Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 2 pdf

David M. Diggs
Central Missouri State University
Steven L. Driever
University of Missouri—Kansas City
Colleen M. Driscoll
Villanova University
Thomas A. Eddy
Emporia State University
H. J. Eisenman
University of Missouri—Rolla
Jessica O. Ellison
Clarkson University
Robert D. Engelken
Arkansas State University
Victoria Erhart
Strayer University
Thomas R. Feller
Nashville, Tennessee
Mary C. Fields
Medical University of South Carolina
David G. Fisher
Lycoming College
Dale L. Flesher
University of Mississippi
Richard H. Fluegeman, Jr.
Ball State University
George J. Flynn
SUNY—Plattsburgh
James F. Fowler
State Fair Community College
Donald R. Franceschetti

University of Memphis
Yongli Gao
East Tennessee State University
June Lundy Gastón
City University of New York
Michael Getzner
Klagenfurt University
Soraya Ghayourmanesh
Bayside, New York
Lenela Glass-Godwin
Texas A&M University
Auburn University
James S. Godde
Monmouth College
Joelle D. Godwin
Eckerd College
Pamela J. W. Gore
Georgia Perimeter College
D. R. Gossett
Louisiana State University—Shreveport
D. Yogi Goswami
University of Florida
Jerry E. Green
Miami University
Richard Wayne Griffin
Prairie View A&M University
Clayton D. Harris
Middle Tennessee State University
Jasper L. Harris
North Carolina Central University

C. Alton Hassell
Baylor University
Craig Bond Hatfield
The University of Toledo
Robert M. Hawthorne, Jr.
Marlboro, Vermont
Charles D. Haynes
University of Alabama
Mark C. Herman
Edison State College
Stephen C. Hildreth, Jr.
Pickens, South Carolina
Robert M. Hordon
Rutgers University
Raymond Pierre Hylton
Virginia Union University
Domingo M. Jariel
Louisiana State University at Eunice
Albert C. Jensen
Central Florida Community College
Richard C. Jones
Texas Woman’s University
Chand K. Jotshi
University of Florida
Karen N. Kähler
Pasadena, California
Mark Kanazawa
Carleton College
Kyle L. Kayler
Mahopac, New York

Diann S. Kiesel
University of Wisconsin Center—Baraboo/
Sauk County
Grove Koger
Boise State University
Narayanan M. Komerath
Georgia Institute of Technology
Padma P. Komerath
SCV, Inc.
Ludwik Kowalski
Montclair State University
Craig B. Lagrone
O.I. Analytical, CMS Field Products
Ralph L. Langenheim, Jr.
University of Illinois—Urbana
Eugene Larson
Los Angeles Pierce College
Vincent M. D. Lopez
Independent Scholar
Chungu Lu
NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
x
Global Resources
R. C. Lutz
CII Group
Fai Ma
University of California, Berkeley
Roxanne McDonald
Wilmot, New Hampshire
Thomas R. MacDonald

University of San Francisco
Elizabeth A. Machunis-Masuoka
Midwestern State University
Marianne M. Madsen
University of Utah
Nancy Farm Männikkö
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
A. M. Mannion
University of Reading
Sergei A. Markov
Austin Peay State University
W. J. Maunder
Tauranga, New Zealand
Raymond F. Mikesell
University of Oregon
Marian A. L. Miller
University of Akron
Randall L. Milstein
Oregon State University
Alice Myers
Bard College at Simon’s Rock
John E. Myers
Bard College at Simon’s Rock
Mysore Narayanan
Miami University
Terrence R. Nathan
University of California, Davis
Brian J. Nichelson
Pearland, Texas
Emmanuel U. Nzewi

North Carolina A&T State University
Oghenekome U. Onokpise
Florida A&M University
Robert J. Paradowski
Rochester Institute of Technology
John R. Phillips
Purdue University Calumet
Rex D. Pieper
New Mexico State University
George R. Plitnik
Frostburg State University
Aaron S. Pollak
Omaha, Nebraska
Oliver B. Pollak
University of Nebraska at Omaha
Pollak and Hicks
Victoria Price
Lamar University
Cynthia F. Racer
New York Academy of Sciences, Society for
Public Health Education
Steven J. Ramold
Eastern Michigan University
William O. Rasmussen
University of Arizona
Donald F. Reaser
The University of Texas at Arlington
David D. Reed
Michigan Technological University
Edward A. Riedinger

Ohio State University
Gina M. Robertiello
Felician College
Raymond U. Roberts
Oklahoma Department of Environmental
Quality
Gene D. Robinson
James Madison University
James L. Robinson
University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign
Charles W. Rogers
Southwestern Oklahoma State University
Carol A. Rolf
Rivier College
Kathryn L. Rowberg
Purdue University Calumet
Joseph R. Rudolph, Jr.
Towson University
Michael K. Rulison
Oglethorpe University
Neil E. Salisbury
University of Oklahoma
Panagiotis D. Scarlatos
Florida Atlantic University
Elizabeth D. Schafer
Loachapoka, Alabama
Harold H. Schobert
Penn State University
John Richard Schrock

Emporia State University
Steven C. Schulte
Mesa State College
Leslie J. Schwartz
St. John Fisher College
Rose Secrest
Chattanooga, Tennessee
Ronald John Shadbegian
University of Massachusetts—Dartmouth
S. A. Sherif
University of Florida
R. Baird Shuman
University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign
Carlos Nunes Silva
University of Lisbon
xi
Contributors
Paul P. Sipiera
William Rainey Harper College
Amy Sisson
Houston Community College
Roger Smith
Portland, Oregon
Robert J. Stern
University of Texas at Dallas
Joan C. Stevenson
Western Washington University
C. J. Stewart
Mote Marine Laboratory

Dion C. Stewart
Georgia Perimeter College
Robert J. Stewart
California Maritime Academy
William H. Stewart
University of Alabama
Theresa L. Stowell
Adrian College
Frederick M. Surowiec
Independent Scholar
Jacqueline Vaughn Switzer
Northern Arizona University
Glenn L. Swygart
Tennessee Temple University
Katrina Taylor
Northern Arizona University
John M. Theilmann
Converse College
Nicholas C. Thomas
Auburn University at Montgomery
Donald J. Thompson
California University of Pennsylvania
Leslie V. Tischauser
Prairie State College
Roger Dale Trexler
Southern Illinois University
Sarah A. Vordtriede
St. Ambrose University
William T. Walker
Chestnut Hill College

C. J. Walsh
Mote Marine Laboratory
Xingwu Wang
Alfred University
William J. Wasserman
Seattle Central Community College
John P. Watkins
Westminster College
Kevin D. Weakley
Western Michigan University
Shawncey Webb
Taylor University
Thomas W. Weber
SUNY at Buffalo
Robert J. Wells
Society for Technical Communication
Kristopher D. White
Kazakhstan Institute of Management,
Economics, & Strategic Research
Edwin G. Wiggins
Webb Institute
Thomas A. Wikle
Oklahoma State University
Sam Wong
University of Leeds
William C. Wood
James Madison University
Lisa A. Wroble
Hodges University
Jay R. Yett

Orange Coast College
Ming Y. Zheng
Gordon College
Tom L. Zimmerman
The Ohio State University
xii
Global Resources
Contents
Publisher’s Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Common Units of Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Complete List of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Abrasives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Acid precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Aerial photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Agenda 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Agriculture industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Agronomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Air pollution and air pollution control . . . . . . 22
Alaska pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
American Chemistry Council . . . . . . . . . . . 35
American Farm Bureau Federation . . . . . . . . 36
American Forest and Paper Association. . . . . . 37
American Gas Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
American Mining Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
American Petroleum Institute . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Animal breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Animal domestication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Animal power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Animals as a medical resource. . . . . . . . . . . 50
Antarctic treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Antiquities Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Aquifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. . . . . . . . . . . 65
Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Asbestos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Aspinall, Wayne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Astor, John Jacob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Athabasca oil sands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Atomic Energy Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Atomic Energy Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Barite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Bessemer process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Biofuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Biological invasions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Biomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Biopyriboles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Biosphere reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Biotechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Borax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Boron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Botany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Brass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Brick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Bromine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Bronze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Buildings and appliances, energy-efficient . . . 146
Bureau of Land Management, U.S. . . . . . . . 152
Bureau of Mines, U.S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Calcium compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Canadian Environmental Protection Act . . . . 167
Canning and refrigeration of food. . . . . . . . 168
Capitalism and resource exploitation . . . . . . 169
Carbon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Carbon cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Carbon fiber and carbon nanotubes. . . . . . . 176
Carbonate minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Carnegie, Andrew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Carson, Rachel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Carter, Jimmy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Carver, George Washington . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Cement and concrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Central Arizona Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Ceramics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Cesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Chernobyl nuclear accident . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Chlorites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Chromium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Civilian Conservation Corps . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Clays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
xiii
Clean Air Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Clean Water Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Clear-cutting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Climate and resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Climate Change and Sustainable
Energy Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Coal gasification and liquefaction . . . . . . . . 224
Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S. . . . . . . . . . 226
Coastal engineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Coastal Zone Management Act. . . . . . . . . . 229
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Cogeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Commoner, Barry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Composting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Congo, Democratic Republic of the . . . . . . . 235
Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Conservation biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

Conservation International . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Copper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Coral reefs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Corundum and emery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Council of Energy Resource Tribes . . . . . . . 264
Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Daly, Marcus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Dams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Deep drilling projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Deep ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Deforestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Deltas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Department of Agriculture, U.S. . . . . . . . . . 287
Department of Energy, U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Department of the Interior, U.S. . . . . . . . . . 291
Department of Transportation, U.S. . . . . . . . 293
Desalination plants and technology . . . . . . . 294
Desertification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Deserts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Developing countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Diamond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Diatomite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Dimension stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Dow, Herbert H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Drought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

Dust Bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Dynamite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Earth First! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Earth Summit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Earth’s crust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Earthwatch Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Ecosystem services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Ecozones and biogeographic realms. . . . . . . 338
Edison, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Edison Electric Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
El Niño and La Niña . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Electrical power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Endangered species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Endangered Species Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Energy economics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Energy Policy Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Energy politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Energy storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
xiv
Global Resources
Common Units of Measure
Common prefixes for metric units—which may apply in more cases than shown below—include giga- (1 billion
times the unit), mega- (one million times), kilo- (1,000 times), hecto- (100 times), deka- (10 times), deci- (0.1 times,
or one tenth), centi- (0.01, or one hundredth), milli- (0.001, or one thousandth), and micro- (0.0001, or one mil-
lionth).
Unit Quantity Symbol Equivalents
Acre Area ac 43,560 square feet

4,840 square yards
0.405 hectare
Ampere Electric current A or amp 1.00016502722949 international
ampere
0.1 biot or abampere
Angstrom Length Å 0.1 nanometer
0.0000001 millimeter
0.000000004 inch
Astronomical unit Length AU 92,955,807 miles
149,597,871 kilometers
(mean Earth-Sun distance)
Barn Area b 10
–28
meters squared
(approx. cross-sectional area of
1 uranium nucleus)
Barrel
(dry, for most produce)
Volume/capacity bbl 7,056 cubic inches; 105 dry quarts;
3.281 bushels, struck measure
Barrel
(liquid)
Volume/capacity bbl 31 to 42 gallons
British thermal unit Energy Btu 1055.05585262 joule
Bushel
(U.S., heaped)
Volume/capacity bsh or bu 2,747.715 cubic inches
1.278 bushels, struck measure
Bushel
(U.S., struck measure)

Volume/capacity bsh or bu 2,150.42 cubic inches
35.238 liters
Candela Luminous intensity cd 1.09 hefner candle
Celsius Temperature C 1° centigrade
Centigram Mass/weight cg 0.15 grain
Centimeter Length cm 0.3937 inch
Centimeter, cubic Volume/capacity cm
3
0.061 cubic inch
Centimeter, square Area cm
2
0.155 square inch
Coulomb Electric charge C 1 ampere second
xv
Unit Quantity Symbol Equivalents
Cup Volume/capacity C 250 milliliters
8 fluid ounces
0.5 liquid pint
Deciliter Volume/capacity dl 0.21 pint
Decimeter Length dm 3.937 inches
Decimeter, cubic Volume/capacity dm
3
61.024 cubic inches
Decimeter, square Area dm
2
15.5 square inches
Dekaliter Volume/capacity dal 2.642 gallons
1.135 pecks
Dekameter Length dam 32.808 feet
Dram Mass/weight dr or dr avdp 0.0625 ounce

27.344 grains
1.772 grams
Electron volt Energy eV 1.5185847232839 × 10
–22
Btus
1.6021917 × 10
–19
joules
Fermi Length fm 1 femtometer
1.0 × 10
–15
meters
Foot Length ft or ′ 12 inches
0.3048 meter
30.48 centimeters
Foot, cubic Volume/capacity ft
3
0.028 cubic meter
0.0370 cubic yard
1,728 cubic inches
Foot, square Area ft
2
929.030 square centimeters
Gallon (British Imperial) Volume/capacity gal 277.42 cubic inches
1.201 U.S. gallons
4.546 liters
160 British fluid ounces
Gallon (U.S.) Volume/capacity gal 231 cubic inches
3.785 liters
0.833 British gallon

128 U.S. fluid ounces
Giga-electron volt Energy GeV 1.6021917 × 10
–10
joule
Gigahertz Frequency GHz —
Gill Volume/capacity gi 7.219 cubic inches
4 fluid ounces
0.118 liter
xvi
Global Resources
Unit Quantity Symbol Equivalents
Grain Mass/weight gr 0.037 dram
0.002083 ounce
0.0648 gram
Gram Mass/weight g 15.432 grains
0.035 avoirdupois ounce
Hectare Area ha 2.471 acres
Hectoliter Volume/capacity hl 26.418 gallons
2.838 bushels
Hertz Frequency Hz 1.08782775707767 × 10
–10
cesium atom
frequency
Hour Time h 60 minutes
3,600 seconds
Inch Length in or ″ 2.54 centimeters
Inch, cubic Volume/capacity in
3
0.554 fluid ounce
4.433 fluid drams

16.387 cubic centimeters
Inch, square Area in
2
6.4516 square centimeters
Joule Energy J 6.2414503832469 × 10
18
electron volt
Joule per kelvin Heat capacity J/K 7.24311216248908 × 10
22
Boltzmann
constant
Joule per second Power J/s 1 watt
Kelvin Temperature K –272.15 Celsius
Kilo-electron volt Energy keV 1.5185847232839 × 10
–19
joule
Kilogram Mass/weight kg 2.205 pounds
Kilogram per cubic meter Mass/weight density kg/m
3
5.78036672001339 × 10
–4
ounces per
cubic inch
Kilohertz Frequency kHz —
Kiloliter Volume/capacity kl —
Kilometer Length km 0.621 mile
Kilometer, square Area km
2
0.386 square mile
247.105 acres

Light-year
(distance traveled by light
in one Earth year)
Length/distance lt-yr 5,878,499,814,275.88 miles
9.46 × 10
12
kilometers
Liter Volume/capacity L 1.057 liquid quarts
0.908 dry quart
61.024 cubic inches
xvii
Common Units of Measure
Unit Quantity Symbol Equivalents
Mega-electron volt Energy MeV —
Megahertz Frequency MHz —
Meter Length m 39.37 inches
Meter, cubic Volume/capacity m
3
1.308 cubic yards
Meter per second Velocity m/s 2.24 miles per hour
3.60 kilometers per hour
Meter per second per
second
Acceleration m/s
2
12,960.00 kilometers per hour per
hour
8,052.97 miles per hour per hour
Meter, square Area m
2

1.196 square yards
10.764 square feet
Metric. See unit name
Microgram Mass/weight mcg or µg 0.000001 gram
Microliter Volume/capacity µl 0.00027 fluid ounce
Micrometer Length µm 0.001 millimeter
0.00003937 inch
Mile
(nautical international)
Length mi 1.852 kilometers
1.151 statute miles
0.999 U.S. nautical miles
Mile
(statute or land)
Length mi 5,280 feet
1.609 kilometers
Mile, square Area mi
2
258.999 hectares
Milligram Mass/weight mg 0.015 grain
Milliliter Volume/capacity ml 0.271 fluid dram
16.231 minims
0.061 cubic inch
Millimeter Length mm 0.03937 inch
Millimeter, square Area mm
2
0.002 square inch
Minute Time m 60 seconds
Mole Amount of substance mol 6.02 × 10
23

atoms or molecules of a
given substance
Nanometer Length nm 1,000,000 fermis
10 angstroms
0.001 micrometer
0.00000003937 inch
xviii
Global Resources
Unit Quantity Symbol Equivalents
Newton Force N x
0.224808943099711 pound force
0.101971621297793 kilogram force
100,000 dynes
Newton meter Torque N·m 0.7375621 foot-pound
Ounce
(avoirdupois)
Mass/weight oz 28.350 grams
437.5 grains
0.911 troy or apothecaries’ ounce
Ounce
(troy)
Mass/weight oz 31.103 grams
480 grains
1.097 avoirdupois ounces
Ounce
(U.S., fluid or liquid)
Mass/weight oz 1.805 cubic inch
29.574 milliliters
1.041 British fluid ounces
Parsec Length pc 30,856,775,876,793 kilometers

19,173,511,615,163 miles
Peck Volume/capacity pk 8.810 liters
Pint
(dry)
Volume/capacity pt 33.600 cubic inches
0.551 liter
Pint
(liquid)
Volume/capacity pt 28.875 cubic inches
0.473 liter
Pound
(avoirdupois)
Mass/weight lb 7,000 grains
1.215 troy or apothecaries’ pounds
453.59237 grams
Pound
(troy)
Mass/weight lb 5,760 grains
0.823 avoirdupois pound
373.242 grams
Quart
(British)
Volume/capacity qt 69.354 cubic inches
1.032 U.S. dry quarts
1.201 U.S. liquid quarts
Quart
(U.S., dry)
Volume/capacity qt 67.201 cubic inches
1.101 liters
0.969 British quart

Quart
(U.S., liquid)
Volume/capacity qt 57.75 cubic inches
0.946 liter
0.833 British quart
Rod Length rd 5.029 meters
5.50 yards
xix
Common Units of Measure