism; dialectical materialism; Dühring; elimin-
ativism; Hellenistic philosophy; historical materialism;
Hobbes; Holbach; identity theory; La Mettrie; Martin;
Marx; matter; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics,
problems of; mind, history of the philosophy of;
mind–body problem; monism, neutral; naturalism;
physicalism; primematter;Quinton;Santayana;Sellars,
R.W.; Smart; Theophrastus; Weltanschauung
materialism, central-state see central-state material-
ism
materialism, dialectical see dialectical materialism
materialism, eliminative see eliminativism
materialism, historical

see historical materialism
material mode see formal and material modes
mathematical intuitionism see intuitionism,mathemat-
ical
mathematical logic see formal logic
MATHEMATICS arithmetic, foundations of; Babbage–
Chambers paradox; Black; Boole; Boolean algebra;
Bolzano; Brouwer; calculus; Cantor; constructivism;
continuum problem; counting; Dedekind; De Morgan;
formalism; foundationalism in mathematics; Gödel;
Gödel’s theorem; Goldbach’s conjecture; Hilbert; infini-
tesimals; infinity; infinity, axiom of; intuitionism, mathe-
matical; Kreisel; logicism; mathematics, history of the
philosophy of; mathematics, knowledge of; mathemat-
ics, problems of the philosophy of; Mill, John Stuart;
Neumann; non-Euclidean geometry; number; Peano;
predicative theories; science, history of the philosophy
of; set theory; theorem; vicious-circle principle
mathematics, history of the philosophy of MATH-
EMATICS
1032 Index and List of Entries
mathematics, knowledge of
mathematics, problems of the philosophy of MATH-
EMATICS
matter atomism; Berkeley; dialectical materialism; mater-
ialism; metaphysics, history of; physicalism; prime
matter; nothingness; Santayana; substance
matter, prime see prime matter
maximin and minimax decision theory; game theory
maxwell’s demon energy; time

mcdowell heredity and environment
mcginn
mctaggart A-series and B-series; Hegelianism; Mellor;
metaphysics, history of; persecution of philosophers;
process philosophy; time
mead pragmatism
mean, doctrine of the Aristotle; character; moral phil-
osophy, history of; virtue
meaning background; cognitive meaning; communica-
tion; concept; definitions, explicit and implicit; denota-
tion and connotation; emotive and descriptive
meaning; epistemology, problems of; focal meaning;
formal semantics, philosophical relevance of; Frege;
Grice; implicature; incomplete symbol; indexicals;
intensionality; language; language, history of the phil-
osophy of; language, problems of the philosophy of;
language of thought; linguistic acts; linguistics, formal;
linguistics, philosophical relevance of; logical posi-
tivism; Meinong; metaethics; Millikan; mind, syntax,
and semantics; neustic and phrastic; Peirce; picture the-
ory of meaning; representation; rules; Russell; seman-
tics; sense and reference; sign and symbol; synonymy;
translation, indeterminacy of; use and meaning; use
and mention; Wittgenstein
meaning, cognitive see cognitive meaning
meaning,emotive and descriptive see emotive and descript-
ive meaning
meaning, focal see focal meaning
meaning, picture theory of see picture theory of mean-
ing

meaning of life see life, meaning of
means see ends and means; instrumental value
measurement magnitude; number; quantum mechan-
ics, philosophical problems of; science, problems of the
philosophy of
mechanism determinism; freedom and determinism;
mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of
the philosophy of; Theophrastus
medical ethics abortion; acts and omissions; applied ethics;
autonomy in applied ethics; bioethics; casuistry;
euthanasia; fertilization in vitro; Glover; slippery slope
medicine, philosophy of
medieval philosophy Abelard; Albert the Great; analyt-
ical Thomism; Anselm; Aquinas; Aristotelianism; ass,
Buridan’s; Augustine; Bacon, R.; Boethius; Bonaven-
tura; Buridan; casuistry; characteristica universalis; credo
quia absurdum est; credo ut intelligam; Duns Scotus; Eng-
lish philosophy; Enlightenment; epistemology, history
of; Giles of Rome; Gregory of Rimini; Grosseteste;
Henry of Ghent; hylomorphism; Kenny; Mair; malin
génie; metaphysics, history of; Neoplatonism; Nicholas
of Autrecourt; Nicholas of Cusa; obligationes; Ockham;
Ockham’s razor; Pelagius; Peter of Spain; philosophy;
philosophy, history of departments and centres of; Pla-
tonism; principle of plenitude; Plotinus; political phil-
osophy, history of; pons asinorum; Porphyry; realism
and anti-realism; religion, history of the philosophy of;
scholasticism; supposition theory; Thomism; Vitoria;
Wyclif
megarics ancient philosophy

meinong Brentano; German philosophy; metaphysics,
history of; relations, nature of
melissus Eleatics; Pre-Socratic philosophy
mellor probabilistic causality; time
memory mnemic causation; quasi-memory
mencius
mendelssohn Enlightenment; Jacobi; Jewish philosophy
meno’s puzzle see learning paradox
men’s rights see masculism
mental acts see acts, mental
mental causation acts, mental; agent; belief; choosing
and deciding; Davidson; epiphenomenalism; Hobbes;
identity theory; intention; mental efficacy; mind, prob-
lems of the philosophy of; motives and motivation; rea-
sons and causes; thinking causes; volition; will
mental events Brentano; dualism; emotion and feeling;
functionalism; identity theory; intention; intentional-
ity; mental acts; mentality; mental states; mind, history
of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy
of; propositional attitudes
mental indispensability epiphenomenalism; mental cau-
sation
mentality Brentano; ghost in the machine; inner sense;
introspection; mind; mind, history of the philosophy of;
mind, problems of the philosophy of; mind–body prob-
lem; mind, syntax, and semantics
mental reductionism dualism; eliminativism; mind, his-
tory of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the
philosophy of; mind–body problem; physicalism; psy-
chophysical laws; reductionism

mental states Brentano; dualism; emotion and feeling;
functionalism; identity theory; intention; intentional-
ity; mental acts; mental events; mind, history of the
philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of;
physicalism; propositional attitudes
mereology Les´niewski; ontology; thing
meritocracy aristocracy, natural; conservatism; élites;
élitism
merleau-ponty Existentialism; French philosophy; phe-
nomenology
meta-ethics emotivism; Hare; moral judgement; moral
philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of;
moral realism; neustic and phrastic; objectivism and
subjectivism; prescriptivism; right action; Stevenson
metalanguage language; object language; semantic ascent;
semantic theory of truth
metalogic logical theory
Index and List of Entries 1033
metaphilosophy philosophy
metaphor meaning
METAPHYSICS Absolute; A-series and B-series; appear-
ance and reality; Aristotle; Aristotelianism; backwards
causation; being; Berkeley; body; Cambridge change;
capacity; categories; causal asymmetry; causality;
chance; change; chaos; concrete universal; constant
conjunction; cosmogony; cosmology; creation; descrip-
tive metaphysics; determinables and determinates; dis-
position; esse est percipi; essence; essentialism; event;
existence; existential proposition; external world; fact;
final causes; genus and species; good, the form of;

haecceity; Hegel; Heidegger; Hume; idealism, British;
idealism, German; idealism, philosophical; Indian
philosophy; internal and external relations; Kant; kind,
natural; Leibniz; Logical Positivism; Marx; material
constitution; materialism; matter; mereology; meta-
physics, history of; metaphysics, opposition to; meta-
physics, problems of; metaphysics, revisionary; Mill,
John Stuart; mnemic causation; modal realism; modal-
ity and metaphysics; monism and pluralism; necessary
and contingent existence; necessity, metaphysical; nom-
inalism; non-being; nothingness; ontology; panpsy-
chism; particulars and non-particulars; persistence
through time; personalism; phenomena and noumena;
phenomenalism; philosophy; Plato; Platonism; Ploti-
nus; plurality of causes; posit; post hoc ergo propter hoc;
potentiality; Pre-Socratics; primary and secondary qual-
ities; prime matter; probabilistic causality; process;
propensity; properties; properties, individual; qualities;
real; realism and anti-realism; realism in metaphysics;
reality, levels of; relations; relations, internal and exter-
nal; revisionary metaphysics; rigid designator; space;
Schelling; Spinoza; substance and attribute; substratum;
teleological explanation; thing-in-itself; things; time;
time’s arrow; time-travel; transcendence; transcenden-
tal deduction; transcendental idealism; transcendental-
ism; tropes; universals; vague objects; Whitehead;
Appendix: Maps of Philosophy
metaphysics, history of METAPHYSICS
metaphysics, opposition to analytic philosophy; empiri-
cism; Hume; linguistic philosophy; Logical Positivism;

metaphysics, history of; naturalism; philosophy; verifi-
cation principle; Vienna Circle; Wittgenstein
metaphysics, problems of METAPHYSICS
metaphysics, revisionary see revisionary metaphysics
metempsychosis see reincarnation
method, joint Mill; experiment; methodology; scientific
method
method, scientific see scientific method
method in philosophy see philosophical inquiry: first
premisses and principles
method of agreement experiment; methodology; Mill;
scientific method
method of concomitant variations experiment; method-
ology; Mill; scientific method
method of difference experiment; methodology; Mill;
scientific method
method of residues experiment; methodology; Mill; sci-
entific method
methodic doubt see doubt
methodological holism and individualism economics,
philosophy of; holism; social philosophy; social science,
philosophy of
methodology methods; Mill’s; Poincaré; science, history
of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philoso-
phy of; reductionism; scientific method
meyerson
microcosm see macrocosm and microcosm
mill, james associationism; Bentham; London philoso-
phy; Mill, John Stuart
mill, john stuart axiological ethics; English philosophy;

feminism; freedom and determinism; freedom, political;
happiness; liberalism; liberty; London philosophy; lying;
mathematics, history of philosophy of; method, joint;
Mill, James; method of agreement; method of concomi-
tant variation; method of difference; method of residue;
names; Other; philosophical inquiry; philosophy; polit-
ical philosophy, history of; politics and the philosophers;
scientific method; self-regarding and other-regarding
actions; uniformity of nature; utilitarianism
millikan
mimesis fiction; literature and philosophy; Plato
mill
’s methods method of agreement; method of differ-
ence; method, joint; method of residues; method of
concomitant variations
mind action; acts, mental; agent; animal soul; anomalous
monism; apperception; arthritis in the thigh; association-
ism; atomism, psychological; attitude; awareness,
sense; behaviourism; belief; biological naturalism; black
box; blindsight; brain in a vat; Brentano; bundle theory
of the self; central-state materialism; Chinese room;
choosing and deciding; cognition; cognitive science;
computers; concept; conceptual scheme; connectionism;
consciousness; consciousness, its irreducibility; content
of consciousness; cybernetics; deviance, causal; double
aspect theory; dreams; dualism; ego; egoism, psy-
chological; eidetic imagery; eliminativism; emergent
properties, emotion and feeling; epiphenomenalism; epis-
temology, problems of; experience; ESP phenomena,
philosophical implications of; externalism; folk psych-

ology; functionalism; Gestalt theory; ghost in the machine;
Hartley; holism; homunculus; ideas; identity theory of
mind; imagination; individualism and anti-individualism;
innate ideas; inner sense; intelligence; intention; inten-
tionality; interactionism; introspection; James–Lange
theory; judgement; language of thought hypothesis;
materialism; mechanism; memory; mental causation;
mental efficacy; mental events; mentality; mental states;
metaphysics, problems of; Mill, John Stuart; mind; mind,
history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the phil-
osophy of; mind, syntax, and semantics; mind–body prob-
lem; monism, neutral; mood; motives and motivation;
neuroscience, philosophical relevance of; no-ownership
theory; occasionalism; other-minds problem; pain;
parallelism, psychophysical; personal identity; persons;
1034 Index and List of Entries
philosophy; physicalism; pleasure; privileged access;
propositional attitudes; psychology and philosophy; psy-
chology, philosophical relevance of; qualia; psychoneural
intimacy; psychophysical laws; quasi-memory; ratiocina-
tion; realization; reasons and causes; reductionism,
mental; representation; res cogitans; Ryle; self; self-
consciousness; self-deception; sensation; sentiments;
solipsism; spirit; stream of consciousness; subjectivity;
supervenience; tabula rasa; thinking; thinking causes;
topic-neutral; trying; Turing machine; unconscious and
subconscious mind; understanding; union theory;
unlikely philosophical propositions; variable realization;
volition; will; Wittgenstein; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy
mind, computational theories of artificial intelligence;

cognitive science; connectionism; parallel distributed
processing
mind, history of the philosophy of attention; belief and
desire; conciousness, neural correlates of; content, non-
conceptual; eliminativism; emergence; inverted spec-
trum; Mary, black and white; mind; passion and
emotion; privacy; reductionism, psychological, in per-
sonal identity
mind, problems of the philosophy of animal concious-
ness; attention; belief and desire; cognitive architec-
ture; conciousness, neural correlates of; content,
non-conceptual; eliminativism; emergence; explana-
tory gap; inverted spectrum; Mary, black and white;
mind; passion and emotion; privacy; reductionism, psy-
chological, in personal identity; simulation; theory the-
ory of mind; zombies
mind, syntax, and semantics Chinese room argument;
functionalism; Searle
mind–body problem anomalous monism; biological nat-
uralism; central-state materialism; consciousness, its
irreducibility; consciousness, neural correlates of;
double aspect theory; dualism; eliminativism; emer-
gence; epiphenomenalism; explanatory gap; function-
alism; ghost in the machine; identity theory;
interactionism; materialism; mind, history of the phi-
losophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; neu-
roscience, philosophical relevance of; occasionalism;
parallelism, psychophysical; physicalism; physicalism
in the philosophy of mind; psychoneural intimacy; psy-
chophysical laws; realization; reductionism, mental;

topic-neutral; union theory; variable realization;
Appendix: Maps of Philosophy
minimalism art, contemporary; deflationary theories of
truth; disquotation; redundancy theory of truth
minimax see maximin and minimax
miracles Hume; religion, history of the philosophy of;
religion, problems of the philosophy of
mixture of labour Locke; property
mnemic causation causality; memory
mo tzu
mochus
modal logic Barcan formula; Fine; free logics; logic,
modern; modality and metaphysics; possibility; pos-
sible worlds
modal realism Lewis, D.
modality modal logic; necessity, epistemic; necessity,
logical; modality and metaphysics; necessity, nomic;
philosophical logic; possibility; possible worlds
modality and metaphysics modality; modal logic
mode properties, individual; properties; qualities; Spin-
oza; substance and attribute
model theory
models science, history of the philosophy of; science,
problems of the philosophy of; theory
modern philosophy
modernism Habermas; post-modernism
MODUS PONENS affirming the antecedent; logic, modern;
propositional calculus; traditional logic
MODUS TOLLENS denying the antecedent; logic, modern;
propositional calculus; traditional logic

molina Spanish philosophy
molla¯ s
˙
adra¯ Islamic philosophy
molyneux problem Irish philosophy
monadology Leibniz; metaphysics, history of; relations,
nature of
monism, anomalous see anomalous monism
monism, neutral see neutral monism
monism and pluralism absolute; Bruno; idealism, philo-
sophical; metaphysics, history of; neutral monism;
reductionism; relations, nature of; Spinoza; substance
and attribute
montague
montaigne French philosophy; libertinism; scepticism,
history of
monte carlo fallacy see gambler’s fallacy
montesquieu
monty hall problem probability
mood emotion and feeling
moods of the syllogism see syllogism
moore analytic philosophy; Cambridge philosophy; English
philosophy; freedom and determinism; good; journals
of philosophy; life, meaning of; linguistic philosophy;
moral philosophy, problems of; naturalism; Moore’s
paradox; naturalistic fallacy; open question argument;
scepticism; scepticism, history of
moore’s paradox
moral ideals see ideals, moral
moralities, agent-relative see agent-relative moralities

morality, public see enforcement of morality; public
morality; public–private distinction
morality, sexual see sexual morality
morality, slave see slave morality
morality and art see art and morality
morality and religion see religion and morality
morality in political philosophy
moral judgement boo-hoorah theory; categorical imper-
ative; emotive and descriptive meaning; emotive the-
ory of ethics; good; ‘is’ and ‘ought’; meta-ethics; moral
philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of;
moral realism; moral sentiments; neustic and phrastic;
objectivism and subjectivism; ought; prescriptivism;
right; right action; universalizability
Index and List of Entries 1035
moral knowledge moral realism
moral law categorical imperative; Kant; right action
moral luck
moral motivation moral psychology
moral particularism
MORAL PHILOSOPHY absolutism, moral; acts and
omissions; akrasia; amorality; applied ethics; asceti-
cism; autonomy and heteronomy; axiological ethics;
belief, ethics of; bioethics; boo-hoorah theory; capital
punishment; categorical imperative; character; cheat-
ing; compatibilism and incompatibilism; concupis-
cence; conscience; consequentialism; constructivism in
ethics; consumerist ethics; courage; demandingness of
morals; deontic logic; deontological ethics; desert; dirty
hands; disability and morality; divine command ethics;

double effect; doxastic virtues; duty; economics and
morality; egoism and altruism; emotive and descriptive
meaning; emotive theory of ethics; ends and means;
environmental ethics; ethical formalism; ethical natur-
alism; ethical objectivism; ethical relativism; ethical
subjectivism; ethics, applied; ethics and aesthetics;
ethics and morality; ethics in Islamic philosophy; evolu-
tion and ethics; evolutionary ethics; expressivism in
ethics; fact–value distinction; family, ethics and the;
felicific calculus; Foot; forgiveness; freedom and deter-
minism; genetics and morality; globalization, morality
and politics; Glover; golden mean; golden rule; good,
greatest; good-in-itself; good; good will; greatest happi-
ness principle; guilt; happiness; Hare; harm; hedonic
calculus; hedonism; histories of moral philosophy;
Hume; ideal observer; ideals, moral; incommensurabil-
ity, moral; Indian philosophy; instrumental value;
integrity; intuitionism, ethical; ‘is’ and ‘ought’; Islamic
ethics; Kagan; Kantian ethics; killing; Korsgaard; law
and morals; Locke; loyalty; lying; MacIntyre; marriage;
materialism; meta-ethics; morality, public; moral
judgement; moral knowledge; moral law; moral luck;
moral motivation; moral philosophy, history of; moral
philosophy, problems of; moral pluralism; moral psy-
chology; moral realism; moral scepticism; moral sense;
moral sentiments; naturalistic ethics; naturalistic fal-
lacy; natural law; needs; neustic and phrastic; Nietz-
sche; nihilism; non-natural properties; normative;
objectivism and subjectivism; obligation; open ques-
tion argument; ought; particularism, moral; perfection-

ism; person-affecting principles; philosophy; popu-
lation; practical reason; prescriptivism; pornography;
prioritarianism; Prichard; prisoner’s dilemma; profes-
sional ethics; projectivism; quasi-realism; realism and
anti-realism; reasons, internal and external; relativism,
moral; respect; responsibility; right; right action;
satisfice; Schopenhauer; self-deception; sentiments;
sexual morality; slave morality; slippery slope argu-
ment; Stevenson; stoicism; supererogation; sym-
pathy; trolley problem; unity of virtues; universalizabil-
ity, moral; utilitarianism; utility; value; virtue episte-
mology; virtues; war, just; Appendix: Maps of Phil-
osophy
moral philosophy, histories of see histories of moral
philosophy
moral philosophy, history of MORAL PHILOSOPHY
moral philosophy, problems of MORAL PHILOSOPHY
moral psychology emotion and feeling; moral judge-
ment; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy,
problems of
moral pluralism pluralism, political
moral realism descriptivism; emotivism; meta-ethics; moral
judgement; moral knowledge; moral philosophy, prob-
lems of; non-cognitivism; objectivism and subjectivism
in ethics; prescriptivism; quasi-realism; religion, scepti-
cism about; unlikely philosophical propositions
moral scepticism ethical relativism; moral realism; object-
ivism and subjectivism in ethics
moral sense Butler, J.; conscience; Hume; Hutcheson; moral
judgement; moral sentiments; Shaftesbury

moral sentiments moral judgement; moral philosophy
history and problems of philosophy of; moral sense
moral virtues see virtues
morals, enforcement of see enforcement of morals
morals and law see law and morals
morality in political philosophy
more things in heaven and earth philosophy
mortalism immortality; soul
motion Achilles paradox; kinesis; medieval philosophy;
Molla¯S
˙
adra¯; moving rows paradox; paradoxes; Zeno
motives and motivation choosing and deciding; egoism
and altruism; Hobbes; mental causation; reasons and
causes; volition
moving rows paradox see stadium paradox
multiculturalism pluralism, political
MUNDUS IMAGINALIS Islamic philosophy;Sohravardi¯
murdoch novel, philosophical
music aesthetic attitude; aesthetics, history of; aesthetics,
problems of; Budd; Langer
my station and its duties see bradley
mysticism holy, numinous, and sacred; Kabbalah; reli-
gion, history of the philosophy of; religious experience;
Sufism
myth of the given given
na¯ga¯rjuna Buddhist philosophy; Indian philosophy
nagel, ernest covering-law model; Logical Positivism;
science, history of the philosophy of; theory
nagel, thomas dualism; equality; neutral monism; sexu-

ality, philosophy of; subjectivity
naïve realism perception; representative theory of per-
ception; Santayana; sense-data; veil of perception
names descriptions, theory of; fictional names; flaccid
designator; Kripke; logically proper names; philoso-
phical logic; proper names; rigid designator; semantics
names, fictional see fictional names
names, logically proper see logically proper names
narrative action; history, history and problems of the
philosophy of
nasty, brutish, and short Hobbes; Leviathan; state of
nature
1036 Index and List of Entries
national and regional philosophies African; American;
Australian; Canadian; Chinese; continental; Croatian;
Czech; Danish; English; Finnish; French; German;
Greek philosophy, modern; Indian; Irish; Italian; Japan-
ese; Korean; Latin American; Netherlands; New
Zealand; Norwegian; Polish; Russian; Scottish; Ser-
bian; Slovene; Spanish; Swedish
national character conservatism; nationalism; people;
self-determination
nationalism fascism; imperialism; international relations,
philosophy of; national character; people; self-
determination; Tanabe; war and philosophy
natural naturalism; nature; naturalistic fallacy; norma-
tive; sexual morality
natural aristocracy see aristocracy, natural
natural deduction Gentzen; harmony, logical; intuition-
ist logic; logistic method; normalization; proof theory;

propositional calculus; theorem
natural theology
naturalism biological naturalism; Buchler; consciousness;
Epicureanism; epistemology, problems of; Ferrater-
Mora; Kitcher; materialism; mathematics, problems of
the philosophy of; metaphysics, opposition to; meta-
physics, problems of; moral philosophy, problems of;
natural; nature; naturalistic fallacy; non-natural proper-
ties; Santayana; Sellars, R. W.
naturalism, biological see biological naturalism
naturalism, ethical descriptivism; fact–value distinction;
moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, prob-
lems of; naturalism; naturalistic fallacy; Sellars;
R. W.; Smith
naturalistic fallacy empiricism; Frankena; good; ‘is’
and ‘ought’; Moore; moral philosophy, history of; nat-
uralism, ethical; nature; non-natural properties; open-
question argument
naturalized epistemology see naturalism
natural kinds see kind, natural
natural law Hobbes; law and morals; law, history of the
philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; legal
positivism; moral philosophy, history of; natural rights;
Pufendorf; Roman philosophy
natural or scientific laws see laws, natural or scien-
tific
natural rights Bentham; Hobbes; human rights; nat-
ural law; law, history of philosophy of; law, problems of
philosophy of; nonsense upon stilts; rights
nature environmental ethics; evolution; laws, natural or

scientific; life; natural; naturalism; New England Tran-
scendentalism; Schelling; Schopenhauer; Spinoza; Sto-
icism; Thoreau; uniformity of nature
nature, human see human nature
nature, state of see state of nature
nature, uniformity of see uniformity of nature
NATURPHILOSOPHIE Bloch; evolution; nature; Schelling
necessary and contingent existence being; existence;
ontology; Plato
necessary and sufficient conditions causality; condi-
tional; necessity, logical
necessary statements see contingent and necessary state-
ments
necessitarianism see freedom and determinism; deter-
minism
necessity see causality; contingent and necessary state-
ments; laws, natural or scientific; necessity, epis-
temic; necessity, logical; necessity, metaphysical;
necessity, nomic; necessary and sufficient condi-
tions; necessary and contingent existence
necessity,epistemic certainty; knowledge; necessity, meta-
physical; philosophical logic
necessity, logical apodeictic; analytic and synthetic state-
ments; a priori and a posteriori; conditional; contradic-
tion; de re and de dicto; implication; inference; logic,
modern; logic, traditional; modal logic; necessary and
sufficient conditions; necessity, metaphysical; philo-
sophical logic; possibility; possible worlds; Wittgen-
stein
necessity, metaphysical Kripke; names; necessity, logical;

necessity, nomic; philosophical logic; possible worlds
necessity, nomic causality; Hume; induction; Kant; laws,
natural or scientific; metaphysics, history of; necessity,
logical; necessity, metaphysical; philosophical logic
needs ethical naturalism; human nature; naturalistic
ethics; well-being
negation and double negation affirmative and negative
propositions; intuitionist logic; logic, traditional; non-
being and nothing; nothingness; nothingness, absolute;
philosophical logic
negative and positive freedom see liberty
negative proposition see affirmative proposition
negritude African philosophy; black philosophy
neo-confucianism Chinese philosophy; Japanese phil-
osophy; Korean philosophy; Chu Hsi
neo-kantianism Avenarius; Cassirer; Cohen, H.; episte-
mology, history of; Kantian ethics; Kantianism; Kelsen
neoplatonism ancient philosophy; footnotes to Plato;
Islamic philosophy; medieval philosophy; metaphysics,
history of; Plato; Platonism; Plotinus; Porphyry; Pro-
clus; Roman philosophy
neo-pragmatism American philosophy; pragmatism; Res-
cher; Rorty
neo-thomism analytical Thomism; Gilson; Maritain; Thom-
ism; Veritatis Splendor
netherlands philosophy Brouwer; Grotius; Spinoza
neumann computers; game theory; quantum logic
neurath Logical Positivism; boat, Neurath’s; Vienna
Circle
neurath’s boat see boat, neurath’s

neuroscience, philosophical relevance of conscious-
ness, neural correlates of; eliminativism; epiphenome-
nalism; freedom and determinism; identity theories;
mind–body problem; psychoneural intimacy
neustic and phrastic Hare; prescriptivism
neutral monism James; Russell
newcomb’s paradox paradoxes; prediction
new england transcendentalism Emerson; Thoreau;
transcendentalism
Index and List of Entries 1037
new philosophy calls all in doubt
new realism Critical Realism; Perry
new riddle of induction see grue
new right, political see right, the political new
newton mathematics, history of the philosophy of;
science, history of the philosophy of; space
new zealand philosophy Australian philosophy; Bennett;
Mackie; Prior
nicholas of autrecourt medieval philosophy
nicholas of cusa medieval philosophy; Platonism; Renai-
ssance philosophy
nietzsche aesthetics, history of; Dionysian and Apollon-
ian; eternal recurrence; German philosophy; God and
the philosophers; God is dead; Heidegger; histories of
moral philosophy; idols; master and slave; moral phil-
osophy, history of; pessimism and optimism; Platon-
ism; popular philosophy; punishment; Rée; religion,
history of the philosophy of; resentment; slave moral-
ity; superman; tragedy; transvaluation of values; vital-
ism; will to power; Zoroastrianism

nihilism God is dead; moral philosophy, history of; Nietz-
sche; Nishitani; relativism, moral; Russian philosophy
nirvana Buddhist philosophy; Korean philosophy; Na¯ga¯r-
juna
nishida kitaro
¯
Japanese philosophy; nothingness, absolute
nishitani keiji Japanese philosophy; nothingness, absolute
nkrumah African philosophy
noble lie lying; Plato; propaganda; teaching and indoc-
trinating
nocturnal council see plato
no false lemmas principle see lemma
nomic causality; natural or scientific law; necessity,
nomic
nominalism abstract entities; Goodman; medieval phil-
osophy; Ockham; realism and anti-realism; universals
nomological see nomic
nomological danglers see identity theory of mind
non-being and nothing affirmative and negative propos-
itions; Indian philosophy; negation and double
negation; nothingness; nothingness, absolute; Sartre;
void
non-cognitivism descriptivism; emotivism; moral phil-
osophy, problems of; moral realism; prescriptivism;
quasi-realism
non-contradiction, law of contradiction; propositional
calculus
non-euclidean geometry mathematics, history of the
philosophy of; physics, philosophical problems of;

space
non-natural properties ethical naturalism; Moore; natur-
alism; naturalistic fallacy
nonsense meaning; nothingness; verification principle
nonsense upon stilts Bentham; natural rights
no-ownership theory self; subject
normalization Gentzen; natural deduction; proof
normative value
norms, epistemic epistemology; knowledge
norwegian philosophy Elster; Hannay; Føllesdal
nothingness affirmative and negative proposition; Hei-
degger; negation and double negation; non-being and
nothing; nothingness, absolute; Sartre; void
nothingness,
absolute Japanese philosophy; Korean phil-
osophy; Nishida; Nishitani; non-being and nothing;
nothingness; Tanabe; Watsuji
notations, logical Appendix A: Logical Symbols; Polish
notation
nothing see non-being and nothing
nothingness Heidegger
nothingness,absolute Japanese philosophy; Nishida; Nishi-
tani
nothing so absurd philosophy
nothing so extravagant and irrational philosophy
noumena see phenomena and noumena
NOUS ancient philosophy
novel,the philosophical de Beauvoir; literature and phil-
osophy; poetry; Sartre
nozick conservatism; libertarianism; mixture of labour;

scepticism; Wilt Chamberlain argument
n-tuple see ordered set
number arithmetic, foundations of; Burali-Forti paradox;
constructivism; counting; Dedekind; Frege; Gold-
bach’s conjecture; Husserl; infinity; infinitesimals;
magnitude; mathematics, history of philosophy of;
mathematics, problems of the philosophy of; measure-
ment; particulars and non-particulars; predicative
theories; Russell; science, history of the philosophy of
numinous see holy, numinous, and sacred
nussbaum
oakeshott conservatism; political scepticism
oar in water jaundice; illusion; perception
objectivism and subjectivism fact; knowledge; object-
ivism and subjectivism in ethics; truth
objectivism and subjectivism, ethical emotivism; error
theory; law and morals; moral judgement; moral phil-
osophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of;
moral realism; moral relativism; objectivism and sub-
jectivism; prescriptivism; Veritatis Splendor
objectivity, historical see history, problems of the
philosophy of
object language metalanguage
obligation deontic logic; duty; egoism and altruism; ethics
and aesthetics; moral philosophy, history of; moral
philosophy, problems of; ought; right action; rights
OBLIGATIONES logic, history of; medieval philosophy
observation and theory theory
obversion logic, traditional
occasionalism Cartesianism; Geulincx; Leibniz; Male-

branche; parallelism, psychophysical
ockham English philosophy; law, history of the philoso-
phy of; metaphysics, history of; nominalism; Ockham’s
razor; religion, history of the philosophy of
ockham’s razor Ockham; Poincaré; simplicity
o’neill
one-over-many problem universals
ontological argument for the existence of god
Anselm; Duns Scotus; God, arguments for; Leibniz;
1038 Index and List of Entries
metaphysics, history of; Plantinga; religion, scepticism
about; Spinoza
ontology being; Brentano; existence; existential propos-
ition; Hartmann, N.; Heidegger; Indian philosophy;
Leibniz; matter; Meinong; necessary and contingent
existence; philosophy; real; substance; ‘to be’, the verb;
things
opacity and transparency see referential opacity
open and closed thought belief; knowledge; scepticism
open question argument fact–value distinction; good;
Moore; moral philosophy, history of; naturalistic
fallacy; non-natural properties
open texture vagueness
operation logic, modern
operationalism behaviourism; Bridgman; Logical Posi-
tivism; science, history of the philosophy of
optimism and pessimism see pessimism and optimism
or see conjunction and disjunction
ordered pair see ordered set
ordered set

ordinary language and philosophy analytic philosophy;
Austin, J. L.; linguistic philosophy; Moore; Oxford
philosophy; philosophical inquiry: first premisses and
principles; Wittgenstein
ordinary-language philosophy see linguistic philoso-
phy; austin, j. l.
organic society aristocracy, natural; conservatism; society
original position consent; contract, social; justice; Rawls;
veil of ignorance
original sin Pelagius; religion, history of the philosophy
of; sin
origination agent-causation; compatibilism and incom-
patibilism; determinism; freedom and determinism;
indeterminism; libertarianism; self; spontaneity and
indifference; will
ortega y gasset Spanish philosophy
ostensive definition definition; grammar, autonomy of;
samples, explanation by; Wittgenstein
other, the French philosophy; Levinas; other-minds prob-
lem
other minds intersubjective; mind, history of the phil-
osophy of; persons; other; solipsism
other-regarding actions see self-regarding and other-
regarding actions
ought duty; Hare; ‘is’ and ‘ought’; moral judgement;
obligation; right action
‘ought’ and ‘is’ see ‘is’ and ‘ought’
overdetermination undetermination
overman see superman
owen focal meaning

owl of minerva Hegel
oxford calculators
oxford philosophy English philosophy; Hegelianism; ideal-
ism; philosophy, history of centres and departments
of
pain emotion and feeling; mental state; mind, problems
of the philosophy of; moral psychology; sensation
paine
politics and the philosophers
panpsychism Dögen; pantheism; Sprigge
pantheism Goethe; panpsychism; Spinoza; Toland
papineau science, problems of the philosophy of
paraconsistent logic liar paradox
paradigm, scientific see kuhn
paradigm case argument linguistic philosophy
paradigms in science see kuhn
paradox of analysis
paradoxes Achilles paradox; Arrow’s paradox; Babbage–
Chambers paradox; bald man paradox; barber paradox;
Berry’s paradox; Bertrand’s paradox; Burali-Forti’s
paradox; Cantor’s paradox; class paradox; examination
paradox; Grelling’s paradox; heap, paradox of; identity,
paradox of; learning paradox; liar paradox; lottery para-
dox; moving rows paradox; Newcomb’s paradox; para-
dox of analysis; paradoxes, logical; philosophical logic;
prediction paradox; preface paradox; raven’s paradox;
reducibility, axiom of; Richard’s paradox; Russell’s
paradox; semantic theory of truth; Skolem paradox;
Socratic paradox; stadium paradox; two-envelopes
paradox; voting paradox; Weyl’s paradox; Zeno of Elea

paradoxes, logical
parallel distributed processing connectionism
parallelism, psychophysical Leibniz; mind, history of
the philosophy of; mind–body problem; occasionalism;
pre-established harmony
paralogisms Kant
paraphrasis see bentham; contextual definition
pareto optimality
parfit Buddhist philosophy; future generations; person-
affecting principles; personal identity; persons; reduc-
tionism, psychological, in personal identity; self;
self-defeating theories
parmenides Eleatics; language, history of the philosophy
of; Pre-Socratic philosophy; rationalism; science, his-
tory of the philosophy of; space
parsimony, law of see ockham’s razor
partiality and impartiality equality; fairness
particles and waves
particular proposition logic, traditional; predicate cal-
culus; statements and sentences; universal propos-
ition
particularism, moral
particulars and non-particulars properties, individ-
ual; things; universal
pascal
pascal’s wager God, arguments for the existence of
passion emotion and feeling; Hume; passion and emo-
tion; reason as slave of the passions
passion and emotion emotion and feeling; passion
passions, reason as the slave of see reason as slave of

the passions
past see time
paternalism Feinberg; liberalism; Mill, John Stuart; polit-
ical philosophy, history of; suicide; welfarism
patriotism loyalty
peacocke content, non-conceptual
Index and List of Entries 1039