The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 133 ppsx

such as that, since witches and ghosts are never actually perceived, concepts of religion and
magic are innate.
20. See note 2 for usage of the terms ‘‘cognitivism’’ and ‘‘anticognitivism.’’ It should
also be noted that while it is undoubtedly the case that Wittgenstein’s later philosophy
is antagonistic to cognitivism, it is not in my view inconsistent with the kind of (socio)
naturalism delineated in the following paragraph.
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Index

Aaron, David, 197–98
Abelson, Robert P., 178
Abstractness, 572
Access Principle, 353
Accessibility Theory, 134, 893–96, 920–21,
924, 935
Accommodation, 1276, 1288n7
word-formation, composite structures and,
653–54, 655f, 671n3
Achard, Michel
on applied linguistics, 1141–42, 1148
on modal meaning analyses, 310–11, 1141–42
on modality, 874–75, 879–81, 883n5, 883n7,
884n9, 885n24, 885n28

Achievements, processes and, 815
Achilles and the Tortoise, 356, 357f–362f
Acronyms, 650, 651, 655–58 , 671
Action(s)
chain, 763
phonology as human, 626–28
states and, 815–16
Activation
of active node, 122
of categorizing units, 429f, 430
conceptual distance and, 512–13
of conceptual network, 122
entrenchment and, 122, 125
spreading, 119, 122, 135n6, 518, 535
Active zones, 280, 584n9, 796
Actor-Patient, 303
Adams, Karen L., 688
Adjacency, 409–10, 415n16
pairs, 918
relative, 409–10
requirement, 1085
of similar elements, 410
simple, 409
Adjuncts, arguments and, 774–76, 778n14
Adpositions
grammaticalization and, 738–42, 745n4
semantics of, 726–28, 733–38
AFF (affect) relations, 303–4
Affect, consciousness, metacognition and,
1272–73

Affixes, 684
Agency
attention and, 289–90
emotions and, 1047–52
force dynamics and, 298
voice and, 1048–49
Agent. See also Voice
defocused, 838, 839f–841f
oblique, 841–43
Agent-Patient, 439, 665
clause structure, transitivity and, 763, 765, 768,
769t, 772, 773f
Agnoli, Franca, 1013–14
Agonist and Antagonist, in force dynamics, 267,
295–98, 873, 884n8
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., 678–79, 682, 685–86
Akhtar, Nameera, 1101
Akmajian, Adrian, 467
Aktionsart, 813–14, 821, 822n1
Alford, Dan K., 1013
Algorithm, 1270
Alinei, Mario, 998
Allan, Keith, 680–81, 683, 693n2
Allophones, 445, 618–19
Ambiguity, polysemy and, 142–43, 159
American Sign Language (ASL), 265, 363–64,
392, 1114, 1128f
Amis, Kingsley, 1179
Analogical change, 946, 958–64
Analogical extension, 962–64

Analogical leveling, 958–59
direction of, 959–60
domain of, 960–62
Analogy, 646
conclusions regarding, 964
schemas and, 82, 100–101, 102f, 114nn24–26
Analyticity, 146
Analyzability
compositionality and, 654
idioms and, 706–12, 721
Anaphora
backwards, 901, 904–6
forward, 905–6
pronominal, 890–915
Anaphors, 578
Anderson, John M., 969
Anderson, Stephen R., 623
Andor, Jo
´
zsef, 173
Animacy, 414n9
Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 8
Anscombre, Jean-Claude, 924–25
Anthropological linguistics, 10, 1045–73
summary, conclusions and further research in,
1065–66
Anticognitivism, 1286, 1290n20
Antimetabole, 216
Anttila, Raimo, 399
Applied Cognitive Linguistics, 1139–59, 1156n2

overview of studies in, 1142–44
Apprehension, 428, 451n10
Arbitrariness, iconicity and, 394, 396
Archetypes
conceptual, 433–34, 439, 452n19, 578
Langacker on, 132, 578, 753
role, 132, 761, 768
Argument structure constructions, 485–86
Argumentation theory, reasoning and, 259n4
Arguments, adjuncts and, 774–76, 778n14
Ariel, Mira, 920–21, 935
Aristotle, 88, 1243
on metaphors, 189, 594–95, 596
Metaphysics, 143
Armstrong, David E., 1126
Articulatory mimesis, 395
Artificial Intelligence, 4, 170, 178, 202, 268, 488,
515, 1268, 1284
ASL. See American Sign Language
Aspect(s). See also specific individuals
deictic effect of, 803
discourse relations and, 818–20
form, 813–17
lexical v. grammatical, 813–15
meaning, 817–20, 818f–819f
perfective and imperfective, 812, 814–15, 817,
818f–819f, 823n16, 823nn13–14
phasal, 816
qualitative and quantitative, 993–94
viewpoint and, 816, 817, 818f–819f

Aspect, tense and, 803–28
comparative analysis of, 820
modality interaction with, 820–21
Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Chomsky), 570
Aspectual pair, 634
Assemblies of symbolic structures, 438–43
Assimilation, 948–49, 1276, 1288n7
Association, metonymy and, 237
Atkins, Beryl T., 1170
Atomic units, 481, 496, 505n4
Attention, 264–93. See also Factors; Morphemes
agency and, 289–90
co-entailed concepts with, 272–73
construal and, 54, 56–57
context and, 279–82
direct reference to, in addressee, 283
distribution of, 294
Figure/Ground and, 266–67, 275
focus of, 425
foregrounding and backgrounding with, 266–67
form designating concomitant of outside
referent as object of, 277–78
form designating outside entity or
phenomenon as object of, 278–79
form designating outside referent as object of,
277
increased v. decreased, 265
pattern reinforcement, through factor
convergence, 290
salience and, 264–65

salience, entrenchment and, 117, 127–28, 135n6
schematic systems and, 267–68
sign language and, 265
strength of, factors and, 268–90
windowing of, 267, 286, 308
Attested data, metaphors and, 205–6
Attitude, 1272–73
ATT-Meta, 202–3
Audiolingualism, 1140–41
Austen, Jane, 1183
Austin, J. L., 1241, 1242
Autohyponymous words, 143
Autohyponymy, 241
Autonomous linguistics, 9, 566–88
Autonomous word, 634
Autonomy, 445, 579–81
degree of morphological, 269
dependence v., 445
Autopoiesis, 1252
Autosuperordination, 241
Ayto, John, 1166
Bach, Emmon, 410
Background/backgrounding, 77n1, 242, 266–67,
421–24
Bacz, Barbara, 736, 738
Bailey, David, 227
Bakema, Peter
empirical methods and, 17
on entrenchment, 119, 125–27
referential analysis and, 159

on salience, 934
Baldinger, Kurt, 988–89, 997
Baldwin, James Mark, 1267
Barcelona, Antonio, 240
Barlow, Michael, 1172, 1251
Barnden, John, 202–3
Barron, Roger, 684–85
Barsalou, Lawrence W., 556, 1279
1296 index
Bartlett, Sir Frederic, 602, 1267, 1271–76, 1278, 1286,
1289n10
Base(s). See also Profile, base and
cognitive and functional, 1099–1100
space, 806
Basic, as term, 433–34, 452n17
Basic domains, 182–83, 434, 452n20
Basic epistemic model, 878, 879f
Basic levels, of categorization, 762
entrenchment, salience and, 117–38, 998
Basso, Keith H., 1063
Bates, Elizabeth, 1100
Bateson, Gregory, 173
Battison, Robbin, 1115
Baudelaire, Charles Pierre, 1186
Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan, 612–13
Beauvoir, Simone de, 1231
Becker, Alton L., 688
Behaghel, Otto, 415n16
Behavior and control properties, 755, 770, 778n10
Behaviorism, 12, 1244–45, 1267 –68, 1275, 1279

Beings, talking v. calling, 1049
Belief nets, 202
Bellavia, Ellena, 736
Belugi, Ursula, 1118, 1120
Benveniste, Emile, 395–96
Benzon, William L., 1188
Berlin, Brent
on basic levels, 122–23, 145, 994, 998
on color, 122–23, 145, 1030–31, 1087n5
on folk classification, 1016
on prototypicality, 150
Berman, Ruth A., 1098
Berntsen, Dorthe, 1188
Berthele, Raphael, 16, 1006
Bertuol, Roberto, 1184
Best Fit Principle, 517–18, 535
Bestgen, Yves, 926
Biber, Douglas, 1153
Bickel, Balthasar, 1028, 1059–60, 1204, 1212–13
Bierwisch, Manfred, 161n12, 280
Bildfeld, 596
Bilingualism, 1024, 1078
Billiard-ball model, 311–12, 753, 763, 764, 1119–20
Binomials, 699
Bipolar organization, 444, 446
Birner, Betty J., 467
Bittner, Maria, 845–46
Black, Max, 196, 1225
Blank, Andreas, 142, 999
Bleaching, 743, 975

Blends. See also Conceptual integration; Frame
blending; specific individuals
CMT v., 198–201, 208n13
da Vinci’s Mona Lisa/Lewinski, 200f
double-scope, 378, 391–92
human-scale, 382–83
intercalative, 669
lexical, 668–69, 670f, 671
mental spaces and, 109, 111, 199, 377–82, 384,
452n26, 1125
metaphors and, 198–201, 208n13, 599–600,
1182–86, 1226
schemas and, 87, 109, 110f, 115n35
Ship-of-State, 199–201
sign languages, mental spaces and, 1125
Blocking, entrenchment and, 121, 134n1
Blommaert, Jan, 1223
Bloom, Alfred H., 1023, 1025, 1031–32
Bloomfield, Leonard, 569–70
on linguistics, 1244, 1246
on phonemes, 613
Blount, Ben G., 1016
Blumenberg, Hans, 596–97, 601
Boas, Franz, 1013, 1014, 1066, 1269
War of the Ghosts story and, 1272, 1288n8
Bodily experience, universalism and, 1208–9,
1217–18
The Body in the Mind (Johnson, M.), 34, 602
Boers, Frank, 224, 1144, 1151–52, 1225–26
Boersma, Paul, 614

Boeve, Lieven, 1190
Bogdonovich, Jody, 1181–82
Bohn, Ocke-Schwen, 1209
Bohnemeyer, Ju
¨
rgen, 1034
Boland, Eavan, 1185
Bolinger, Dwight, 395
Bond, James, and Ursula, 358–62, 363f
Boogaart, Ronny, 811
Books, on CL, 8
Boolean logic of classes, 179
Boroditsky, Lera
on language acquisition, 1094
on metaphors, 196, 1034–35
Botha, Willem, 1227, 1230
Boundedness, 635
of relational gram, 730, 745n1
Bourdieu, Pierre, 1223
Bowden, John, 741
Bowen, Elizabeth, 1181
Bowerman, Melissa, 337–38, 1034 , 1098
Boye, Kasper, 314n8, 314n12, 314n15
Boyland, Joyce Tang, 969
Brain
body and, 43, 1284–85
language in, 325–26
neuroscience and, 26, 36–39, 206, 209n18,
325–26
polysemy and, 158

Brandt, Per Aage and Line, 1180, 1186, 1189
Bransford, John D., 1272
Brdar, Mario, 253, 254
index 1297
Brdar-Szabo
´
, Rita, 253, 254
Bre
´
al, Michel, 139, 237, 593–94, 997
Brearton, Fran, 1189
Breedlove, Dennis E., 150, 1016
Breton, Andre, 1181
Brisard, Frank, 810
Briscoe, Ted, 252–53
British Sign Language (BSL), 1116
Brockman, John, 591
Brooks, Patricia, 1099, 1102–3, 1106
Brostro
¨
m, Sofia, 206–7
Browman, Catherine P., 947–48
Brown, Cecil, 161n11
Brown, Penelope, 1014, 1098
Brown, Roger, 125
Brown, Roger W., 1030, 1033
Brugman, Claudia
on Figure/Ground, 128
on grammaticalization, 742
on image schemas, 232

on linguistic relativity, 1029
on polysemy, 148, 153, 162n14
radial sets and, 155
‘‘Story of Over’’, 323, 1249
Bruner, Jerome, 1281
BSL. See British Sign Language
Buck, Frederick H., 733
Budwig, Nancy, 1096 , 1102
Bu
¨
hler, Charlotte, 1289n11
Bu
¨
hler, Karl, 1061, 1267
on metaphors, 596, 599–600, 1277–78
psychology and, 1280–83, 1286, 1288n4, 1289n11,
1289nn15–18
Saussure and, 598, 600
Bulcaen, Chris, 1223
Burke, Kenneth, 595–96
Burrows, Colin, 1193
Bußmann, Hadumod, 690
Byatt, A. S., 1182
Bybee, Joan L.
on diachronic linguistics, 953, 956, 960
on grammaticalization, 740, 743, 982n3
on inflectional morphology, 633–34
on modality, 870, 876
on phonology, 127, 613–14, 623, 624–25
on salience, 934

on usage, entrenchment and frequency, 14–15,
1099
on usage-based models, 499–500, 624–26, 1106
Calbris, Genevie
`
ve, 1125, 1127–28
Caldas-Coulthard, Rosas Carmen, 1222
Campbell, Lyle, 974
Campbell, Siobhan, 735
Canonical event model, 312, 753–54, 764, 775
Carmichael, Richard, 735
Carnap, Rudolph, 1245
Carnoy, Alfred, 997
Carroll, John B., 1014, 1031
Casad, Eugene
on image schemas, 219–20
on relational constructions, 733, 734
on schematic network model, 156
on spatial orientation, 1053, 1058
Casagrande, Joseph B., 1031
Case Grammar, 131–32, 664
Case hierarchy, 131–32
Case markers
accusative, 221
dative, 221, 632, 633
ergativity and, 132, 768–69
landmark and, 737–38
Case theory, 464
Caselli, Christina, 1101
Casenhiser, Devin, 1104

Catalan Sign Language, 1122–24, 1129–30
Categorical statements, 178
Categories. See also See also specific categories
inflectional morphemes representing, 642–43
semantic, 336–38
Categorization, 574–75. See also Basic levels,
of categorization; Best Fit Principle;
Classification(s); Decategorialization; Radial
categories; Radial sets; Relationships; specific
individuals
classical and prototype-based, with schemas,
88, 89f–90f, 91, 92f, 112nn10–12
classification and, 676–77, 690–92
conceptualization and, 26–27, 38–39, 1012–13
construal and, 56
correspondences of, 441
as function of language, 5
lexical retrieval and, 122
nominal classification, CL and, 690–92
polycentric, 160n2
process, 154, 161n14
prototypes and, 26, 34, 90, 139–69, 145–46, 641,
989–90
with schemas, 88, 89f–90f, 91, 92f, 112nn10–12, 214
structural characteristics of, 4
superordinate and subordinate levels of,
123–24, 126
target of, 429–30
of units, 428–30
of usage events, 428f–429f, 430

Causal chains, 762, 763f, 764
Causal directionality, establishing, 1028
Causatives
causation, force dynamics and, 295, 297, 313,
313n2, 314n16, 314nn3–4
iconicity in, 406–7, 414nn12–13
1298 index
C-commands, 891, 892f, 907, 911, 914
CDA. See Critical Discourse Analysis
Centering Theory, 922–23, 935n 2
Ception, 638
Chafe, Wallace, 765, 771, 921, 1025
Chandler, Michael, 1275
Change. See specific types
Channels of expression, 426–30, 427f, 451n4,
451n6, 451nn8–9
Child language
meaning and conceptualization in, 1093–98,
1095f, 1097f
usage and grammar in, 1098–1107, 1105f
Childers, Jane, 1104
Children. See also specific individuals
idioms and, 712
image schemas and, 225–27
language acquisition and, 26, 501–2, 504, 536,
615, 617, 619–20, 928, 1060–61, 1092–1108,
1095f, 1097f, 1105f, 1209, 1210f
language development in, 73, 140, 1034–35
metaphors and, 194, 207, 1096
Chinese, models of anger in, 1211

Choi, Sonja, 1034, 1098
Chomsky, Noam, 9
active zone and, 584n9
on cognitive-code learning theory, 1142, 1156n1
on componential model, 464–66
on development, 1285, 1289n19
Generative Grammar and, 464, 554, 572, 584n9,
1141, 1245–47
Generative Linguistics and, 572, 575
on genetics, competence, performance, social
code and usage, 11–13
on gestures, 1125
Government and Binding theory and, 799n9,
921
on iconicity, 396
linguistics history and, 569–71, 591
philosophy and, 1245–47, 1255–57
on phonemes, 613
on rewrite rules, 515
Chung, Sandra, 849
Cienki, Alan, 206, 220, 229
CL. See Cognitive Linguistics
Clancy, Patricia, 1097–98
Clark, Andy, 1252
Clark, Eve, 1097
Clark, Herbert H., 334, 401
Clark, Marybeth, 739
Clarke, David D., 160n3, 256, 1187
Class terms, 679
Classes

Boolean logic of, 179
closed and open, 320, 338
grammatical, 439–40, 452nn28–29
monothetic, 146
verb, 813–16
Classification(s). See also Nominal classification;
specific individuals
categorization and, 676–77, 690–92
Classical Theory of, 595
coherence, and gradation between one and two
with schemas, 97, 98f–99f
of construal, 49, 53–58, 76
folk, 1015–16
polythetic, with family resemblance, 146
of relationships, 518, 519f, 927–29
shape, 1031
social v. individual, 594
Classificatory noun incorporation, 684
Classificatory verb stems, 684–85
Classifier(s)
deictic, 686
genitive, 683
languages, 680–92, 693n2, 693nn8–9
locative, 685–86
mensural, 681
noun, 682–83
numeral, 681–82
quantifiers v., 681–82
sortal, 681, 693n4
systems, 680–81, 693n3, 693n6

verbal, 683–85, 693n7
Claudi, Ulrike, 741, 968–69, 972–73, 976, 978
Clause(s). See also Complements
definitions, 784, 798n1
ditransitive, indirect objects, datives and,
772–74, 778nn12–13
meaning of, 760–64
salience, semantic roles and, 131–33
Clause constructions, 754–60
subject and, 755– 56, 770, 771f
syntactic roles and, 754–56
verbs and, 756–57, 758f–760f
Clause structure. See also specific individuals/
models
strata, 755t
transitivity and, 753–81, 769t, 773f, 777n1,
777nn6–7, 778n8
Closeness
semantic similarity and, 500
to speaker, iconicity and, 408–9
in time, iconicity and, 407–8
CMT. See Conceptual metaphor theory
COBUILD corpus, abstract nouns based
on, 127
Cocktailverfahren, 600
Codability, 1030
Coding, 428f, 429
clause construction and, 755–56
unmarked, with Figure/Ground, 130–31
index 1299