An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 107 docx

INDEX OF TOPICS
1042
Electric Lighting Act (1882) (UK) 369–70
electric motors 355, 381–5 in domestic
appliances 925, 927–8, 929, 931, 937
induction 383–4 linear 384–5 pole
amplitude modulated 384 precursors see
electromagnetic engines repulsion 384
synchronous 383 universal 383 variable
speed control 384
electric power generation 41, 284, 356–62,
369–70, 371, 372, 381, 960 gas turbines
333, 338–40 nuclear 215 steam turbines
295–303, 385 wind 259–60
electric telegraph 357, 572, 574, 713–15, 964–5
railway signalling system 714, 965 wartime
role 988–9
electric vehicles 378, 380, 458–9 trams 47, 959–
60
electric water heaters 920
electrical appliances 386
electrical measurement 373–7
electricity 41, 959–61 current 351–4 off-peak
372–3, 917 static 350–51; inverse square
law 373 transmission 370–72 see also hydro-
electric power
electricity supply meters 376
electrification iron- and steel-making 176
railways 382, 584–5, 591–2, 594, 598, 599,
600
electrochemistry 352

electrodynamometer 374
electro-forming 419
electrolysis, applications of 105, 107–11, 112–
13, 114–19, 224–5, 352
electromagnetic engines 377–81
electrometer, torsion balance 373
electron, discovery 213
electron-beam welding 420
electronic clocks and watches 697
electronics 41–2, 428
electrophonetic telegraph 719
electroscope, gold leaf 373
electroslag refining (steel) 184
elements 187
elephant (weapon of war) 970–71
Encyclopédie (Diderot) 236
energy meters 376
English Improver, The (Blith) 774
engravings copper 674 photo-process 679 steel
678 wood 678
ENIAC 42, 702
Erie canal complex 510–11
Eros (statue) 108–9, 111
Eskimos, use of copper 48
etching 419
ethylene 212
ethylene glycol 212
Etruscans brass statuary 75 building and
architecture 868, 873 wood-turning 389
excavators 471

Exeter Canal 476
Experienced Millwright, The 238
Explorer satellite 656
explosives 190, 223, 988
exponents 698
external combustion engines 341–2

facsimile transmission 743–4
factory system 28–9 water power in 240–42
fallowing 777–8
fan vault 876
Fantasia (motion picture) 723
farm traction 787–91
fastenings 852–3
feldspar 193
felt 807
ferries, ro-ro 550
ferro-vitreous construction 895–6
Fertile Crescent 13, 764
fertilizers 170, 223–4, 774–5
Festiniog Railway 565, 575, 606
fibre optics 199, 748
fibres, textile 804–808 see also man-made fibres
fighter aircraft 632, 995, 998 rocket-propelled
634, 639 STOVL 640
filament lamp 41, 132–3, 365–9, 386–7, 914–
15, 959
filling stations 459–60
Filmorex system 751
filters, sintered metal 137

filtration beds (water) 953
finery 152, 155
Finow Canal 495, 497
fire 7–9
fire arrows 970
INDEX OF TOPICS
1043
fire drill 8
fire lighting see ignition
firearms, mass production 30, 405–407, 983
fireplaces 916
fishing 9, 766
Fissero-Tartaro-Canalbianco Canal 501
flak jacket 1009
flamethrowers 993
flash locks 476, 494, 517
flax 806 hackling 806, 840 spinning 841
flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) 424–8
flight simulator 703
flint building material 856–7 mines 9 sickles
779–80 uses: in fire-making 7–8; in glass
196; in pottery 193
flint glass 197
flintlock guns 979
float glass 198
flood control 955–6
floor coverings 15, 904–906
floor polisher 927
floppy disk 707, 753
flour mill see corn mill

flowline production 427
fluorescent lamps 387, 915
fluoridation of water 953
flushwork 857
Flying Bedstead (aircraft) 639
flying boats 627, 633
flying buttress 877–9
Flying Hamburger (train) 595
Flying Scotsman (locomotive) 606
flywheel 16
foam, furniture 907
fog signals 543
Fontinettes boat lift 487
food mixer 937
food preparation 936–7 see also cooking
food preservation 796–801, 937–8
footwear 854
Ford cars Model A 37 Model T 413–14, 452
Forth and Clyde Canal 478
fortification 982 camps 970 cities 969
FORTRAN computer language 704
Fossa Carolina 494
Fossdyke Navigation 476
fountain pens 668–9
four-stroke cycle 322, 454
frame knitting 819–20
Franco-Prussian War 612, 734, 985
Franks 971–2
freeways see motorways
friction welding 419

frigate 536
From the Earth to the Moon (Verne) 747
frozen food 797–8, 938
fuel cells 455
fulling 816–18
fungicides 777
furnaces blast: iron 149–51, 153, 154, 157–8,
160, 162–3, 178; zinc 94 bloomery 149, 151
copper-smelting 50, 52, 60 electric arc 106,
176, 182 electric induction 162 finery 152,
155 glass-making 171, 196, 198 refractory
linings 194–5 regenerative 93 reverberatory
83–4, 104, 157, 162 rocking resistor 119
vacuum melting 125, 133, 183–4
furnishings 906–907
furniture 907–911
fusee 24, 392, 394

galena 68–9, 71
galley, ship’s 520
galvanizing 95–6, 180
galvanometers 374, 377, 714
garages 459–60
garnierite 98
gas bath heater 919
gas cookers 210, 942–4, 958
gas discharge lamps 387, 961
gas engines 305–307, 310, 314–15, 454, 614
gas fires 210, 916, 958
gas geysers 919–20

gas industry 40, 161, 957–9 see also coal gas;
natural gas
gas irons 934
gas lighting 208–209, 914, 958 mantle 123,
209, 914, 958
gas masks 993
gas meter 209, 958
gas turbines 329–41 aircraft engines 39, 330,
333, 335–8, 634–40 blades 126–8, 141
electric power generation 333, 338–40
helicopter engines 643 marine engines 340,
INDEX OF TOPICS
1044
537 motor cars 341, 455 railway
locomotives 334, 340–41 supercharged
309, 315–16
gas warfare 992–3, 998, 1009
gasoline see petrol
Gatling gun 985–6
Gauge of Railways Act (1846) (UK) 568
gauges 400, 401, 413, 414–15, 421 strain 420
gear cutting machines 395–6, 408–409, 410–11
gears 16–17 bevel 17 clock 17 cog and rung
269 cycloidal 269 helical 17 lanthorn and
trundle 17, 19 mill 17, 236, 238, 247, 250
mortise 17 sun-and-planet 276
gelignite 988
Gemini space missions 653
Genoa: Mola Nuovo 548
geodesic dome 882

German silver see nickel silver
gesso 909
geysers, gas 919–20
Ghent-Terneuzen Canal 492
gilding 68, 80
gilding metal 74
gill boxes 840–41
ginning (cotton) 808, 834
glass 16, 195–9 cut 197 float 198 lead (flint) 197
mirror 910–11 optical 197 plate 197–8, 910
stained 22, 196 window 22, 196 see also
ferro-vitreous construction
glass fibre 198–9
glass-fibre-reinforced plastics 947
glassblowing 16, 196
glasshouses 895
glassmaking furnaces 171, 196, 198
glazes 191, 194
Glenfinnan Viaduct 891
gliders 39, 619, 621–2, 645, 646
Gliwice Canal 505
Gloire (ship) 533
glues 220
goffering iron 933
gold leaf electroscope 373
gold mining 79
Golden Gate Bridge 465
Gossamer Albatross (man-powered aircraft) 647
gossan 55
Göta Canal 502

Gothic architecture 874, 876–9
governor centrifugal 31 cut-off control by 283
inertia 284 for waterwheel 242
Graf Spee (ship) 324
Gramme ring 360
gramophone 720–24 long-playing record 723–4
Grand Canal (Dublin-Shannon) 481
Grand Canal (Tianjin-Hangzhov) 475
Grand Junction Canal 479
Grand Union Canal 479
granite (building stone) 860
grapeshot 982
graphophone 721
Great Britain (ship) 401, 528
Great Eastern (ship) 403, 528, 715, 965
Great Exhibition (1851) 258, 470, 569, 679,
735, 782, 958 see also Crystal Palace
Great Glen (Caledonian) Canal 480–81
Great Western (ship) 35, 527
Great Western Railway 565, 567–8, 572, 590,
592, 965
Greek fire 971
Greek mill (Norse mill) 19, 229–30, 269
Greeks, Ancient 18 alphabet 667 brass artefacts
73–4, 79 bronze artefacts 61, 62–3, 65–6
building and architecture 858, 862–4, 872,
884, 887 cleansing agents 203
‘mathematical gearing’ 17 measuring
instruments 391 music 686, 717 Norse mill
19, 229–30, 269 philosophers 187, 212

pottery 191 silver mines 69, 70–71 tin
artefact 60 warfare 970 zinc artefacts 75
green manuring 774
grenade launcher 980
grenades 980, 991 anti-tank 994, 1004
grinding 10, 407
grinding machines 407–408, 413, 414, 415
grindstone crank 25
groin vault 875
Groot Algemeen Moolen-Boek (van Zyl) 251
Groot Volkomen Moolenboek (Natrus and Polly)
251, 255
Grove cell 353
guided missiles 1008
gun carriage 977–8
gun-cotton 223
gun turret 533, 534, 988
INDEX OF TOPICS
1045
gunner’s calipers 25
gunpowder (‘black powder’) 19, 648, 975
charcoal for 206 grinding machine for 266
saltpetre for 221
guns anti-tank 994, 1004 breech-loading
984, 987 early 975 hand976–7, 985
machine 985–6, 992; aircraft-mounted
995 naval 532, 533, 536 rifles 403, 405,
983–4; anti-tank 994 tank 1003, 1009 see
also artillery
gutta percha 217

gypsum 885, 904
gyroscopes in bombsights 1000 for torpedo
control 997
gyroscopic compass 545

hackling (flax) 806, 840
haematite 52
halberd 976, 979
half-timbered buildings 862
half-tone process 679
halogen lamps 386–7
hammer, power 152, 166, 232, 401
hammer ponds 232
hammerbeam roofs 866
Haneken Canal 496
hang-gliders 621–2, 646
harbours see ports and harbours
harrow 21
harvesting 779–87
hastener (roasting aid) 940
hats 807
Havel-Oder Canal 497
heat engines 272, 342–3
heating 385–6, 915–17
heddle-frame weaving 810–11
helical gears 17
helicopters 536–7, 640–44
heliography 732
helium balloons 613
helmets 968–9, 973, 991

helve 166
herbicides, selective 778
Hiawatha trains 597
hieratic script 667
hieroglyphics 15, 666–7
‘hipping’ (hot isostatic pressing) 140–1
Historia Naturalis (Natural History) (Pliny) 75, 187,
672
horse armour 974
horse collar 20, 787
horse shoe 20
horse trams 583
horse wheels 261, 264–5, 788, 794
horses 13–14, 20–21, 260, 264, 265–9, 787–8
horses—cont heavy 974 of San Marco 67–8
see also cavalry
hot-air balloons 609–10, 611, 612, 613–14
hot air engine see external combustion engine
hot bulb engine 310–11
hourglass 23
hourglass mill 230
Housatonic (ship) 537
hovercraft 538
howitzer 980–81
‘Huff Duff (detection device) 1001
hulks 520
Huns 971
hunter gatherer societies 762–3, 766–7
hydraulic cement 888–9
hydraulic power 961 boat lifts 482, 493, 508

earthmoving machinery 472 mains systems
40–41 motor car suspension 452 tractor
implement carrying facility 790
hydrochloric acid, 221, 222
hydro-electric machine 351
hydro-electric power 109, 112–13, 118, 244–5
hydrofoils 538–9
hydrogen balloons 610–11, 612
hydrogen bomb 1006–1007
hydrogen peroxide, bleaching agent 205
hydrophones 718
hypocaust 917

IBM PCs 707, 710
ice boxes 937
ice houses 797
ice-making machines 797
iconoscope 745
ignition (fire) 7–9, 911–12
ilmenite 143
Imperial Canal (Spain) 505
impulse turbine 290, 294
Inchmona (ship) 286
INDEX OF TOPICS
1046
inclined planes 479, 480, 488, 493, 503–504,
506, 509, 512, 517, 557–8
indigo 199, 200
indigotin 200, 202
induction furnance 162

induction motors 383–4
infantry Byzantine 971 mediaeval 976 modern
weapons 1009–1010 phalanx formation 970
testudo formation 970
information technology 686–94, 748–53
information theory 703, 749–50
ink 668, 669 printer’s 670
inlaid furniture 908
insecticides 776–7
‘instantaneous’ lights 912
instrument making 24, 393–4
insulators, electrical 194
intaglio process 674
intarsio (furniture) 908
integrated circuit (IC) 42, 705
integrated ironworks 158, 160
Intelsat satellites 657
inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM) 1007
internal combusition engines 37–9, 272, 303–
29, 454, 615 see also compression ignition
engines: gas engines; hot bulb engine;
spark ignition engines; Wankel engine
International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite 658
inventors 2, 690
Iran bronze artefacts 59 copper artefacts 48, 50,
57 irrigation tunnels 467–8, 768 lead
artefacts 69 pottery 16 windmills 245 zinc
refining 77–8
Iraq dairy farming 791 lead artefacts 69 plough
769

IRAS satellite 658
iridium 131
iron 12, 14, 18, 146–7 building material 893–6
by-product of copper refining 54 case
hardening 159 charcoal for smelting 206
‘malleable’ 168, 560, 563 meteoritic 147 pig
151 production: electrification 381; gas
engines for 314; use of coal in 207, of coke
in 207, of water power in 232 see also cast
iron; corrugated iron; ferrovitreous
construction; galvanizing; wrought iron
iron, smoothing 932–4
Iron Age 6, 54, 388–9 industrial 160–67
iron alloys high-temperature 124 magnetic 137
see also steel
iron bridges 156, 463, 465, 893, 895
iron ships 21, 525, 528, 533
Ironbridge 156
irrigation 767–8 see also water-raising devices
irrigation tunnels 467–8, 768
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
750
isostatic pressing 139–41
isotope abundance analysis 69–70
isotopes 213–14

Jablochkoff candles 363
Jacquard punched-card control systems 400–
401, 699, 700, 701, 821, 823, 844, 848, 905
James River and Kanawha Canal 510

James River Navigation 510
japanned furniture 909
Jazz Singer, The (motion picture) 723
Jericho 12, 431
jet engine see gas turbines
jettied buildings 864
jewellery anodized titanium 144 brass 76, 80,
87 copper 48, 61 glazed beads 16 iron rings
54 tin bracelet 60
jig borer 415
jig grinder 415
John Bull (locomotive) 573
Joule cycle 329
Juliana Canal 494
Juno rockets 661
Jupiter probes 660
Jupiter rockets 661

Kaiser Wilhelm II (ship) 287
kaolin 193
Kaplan turbine 244–5
Karls Grav (canal) 501
Kennet and Avon Canal 480
kerosene see paraffin oil
Keulse Vaart 491
Kiel Canal 496
kilns brickmaking 870 cement 889 pottery 15–
16, 191, 195 temperature measurement in
194
INDEX OF TOPICS

1047
kinetoscope 741–2
kitchen 934–6
kitchen equipment 936–7
kitchen ranges 940–42
knapping (flints) 857
knife-cleaners 923–4
knitting 818–20
knitting machines 846–7
knock (detonation) 306, 316–18, 335
kollergang (oil mill) 253, 255
Küsten Canal 497

lace-making machines 848
Lachine Canal 506–507
lacquered furniture 908–909
laminated wood furniture 910
lampshades 368–9
Lancaster bomber 632
lance 972, 988
landing ships 550
Landsat satellites 658
language 665–6
lanthorn and trundle gear 17, 19
Laser-Card system 755
lasers 419–20, 426, 752, 737–8
lathes automatic 410, 415 centre 415–17
clockmaker’s 392 controls for 424
early 9, 66, 389–90 industrial 394–5,
399, 400 instrument maker’s 394

ornamental 393 pole 26, 390 screw
cutting 393–4, 395 turret 410, 414,
415–17
latitude measurement 544
‘laughing gas’ 352
laundering 928–3 4
laundry, horse-driven 266
Lea river, canalization 476, 477, 482
lead 68–72 in Roman plumbing 20, 66, 72
lead-acid battery 353–4
lead tetraethyl 317
lean burn engines 455
leather 803
Leclanché cell 353
Leeds and Liverpool Canal 478–9
leguminous crops 779
Lehigh Canal 512
Lend Lease Act (1941) (US) 421
length measurement standards 18, 391, 697
vernier scale 25
Lenoir cycle 329
Lenoir engine 305
lenses 197, 730
level, electronic 423
lewis 19
Lewis gun 992
Leyden jar 351
Liberty ship 531
lierne vault 876
lifebelt 540

lifeboat 539, 540
lifejacket 540
liferaft 540
lifts boat 480, 482, 486, 493, 496, 497, 498,
508–509, 517 passenger 897
lighting candles 912–13 electric 41, 358, 360,
369, 386–7, 914–15, 959, 961; see also arc
lamps; filament lamps gas 208–209, 914,
958; mantle 123, 209, 914, 958 oil 211,
913–14 rushlights 912
lighthouse 358, 542, 889
lightning conductor 350
lights, navigational 543
lightship 542
linear motors 384–5
linen 804, 806
liner 37, 530, 532
Ling Chu (Magic Canal) 475
linoleum 905
Linotype machine 680
linseed 806
linstock ignition (artillery) 981
lithography 678 offset 678–9, 684
Liverpool (Bury locomotive) 564
Liverpool (Crampton locomotive) 569
Liverpool: Royal Liver Building 891
Liverpool & Manchester Railway 561–2, 563
locks (canal) 517–18 ‘bear trap’ 512 flash 476,
494, 517 pound 475, 476, 517 shaft 496–7, 518
locks (security) 29 mass-produced 404

locomotives diesel 591, 595, 598, 600 diesel-
electric 591, 594–6, 600 gas turbine
powered 334, 340–41 petrol-electric 591,
593, 594 steam 35, 558–62, 564, 568–70,
575, 579–83, 589–90, 596–8, 599, 605–606;
INDEX OF TOPICS
1048
American 573; European 575; oil-fired 589;
preservation 606–607 streamlining 596–7
superheating 590–91 Whyte notation to
describe 564
Locomotion (locomotive) 560
locust, biological control 777
lodestone 21, 350
log construction 856, 865
logarithms 698
logs (ships’ speed recorders) 545
London Docklands Light Railway 603 drains
and sewers 956–7 electric lighting 363,
364–5, 368, 370 hydraulic mains system 41
Kew Gardens (Palm House) 895 London
Bridge waterworks 234, 235 St. Paul’s
Cathedral 860, 881–2 underground railway
382, 468, 583, 584, 592 water supply 951
Westminster Abbey 879 Westminster
Cathedral 891 Westminster Hall 866
London & Birmingham Railway 566
London Gazettee 672
longbow 973
longitude measurement 544, 696

looms automatic 844–5 carpet 812, 845–6,
905–906 Dutch 820 early 22 flying shuttle
821–2 horizontal 812, 815–16 powered
834, 843–5 shuttle-less 845 vertical 811–12,
815
Lord Chancellor (micrometer) 398–9
‘lost wax’ casting process 62, 68
lubricating oil 212
lubrication, forced 284
Lumitype machine 681
Luna moon probes 658–9
lustre ware 192

macadam road surface 436
Mach number 635–6
machine guns 985–6, 992 aircraft-mounted
995
machine tools 29, 392–404 controls for 422–4
for mass production 404–417
mackintosh fabric 216, 849
madder 199, 200, 202
magazines 673, 678, 680
magic lantern 738–9
magnesite 121, 194–5
magnesium 113–21 as scavenger 99
production: electrochemical 114–19; by
sodium reduction 113, 114;
thermochemical 119–21
magnesium alloys 115, 116, 123
magnetic alloys 137

magnetism 41, 350, 355–6
magneto 357–9
mail coach 438
mail services see postal services
maize 764
majolica 192
malachite 52
Mallard (locomotive) 596, 598
malleable iron 168, 560, 563
man-made fibres 218, 219–20, 849–50, 948
dyes for 203
Manchester Ship Canal 481–2
manganese, as scavenger 99
manganese steel 174
mangle 932
Manhattan engines 285
Manhattan Project 214, 1005
manuring 774
maps road 461 see also cartography
marble (building stone) 860
margarine 190, 799
marine engines compression ignition 323–5,
531, 532 gas turbines 340, 537 steam 286–
7, 398, 403 steam turbines 530–31, 535
marine railways 509
Mariner Spacecraft 659, 660
Marne-Rhine Canal 487–8
marquetry 908
Mars probes 660
Martesana Canal 500

masers 737
masonry construction 859–61
mass number 213
mass production 404–412 bricks 870 building
units 900 clothing 850–51 firearms 30,
405–407, 983 photographic printing 733
matches 912
matchlock gun 976–7
Mathematical Analysis of Logic, The (Boole) 701
‘mathematical gearing’ 17
Mauretania (ship) 37
INDEX OF TOPICS
1049
mauve (dye) 190, 201–202
Mayas, use of rubber 216
measurement 391–2 electrical 373–7
measuring machines 401 automatic 427
optically controlled 422
mechanical digger 470–71
Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing
(Moxon) 673
mechanization agriculture: dairy farming 792;
ploughing 771; reaping and binding 781–3,
786–7; threshing 784–5 boot-making 854
brick-making 870 canal barge haulage 515
corn mills 238 furniture-making 909–10
glass-making 198 iron and steel industry see
steam engines, applications in iron-making
paper-making 673, 674 railway construction
470 textile industry: carding 830–31;

cleaning and opening 835–6; combing 839–
40; drawing 831–2; fulling 817; knitting
819–20; lace-making 848; shearing 818;
silk throwing 805–806; sizing 842–3;
spinning 823–30, 832–3, 837–8, 840–42;
weaving 820–23, 843–6 typesetting 680
wallpaper printing 903
Megadoc system 755
megaphone 687, 718
Megiddo (fortified city) 969
Meissen porcelain 193
Memex system 751
mercenary soldiers 970, 976
mercerized cotton 849
merchant iron 166
merchant ships 520, 523, 525–32
Merwede Canal 491
Mesolithic Age 10
Mesopotamia building and architecture 462,
856, 872–3 chariot 969 fuels 206 petroleum
210–11 pottery 16 silver artefacts 69
metallurgy, textbook see De Re Metallica
Metamorphosis of Ajax (Harington) 921
meteorological satellites 657
meters, electricity supply 376
metrology see measurement
Metropolis Water Act (1852) (UK) 951, 953
mezzotint 678
microcomputers see computers, micro
microfiche systems 751

microfilms 733, 751
Micrographia (Hooke) 25
micrographics 733
micrometers 398, 417 electronic 423
microphotography 733–5
microrecording 733
microscopes 24, 196, 255, 730–31
microwave ovens 946–7
microwave radiation 725, 726, 729
military aircraft 628, 630, 632–3, 634, 990,
995, 998 gliders 645
milk, pasteurization 793–4
milking machines 792–3
Mill at wijk bij Durstede (van Ruisdael) 248
milling machines 408–409, 817 controls for
422, 424 turret 415
minehunters 537
minelaying machines 1009
mines anti-tank 1004, 1009 land 1009 sea 535,
536,537, 996, 1001–1002 trench weapon
991
minesweepers 535, 537
Mini (motor car) 452
Minicard system 751
mini-mill (steelworks) 184
mining animal-powered machines in 260–61,
264–5, 266–7, 269 coal 207–208, 555, 559,
560 copper 51, 67, 79–80, 82 electrification
381–2 gold 79 lead 71 silver 67, 69–71, 79–
80 textbook see De Re Metallica

minting 27–8
mirror 910–11
Misanthrope, The (Brueghel) 248
Mississippi river, improved navigability 513
mitrailleuse (machine gun) 985
Mittelalterliche Hausbuch 391, 392
Mittelland Canal 497
modem 709–710
modular design 900
mole plough 772
molybdenum 133
monastic orders 232
Monel metal 101–102
monorail 586
Monotype machine 680
Mons-Condé Canal 493
Monte Penedo (ship) 324
INDEX OF TOPICS
1050
Montech water slope 485
moon, flight to 654, 658–9
mooring 541
moped 449
mordant dyes 199
mordants 199–200
Morris Canal 512
Morse code 715, 965
mortar (weapon) 980, 991
mortise and tenon joint 14
mortise gears 17

mosaic 905
Moscow: GUM department store 896
Moselle river, canalization 489
Moskva river, canalization 503
Mosquito bomber 632–3
Moteurs Hydrauliques (Armengaud) 242
motion pictures 738–42 colour 735, 742 film
739 sound 722–3
motor cars 37–9, 212, 449–56 brakes 45 2
engines see internal combustion engines gas
turbine powered 341, 455 ignition systems
133 mass production 412–14, 417 radios
728 tyres 217
motor cycles 447–9
motorways 436–7
mould forming (pottery) 194
moulin pendant 236, 270
music 686, 717
muskets 29–30, 405, 979, 983
mustard gas 993
Mycenae bronze artefacts 62, 66 corbelled
domes 883 masonry 859–60

nails 14
nap raising (blankets) 818
Napalm 121
Napoleonic wars 559, 648
Narrative of the Eddystone Lighthouse (Smeaton)
888
Narrow Boat (Rolt) 516

natron 203, 204
natural gas 210, 959 in gas engines 314–15
Natural History (Historia naturalis) (Pliny the
Elder) 75, 187, 672
Nautical Almanac 544
Nautilus (submarine, 1802) 537
Nautilus (submarine, 1952) 538
naval warfare 996–8, 1000–1002
see also warships
navigation 21, 543–6, 696, 698 see also radar
Naviglio Grande (Milan) 500
needle gun 984
needles 851
negative feedback 31
Neolithic Age metallurgy 47 weapons 967
nerve gas 998
Neuffossée Canal 486
neutron, discovery 213
neutron bomb 1008
Neva river, canalization 503
Neva-Volga Canal 503
New Horse-Hoeing Husbandry, The (Tull) 774
Newry Canal 477
newspapers 672, 675–6
nichrome 386, 917
nickel 73, 96–102
nickel alloys 124 high-temparature 125, 126–7
magnetic 137 see also cupro-nickel alloys;
Monel metal; nichrome; nickel silver;
paktong

nickel silver 97–8
nicotine (insecticide) 776
niello (inlay) 62
Nimonic alloys 126
niobium 144–5
Nipkow disc 744, 745
nitric acid 220, 221 manufacture 224
nitrogen fertilizers 224, 775
nitrogen fixation artificial: ammonia
manufacture 5, 223–4; via titanium nitrides
141 natural see leguminous crops
nitroglycerine 223, 988
nitrous oxide 352
Nivernais Canal 487, 517
noisemakers 686
Noordhollandsche Canal 491
norag (threshing sledge) 784
Nord-Ostsee Canal 496
Norman architechture see Romanesque
architecture
Norman warfare 972–3
Norse Mill (Greek Mill) 19, 229–30, 270
North Sea Canal 491
INDEX OF TOPICS
1051
Novo Teatro di Machine el Edifici (Zonca) 265
nuclear energy 212–16
nuclear fusion 1006–1007
nuclear weapons 214, 1005–1008
numerical control 422–3

nylon 218, 850

oared ships 519–20
obelisks (Egyptian) 13
obsidian 195
obturation 984, 987
octane number 317
octant 544
Oder-Spree Canal 495
odometer 461
off-peak electricity 372–3, 917
offset lithography 678–9, 684
Ohio river, canalization 513
oil (mineral) see petroleum
oil lamps 211, 913–14
oil mills animal-powered 266 wind-powered
253–5
oil stove 916
oil tanker 531, 532
oilskin 853
olive crushing mill 263
Oman, copper workings 55, 57
omnibus, horse-drawn 458
On Marvellous Things Heard 74
onager 12, 787
operational analysis 1001
optical character recognition (OCR) 684
optical glass 197
orders, architectural 858
Ordnance Survey maps 461

ore-carriers 177
organic chemistry, birth of 201
Orient Express 579
Orlon 850
oscillograph, mechanical 377
oscilloscope, cathode ray 377
osmium 131, 132
osmium filament lamps 386
Ottawa waterways complex 507
Otto cycle 306
Otto engine 307
Oude Gracht (Old Canal), Utrecht 490
ovens brick 940 camp 939 microwave 946–7
see also electric cookers; gas cookers
oxen 787–8
oxy-acetylene welding 272

paddle engine 262, 268
paddle steamers 527, 529, 532–3
Page’s effect 718
paintings, cave 11, 686
paktong 96–7
Palaeolithic Age 10
paleophone 720
palladium 131, 132
paltrok (windmill) 251–2
Panama Canal 514
panel-and-frame construction 902–3, 907
Panoplia (Amman) 390
pantelegraph 744

pantiles 885
paper 18–19, 22, 667–8, 670 carbon 683
production: hand 673; mechanized 673, 674
see also papier mâché
paper mills, wind-powered 252–3
papier mâché 909
paraffin 211, 212
paraffin lamps 211, 913–14
paraffin stoves 916
Paraguay (ship) 797
paravane charge 997
pargeting 864
Paris electric lighting 363 Pont Neuf
waterworks 234, 235
parish system, road maintenance 432–3
parking meters 461
Parsons turbine 290–91
particle board 906
Pascal computer language 706
passenger liners 37, 530, 532
pasteurization (milk) 793–4
Patentee (locomotive) 564
pedestrian crossings 460–61
peg knitting 819
Pelton wheel 244
pencil 669
pendentive construction 880–81
pendulum 23–4, 695–6
penny-farthing bicycle 446